1
|
Havshøi NW, Nielsen J, Fuglsang AT. The mechanism behind tenuazonic acid-mediated inhibition of plant plasma membrane H +-ATPase and plant growth. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107167. [PMID: 38490436 PMCID: PMC11002603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of herbicide-resistant weeds has led to a search for new herbicides that target plant growth processes differing from those targeted by current herbicides. In recent years, some studies have explored the use of natural compounds from microorganisms as potential new herbicides. We previously demonstrated that tenuazonic acid (TeA) from the phytopathogenic fungus Stemphylium loti inhibits the plant plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase, representing a new target for herbicides. In this study, we further investigated the mechanism by which TeA inhibits PM H+-ATPase and the effect of the toxin on plant growth using Arabidopsis thaliana. We also studied the biochemical effects of TeA on the PM H+-ATPases from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and A. thaliana (AHA2) by examining PM H+-ATPase activity under different conditions and in different mutants. Treatment with 200 μM TeA-induced cell necrosis in larger plants and treatment with 10 μM TeA almost completely inhibited cell elongation and root growth in seedlings. We show that the isoleucine backbone of TeA is essential for inhibiting the ATPase activity of the PM H+-ATPase. Additionally, this inhibition depends on the C-terminal domain of AHA2, and TeA binding to PM H+-ATPase requires the Regulatory Region I of the C-terminal domain in AHA2. TeA likely has a higher binding affinity toward PM H+-ATPase than the phytotoxin fusicoccin. Finally, our findings show that TeA retains the H+-ATPase in an inhibited state, suggesting that it could act as a lead compound for creating new herbicides targeting the PM H+-ATPase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Weise Havshøi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - John Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Thoe Fuglsang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bacha SAS, Li Y, Nie J, Xu G, Han L, Farooq S. Comprehensive review on patulin and Alternaria toxins in fruit and derived products. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1139757. [PMID: 37077634 PMCID: PMC10108681 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1139757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain fungi, which can contaminate various food commodities, including fruits and their derived products. Patulin and Alternaria toxins are among the most commonly encountered mycotoxins in fruit and their derived products. In this review, the sources, toxicity, and regulations related to these mycotoxins, as well as their detection and mitigation strategies are widely discussed. Patulin is a mycotoxin produced mainly by the fungal genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys. Alternaria toxins, produced by fungi in the Alternaria genus, are another common group of mycotoxins found in fruits and fruit products. The most prevalent Alternaria toxins are alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME). These mycotoxins are of concern due to their potential negative effects on human health. Ingesting fruits contaminated with these mycotoxins can cause acute and chronic health problems. Detection of patulin and Alternaria toxins in fruit and their derived products can be challenging due to their low concentrations and the complexity of the food matrices. Common analytical methods, good agricultural practices, and contamination monitoring of these mycotoxins are important for safe consumption of fruits and derived products. And Future research will continue to explore new methods for detecting and managing these mycotoxins, with the ultimate goal of ensuring the safety and quality of fruits and derived product supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Asim Shah Bacha
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Yinping Li
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Jiyun Nie, ; Yinping Li,
| | - Jiyun Nie
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jiyun Nie, ; Yinping Li,
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Lingxi Han
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Saqib Farooq
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cai P, Wang R, Ling S, Wang S. Rapid and sensitive detection of tenuazonic acid in agricultural by-products based on gold nano-flower lateral flow. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1021758. [PMID: 36277402 PMCID: PMC9585153 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1021758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenuazonic acid (TA) is a highly toxic mycotoxin mainly generated by the fungi of Alternaria genus and widely contaminates agricultural by-products. Given the threat of TA to food-security, it is very important to develop rapid and sensitive detection methods for TA monitoring. In this study, gold nano-particles (AuNP) with average diameter near 17.25 nm were prepared, and the developed AuNP-based strip has an assay time of 15 min with visual limit of detection (LOD) of 12.5 ng/ml and threshold of 100 ng/ml. To further improve sensitivity, multi-branched gold nano-flowers (AuNF) with average diameter near 50 nm were prepared and characterized by UV-VIS and TEM, and the established AuNF-based strip has visual LOD of 0.78 ng/ml and threshold of 50 ng/ml within 15 min. Both assays were applied to determine TA in apple juice and tomato ketchup, and the results were consistent with that of UHPLC-MS/MS. Thus, these assays could be applied for rapid determination of trace TA in real samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Rongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sumei Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shihua Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Motoyama T, Yun CS, Osada H. Biosynthesis and biological function of secondary metabolites of the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:kuab058. [PMID: 34379774 PMCID: PMC8788799 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi have many secondary metabolism genes and produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites with complex and unique structures. However, the role of most secondary metabolites remains unclear. Moreover, most fungal secondary metabolism genes are silent or poorly expressed under laboratory conditions and are difficult to utilize. Pyricularia oryzae, the causal pathogen of rice blast disease, is a well-characterized plant pathogenic fungus. P. oryzae also has a large number of secondary metabolism genes and appears to be a suitable organism for analyzing secondary metabolites. However, in case of this fungus, biosynthetic genes for only four groups of secondary metabolites have been well characterized. Among two of the four groups of secondary metabolites, biosynthetic genes were identified by activating secondary metabolism. These secondary metabolites include melanin, a polyketide compound required for rice infection; tenuazonic acid, a well-known mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi and biosynthesized by a unique nonribosomal peptide synthetase-polyketide synthase hybrid enzyme; nectriapyrones, antibacterial polyketide compounds produced mainly by symbiotic fungi, including plant pathogens and endophytes, and pyriculols, phytotoxic polyketide compounds. This review mainly focuses on the biosynthesis and biological functions of the four groups of P. oryzae secondary metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Choong-Soo Yun
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cai P, Wang R, Ling S, Wang S. A high sensitive platinum-modified colloidal gold immunoassay for tenuazonic acid detection based on monoclonal IgG. Food Chem 2021; 360:130021. [PMID: 33991976 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the threat of tenuazonic acid (TA) to public health, it is urgent to establish rapidly effective and sensitive assay methods for TA. In this study, a TA-specific IgG monoclonal antibody (McAb) with high affinity (Kaff was 1.72 × 1010 L/mol) was screened, and the developed icELISA for TA detection has IC50 of 2.50 ng/mL and LOD of 0.17 ng/mL. Platinum-modified gold nanoparticle (Au@PtNP) was optimized as Au@Pt0.4NP, and the resulted Au@Pt0.4NP-McAb probe was designed to catalyze precipitation-type tetramethylbenzidine for visual detection of trace TA with visual LOD of 0.39 ng/mL. The sensitivity of this established Au@Pt0.4NP-McAb strip was highly increased when compared with the existing colloidal gold strip. The developed strip was used to detect trace TA in apple juice and tomato ketchup which were consistent with the results from UHPLC-MS/MS. Therefore, this developed strip could be used for rapid detection of trace TA in real samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Rongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Sumei Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dried urine spots as sampling technique for multi-mycotoxin analysis in human urine. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:129-140. [PMID: 33638099 PMCID: PMC8163710 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A simple and effective approach for HPLC-MS/MS based multi-mycotoxin analysis in human urine samples was developed by application of dried urine spots (DUS) as alternative on-site sampling strategy. The newly developed method enables the detection and quantitation of 14 relevant mycotoxins and mycotoxin metabolites, including citrinin (CIT), dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FB1), T-2 Toxin (T-2), HT-2 Toxin (HT-2), ochratoxin A (OTA), 2′R-ochratoxin A (2′R-OTA), ochratoxin α (OTα), tenuazonic acid and allo-tenuazonic acid (TeA + allo-TeA), zearalenone (ZEN), zearalanone (ZAN), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL). Besides the spotting procedure, sample preparation includes enzymatic cleavage of glucuronic acid conjugates and stable isotope dilution analysis. Method validation revealed low limits of detection in the range of pg/mL urine and excellent apparent recovery rates for most analytes. Stability investigation of DUS displayed no or only slight decrease of the analyte concentration over a period of 28 days at room temperature. The new method was applied to the analysis of a set of urine samples (n = 91) from a Swedish cohort. The four analytes, DH-CIT, DON, OTA, and TeA + allo-TeA, could be detected and quantified in amounts ranging from 0.06 to 0.97 ng/mL, 3.03 to 136 ng/mL, 0.013 to 0.434 ng/mL and from 0.36 to 47 ng/mL in 38.5%, 70.3%, 68.1%, and 94.5% of the samples, respectively. Additional analysis of these urine samples with an established dilute and shoot (DaS) approach displayed a high consistency of the results obtained with both methods. However, due to higher sensitivity, a larger number of positive samples were observed using the DUS method consequently providing a suitable approach for human biomonitoring of mycotoxin exposure.
Collapse
|
7
|
Motoyama T. Secondary Metabolites of the Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae: Biosynthesis and Biological Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8698. [PMID: 33218033 PMCID: PMC7698770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites with unique and complex structures. However, most fungal secondary metabolism genes are poorly expressed under laboratory conditions. Moreover, the relationship between pathogenicity and secondary metabolites remains unclear. To activate silent gene clusters in fungi, successful approaches such as epigenetic control, promoter exchange, and heterologous expression have been reported. Pyricularia oryzae, a well-characterized plant pathogenic fungus, is the causal pathogen of rice blast disease. P. oryzae is also rich in secondary metabolism genes. However, biosynthetic genes for only four groups of secondary metabolites have been well characterized in this fungus. Biosynthetic genes for two of the four groups of secondary metabolites have been identified by activating secondary metabolism. This review focuses on the biosynthesis and roles of the four groups of secondary metabolites produced by P. oryzae. These secondary metabolites include melanin, a polyketide compound required for rice infection; pyriculols, phytotoxic polyketide compounds; nectriapyrones, antibacterial polyketide compounds produced mainly by symbiotic fungi including endophytes and plant pathogens; and tenuazonic acid, a well-known mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi and biosynthesized by a unique NRPS-PKS enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN CSRS, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Development of a Monoclonal Antibody-Based ELISA for the Detection of Alternaria Mycotoxin Tenuazonic Acid in Food Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01780-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
9
|
Abreu DCP, da Silva Oliveira FA, Vargas EA, Madureira FD, Magalhães EJ, da Silva LP, Saczk AA. Methodology development based on "dilute and shoot" and QuEChERS for determination of multiple mycotoxins in cocoa by LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1757-1767. [PMID: 32016569 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This work proposes an extraction method based on the "dilute and shoot" approach and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) for the simultaneous determination of 42 mycotoxins (34 quantified and 8 qualitatively studied) in dried cocoa bean samples. The purpose of the developed methodology was the reduction of co-extractives from the matrix and an efficient extraction without a cleanup step, and subsequent analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In order to obtain the best extraction conditions, gravimetric tests were performed and parameters that influenced the extraction efficiency were evaluated, such as the proportion of extraction phases, amount of salt, acidification, and extraction time. The performance of the developed method was evaluated to ensure its reliability. Considering the recovery range of 70-120% as an accuracy parameter, four of the mycotoxins under study (acetyl T-2, tenuazonic acid, wortmannin, and zearalenone) showed undesirable values at one of the levels evaluated. The repeatability of the method was assessed for 34 mycotoxins by the relative standard deviation (RSD%) of the responses, and all presented satisfactory values. The quantification limits ranged from 1.0 to 33.0 μg kg-1. Modification of the extraction methods made it possible to simultaneously analyze multiple mycotoxins, eliminating the need for the cleanup step, which led to analyte losses. The proposed methodology has a low cost, which makes it advantageous in routine analysis. It also has the potential for scope extension to cocoa-based foods, which are naturally exposed to a greater variety of mycotoxins. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiano Aurélio da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Quality Control and Food Safety, National Agricultural Laboratory of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30380-090, Brazil
| | - Eugenia Azevedo Vargas
- Laboratory of Quality Control and Food Safety, National Agricultural Laboratory of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30380-090, Brazil
| | - Fernando Diniz Madureira
- Laboratory of Quality Control and Food Safety, National Agricultural Laboratory of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30380-090, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schrey H, Backenköhler J, Kogler H, Plaumann M, Spiteller P. Aminotenuazonic Acid: Isolation, Structure Elucidation, Total Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of a New Tetramic Acid from Fruiting Bodies ofLaccariaSpecies. Chemistry 2019; 25:10333-10341. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hedda Schrey
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Jana Backenköhler
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Herbert Kogler
- KITInstitut für Biologische Grenzflächen 4, Magnetische Resonanz Postfach 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Markus Plaumann
- Institut für Biometrie und Medizinische InformatikOtto von Guericke Universität Magdeburg Leipziger Straße 44 (Haus 2) 39120 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Peter Spiteller
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gotthardt M, Asam S, Gunkel K, Moghaddam AF, Baumann E, Kietz R, Rychlik M. Quantitation of Six Alternaria Toxins in Infant Foods Applying Stable Isotope Labeled Standards. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:109. [PMID: 30787913 PMCID: PMC6373459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria fungi are widely distributed saprophytes and plant pathogens. As pathogens, Alternaria fungi infect crops and vegetables and cause losses in the fields and during postharvest storage. While farmers suffer from declining yields, consumers are endangered by the formation of secondary metabolites, because some of these exhibit a pronounced toxicological potential. The evaluation of the toxicological capabilities is still ongoing and will contribute to a valid risk assessment. Additionally, data on the incidence and the quantity of Alternaria mycotoxins found in food products is necessary for dietary exposure evaluations. A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of the Alternaria mycotoxins alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethylether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), altertoxin I (ATX I), alterperylenol (ALTP), and tenuazonic acid (TA) was developed. AOH, AME, and TA were quantified using stable-isotopically labeled standards. TEN, ATX I, and ALTP were determined using matrix matched calibration. The developed method was validated by using starch and fresh tomato matrix and resulted in limits of detection ranging from 0.05 to 1.25 μg/kg for starch (as a model for cereals) and from 0.01 to 1.36 μg/kg for fresh tomatoes. Limits of quantification were determined between 0.16 and 4.13 μg/kg for starch and between 0.02 and 5.56 μg/kg for tomatoes. Recoveries varied between 83 and 108% for starch and between 95 and 111% for tomatoes. Intra-day precisions were below 4% and inter-day precisions varied from 3 to 8% in both matrices. Various cereal based infant foods, jars containing vegetables and fruits as well as tomato products for infants were analyzed for Alternaria mycotoxin contamination (n = 25). TA was the most frequently determined mycotoxin and was detected in much higher contents than the other toxins. AME and TEN were quantified in many samples, but in low concentrations, whereas AOH, ATX I, and ALTP were determined rarely, among which AOH had higher concentration. Some infant food products were highly contaminated with Alternaria mycotoxins and the consumption of these individual products might pose a risk to the health of infants. However, when the mean or median is considered, no toxicological risk was obvious.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gotthardt
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Asam
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Klara Gunkel
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Atefeh Fooladi Moghaddam
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elisabeth Baumann
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Roland Kietz
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for Alternaria Mycotoxin Tenuazonic Acid Detection and Molecular Modeling Studies of Antibody Recognition. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
13
|
Gambacorta L, Magistà D, Perrone G, Murgolo S, Logrieco A, Solfrizzo M. Co-occurrence of toxigenic moulds, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in fresh sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum) and their processed products. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Forty-five samples of a landrace of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) widely cultivated in Basilicata (Italy) were screened for 17 mycotoxins and potential toxigenic fungal species. Two different LC-MS/MS methods were used for the determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 and HT-2 toxins and Alternaria mycotoxins altenuene (ALT), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TTX) and tenuazonic acid (TeA). Frequency of potential toxigenic fungal species occurrence was: 87% Aspergillus Sect. Nigri; 58% Aspergillus Sect. Flavi; 38% Aspergillus Sect. Circumdati; 42% Alternaria spp.; 33% Penicillium spp. and 20% Fusarium spp. Frequency of mycotoxin occurrence and mean of positives were: 51% OTA, 29.5 µg/kg, 5 samples above the EU limit of 20 µg/kg; 31% aflatoxins, 12.8 µg/kg, two samples above the EU limit of 5 µg/kg for aflatoxin B1; 91% ZEA, 1.4 µg/kg; 78% FB2, 7.6 µg/kg; 58% FB1, 22.8 µg/kg; 38% NIV, 39.5 µg/kg; 36% DON, 6.9 µg/kg; 20% T-2 toxin, 5.6 µg/kg and 22% HT-2 toxin, 13.8 µg/kg. For the Alternaria mycotoxins, 100% of samples contained TeA, 4817.9 µg/kg; 93% TTX, 29.7 µg/kg; 56% AOH, 114.4 µg/kg; 33% AME, 13.0 µg/kg and 9% ALT, 61.7 µg/kg. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in each sample ranged from 2 to 16 mycotoxins (mean 7). No statistical correlation was found between moulds and their mycotoxins occurrence. Within the four groups of peppers collected herein (fresh, dried, grounded and fried) higher percentages of contamination and mycotoxin levels were measured in grounded peppers, whereas much lower values were observed for fried peppers. The high percentages of positive samples and the high levels of some mycotoxins observed in this study confirm the susceptibility of peppers to mycotoxin contamination and claims for an improvement of the conditions used during production and drying process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Gambacorta
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D. Magistà
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - G. Perrone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. Murgolo
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 70132 Bari, Italy
| | - A.F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
De Berardis S, De Paola EL, Montevecchi G, Garbini D, Masino F, Antonelli A, Melucci D. Determination of four Alternaria alternata mycotoxins by QuEChERS approach coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in tomato-based and fruit-based products. Food Res Int 2018; 106:677-685. [PMID: 29579974 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of four Alternaria toxins, i.e. alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, tentoxin, and tenuazonic acid in tomato-based and fruit-based products was developed using a QuEChERs approach for the extraction of the mycotoxins. To optimise the QuEChERs extraction, several parameters were tested: types of QuEChERs pouches, sample weights, quantities of added water, use of dispersive SPE as a purification step, types of solvent and conditions of shaking. The method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.997) and precision (RSD% < 10) for all analytes. Tenuazonic acid showed very good recovery (98.8%-108.9%) for tomato-based products, as well as for fruit-based products. The method was successfully applied to 57 samples collected from the Italian market. Tenuazonic acid was found in appreciable concentrations in some products. The highest value was found in a tomato sauce sample (814 μg/kg).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Berardis
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Eleonora Laura De Paola
- Department of Life Science (Agro-Food Science Area), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Amendola 2 (Padiglione Besta), 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montevecchi
- BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Davide Garbini
- Coop Italia soc.coop., Via del Lavoro 6/8, 40033, Casalecchio di Reno, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Masino
- Department of Life Science (Agro-Food Science Area), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Amendola 2 (Padiglione Besta), 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Andrea Antonelli
- Department of Life Science (Agro-Food Science Area), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Amendola 2 (Padiglione Besta), 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Dora Melucci
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhou J, Xu JJ, Cai ZX, Huang BF, Jin MC, Ren YP. Simultaneous determination of five Alternaria toxins in cereals using QuEChERS-based methodology. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1068-1069:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
16
|
Chen S, Qiang S. Recent advances in tenuazonic acid as a potential herbicide. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 143:252-257. [PMID: 29183600 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tenuazonic acid (TeA), belonging to tetramic acids that are the largest family of natural products, is a mycotoxin produced by members of the genus Alternaria and other phytopathogenic fungi. TeA has many desirable bioactivities. In the past two decades, several studies have addressed its phytotoxic activity. Because it can cause brown leaf spot and kill seedlings of mono- and dicotyledonous plants, TeA is regarded as a potential herbicidal agent. TeA blocks electron transport beyond QA by interacting with D1 protein and is a PSII inhibitor. The chloroplast-derived oxidative burst is responsible for TeA-induced cell death and plant necrosis. Based on the model of molecular interaction between TeA and D1 protein, a series of its derivatives with stable herbicidal activity have been designed, evaluated and patented. Recently, some chemical synthetic approaches of TeA and its derivatives have been successfully developed. This paper will mainly focus on new developments regarding TeA's herbicidal activity, mode of action, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis, and characterization of new derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiguo Chen
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sheng Qiang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hickert S, Hermes L, Marques LMM, Focke C, Cramer B, Lopes NP, Flett B, Humpf HU. Alternaria toxins in South African sunflower seeds: cooperative study. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:309-321. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
18
|
Oliveira RC, Goncalves SS, Oliveira MS, Dilkin P, Mallmann CA, Freitas RS, Bianchi P, Correa B. Natural occurrence of tenuazonic acid and Phoma sorghina in Brazilian sorghum grains at different maturity stages. Food Chem 2017; 230:491-496. [PMID: 28407940 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A survey of 100 samples of sorghum grains was carried out to determine Phoma spp. and tenuazonic acid (TA) contamination using molecular tools and LC-MS/MS. Sorghum samples were obtained at the following four grain maturity stages: milk (S1), soft dough (S2), hard dough (S3), and physiological maturity (S4). The results revealed a good correlation between Phoma and TA occurrence during grain development. The samples showed Phoma contamination with frequencies ranging from 2.4% (S1) to 87.4% (S4), and the molecular identification revealed P. sorghina as the only Phoma specie isolated. Tenuazonic acid was found in sorghum grains at all maturity stages. In S2, S3 and S4, 100% of the samples showed TA contamination with levels ranging from 20 to 1234µg/kg. Low levels of TA were detected in 36% of the samples collected at S1 stage. This is the first report of tenuazonic acid in Brazilian sorghum grains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo C Oliveira
- Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sarah S Goncalves
- Center for Research in Medical Mycology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Mauricio S Oliveira
- Laboratory of Micotoxicological Analysis, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Paulo Dilkin
- Laboratory of Micotoxicological Analysis, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Mallmann
- Laboratory of Micotoxicological Analysis, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Priscilla Bianchi
- Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedito Correa
- Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Multi-mycotoxin analysis using dried blood spots and dried serum spots. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:3369-3382. [PMID: 28299415 PMCID: PMC5395583 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a rapid multi-mycotoxin approach was developed for biomonitoring and quantification of 27 important mycotoxins and mycotoxin metabolites in human blood samples. HPLC-MS/MS detection was used for the analysis of dried serum spots (DSS) and dried blood spots (DBS). Detection of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1), trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, DON; DON-3-glucoronic acid, DON-3-GlcA; T-2; HT-2; and HT-2-4-GlcA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), ochratoxins (OTA and its thermal degradation product 2'R-OTA; OTα; 10-hydroxychratoxin A, 10-OH-OTA), citrinin (CIT and its urinary metabolite dihydrocitrinone, DH-CIT), zearalenone and zearalanone (ZEN, ZAN), altenuene (ALT), alternariols (AOH; alternariol monomethyl ether, AME), enniatins (EnA, EnA1, EnB, EnB1) and beauvericin (Bea) was validated for two matrices, serum (DSS), and whole blood (DBS). HPLC-MS/MS analysis showed signal suppression as well as signal enhancement due to matrix effects. However, for most analytes LOQs in the lower pg/mL range and excellent recovery rate were achieved using matrix-matched calibration. Besides validation of the method, the analyte stability in DBS and DSS was also investigated. Stability is a main issue for some analytes when the dried samples are stored under common conditions at room temperature. Nevertheless, the developed method was applied to DBS samples of a German cohort (n = 50). Besides positive findings of OTA and 2'R-OTA, all samples were positive for EnB. This methodical study establishes a validated multi-mycotoxin approach for the detection of 27 mycotoxins and metabolites in dried blood/serum spots based on a fast sample preparation followed by sensitive HPLC-MS/MS analysis. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
|
20
|
LIU YH, ZHANG JD, YAN K, WEI YJ, ZHANG QQ, LU F, YAN ZY. Real-time Quantitative Monitoring of Synthesis Process of Clevidipine Butyrate Using Raman Spectroscopy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(17)60996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
21
|
Abstract
Alternariais one of the major mycotoxigenic fungal genera with more than 70 reported metabolites.Alternariamycotoxins showed notably toxicity, such as mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, induction of DNA strand break, sphingolipid metabolism disruption, or inhibition of enzymes activity and photophosphorylation. This review reports on the toxicity, stability, metabolism, current analytical methods, and prevalence ofAlternariamycotoxins in food and feed through the most recent published research. Half of the publications were focused on fruits, vegetables, and derived products—mainly tomato and apples—while cereals and cereal by-products represented 38%. The most studied compounds were alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, tentoxin, and tenuazonic acid, but altenuene, altertoxins (I, II, and III), and macrosporin have been gaining importance in recent years. Solid-liquid extraction (50%) with acetonitrile or ethyl acetate was the most common extraction methodology, followed by QuEChERS and dilution-direct injection (both 14%). High- and ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was the predominant determination technique (80%). The highest levels of alternariol and alternariol methyl ether were found in lentils, oilseeds, tomatoes, carrots, juices, wines, and cereals. Tenuazonic acid highest levels were detected in cereals followed by beer, while alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, tenuazonic acid, and tentoxin were found in legumes, nuts, and oilseeds.
Collapse
|
22
|
Arcella D, Eskola M, Gómez Ruiz JA. Dietary exposure assessment to Alternaria toxins in the European population. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
23
|
|
24
|
Risk evaluation of the Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in foods for adults and infants and subsequent risk management. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
25
|
Hövelmann Y, Hickert S, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Determination of Exposure to the Alternaria Mycotoxin Tenuazonic Acid and Its Isomer allo-Tenuazonic Acid in a German Population by Stable Isotope Dilution HPLC-MS(3). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6641-6647. [PMID: 27452834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The content of the Alternaria toxin tenuazonic acid and its isomer allo-tenuazonic acid was quantitated in urine of a German cohort (n = 48) using a newly developed and successfully validated solid phase extraction based stable isotope dilution HPLC-MS(3) method. Tenuazonic acid was detected in all of the samples and quantifiable in 97.9% of these samples in a range of 0.16-44.4 ng/mL (average = 6.58 ng/mL) or 0.07-63.8 ng/mg creatinine (average = 8.13 ng/mg creatinine). allo-Tenuazonic acid was for the first time detected in human urine (95.8% of the samples positive) and quantitated in 68.8% of the samples in a range of 0.11-5.72 ng/mL (average = 1.25 ng/mL) or 0.08-10.1 ng/mg creatinine (average = 1.52 ng/mg creatinine), representing 3.40-25.0% of the sum of both isomers (average = 12.4%). Food-frequency questionnaires were used to document food consumption of study participants to correlate mycotoxin exposure to nutritional habits. Although no statistically significant correlation between consumption of a specific food and urinary excretion of tenuazonic acid could be determined, a trend regarding elevated intake of cereal products and higher excretion of tenuazonic acid was evident. On the basis of these results, a provisional mean daily intake (PDI) for both tenuazonic acid and allo-tenuazonic acid was calculated, being 0.183 and 0.025 μg/kg body weight, respectively. A combined mean PDI for both isomers amounts to 0.208 μg/kg body weight with the highest individual PDI for one of the participants (1.582 μg/kg body weight) slightly exceeding the threshold of toxicological concern assumed for tenuazonic acid by the European Food Safety Authority of 1.500 μg/kg body weight. This is the first study to investigate the tenuazonic acid content in human urine of a larger sample cohort enabling the calculation of PDIs for tenuazonic acid and allo-tenuazonic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Hövelmann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hickert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Development of a high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry based analysis for the simultaneous quantification of various Alternaria toxins in wine, vegetable juices and fruit juices. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1455:74-85. [PMID: 27283097 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection for the simultaneous quantification of 12 Alternaria toxins in wine, vegetable juices and fruit juices was developed. Excellent chromatographic performance was demonstrated for tenuazonic acid (TeA) in a multi-analyte method. This comprehensive study is also the first to report the determination of TeA, alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN) and altenuene (ALT), altertoxin I (ATX-I), altertoxin II (ATX-II), altenuisol (ATL), iso-altenuene (isoALT), altenuic acid III (AA-III) and the AAL toxins TB1 und TB2 in samples from the German market. Several types of HPLC columns were tested for the liquid chromatographic separation of the toxins of interest that widely differ in their polarities. The focus was on gaining suitable retention while avoiding derivatization steps especially for TeA and AA-III. Three atmospheric pressure ionization techniques used with liquid chromatography (electrospray, chemical and photo ionization) were tested to obtain the best selectivity and sensitivity. Samples were diluted with sodium hydrogen carbonate buffer and extracted on a diatomaceous earth solid phase extraction cartridge. Method validation was carried out by using tomato juice, citrus juice and white wine as blank matrices. Limits of detection ranged from 0.10 to 0.59μgL(-1) and limits of quantification ranged from 0.4-3.1μgL(-1) depending on the toxin and matrix. Recoveries were around 100±9% for all toxins except stemphyltoxin III (STTX-III) and altenusin (ALS) due to instability during sample clean up. Matrix-induced effects leading to ion suppression especially for ATX-I, ATX-II and AA-III were investigated. Relative standard deviations of repeatability (RSDr) and intermediate reproducibility (RSDR) were ≤9.3 and ≤17.1, respectively, for the toxins in different matrices at levels of 5 and 30μgL(-1). Finally, 103 commercially obtained wine and juice samples from the German market in 2015 were analysed. TeA was found most frequently (68% of all analysed samples) in concentrations of up to 60.0μgL(-1). AOH, AME and TEN were detected in fewer samples (37%, 16% and 30%) at lower concentrations of up to 8.2, 1.5 and 10.3μgL(-1), respectively. AA-III and ATL were detected for the first time in 3% and 17% of food all samples, in concentrations of up to 6.0μgL(-1) and 5.9μgL(-1), respectively.
Collapse
|
27
|
Fontana AR, Prendes LP, Morata VI, Bottini R. High-throughput modified QuEChERS method for the determination of the mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in wine grapes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22990e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development and validation of a robust QuEChERS method for the quantification of tenuazonic acid in grapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel R. Fontana
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
- M5528AHB Chacras de Coria
| | - Luciana P. Prendes
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología
- Facultad de Ciencias Aplicadas a la Industria
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
- M5600 San Rafael
- Argentina
| | - Vilma I. Morata
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología
- Facultad de Ciencias Aplicadas a la Industria
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
- M5600 San Rafael
- Argentina
| | - Rubén Bottini
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
- M5528AHB Chacras de Coria
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hickert S, Krug I, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Detection and Quantitative Analysis of the Non-cytotoxic allo-Tenuazonic Acid in Tomato Products by Stable Isotope Dilution HPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10879-10884. [PMID: 26633086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tenuazonic acid (1) is a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi of the genus Alternaria. It occurs in a variety of agricultural products. allo-Tenuazonic acid (2) is an isomer of 1 that is not chromatographically separated from 1 in most analytical methods. Therefore, both isomers are quantitated as a sum parameter. In this study a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) based stable isotope dilution HPLC-MS/MS method including the chromatographic separation of both isomers was developed and applied to 20 tomato products from the German market. All products showed contamination with both toxins. 1 was found in a range from 5.3 ± 0.1 to 550 ± 15 μg/kg (average = 120 μg/kg) and 2 in a range from 1.5 ± 0.4- to 270 ± 0.8 μg/kg (average = 58 μg/kg). 2 represents 7.0-44% of the sum of both isomers (average = 29%). This is the first reported occurrence of 2 in food samples. To evaluate and compare the cytotoxicities of 1 and 2, both compounds were isolated from a synthetic racemic mixture. 1 showed moderate cytotoxic effects on HT-29 cells starting at 100 μM, whereas 2 exhibited no activity. 2 was not produced in liquid cultures of Alternaria alternata in yeast extract sucrose (YES) medium, but could be detected in small amounts in tomato puree inoculated with the fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hickert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry , Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Isabel Krug
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry , Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yun CS, Motoyama T, Osada H. Biosynthesis of the mycotoxin tenuazonic acid by a fungal NRPS-PKS hybrid enzyme. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8758. [PMID: 26503170 PMCID: PMC4640141 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenuazonic acid (TeA) is a well-known mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi. However, its biosynthetic gene has been unknown to date. Here we identify the TeA biosynthetic gene from Magnaporthe oryzae by finding two TeA-inducing conditions of a low-producing strain. We demonstrate that TeA is synthesized from isoleucine and acetoacetyl-coenzyme A by TeA synthetase 1 (TAS1). TAS1 is a unique non-ribosomal peptide synthetase and polyketide synthase (NRPS–PKS) hybrid enzyme that begins with an NRPS module. In contrast to other NRPS/PKS hybrid enzymes, the PKS portion of TAS1 has only a ketosynthase (KS) domain and this domain is indispensable for TAS1 activity. Phylogenetic analysis classifies this KS domain as an independent clade close to type I PKS KS domain. We demonstrate that the TAS1 KS domain conducts the final cyclization step for TeA release. These results indicate that TAS1 is a unique type of NRPS–PKS hybrid enzyme. Tenuazonic acid is a mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi but its biosynthetic gene is unknown to date. Here, the authors identify the tenuazonic acid biosynthetic gene encoding a protein with a unique KS domain that conducts cyclization step for tenuazonic acid release in Magnaporthe oryzae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Soo Yun
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fraeyman S, Devreese M, Broekaert N, De Mil T, Antonissen G, De Baere S, De Backer P, Rychlik M, Croubels S. Quantitative Determination of Tenuazonic Acid in Pig and Broiler Chicken Plasma by LC-MS/MS and Its Comparative Toxicokinetics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8560-8567. [PMID: 26371380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to quantitate tenuazonic acid (TeA) in pig and broiler chicken plasma was successfully developed and validated. Linear matrix-matched calibration curves ranged between 5 and 200 ng/mL. Correlation coefficients, goodness-of-fit coefficients, and within-day and between-day precision and accuracy fell well within the acceptance criteria. The limit of quantitation was 5.0 ng/mL in both pig and broiler chicken plasma. The LC-MS/MS method was applied in a comparative toxicokinetic study in both pigs and broiler chickens. TeA was completely bioavailable after oral administration in both animal species. However, absorption was deemed to be slower in broiler chickens (mean tmax 0.32 h in pigs vs 2.60 h in chickens). TeA was more slowly eliminated in broiler chickens (mean t1/2el 0.55 h in pigs vs 2.45 h in chickens after oral administration), mainly due to the significantly lower total body clearance (mean Cl 446.1 mL/h/kg in pigs vs 59.2 mL/h/kg in chickens after oral administration). Tissue residue studies and further research to elucidate the biotransformation and excretion processes of TeA in pigs, broiler chickens, and other animal species are imperative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hickert S, Bergmann M, Ersen S, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Survey of Alternaria toxin contamination in food from the German market, using a rapid HPLC-MS/MS approach. Mycotoxin Res 2015; 32:7-18. [PMID: 26408172 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-015-0233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A HPLC-MS/MS-based method for the quantification of nine mycotoxins produced by fungi of the genus Alternaria in various food matrices was developed. The method relies on a single-step extraction, followed by dilution of the raw extract and direct analysis. In combination with an analysis time per sample of 12 min, the sample preparation is cost-effective and easy to handle. The method covers alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA), altenuene (ALT), iso-altenuene (isoALT), tentoxin (TEN), altertoxin-I (ATX-I), and the AAL toxins TA1 and TA2. Some Alternaria toxins which are either not commercially available or very expensive, namely AOH, AME, ALT, isoALT, and ATX-I, were isolated as reference compounds from fungal cultures. The method was extensively validated for tomato products, bakery products, sunflower seeds, fruit juices, and vegetable oils. AOH, AME, TeA, and TEN were found in quantifiable amounts and 92.1% of all analyzed samples (n = 96) showed low level contamination with one or more Alternaria toxins. Based on the obtained results, the average daily exposure to Alternaria toxins in Germany was calculated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hickert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marian Bergmann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Seyma Ersen
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Myresiotis CK, Testempasis S, Vryzas Z, Karaoglanidis GS, Papadopoulou-Mourkidou E. Determination of mycotoxins in pomegranate fruits and juices using a QuEChERS-based method. Food Chem 2015; 182:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
33
|
Recent developments in stable isotope dilution assays in mycotoxin analysis with special regard to Alternaria toxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7563-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
34
|
Senyuva HZ, Gökmen V, Sarikaya EA. Future perspectives in Orbitrap™-high-resolution mass spectrometry in food analysis: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1568-606. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1057240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
35
|
Mikula H, Svatunek D, Skrinjar P, Horkel E, Hametner C, Fröhlich J. DFT study of the Lewis acid mediated synthesis of 3-acyltetramic acids. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2181. [PMID: 24794137 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 3-acyltetramic acids by C-acylation of pyrrolidine-2,4-diones was studied by density functional theory (DFT). DFT was applied to the mycotoxin tenuazonic acid (TeA), an important representative of these bioactive natural compounds. Lewis acid mediated C-acylation in combination with previous pH-neutral domino N-acylation-Wittig cyclization can be used for the efficient preparation of 3-acyltetramic acids. Nevertheless, quite harsh conditions are still required to carry out this synthetic step, leading to unwanted isomerization of stereogenic centers in some cases. In the presented study, the reaction pathway for the C-acetylation of (5S,6S-5-s-butylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione was studied in terms of mechanism, solvent effects, and Lewis acid activation, in order to obtain an appropriate theoretical model for further investigations. Crucial steps were identified that showed rather high activation barriers and rationalized previously reported experimental discoveries. After in silico optimization, aluminum chlorides were found to be promising Lewis acids that promote the C-acylation of pyrrolidine-2,4-diones, whereas calculations performed in various organic solvents showed that the solvent had only a minor effect on the energy profiles of the considered mechanisms. This clearly indicates that further synthetic studies should focus on the Lewis-acidic mediator rather than other reaction parameters. Additionally, given the results obtained for different reaction routes, the stereochemistry of this C-acylation is discussed. It is assumed that the formation of Z-configured TeA is favored, in good agreement with our previous studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, 1060, Vienna, Austria,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Berthiller F, Burdaspal P, Crews C, Iha M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stroka J, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2012-2013. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2012 and mid-2013. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone. A wide range of analytical methods for mycotoxin determination in food and feed were developed last year, in particular immunochemical methods and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based methods. After a section on sampling and sample preparation, due to the rapid spread and developments in the field of LC-MS/MS multimycotoxin methods, a separate section has been devoted to this area of research. It is followed by a section on mycotoxins in botanicals and spices, before continuing with the format of previous reviews in this series with dedicated sections on method developments for the individual mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Berthiller
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - P.A. Burdaspal
- National Centre for Food, Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, Carretera de Majadahonda a Pozuelo km 5, 228220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M.H. Iha
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Laboratrio I de Ribeiro Preto, Av Dr Arnaldo 355, CEP 14085-410, Ribeiro Preto SP, Brazil
| | - R. Krska
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari 700126, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Drive, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari 700126, Italy
| | - J. Stroka
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), European Commission Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - T.B. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mikula H, Horkel E, Hans P, Hametner C, Fröhlich J. Structure and tautomerism of tenuazonic acid--a synergetic computational and spectroscopic approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 250-251:308-317. [PMID: 23474405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
All reasonable tautomers and rotamers of tenuazonic acid, which is considered to be of the highest toxicity amongst the Alternaria mycotoxins, were investigated by DFT calculations at different levels of theory in gas phase and in solution to obtain optimized geometries for further examinations. Calculated NMR spectra of tautomeric structures are being presented and compared to experimental data to finally achieve a synergetic computational and spectroscopic approach for structure elucidation of 3-acetyltetramic acids, affording the predominant tautomer of tenuazonic acid in aqueous solution. Furthermore we were able to simulate the less hindered rotation of the exocyclic acetyl group, which occurs after dissociation of tenuazonic acid in protic solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Mikula
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|