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Postprandial Glycemic and Insulinemic Response by a Brewer’s Spent Grain Extract-Based Food Supplement in Subjects with Slightly Impaired Glucose Tolerance: A Monocentric, Randomized, Cross-Over, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193916. [PMID: 36235569 PMCID: PMC9572698 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber exerts beneficial effects on human health reducing the risk factors of metabolic related diseases such as hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and hypercholesterolemia. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the efficacy of a food supplement based on brewer’s spent grain (BSG) extract in the reduction of postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in normoglycemic subjects. BSG was chemically characterized, revealing the presence of resistant starch (14.64 g/100 g), arabinoxylans (7.50 g/100 g), β-glucans (1.92 g/100 g) and other soluble fibers (6.43 g/100 g), and bioaccessible ferulic acid (91.3 mg/100 g). For the clinical study, 40 normoglycemic subjects were randomized into two groups, 1 and 2 (n = 20), for a cross-over clinical design and received either BSG extract-based food supplement or placebo. Postprandial blood glucose values were significantly lower than corresponding values in the placebo group after 90 and 120 min, while at the baseline and in the first 60 min, the two glycemic curves overlapped substantially. This improved clinical outcome was corroborated by significant reductions in postprandial insulinemia. None of the subjects reported adverse effects. This study showed that the tested BSG extract-based food supplement improves glucose metabolism and insulinemic response in normoglycemic subjects with at most a mild insulin resistance.
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Mondal D, Awana M, Aggarwal S, Das D, Thomas B, Singh S, Satyavathi C T, Sundaram RM, Anand A, Singh A, Sachdev A, Praveen S, Krishnan V. Microstructure, matrix interactions, and molecular structure are the key determinants of inherent glycemic potential in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Whole-Grain Intake in the Mediterranean Diet and a Low Protein to Carbohydrates Ratio Can Help to Reduce Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease, Slow Down the Progression of Aging, and to Improve Lifespan: A Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082540. [PMID: 34444699 PMCID: PMC8401068 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increase in the aging population is a phenomenon all over the world. Maintaining good functional ability, good mental health, and cognitive function in the absence of severe disease and physical disability define successful aging. A healthy lifestyle in middle age predisposes successful aging. Longevity is the result of a multifactorial phenomenon, which involves feeding. Diets that emphasize fruit and vegetables, whole grains rather than refined grains, low-fat dairy, lean meats, fish, legumes, and nuts are inversely associated with mortality or to a lower risk of becoming frail among elderly subjects. A regular physical activity and a regular intake of whole grain derivatives together with the optimization of the protein/carbohydrate ratio in the diet, where the ratio is significantly less than 1 such as in the Mediterranean diet and the Okinawan diet, reduces the risk of developing aging-related diseases and increases healthy life expectancy. The purpose of our review was to analyze cohort and case-control studies that investigated the effects of cereals in the diet, especially whole grains and derivatives as well as the effects of a diet with a low protein-carbohydrate ratio on the progression of aging, mortality, and lifespan.
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Li S, Liu M, Chen Z, Huang X, Chen H, Zeng Z, Li C. Cross-linking treatment of arabinoxylan improves its antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities after simulated in vitro digestion. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Boshuizen B, Moreno de Vega CV, De Maré L, de Meeûs C, de Oliveira JE, Hosotani G, Gansemans Y, Deforce D, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Delesalle C. Effects of Aleurone Supplementation on Glucose-Insulin Metabolism and Gut Microbiome in Untrained Healthy Horses. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:642809. [PMID: 33912605 PMCID: PMC8072273 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.642809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aleurone, a layer of the bran fraction, is deemed to be responsible for the positive health effects associated with the consumption of whole-grain products. Studies on rodents, pigs, and humans report beneficial effects of aleurone in five main areas: the reduction of oxidative stress, immunomodulatory effects, modulation of energy management, digestive health, and the storage of vitamins and minerals. Our study is the first aleurone supplementation study performed in horses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an increase in the dose levels of aleurone on the postprandial glucose-insulin metabolism and the gut microbiome in untrained healthy horses. Seven adult Standardbred horses were supplemented with four different dose levels of aleurone (50, 100, 200, and 400 g/day for 1 week) by using a Latin square model with a 1-week wash out in between doses. On day 7 of each supplementation week, postprandial blood glucose-insulin was measured and fecal samples were collected. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing was performed and QIIME2 software was used for microbiome analysis. Microbial community function was assessed by using the predictive metagenome analysis tool Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) and using the Metacyc database of metabolic pathways. The relative abundancies of a pathway were analyzed by using analysis of composition of microbiomes (ANCOM) in R. There was a significant dose-dependent increase in the postprandial time to peak of glucose (p = 0.030), a significant delay in the time to peak of insulin (p = 0.025), and a significant decrease in both the insulin peak level (p = 0.049) and insulin area under the curve (AUC) (p = 0.019) with increasing dose levels of aleurone, with a consideration of 200 g being the lowest significant dose. Alpha diversity and beta diversity of the fecal microbiome showed no significant changes. Aleurone significantly decreased the relative abundance of the genera Roseburia, Shuttleworthia, Anaerostipes, Faecalibacter, and Succinovibrionaceae. The most pronounced changes in the relative abundance at phyla level were seen in Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia (downregulation) and Bacteroidetes and Spirochaetes (upregulation). The PICRUSt analysis shows that aleurone induces a downregulation of the degradation of L-glutamate and taurine and an upregulation of the three consecutive pathways of the phospholipid membrane synthesis of the Archaea domain. The results of this study suggest a multimodal effect of aleurone on glucose-insulin metabolism, which is most likely to be caused by its effect on feed texture and subsequent digestive processing; and a synergistic effect of individual aleurone components on the glucose-insulin metabolism and microbiome composition and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Boshuizen
- Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Wolvega Equine Hospital, Oldeholtpade, Netherlands
| | - Carmen Vidal Moreno de Vega
- Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lorie De Maré
- Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Small Animals and Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Constance de Meeûs
- Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Yannick Gansemans
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Catherine Delesalle
- Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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The Relationship between In Vitro and In Vivo Starch Digestion Kinetics of Breads Varying in Dietary Fibre. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091337. [PMID: 32971915 PMCID: PMC7554867 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between in vitro and in vivo starch digestion kinetics was studied in portal vein catheterised pigs fed breads varying in dietary fibre (DF) content and composition. The breads were a low DF white wheat bread, two high DF whole grain rye breads without and with whole kernels and two experimental breads with added arabinoxylan or oat β-glucan concentrates, respectively. In vitro, samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min and the cumulative hydrolysis curve for starch was modelled, whereas the in vivo cumulative absorption models for starch were based on samples taken every 15 min up to 60 min and then every 30 min up to 240 min. The starch hydrolysis rate in vitro (0.07 to 0.16%/min) was far higher than the rate of glucose appearance in vivo (0.017 to 0.023% absorbed starch/min). However, the ranking of the breads was the same in vitro and in vivo and there was a strong relationship between the kinetic parameters.
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Chen H, Chen Z, Fu Y, Liu J, Lin S, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Wu D, Lin D, Han G, Wang L, Qin W. Structure, Antioxidant, and Hypoglycemic Activities of Arabinoxylans Extracted by Multiple Methods from Triticale. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120584. [PMID: 31775251 PMCID: PMC6943583 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Different methods of isolating arabinoxylans (AXs) from triticale were performed to investigate the extraction methods’ effects on the physiological functions of the AXs. Structural, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic activities were determined. The molecular weights (MWs) of enzyme- or water-extracted AXs were lower than those of alkali-extracted AXs. Opposite trends were shown by the arabinose–xylose ratio. Enzyme-extracted AXs exhibited higher glucose adsorption capacity and hydroxyl radical-scavenging efficiency than alkali-extracted AXs. The α-amylase inhibition ability, DPPH radical-scavenging capacity, and metal-chelating activity of alkali-extracted AXs were higher than those of enzyme-extracted AXs. Water-extracted AXs had the highest glucose dialysis retardation index. In conclusion, extraction methods can influence the physiological function of AXs through their structural features. AXs with higher MWs and esterified ferulic acid (FA) levels had higher antioxidant ability, whereas AXs with higher solubility and free FA level exhibited higher hypoglycemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Zhuoyun Chen
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Jiao Liu
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Siying Lin
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Yuntao Liu
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Dingtao Wu
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Derong Lin
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Guoquan Han
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Food and Drug Inspection, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan, China;
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0835-2882576
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Chen Z, Li S, Fu Y, Li C, Chen D, Chen H. Arabinoxylan structural characteristics, interaction with gut microbiota and potential health functions. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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9
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Liu R, Zhao J, Guo J, Liu X, Yu J, Wang H, Li Y, Sun C, Liu L. Postprandial metabolomics: GC-MS analysis reveals differences in organic acid profiles of impaired fasting glucose individuals in response to highland barley loads. Food Funct 2019; 10:1552-1562. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02321b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The HB load producing low postprandial glucose and insulin responses brings about several alterations in organic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- National Key Discipline Laboratory
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- School of Public Health
- Harbin Medical University
- Harbin
| | - Jinhui Zhao
- National Key Discipline Laboratory
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- School of Public Health
- Harbin Medical University
- Harbin
| | - Jing Guo
- National Key Discipline Laboratory
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- School of Public Health
- Harbin Medical University
- Harbin
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- National Key Discipline Laboratory
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- School of Public Health
- Harbin Medical University
- Harbin
| | - Jiaying Yu
- National Key Discipline Laboratory
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- School of Public Health
- Harbin Medical University
- Harbin
| | - Hanming Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases
- Harbin Children's Hospital
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- National Key Discipline Laboratory
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- School of Public Health
- Harbin Medical University
- Harbin
| | - Changhao Sun
- National Key Discipline Laboratory
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- School of Public Health
- Harbin Medical University
- Harbin
| | - Liyan Liu
- National Key Discipline Laboratory
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- School of Public Health
- Harbin Medical University
- Harbin
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10
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Pluschke AM, Williams BA, Zhang D, Anderson ST, Roura E, Gidley MJ. Male grower pigs fed cereal soluble dietary fibres display biphasic glucose response and delayed glycaemic response after an oral glucose tolerance test. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193137. [PMID: 29494594 PMCID: PMC5832219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute and sustained soluble dietary fibre (SDF) consumption are both associated with improved glucose tolerance in humans and animal models (e.g. porcine). However, the effects on glucose tolerance in grower pigs, adapted to diets with a combination of SDF have not been studied previously. In this experiment, cereal SDF wheat arabinoxylan (AX) and oat β-glucan (BG) were fed individually and in combination to determine the effect on glucose tolerance in jugular vein catheterized grower pigs. Five groups of Large White male grower pigs were fed highly digestible diets containing either 10% AX, 10% BG, 5% AX with 5% BG, a model cereal whole wheat flour (WWF), or a control wheat starch diet (WS) with no SDF. Blood was collected via jugular vein catheters over 240 minutes following a feed challenge and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on two separate days. Postprandial blood samples were used to determine plasma glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), ghrelin, glucagon and cortisol concentrations. No dietary effects on glycaemic response were observed following the feed challenge or the OGTT as determined by the area under the curve (AUC). A biphasic glucose and insulin response was detected for all pigs following the OGTT. The current study showed male grower pigs have tight glycaemic control and glucose tolerance regardless of diet. In addition, pigs fed the combined SDF had a reduced GIP response and delayed insulin peak following the feed challenge. Incretin (GLP-1 and GIP) secretion appeared asynchronous reflecting their different enteroendocrine cell locations and response to nutrient absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M. Pluschke
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail: (AP); (MJG)
| | - Barbara A. Williams
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dagong Zhang
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen T. Anderson
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eugeni Roura
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael J. Gidley
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail: (AP); (MJG)
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11
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Processing & rheological properties of wheat flour dough and bread containing high levels of soluble dietary fibres blends. Food Res Int 2017; 97:123-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
The studies on the effects of arabinoxylan (AX) polysaccharides on postprandial glucose response have resulted in contrasting results owing to the diversity in AX structures. Four water extractable AX (WEAX) extracts obtained from wheat aleurone and bran were used to investigate (a) the effect of AX on activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, (b) influence of AX chemical composition on their inhibition potency, and (c) kinetics of enzyme inhibition. α-Amylase activity was not significantly affected by the presence WEAX fractions regardless of type or concentration. WEAX inhibited α-glucosidase activity only when maltose was used as a substrate but not sucrose. The IC50 values of WEAX (4.88 ± 0.3-10.14 ± 0.5 mg/mL) were highly correlated to ferulic acid content (R = -0.89), arabinose to xylose ratio (R = -0.67), and relative proportions of xylose being unsubstituted (R = 0.69), disubstituted (R = -0.63), and monosubstituted (R = -0.76). The Lineweaver-Burk plot suggested an uncompetitive enzyme inhibition mode. Thus, our results suggest that antiglycemic properties of WEAX may be derived from direct inhibition of α-glucosidase activity.
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Knudsen KEB, Lærke HN, Ingerslev AK, Hedemann MS, Nielsen TS, Theil PK. Carbohydrates in pig nutrition – Recent advances. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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14
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Liu L, Chu X, Na L, Yuan F, Li Y, Sun C. Decreasing high postprandial stearic acid in impaired fasting glucose by dietary regulation. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70:795-801. [PMID: 26733041 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine the postprandial change in free fatty acid (FFA) profiles in subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and to evaluate the effect of low glycemic index (GI) load on postprandial FFA profiles and inflammation. SUBJECTS/METHODS First, 50 IFG and 50 healthy subjects were recruited; and 2 -h postprandial changes in FFA profiles were determined. Second, the 50 IFG subjects then received three different loads: glucose load (GL), high glycemic index (HGI) load and low glycemic index (LGI) load, respectively. FFA profile, glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and inflammatory biomarkers were assayed at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. RESULTS Postprandial stearic acid (C18:0) increased compared with baseline in all subjects, whereas the change in postprandial C18:0 was more marked in IFG subjects than in healthy subjects. Compared with subjects who received the GL and HGI load, the area under the curve for insulin, GLP-1, C18:0 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha significantly decreased and adiponectin increased in subjects who received the LGI load. CONCLUSIONS The rise in postprandial C18:0 in IFG subjects was inhibited by LGI load.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - X Chu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - L Na
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - F Yuan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - C Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
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15
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Delzenne NM, Cani PD, Everard A, Neyrinck AM, Bindels LB. Gut microorganisms as promising targets for the management of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2015. [PMID: 26224102 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Each human intestine harbours not only hundreds of trillions of bacteria but also bacteriophage particles, viruses, fungi and archaea, which constitute a complex and dynamic ecosystem referred to as the gut microbiota. An increasing number of data obtained during the last 10 years have indicated changes in gut bacterial composition or function in type 2 diabetic patients. Analysis of this 'dysbiosis' enables the detection of alterations in specific bacteria, clusters of bacteria or bacterial functions associated with the occurrence or evolution of type 2 diabetes; these bacteria are predominantly involved in the control of inflammation and energy homeostasis. Our review focuses on two key questions: does gut dysbiosis truly play a role in the occurrence of type 2 diabetes, and will recent discoveries linking the gut microbiota to host health be helpful for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for type 2 diabetes? Here we review how pharmacological, surgical and nutritional interventions for type 2 diabetic patients may impact the gut microbiota. Experimental studies in animals are identifying which bacterial metabolites and components act on host immune homeostasis and glucose metabolism, primarily by targeting intestinal cells involved in endocrine and gut barrier functions. We discuss novel approaches (e.g. probiotics, prebiotics and faecal transfer) and the need for research and adequate intervention studies to evaluate the feasibility and relevance of these new therapies for the management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 73, B1.73.11, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 73, B1.73.11, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 73, B1.73.11, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey M Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 73, B1.73.11, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 73, B1.73.11, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
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Postprandial Differences in the Amino Acid and Biogenic Amines Profiles of Impaired Fasting Glucose Individuals after Intake of Highland Barley. Nutrients 2015; 7:5556-71. [PMID: 26184292 PMCID: PMC4517015 DOI: 10.3390/nu7075238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure the postprandial changes in amino acid and biogenic amine profiles in individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and to investigate the changes of postprandial amino acid and biogenic amine profiles after a meal of highland barley (HB). Firstly, 50 IFG and 50 healthy individuals were recruited for the measurement of 2 h postprandial changes of amino acid and biogenic amine profiles after a glucose load. Secondly, IFG individuals received three different loads: Glucose (GL), white rice (WR) and HB. Amino acid and biogenic amine profiles, glucose and insulin were assayed at time zero and 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the test load. The results showed fasting and postprandial amino acid and biogenic amine profiles were different between the IFG group and the controls. The level of most amino acids and their metabolites decreased after an oral glucose tolerance test, while the postprandial level of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) increased significantly in IFG individuals. After three different test loads, the area under the curve for glucose, insulin, lysine and GABA after a HB load decreased significantly compared to GL and WR loads. Furthermore, the postprandial changes in the level of GABA between time zero and 120 min during a HB load were associated positively with 2 h glucose and fasting insulin secretion in the IFG individuals. Thus, the HB load produced low postprandial glucose and insulin responses, which induced changes in amino acid and biogenic amine profiles and improved insulin sensitivity.
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Johansson DP, Lee I, Risérus U, Langton M, Landberg R. Effects of unfermented and fermented whole grain rye crisp breads served as part of a standardized breakfast, on appetite and postprandial glucose and insulin responses: a randomized cross-over trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122241. [PMID: 25826373 PMCID: PMC4380355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole grain rye products have been shown to increase satiety and elicit lower postprandial insulin response without a corresponding change in glucose response compared with soft refined wheat bread. The underlying mechanisms for these effects have not been fully determined The primary aim of the study was to investigate if whole grain rye crisp bread compared to refined wheat crisp bread, elected beneficial effects on appetite and postprandial insulin response, similarly as for other rye products. METHODS In a randomized cross-over trial, 23 healthy volunteers, aged 27-70 years, BMI 18-31.4 kg/m2, were served a standardized breakfast with unfermented whole grain rye crisp bread (uRCB), fermented whole grain rye crisp bread (RCB) or refined wheat crisp bread (WCB), Appetite was measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) until 4 h after breakfast. Postprandial glucose and insulin were measured at 0-230 min. Breads were chemically characterized including macronutrients, energy, dietary fiber components, and amino acid composition, and microstructure was characterized with light microscopy. RESULTS Reported fullness was 16% higher (P<0.001), and hunger 11% and 12% lower (P<0.05) after ingestion of uRCB and RCB, respectively, compared with WCB. Postprandial glucose response did not differ significantly between treatments. Postprandial insulin was 10% lower (P<0.007) between 0-120 min but not significantly lower between 0-230 min for RCB compared with WCB. uRCB induced 13% (P<0.002) and 17% (P<0.001) lower postprandial insulin response between 0-230 min compared with RCB and WCB respectively. CONCLUSION Whole grain rye crisp bread induces higher satiety and lower insulin response compared with refined wheat crisp bread. Microstructural characteristics, dietary fiber content and composition are probable contributors to the increased satiety after ingestion of rye crisp breads. Higher insulin secretion after ingestion of RCB and WCB compared with uRCB may be due to differences in fiber content and composition, and higher availability of insulinogenic branched chain amino acids. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02011217.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Johansson
- Department of Food Science, BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Isabella Lee
- Department of Food Science, BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maud Langton
- Department of Food Science, BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Department of Food Science, BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hedemann MS, Theil PK, Lærke HN, Bach Knudsen KE. Distinct difference in absorption pattern in pigs of betaine provided as a supplement or present naturally in cereal dietary fiber. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2725-2733. [PMID: 25716171 DOI: 10.1021/jf506024v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The net absorption of betaine and choline was determined for 4 h after the first meal of the day in three experiments with porto-arterial catheterized pigs in which betaine was added as a supplement to a low-betaine diet (n=4 pigs) and compared to the net absorption of betaine and choline from high-fiber breads differing in amount and source of dietary fiber (two experiments, n=6 pigs each). Plasma betaine peaked after 30 min when betaine was fed as a supplement, whereas it peaked after 120-180 min when high-fiber breads were fed. Plasma betaine showed no diet×time interaction after feeding with high-fiber breads, indicating that the absorption kinetic did not differ between fiber sources. The net absorption of choline was not affected by the experimental diets. In conclusion, betaine in cereal sources has to be liberated from the matrix prior to absorption, causing delayed absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Skou Hedemann
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Post Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Peter Kappel Theil
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Post Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Helle Nygaard Lærke
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Post Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Knud Erik Bach Knudsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Post Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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A metabolomics approach used to profile plasma from portal-arterial pigs revealed differences between breads incurred by dietary fibre and protein contents. J Nutr Sci 2014; 3:e18. [PMID: 26101587 PMCID: PMC4473157 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) metabolomics analysis of plasma from portal-arterial catheterised pigs fed breads prepared with whole-grain rye or wheat flour with added concentrated arabinoxylan (AX) or β-glucan (BG) was conducted. Comparison of the effects of concentrated fibres with whole grains has received little attention. Six female catheterised pigs were given two white wheat breads with wheat AX or oat BG, two rye breads with ground rye (GR) or intact rye kernels (RK), and a control white wheat bread (WF) on separate occasions in a randomised cross-over design. The amount of available carbohydrate was similar for the five breads but varied in the content of protein. Plasma was collected continuously for 4 h after feeding. Glucose levels in the portal vein were reduced postprandially in response to the AX, GR and RK breads that had high contents of AX compared with WF bread (P < 0·03). AX and RK breads further tended to decrease plasma levels of some lysophosphatidylcholine species (P ≤ 0·10). The abundance of amino acids in plasma correlated with the protein contents in the breads and leucine uptake significantly affected insulin secretion in the mesenteric artery. In conclusion, the present study revealed that concentrated AX in wheat bread had similar positive effects as whole-grain rye bread on glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Key Words
- AX, arabinoxylan
- Arabinoxylan
- BCAA, branched-chain amino acid
- BG, β-glucan
- Catheterised pigs
- DF, dietary fibre
- GR, dark ground rye
- LC-MS, liquid chromatography–MS
- Metabolomics
- PCA, principal components analysis
- RK, rye kernels
- Rye
- WF, white wheat
- lysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
- ΔAV, portal–arterial difference
- β-Glucan
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Nielsen KL, Hartvigsen ML, Hedemann MS, Lærke HN, Hermansen K, Bach Knudsen KE. Similar metabolic responses in pigs and humans to breads with different contents and compositions of dietary fibers: a metabolomics study. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:941-9. [PMID: 24477039 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.074724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In nutritional studies, pigs are often used as models for humans because of nutritional and physiologic similarities. However, evidence supporting similar metabolic responses to nutritional interventions is lacking. OBJECTIVE The objective was to establish whether pigs and humans respond similarly to a nutritional intervention. Using metabolomics, we compared the acute metabolic response to 4 test breads between conventional pigs (growing) and adult human subjects (with the metabolic syndrome). DESIGN Six catheterized pigs and 15 human subjects were tested in a randomized crossover design with 4 breads: white-wheat bread low in dietary fiber, rye bread with whole-rye kernels, and 2 white-wheat breads supplemented with either wheat arabinoxylan or oat β-glucan. Blood samples drawn -15, 30, and 120 min postprandially were analyzed by untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics. RESULTS We found that the postprandial responses, as reflected in blood metabolomes, are similar in pigs and humans. Twenty-one of 26 identified metabolites that were found to be different between the species were qualitatively similar in response to the test breads, despite different basal metabolome concentrations in the plasma of pigs and humans. Humans had higher contents of phosphatidylcholines, oleic acid, and carnitine in plasma, possibly reflecting a higher intake of meats and fats. In pigs, betaine, choline, creatinine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine were higher, probably because of the higher doses of bread provided to the pigs (per kg body weight) and/or because of their growing status. Acute metabolic differences in these metabolites induced by the breads were, however, comparable between the 2 species. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that pigs are a suitable model for human metabolic studies in food research. The human trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01316354. The animal experiment was conducted according to a license obtained by the Danish Animal Experiments Inspectorate, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Danish Veterinary and Food Administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine L Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark (KLN, MSH, HNL, and KEBK), and the Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (MLH and KH)
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