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Crista D, Algarra M, Martínez de Yuso MV, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto da Silva L. Investigation of the role of pH and the stoichiometry of the N-dopant in the luminescence, composition and synthesis yield of carbon dots. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:1131-1143. [PMID: 36637160 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02318k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are carbon-based nanoparticles with very attractive luminescence features, which simplicity and flexibility of their fabrication can lead to an endless number of CDs with distinct properties and applications. High fluorescence quantum yields (QYFL) are generally a necessary feature for various applications of CDs. One commonly employed strategy to improve the fluorescence properties of CDs is heteroatom-doping using precursors containing desired heteroatoms (with focus on N-doping). In this work, we report the synthesis and systematic investigation of an array of N-doped CDs, obtained from the dry heating of solid mixtures of glucose and urea in different molar ratios with two main objectives: to study the role of stoichiometry in the optical properties and composition of CDs and to investigate the formation of possible alkaline-responsive nanoparticles and the potential of this procedure for obtaining CDs with higher synthesis yields. We have characterized the optical properties of this diverse array of glucose and urea-based CDs using both UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. In addition, we have also examined the CDs by using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and X-Ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy, as well as by assessing the thermal stability of the nanoparticles. We have found that this fabrication process generates two types of CDs, one readily soluble in water and other only soluble at basic pH. The latter was characterized by higher synthesis yields, and lower QYFL and thermal stability, when compared with those of the former. Furthermore, the stoichiometry of the N-dopant does not appear to be correlated with the QYFL of the obtained CDs. This study provides novel information that should be useful for the future rational development of CDs with higher QYFL and synthesis yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Crista
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Algarra
- INAMAT2-Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics, Department of Science, Public University of Navarra, Campus of Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Maria Valle Martínez de Yuso
- X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Lab. Central Service to Support Research Building (SCAI), University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Joaquim C G Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. .,LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. .,LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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2
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Wurzer GK, Bacher M, Musl O, Kohlhuber N, Sulaeva I, Kelz T, Fackler K, Bischof RH, Hettegger H, Potthast A, Rosenau T. From liquid to solid-state, solvent-free oxidative ammonolysis of lignins – an easy, alternative approach to generate “N-lignins” †. RSC Adv 2023; 13:9479-9490. [PMID: 36968046 PMCID: PMC10034478 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00691c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A new chemical modification protocol to generate N-lignins is presented, based on Indulin AT and Mg2+-lignosulfonate. The already known ammonoxidation reaction in liquid phase was used as a starting point and stepwise optimised towards a full solid-state approach. The “classical” liquid ammonoxidation products, the transition products from the optimization trials, as well as the “solid-state” products were comprehensively analysed and compared to the literature. The N-lignins obtained with the conventional ammonoxidation protocol showed the same properties as reported. Their molar mass distributions and the hydroxy group contents, hitherto not accessible due to solubility problems, were measured according to a recently reported protocol. N-Indulin showed an N-content up to 11 wt% and N-lignosulfonate up to 16 wt%. The transition experiments from liquid to solid-state gave insights into the influence of chemical components and reaction conditions. The use of a single chemical, the urea-hydrogen peroxide complex (UHP, “carbamide peroxide”), was sufficient to generate N-lignins with satisfying N-content. This chemical acts both as an N-source and as the oxidant. Following the optimization, a series of solid-state ammonoxidation tests were carried out. High N-contents of 10% in the case of Indulin and 11% in the case of lignosulfonate were obtained. By varying the ratio of UHP to lignin, the N-content can be controlled. Structural analysis showed that the N is organically bound to the lignin, similar to the “classical” ammonoxidation products obtained under homogeneous conditions. Overall, a new ammonoxidation protocol was developed which does not require an external gas supply nor liquids or dissolved reactants. This opens the possibility for carrying out the lignin modification in closed continuous reactor systems, such as extruders. The new, facile solid-state protocol will hopefully help N-lignins to find more consideration as a fertilizing material and in soil-improving materials. An alternative ammonoxidation protocol was developed. With this new approach in “solid-state” mode, one single solid reagent is sufficient to equip lignin with different N-functionalities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhild K. Wurzer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Markus Bacher
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Oliver Musl
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Biobased Colloids and Materials, UBC University of British Columbia, Vancouver2385 East MallVancouverCanada
| | - Nadine Kohlhuber
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
- Core Facility Analysis of Lignocellulosics (ALICE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Theres Kelz
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Karin Fackler
- Lenzing AG, Research & DevelopmentA-4860 LenzingAustria
| | | | - Hubert Hettegger
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24A-3430 TullnAustria
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi UniversityPorthansgatan 3FI-20500 ÅboFinland
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3
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Chu Y, Su H, Liu C, Zheng X. Fabrication of sandwich-like super-hydrophobic cathode for the electro-Fenton degradation of cefepime: H 2O 2 electro-generation, degradation performance, pathway and biodegradability improvement. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131669. [PMID: 34340112 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several composite cathodes were prepared using graphite, carbon nanotube (CNT) and PTFE, and their elemental composition, surface morphology, physical and electrochemical properties were studied by various characterization techniques. It was found that the hydrophobic property of the prepared cathodes could be greatly enhanced by changing their surface morphologies using polyurethane sponge in cathode-shaping, which successfully allowed the preparation of super-hydrophobic carbon cathode, resulting in the enhanced reduction of O2 to H2O2. Based on the above finding, a sandwich-like super-hydrophobic carbon cathode was fabricated and used in the electro-Fenton process for the degradation of cefepime. The recommended cathode exhibited an ideal performance for H2O2 electro-generation and a favorable stability. The cathode submerged in air-aeration solution (pH 3.0) has produced 376 mg L-1 H2O2 with an observed current efficiency (CE) of 40 % via the electrolysis of 60 min at the optimum potential. The developed electro-Fenton process presented the degradation efficiency of nearly 100 % within 10 min for 60 mg L-1 cefepime, in which the degradation of cefepime mainly depended on the generation of hydroxyl radicals (∙OH). The organic intermediates formed during cefepime degradation were identified and the degradation pathway was proposed. More over, the electro-Fenton degradation of cefepime evidently reduced the solution toxicity and improved the biodegradability, suggesting the electro-Fenton oxidation may be adopted as a pretreatment alternative prior to the biological treatment of cefepime-containing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Chu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Shandong, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Hongzhao Su
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Shandong, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Shandong, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xianglei Zheng
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Shandong, Qingdao, 266042, China
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4
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Spreng S, Schaerer A, Poisson L, Chaumonteuil M, Mestdagh F, Davidek T. Discovery of Polyhydroxyalkyl Pyrazine Generation upon Coffee Roasting by In-Bean Labeling Experiments. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6636-6649. [PMID: 34097401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The major non-volatile reaction products formed from free amino acids during the early stage of coffee roasting were investigated using biomimetic in-bean experiments with labeled and unlabeled free amino acids. Comprehensive untargeted screening by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray-ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QToF-MS) in data-independent acquisition (DIA) mode was carried out and modeling by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) helped in revealing 11 pyrazine structures identified in coffee for the first time. 2-(2',3',4'-Trihydroxybutyl)-(5/6)-methyl-pyrazine (1) and 2,(5/6)-bis(2',3',4'-trihydroxybutyl)-pyrazine (2) were the most prominent compounds, while 2-(3',4'-dihydroxybutyl)-(5/6)-methyl-pyrazine (5) and 2-(2',3',4'-trihydroxybutyl)-(5/6)-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-pyrazine (10) were not even previously identified in other food matrices. The structures could be verified by means of additional biomimetic in-bean experiments with labeled sucrose leveraging the carbon module labeling (CAMOLA) approach. Based on these results, plausible formation pathways could be formulated fitting into the known Maillard reaction mechanisms. Sucrose was highlighted as the predominant precursor of the carbon backbone of all identified pyrazines butonly 33-55% of the nitrogen atoms originated from free amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Spreng
- Nestlé Product Technology Centre Beverage Orbe, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., CH-1350 Orbe, Switzerland
| | - Ania Schaerer
- Nestlé Product Technology Centre Beverage Orbe, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., CH-1350 Orbe, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Poisson
- Nestlé Product Technology Centre Beverage Orbe, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., CH-1350 Orbe, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Chaumonteuil
- Nestlé Product Technology Centre Beverage Orbe, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., CH-1350 Orbe, Switzerland
| | | | - Tomas Davidek
- Nestlé Product Technology Centre Beverage Orbe, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., CH-1350 Orbe, Switzerland
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5
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Mortzfeld FB, Hashem C, Vranková K, Winkler M, Rudroff F. Pyrazines: Synthesis and Industrial Application of these Valuable Flavor and Fragrance Compounds. Biotechnol J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik B. Mortzfeld
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9 Vienna 1060 Austria
| | - Chiam Hashem
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology TU Graz, Petersgasse 14 Graz 8010 Austria
| | | | - Margit Winkler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology TU Graz, Petersgasse 14 Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9 Vienna 1060 Austria
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6
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Zhou X, Ulaszewska MM, Cuparencu C, De Gobba C, Vázquez-Manjarrez N, Gürdeniz G, Chen J, Mattivi F, Dragsted LO. Urine Metabolome Profiling Reveals Imprints of Food Heating Processes after Dietary Intervention with Differently Cooked Potatoes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6122-6131. [PMID: 32338001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heat treatment is a widely used method for food processing, and the compounds formed by heat processes may serve as biomarkers of heated food intake in nutrition studies. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the differential metabolic signatures resulting from intake of different potato products and identify potential intake biomarkers. In a randomized, controlled, crossover meal study, healthy volunteers consumed boiled rice, boiled potatoes, and two deep-fried potato products, potato chips and French fries. The urine metabolome was acquired by LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics. Twenty-two selected metabolites were found for deep-fried potatoes, two for potato intake in general, and one for boiled rice. Fourteen of the 22 selected metabolites were tentatively identified as furan-, pyrrole- and pyrazine-derived compounds indicative of Maillard reactions. With further validation, these candidate biomarkers will be important tools to investigate the influence of heated foods on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhou
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
| | - Maria M Ulaszewska
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige 38010, Italy
- Center for Omics Sciences, Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility-ProMeFa, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Cătălina Cuparencu
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
| | - Cristian De Gobba
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
| | - Natalia Vázquez-Manjarrez
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
- Dirección de Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Slavador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Gözde Gürdeniz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige 38010, Italy
- CIBIO - Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento 38122, Italy
| | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
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7
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Wang Z, Yang B, Chen Z, Liu D, Jing L, Gao C, Li J, He Z, Wang J. Bioinspired Cryoprotectants of Glucose-Based Carbon Dots. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:3785-3791. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhui Wang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bin Yang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Materials Physics & Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Materials Physics & Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lihong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jian Li
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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8
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Shee S, Panja D, Kundu S. Nickel-Catalyzed Direct Synthesis of Quinoxalines from 2-Nitroanilines and Vicinal Diols: Identifying Nature of the Active Catalyst. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2775-2784. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Shee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Panja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Sabuj Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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9
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Wakamatsu J, Stark TD, Hofmann T. Antioxidative Maillard Reaction Products Generated in Processed Aged Garlic Extract. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2190-2200. [PMID: 30715866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A powder formulation of aged garlic extract was heated at 100 °C for 1 day to obtain higher antioxidant activity determined with 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging (ARS) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. Activity-guided fractionation afforded 12 new in vitro antioxidative Maillard-type products, α-[(2-formyl-5-hydroxymethyl)pyrrol-1-yl]arginine (3), 4-[7-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-7,8-dihydro-6 H-pyrano[2,3- b] pyrazine-3-yl]butane-1,2,3-triol (4), 4-[6-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-6,7-dihydro-furo[2,3- b]pyrazin-3-yl]-butane-1,2,3-triol (5), α-[(2-formyl-5-hydroxymethyl)-pyrrol-1-yl] aspartic acid (12), 1-[5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl]-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1 H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (14), 4-(6-ethyl-2-pyrazinyl)-1,2,3-butanetriol (17), α-[(2-formyl-5-hydroxymethyl)pyrrol-1-yl] glutamic acid (19), ( S)-1-[(5-hydroxymethyl)furan-2-yl]methyl]-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (20), 3-hydroxy-1 H-[{5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-yl}methyl]-2,5-dioxo-3-pyrrolidine acetic acid (21), ( E)-4-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)but-3-ene-7,2-diol (23), 4-acetyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)picolinic acid (24), ( E)-4-(6-methylpyrazin-2-yl)but-3-ene-1,2-diol (26) and 14 known compounds, 1, 2, 6-11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 22 and 25, which were characterized via 1D/2D-NMR, CD spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. ARS and ORAC activities of these antioxidants ranged from 0.01 to 0.49 μmol TE/μmol and from 0.01 to 3.50 μmol TE/μmol, respectively. Additionally, plausible formation pathways for the new organic acid-type products (15, 20, and 21) were proposed based on proving their generation in model reactions detected via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Wakamatsu
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science , Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34 , 85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Timo D Stark
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science , Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34 , 85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science , Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34 , 85354 Freising , Germany
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10
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Hill SA, Benito-Alifonso D, Davis SA, Morgan DJ, Berry M, Galan MC. Practical Three-Minute Synthesis of Acid-Coated Fluorescent Carbon Dots with Tuneable Core Structure. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12234. [PMID: 30111806 PMCID: PMC6093873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a one-pot, three-minute synthesis of carboxylic acid-decorated fluorescent carbon dots (COOH-FCDs) with tuneable core morphology dependent on the surface passivating agent. Mechanism investigations highlighted the presence of key pyrazine and polyhydroxyl aromatic motifs, which are formed from the degradation of glucosamine in the presence of a bifunctional linker bearing acid and amine groups. The novel COOH-FCDs are selective Fe3+ and hemin sensors. Furthermore, the FCDs are shown to be non-toxic, fluorescent bioimaging agents for cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Hill
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | - Sean A Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - David J Morgan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Monica Berry
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | - M Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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11
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Hill S, Galan MC. Fluorescent carbon dots from mono- and polysaccharides: synthesis, properties and applications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:675-693. [PMID: 28503203 PMCID: PMC5405683 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon dots (FCDs) are an emerging class of nanomaterials made from carbon sources that have been hailed as potential non-toxic replacements to traditional semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). Particularly in the areas of live imaging and drug delivery, due to their water solubility, low toxicity and photo- and chemical stability. Carbohydrates are readily available chiral biomolecules in nature which offer an attractive and cheap starting material from which to synthesise FCDs with distinct features and interesting applications. This mini-review article will cover the progress in the development of FCDs prepared from carbohydrate sources with an emphasis on their synthesis, functionalization and technical applications, including discussions on current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hill
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - M Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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12
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Li W, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Huang S, Zhao J. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation analyses of urea with ammoniated and ammoxidized lignin. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 71:58-69. [PMID: 27846422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ammoniated lignin, prepared through the Mannich reaction of lignin, has more advantages as a slow-release carrier of urea molecules than ammoxidized lignin and lignin. The advantages of the ammoniated lignin include its amine groups added and its high molecular mass kept as similar as that of lignin. Three organic molecules including guaiacyl, 2-hydroxybenzylamine and 5-carbamoylpentanoic acid are monomers respectively in lignin, ammoniated lignin and ammoxidized lignin. We studied the difference between the interactions of lignin, ammoniated lignin and ammoxidized lignin with respect to urea, based on radial distribution functions (RDFs) results from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Glass transition temperature (Tg) and solubility parameter (δ) of ammoniated and ammoxidized lignin have been calculated by MD simulations in the constant-temperature and constant-pressure ensemble (NPT). Molecular docking results showed the interaction sites of the urea onto the ammoniated and ammoxidized lignin and three different interaction modes were identified. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) values could indicate the mobilities of the urea molecule affected by the three different interaction modes. A series of MD simulations in the constant-temperature and constant-volume ensemble (NVT) helped us to calculate the diffusivity of urea which was affected by the content of urea in ammoniated and ammoxidized lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhuo Li
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaiyu Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangshan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
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13
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Ong RG, Higbee A, Bottoms S, Dickinson Q, Xie D, Smith SA, Serate J, Pohlmann E, Jones AD, Coon JJ, Sato TK, Sanford GR, Eilert D, Oates LG, Piotrowski JS, Bates DM, Cavalier D, Zhang Y. Inhibition of microbial biofuel production in drought-stressed switchgrass hydrolysate. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:237. [PMID: 27826356 PMCID: PMC5100259 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0657-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interannual variability in precipitation, particularly drought, can affect lignocellulosic crop biomass yields and composition, and is expected to increase biofuel yield variability. However, the effect of precipitation on downstream fermentation processes has never been directly characterized. In order to investigate the impact of interannual climate variability on biofuel production, corn stover and switchgrass were collected during 3 years with significantly different precipitation profiles, representing a major drought year (2012) and 2 years with average precipitation for the entire season (2010 and 2013). All feedstocks were AFEX (ammonia fiber expansion)-pretreated, enzymatically hydrolyzed, and the hydrolysates separately fermented using xylose-utilizing strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis. A chemical genomics approach was also used to evaluate the growth of yeast mutants in the hydrolysates. RESULTS While most corn stover and switchgrass hydrolysates were readily fermented, growth of S. cerevisiae was completely inhibited in hydrolysate generated from drought-stressed switchgrass. Based on chemical genomics analysis, yeast strains deficient in genes related to protein trafficking within the cell were significantly more resistant to the drought-year switchgrass hydrolysate. Detailed biomass and hydrolysate characterization revealed that switchgrass accumulated greater concentrations of soluble sugars in response to the drought and these sugars were subsequently degraded to pyrazines and imidazoles during ammonia-based pretreatment. When added ex situ to normal switchgrass hydrolysate, imidazoles and pyrazines caused anaerobic growth inhibition of S. cerevisiae. CONCLUSIONS In response to the osmotic pressures experienced during drought stress, plants accumulate soluble sugars that are susceptible to degradation during chemical pretreatments. For ammonia-based pretreatment, these sugars degrade to imidazoles and pyrazines. These compounds contribute to S. cerevisiae growth inhibition in drought-year switchgrass hydrolysate. This work discovered that variation in environmental conditions during the growth of bioenergy crops could have significant detrimental effects on fermentation organisms during biofuel production. These findings are relevant to regions where climate change is predicted to cause an increased incidence of drought and to marginal lands with poor water-holding capacity, where fluctuations in soil moisture may trigger frequent drought stress response in lignocellulosic feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Garlock Ong
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI USA
| | - Alan Higbee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Scott Bottoms
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Quinn Dickinson
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Dan Xie
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Scott A. Smith
- RTSF Mass Spectrometry & Metabolomics Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Jose Serate
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Edward Pohlmann
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Arthur Daniel Jones
- RTSF Mass Spectrometry & Metabolomics Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Trey K. Sato
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Gregg R. Sanford
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Dustin Eilert
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Lawrence G. Oates
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Jeff S. Piotrowski
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Donna M. Bates
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - David Cavalier
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Yaoping Zhang
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
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14
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Hrynets Y, Bhattacherjee A, Ndagijimana M, Hincapie Martinez DJ, Betti M. Iron (Fe(2+))-Catalyzed Glucosamine Browning at 50 °C: Identification and Quantification of Major Flavor Compounds for Antibacterial Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:3266-3275. [PMID: 27043007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucosamine browning at 50 °C with (GlcN/Fe(2+)) or without iron (GlcN) was studied over time from 0 to 48 h. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), H2O2, and (1)O2, along with α-dicarbonyls, fructosazine, and deoxyfructosazine, was evaluated. Singlet oxygen generation increased over time and was greater in GlcN/Fe(2+) caramel solution. The presence of iron significantly increased the concentration of α-dicarbonyls at an early incubation time (3 h). Fructosazine and deoxyfructosazine were the major degradation products at 48 h comprising together up to 37 and 49% in GlcN and GlcN/Fe(2+), respectively. GlcN/Fe(2+) (48 h) exhibited a MIC50 against highly heat-resistant Escherichia coli AW 1.7 at pH 5, but not at pH 7. Despite several antimicrobial compounds being produced during browning, GlcN/Fe(2+) created a synergistic environment for the fructosazine-organic acids to confer their antimicrobial activity. GlcN caramel solutions have the potential to serve as both flavoring compounds and antimicrobial agents in formulated food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Hrynets
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Abhishek Bhattacherjee
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Maurice Ndagijimana
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Daylin Johana Hincapie Martinez
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Mirko Betti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
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15
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Hrynets Y, Ndagijimana M, Betti M. Studies on the Formation of Maillard and Caramelization Products from Glucosamine Incubated at 37 °C. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6249-6261. [PMID: 26114422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This experiment compared the in vitro degradation of glucosamine (GlcN), N-acetylglucosamine, and glucose in the presence of NH3 incubated at 37 °C in phosphate buffer from 0.5 to 12 days. The reactions were monitored with UV-vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopies, and the main products of degradation, quinoxaline derivatives of α-dicarbonyl compounds and condensation products, were determined using UHPLC-UV and Orbitrap mass spectrometry. GlcN produced two major dicarbonyl compounds, glucosone and 3-deoxyglucosone, ranging from 709 to 3245 mg/kg GlcN and from 272 to 4535 mg/kg GlcN, respectively. 3,4-Dideoxyglucosone-3-ene, glyoxal, hydroxypyruvaldehyde, methylglyoxal, and diacetyl were also detected in lower amounts compared to glucosone and 3-deoxyglucosone. Several pyrazine condensation products resulting from the reaction between dicarbonyls and GlcN were also identified. This study determined that GlcN is a significantly unstable molecule producing a high level of degradation products at 37 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Hrynets
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Ag/For Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Maurice Ndagijimana
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Ag/For Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Mirko Betti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Ag/For Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
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16
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Klinger KM, Liebner F, Hosoya T, Potthast A, Rosenau T. Ammoxidation of lignocellulosic materials: formation of nonheterocyclic nitrogenous compounds from monosaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9015-26. [PMID: 23967905 PMCID: PMC3790596 DOI: 10.1021/jf401960m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ammoxidized technical lignins are valuable soil-improving materials that share many similarities with native terrestrial humic substances. In contrast to lignins, the chemical fate of carbohydrates as typical minor constituents of technical lignins during the ammoxidation processes has not been thoroughly investigated. Recently, we reported the formation of N-heterocyclic, ecotoxic compounds (OECD test 201) from both monosaccharides (D-glucose, D-xylose) and polysaccharides (cellulose, xylan) under ammoxidation conditions and showed that monosaccharides are a source more critical than polysaccharides in this respect. GC/MS-derivatization analysis of the crude product mixtures revealed that ammoxidation of carbohydrates which resembles the conditions encountered in nonenzymatical browning of foodstuff affords also a multitude of nonheterocyclic nitrogenous compounds such as aminosugars, glycosylamines, ammonium salts of aldonic, deoxyaldonic, oxalic and carbaminic acids, urea, acetamide, α-hydroxyamides, and even minor amounts of α-amino acids. D-glucose and D-xylose afforded largely similar product patterns which differed from each other only for those products that were formed under preservation of the chain integrity and stereoconfiguration of the respective monosaccharide. The kinetics and reaction pathways involved in the formation of the different classes of nitrogenous compounds under ammoxidation conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Michael Klinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24,
A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Falk Liebner
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24,
A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Takashi Hosoya
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24,
A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24,
A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24,
A-3430 Tulln, Austria
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