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Zurak D, Gunjević V, Grbeša D, Svečnjak Z, Kralik Z, Košević M, Džidić A, Pirgozliev V, Kljak K. Kernel properties related to carotenoid release during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion in commercial dent maize hybrids. Food Chem 2024; 435:137535. [PMID: 37742464 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of study was to investigate the relationships between maize kernel properties and carotenoid release during simulated gastrointestinal digestion of 103 hybrids of dent type. Commercial maize hybrids significantly differed in kernel hardness, chemical composition and carotenoid profile. Across all hybrids, the amount of digestible individual carotenoids increased as follows: β-carotene < α-cryptoxanthin < β-cryptoxanthin < lutein < zeaxanthin. The amount of digested carotenoids correlated negatively with amylose content and amylose-to-amylopectin ratio, while it correlated positively with the content of neutral detergent fibres and amylopectin as well as the Stenvert index. However, the content of endosperm lipids could not be related to carotenoid digestibility. Findings clearly indicate that the carotenoid release from the kernel during digestion is related to specific physical and chemical properties, leading to a better understanding of the effects of kernel matrix structure on carotenoid digestibility in dent-type maize hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Zurak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Veronika Gunjević
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Grbeša
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Svečnjak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlata Kralik
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Manuela Košević
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Alen Džidić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vasil Pirgozliev
- Agriculture and Environment, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
| | - Kristina Kljak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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2
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Kalungwana N, Marshall L, Mackie A, Boesch C. An ex vivo intestinal absorption model is more effective than an in vitro cell model to characterise absorption of dietary carotenoids following simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Food Res Int 2023; 166:112558. [PMID: 36914337 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To get the most accurate food digestion-related data, and how this affects nutrient absorption, it is critical to carefully simulate human digestion systems using model settings. In this study, the uptake and transepithelial transportation of dietary carotenoids was compared using two different models that have previously been used to assess nutrient availability. The permeability of differentiated Caco-2 cells and murine intestinal tissue were tested using all-trans-β-carotene and lutein prepared in artificial mixed micelles and micellar fraction from orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) gastrointestinal digestion. Transepithelial transport and absorption efficiency were then determined using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LCMS-MS). Results showed that the mean uptake for all-trans-β-carotene in the mouse mucosal tissue was 60.2 ± 3.2% compared to 36.7 ± 2.6% in the Caco-2 cells with the mixed micelles as the test sample. Similarly, the mean uptake was higher in OFSP with 49.4 ± 4.1% following mouse tissue uptake compared to 28.9 ± 4.3% using Caco-2 cells for the same concentration. In relation to the uptake efficiency, the mean percentage uptake for all-trans-β-carotene from artificial mixed micelles was 1.8-fold greater in mouse tissue compared to Caco-2 cells (35.4 ± 1.8% against 19.9 ± 2.6%). Carotenoid uptake reached saturation at 5 µM when assessed with the mouse intestinal cells. These results demonstrate the practicality of employing physiologically relevant models simulating human intestinal absorption processes that compares well with published human in vivo data. When used in combination with the Infogest digestion model, the Ussing chamber model, using murine intestinal tissue, may thus be an efficient predictor of carotenoid bioavailability in simulating human postprandial absorption ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ng'Andwe Kalungwana
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Nutritional Sciences and Epidemiology, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lisa Marshall
- Nutritional Sciences and Epidemiology, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alan Mackie
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christine Boesch
- Nutritional Sciences and Epidemiology, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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3
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Huey SL, Mehta NH, Konieczynski EM, Bhargava A, Friesen VM, Krisher JT, Mbuya MNN, Monterrosa E, Nyangaresi AM, Boy E, Mehta S. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of biofortified food and food products: Current evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4500-4522. [PMID: 36384354 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2142762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biofortification increases micronutrient content in staple crops through conventional breeding, agronomic methods, or genetic engineering. Bioaccessibility is a prerequisite for a nutrient to fulfill a biological function, e.g., to be bioavailable. The objective of this systematic review is to examine the bioavailability (and bioaccessibility as a proxy via in vitro and animal models) of the target micronutrients enriched in conventionally biofortified crops that have undergone post-harvest storage and/or processing, which has not been systematically reviewed previously, to our knowledge. We searched for articles indexed in MEDLINE, Agricola, AgEcon, and Center for Agriculture and Biosciences International databases, organizational websites, and hand-searched studies' reference lists to identify 18 studies reporting on bioaccessibility and 58 studies on bioavailability. Conventionally bred biofortified crops overall had higher bioaccessibility and bioavailability than their conventional counterparts, which generally provide more absorbed micronutrient on a fixed ration basis. However, these estimates depended on exact cultivar, processing method, context (crop measured alone or as part of a composite meal), and experimental method used. Measuring bioaccessibility and bioavailability of target micronutrients in biofortified and conventional foods is critical to optimize nutrient availability and absorption, ultimately to improve programs targeting micronutrient deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Huey
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Program in International Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Center for Precision Nutrition and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Neel H Mehta
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Arini Bhargava
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Jesse T Krisher
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Eva Monterrosa
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Erick Boy
- Harvest Plus, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Saurabh Mehta
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Program in International Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Center for Precision Nutrition and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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4
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Use of stable isotopes to study bioconversion and bioefficacy of provitamin A carotenoids. Methods Enzymol 2022; 670:399-422. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Garg M, Sharma A, Vats S, Tiwari V, Kumari A, Mishra V, Krishania M. Vitamins in Cereals: A Critical Review of Content, Health Effects, Processing Losses, Bioaccessibility, Fortification, and Biofortification Strategies for Their Improvement. Front Nutr 2021; 8:586815. [PMID: 34222296 PMCID: PMC8241910 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.586815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Around the world, cereals are stapled foods and good sources of vitamins A, B, and E. As cereals are inexpensive and consumed in large quantities, attempts are being made to enrich cereals using fortification and biofortification in order to address vitamin deficiency disorders in a vulnerable population. The processing and cooking of cereals significantly affect vitamin content. Depending on grain structure, milling can substantially reduce vitamin content, while cooking methods can significantly impact vitamin retention and bioaccessibility. Pressure cooking has been reported to result in large vitamin losses, whereas minimal vitamin loss was observed following boiling. The fortification of cereal flour with vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B9, which are commonly deficient, has been recommended; and in addition, region-specific fortification using either synthetic or biological vitamins has been suggested. Biofortification is a relatively new concept and has been explored as a method to generate vitamin-rich crops. Once developed, biofortified crops can be utilized for several years. A recent cereal biofortification success story is the enrichment of maize with provitamin A carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Garg
- Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Shreya Vats
- Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Vandita Tiwari
- Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Anita Kumari
- Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Vibhu Mishra
- Food Engineering and Nutrition, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, India
| | - Meena Krishania
- Food Engineering and Nutrition, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, India
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6
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Saenz E, Borrás L, Gerde JA. Carotenoid profiles in maize genotypes with contrasting kernel hardness. J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Kruger J, Taylor JRN, Ferruzzi MG, Debelo H. What is food-to-food fortification? A working definition and framework for evaluation of efficiency and implementation of best practices. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:3618-3658. [PMID: 33337067 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Food-to-food fortification (FtFF) is an emerging food-based strategy that can complement current strategies in the ongoing fight against micronutrient deficiencies, but it has not been defined or characterized. This review has proposed a working definition of FtFF. Comparison with other main food-based strategies clearly differentiates FtFF as an emerging strategy with the potential to address multiple micronutrient deficiencies simultaneously, with little dietary change required by consumers. A review of literature revealed that despite the limited number of studies (in vitro and in vivo), the diversity of food-based fortificants investigated and some contradictory data, there are promising fortificants, which have the potential to improve the amount of bioavailable iron, zinc, and provitamin A from starchy staple foods. These fortificants are typically fruits and vegetables, with high mineral as well as ascorbic acid and β-carotene contents. However, as the observed improvements in micronutrient bioavailability and status are relatively small, measuring the positive outcomes is more likely to be impactful only if the FtFF products are consumed as regular staples. Considering best practices in implementation of FtFF, raw material authentication and ingredient documentation are critical, especially as the contents of target micronutrients and bioavailability modulators as well as the microbiological quality of the plant-based fortificants can vary substantially. Also, as there are only few developed supply chains for plant-based fortificants, procurement of consistent materials may be problematic. This, however, provides the opportunity for value chain development, which can contribute towards the economic growth of communities, or hybrid approaches that leverage traditional premixes to standardize product micronutrient content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanita Kruger
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John R N Taylor
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well-being, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Hawi Debelo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina
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8
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Ashokkumar K, Govindaraj M, Karthikeyan A, Shobhana VG, Warkentin TD. Genomics-Integrated Breeding for Carotenoids and Folates in Staple Cereal Grains to Reduce Malnutrition. Front Genet 2020; 11:414. [PMID: 32547594 PMCID: PMC7274173 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, two billion people suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. Cereal grains provide more than 50% of the daily requirement of calories in human diets, but they often fail to provide adequate essential minerals and vitamins. Cereal crop production in developing countries achieved remarkable yield gains through the efforts of the Green Revolution (117% in rice, 30% in wheat, 530% in maize, and 188% in pearl millet). However, modern varieties are often deficient in essential micronutrients compared to traditional varieties and land races. Breeding for nutritional quality in staple cereals is a challenging task; however, biofortification initiatives combined with genomic tools increase the feasibility. Current biofortification breeding activities include improving rice (for zinc), wheat (for zinc), maize (for provitamin A), and pearl millet (for iron and zinc). Biofortification is a sustainable approach to enrich staple cereals with provitamin A, carotenoids, and folates. Significant genetic variation has been found for provitamin A (96-850 μg and 12-1780 μg in 100 g in wheat and maize, respectively), carotenoids (558-6730 μg in maize), and folates in rice (11-51 μg) and wheat (32.3-89.1 μg) in 100 g. This indicates the prospects for biofortification breeding. Several QTLs associated with carotenoids and folates have been identified in major cereals, and the most promising of these are presented here. Breeding for essential nutrition should be a core objective of next-generation crop breeding. This review synthesizes the available literature on folates, provitamin A, and carotenoids in rice, wheat, maize, and pearl millet, including genetic variation, trait discovery, QTL identification, gene introgressions, and the strategy of genomics-assisted biofortification for these traits. Recent evidence shows that genomics-assisted breeding for grain nutrition in rice, wheat, maize, and pearl millet crops have good potential to aid in the alleviation of micronutrient malnutrition in many developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahalingam Govindaraj
- Crop Improvement program, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Adhimoolam Karthikeyan
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - V. G. Shobhana
- Crop Improvement program, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Thomas D. Warkentin
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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9
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Prasanna BM, Palacios-Rojas N, Hossain F, Muthusamy V, Menkir A, Dhliwayo T, Ndhlela T, San Vicente F, Nair SK, Vivek BS, Zhang X, Olsen M, Fan X. Molecular Breeding for Nutritionally Enriched Maize: Status and Prospects. Front Genet 2020; 10:1392. [PMID: 32153628 PMCID: PMC7046684 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is a major source of food security and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Latin America, and the Caribbean, and is among the top three cereal crops in Asia. Yet, maize is deficient in certain essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Biofortified maize cultivars enriched with essential minerals and vitamins could be particularly impactful in rural areas with limited access to diversified diet, dietary supplements, and fortified foods. Significant progress has been made in developing, testing, and deploying maize cultivars biofortified with quality protein maize (QPM), provitamin A, and kernel zinc. In this review, we outline the status and prospects of developing nutritionally enriched maize by successfully harnessing conventional and molecular marker-assisted breeding, highlighting the need for intensification of efforts to create greater impacts on malnutrition in maize-consuming populations, especially in the low- and middle-income countries. Molecular marker-assisted selection methods are particularly useful for improving nutritional traits since conventional breeding methods are relatively constrained by the cost and throughput of nutritional trait phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Firoz Hossain
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Abebe Menkir
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mike Olsen
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Xingming Fan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (YAAS), Kunming, China
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10
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Kaliwile C, Arscott SA, Gannon BM, Masi C, Tanumihardjo SA. Community mobilization during biofortified orange maize feeding trials in Zambia. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2019; 90:257-265. [PMID: 30806607 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In some societies, studies involving blood draws, oral vaccinations, or supplementation are surrounded by myths and disbeliefs. If not clarified, they may affect study implementation and negatively impact the outcome of well-intended studies from inadequate participation. Through participatory action research, this paper suggests how future trials could be enhanced with reference to community mobilization, drawing from the experience of two interventions in Zambian children with nutritionally enhanced, biofortified orange maize conducted by the National Food and Nutrition Commission and Tropical Diseases Research Center (Zambia), and University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA). The preparatory phase included site visits, signing of a Memorandum of Understanding, equipment inventory, hiring staff, and community meetings. Prior results were shared before the second intervention. After Institutional Review Boards' approval of procedures, written informed consent was obtained from caregivers. There was overwhelming community participation attributed to the demystification that the project was run by satanists prior to and during the study. Participation led to excellent compliance with 92.8 and 96.4% of subjects completing the final blood draw in 2010 and 2012, respectively. The results of the trials were successfully shared with the district officials and communities from where the study participants were drawn. The positive response by partners and communities, including information sharing, suggests that community mobilization, with the use of varied methods, is effective for full participation of the target groups in feeding trials and would be the case in similar trials if effectively carried out. Community participation in research studies may result in long-term adoption of biofortified foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cassim Masi
- National Food and Nutrition Commission, Lusaka, Zambia
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11
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Heying EK, Ziemer KL, Tanumihardjo JP, Palacios-Rojas N, Tanumihardjo SA. β-Cryptoxanthin-Biofortified Hen Eggs Enhance Vitamin A Status When Fed to Male Mongolian Gerbils. J Nutr 2018; 148:1236-1243. [PMID: 30137479 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Consumption of provitamin A carotenoid biofortified crops, such as maize, supports vitamin A (VA) status in animals and humans. Laying hens that consume β-cryptoxanthin-biofortified maize deposit β-cryptoxanthin into egg yolk. Objective We investigated whether β-cryptoxanthin-biofortified egg consumption would affect VA status of male Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) compared with white-yolked eggs. Methods β-Cryptoxanthin-biofortified egg yolk, produced in hens fed biofortified orange maize or tangerine-fortified maize feeds, was freeze-dried and fed to gerbils. White-yolked eggs were produced by feeding white maize to hens. Gerbils (n = 57) were fed VA-deficient feed for 28 d. After baseline (n = 7), treatments (n = 10/group) included oil control (VA-); 16.7% orange maize-biofortified, tangerine-fortified, or white-yolk egg feeds; or retinyl acetate as positive control (VA+) matched to daily preformed retinol intake from the eggs for 30 d. Preformed retinol did not differ between the egg yolks. Gerbil liver retinol, lipid, fatty acids, and cholesterol were determined. Results Liver retinol concentration (0.13 ± 0.03 µmol/g) and total hepatic VA (0.52 ± 0.12 µmol) were higher in gerbils fed orange maize-biofortified eggs than in all other groups. The VA- group was severely VA deficient (0.018 ±0.010 µmol/g; P < 0.05). Liver retinol was similar among VA+, tangerine-egg-, and white-egg-fed gerbils, but retinol reserves were higher in tangerine-egg-fed gerbils (0.35 ± 0.11 μmol) than in VA+ or VA- gerbils or at baseline (P < 0.05). Liver fat was 3.6 times (P < 0.0001) and cholesterol was 2.1 times (P < 0.004) higher in egg-fed groups that experienced hepatosteatosis. Liver fatty acid profiles reflected feed, but retinyl ester fatty acids did not. Conclusions The preformed retinol in the eggs enhanced gerbil VA status, and the β-cryptoxanthin-biofortified eggs from hens fed orange maize prevented deficiency. Biofortified maize can enhance VA status when consumed directly or through products from livestock fed orange maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Heying
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Kaitlin Leary Ziemer
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jacob P Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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12
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Sowa M, Yu J, Palacios-Rojas N, Goltz SR, Howe JA, Davis CR, Rocheford T, Tanumihardjo SA. Retention of Carotenoids in Biofortified Maize Flour and β-Cryptoxanthin-Enhanced Eggs after Household Cooking. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7320-7328. [PMID: 31457305 PMCID: PMC6645162 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biofortification of crops to enhance provitamin A carotenoids is a strategy to increase the intake where vitamin A deficiency presents a widespread problem. Heat, light, and oxygen cause isomerization and oxidation of carotenoids, reducing provitamin A activity. Understanding provitamin A retention is important for assessing efficacy of biofortified foods. Retention of carotenoids in high-xanthophyll and high-β-carotene maize was assessed after a long-term storage at three temperatures. Carotenoid retention in high-β-cryptoxanthin maize was determined in muffins, non-nixtamalized tortillas, porridge, and fried puffs made from whole-grain and sifted flour. Retention in eggs from hens fed high-β-cryptoxanthin maize was assessed after frying, scrambling, boiling, and microwaving. Loss during storage in maize was accelerated with increasing temperature and affected by genotype. Boiling whole-grain maize into porridge resulted in the highest retention of all cooking and sifting methods (112%). Deep-fried maize and scrambled eggs had the lowest carotenoid retention rates of 67-78 and 84-86%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Sowa
- Interdepartmental
Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Linden Dr., 53706 Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jiaoying Yu
- Interdepartmental
Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Linden Dr., 53706 Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Natalia Palacios-Rojas
- Global
Maize Program, International Center for
Maize and Wheat Improvement (CIMMYT), Km 45, Carr. Mex-Veracruz, Col. El Batan, 56130 Texcoco, Edo. De Mexico, Mexico
| | - Shellen R. Goltz
- Interdepartmental
Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Linden Dr., 53706 Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Julie A. Howe
- Interdepartmental
Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Linden Dr., 53706 Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Christopher R. Davis
- Interdepartmental
Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Linden Dr., 53706 Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Torbert Rocheford
- Department
of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, AW-101 Turner Hall, MC046, 1102 S. Goodwin Avenue, 61801 Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Sherry A. Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental
Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Linden Dr., 53706 Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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13
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Taleon V, Mugode L, Cabrera-Soto L, Palacios-Rojas N. Carotenoid retention in biofortified maize using different post-harvest storage and packaging methods. Food Chem 2017; 232:60-66. [PMID: 28490117 PMCID: PMC5437647 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Orange maize is being promoted as a source of provitamin A carotenoids (pVAC) in Zambia. Carotenoid retention in orange maize grains stored in metal silos, multilayer polyethylene and common woven bags, and maize meal packaged in single and multilayer polyethylene bags was evaluated. Significant differences in total pVAC retention were found between grain storage methods (48.1-57.2%) after 6months of storage. Total pVAC retention in hammer meal (73.1-73.5%) was higher than in breakfast meal (64.3-69.3%) after 4months of storage; however, no differences in pVAC retention were found between meal types when stored in single and multilayer polyethylene bags. In general, β-cryptoxanthin (βCX) had higher retention than β-carotene (βC). Potential contribution of stored orange maize to the estimated average requirement of children and women was 26.5% and 24.3%, respectively. Orange maize meal can provide significant amounts of provitamin A to diets of Zambians even after 4months of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Taleon
- HarvestPlus, c/o IFPRI 2033 K Street, NW, Washington, DC 20006-1002, USA.
| | - Luke Mugode
- Department of Food Science, Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Luisa Cabrera-Soto
- Global Maize Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CIMMYT Research Station, Km. 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco CP 56237, Edo. de México, Mexico
| | - Natalia Palacios-Rojas
- Global Maize Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CIMMYT Research Station, Km. 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco CP 56237, Edo. de México, Mexico
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Gannon BM, Pixley KV, Tanumihardjo SA. Maize Milling Method Affects Growth and Zinc Status but Not Provitamin A Carotenoid Bioefficacy in Male Mongolian Gerbils. J Nutr 2017; 147:337-345. [PMID: 28148686 PMCID: PMC5320399 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.241935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitamin A (VA) and zinc deficiencies are prevalent. Maize is a common staple, and milling affects nutrient and nutrient-modifier profiles.Objective: We investigated the interaction of maize milling methods (i.e., whole grain compared with refined) in male Mongolian gerbils aged 29-35 d with conventionally bred provitamin A-biofortified (orange) or white maize on VA and zinc status.Methods: Study 1 (n = 67) was a 2 × 3 milling (whole compared with refined) by VA [no-vitamin A placebo group (VA-), orange, and VA-supplemented group (VA+)] design, with 4 wk of VA depletion followed by six 4-wk treatments (n = 10/treatment). Study 2 (n = 33) was a 2 × 2 milling-by-zinc [no-zinc placebo group (Zn-) compared with zinc-supplemented group (Zn+)] design, including 2 wk of VA depletion followed by four 3-wk treatments (n = 8-9/treatment). For study 1, positive and negative control groups were given supplemental VA at equimolar amounts to β-carotene equivalents consumed by the orange groups (74 ± 5 nmol/d) or placebo, respectively. For study 2, positive and negative control groups were given 152 μg Zn/d or placebo, respectively.Results: Milling significantly affected zinc concentration, providing 44-45% (whole grain) or 9-14% (refined) NRC requirements. In study 1, orange maize improved liver VA concentrations (mean ± SD: 0.28 ± 0.08 μmol/g) compared with the white maize groups (0.072 ± 0.054 μmol/g). Provitamin A bioefficacy was similar. In study 2, neither zinc nor milling influenced liver retinol. Refined Zn- gerbils weighed less than others by day 14 (46.6 ± 7.1 compared with 56.5 ± 3.5 g, respectively; P < 0.0001). Milling affected pancreas zinc concentrations (refined Zn-: 21.1 ± 1.8 μg Zn/g; whole Zn-: 32.5 ± 5.8 μg Zn/g).Conclusions: Whole-grain intake improved zinc and did not affect provitamin A bioefficacy. Other factors affected by milling (e.g., shelf life, preference, aflatoxin fractioning) need to be considered to maximize health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Gannon
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, and
| | - Kevin V Pixley
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; and
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, and
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Tanumihardjo SA, Ball AM, Kaliwile C, Pixley KV. The research and implementation continuum of biofortified sweet potato and maize in Africa. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1390:88-103. [PMID: 28187234 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The enhancement of sweet potato and maize with provitamin A carotenoids has been part of HarvestPlus's research continuum since the formation of the biofortification project. This review includes case studies of biofortification strategies used for sweet potato in Uganda and orange maize in Zambia. The current status of the science and release of biofortified varieties was reviewed by three scientists who were part of the HarvestPlus program for more than a decade with input from a scientist who experienced orange maize dissemination in Zambia. High β-carotene varieties of sweet potato were introduced into South Africa and Mozambique, and efficacy and effectiveness studies, respectively, showed promise to improve vitamin A status, followed by dissemination efforts in Uganda. A randomized, controlled effectiveness trial tested extension models to promote sweet potato and assessed vitamin A intake among Ugandans. Orange maize breeding was initially a challenge, but considering that the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway was present in maize germplasm, breeders quickly bred higher amounts of provitamin A into the maize that was ultimately released in Zambia. Initial resistance occurred because orange maize was associated with yellow maize, which had negative connotations associated with food aid and animal feed, and consumers preferred white maize. Currently, both orange crops are available on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Nutritional Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | | | - Kevin V Pixley
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico
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Gannon BM, Pungarcher I, Mourao L, Davis CR, Simon P, Pixley KV, Tanumihardjo SA. 13C Natural Abundance of Serum Retinol Is a Novel Biomarker for Evaluating Provitamin A Carotenoid-Biofortified Maize Consumption in Male Mongolian Gerbils. J Nutr 2016; 146:1290-7. [PMID: 27281810 PMCID: PMC4926851 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.230300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crops such as maize, sorghum, and millet are being biofortified with provitamin A carotenoids to ensure adequate vitamin A (VA) intakes. VA assessment can be challenging because serum retinol concentrations are homeostatically controlled and more sensitive techniques are resource-intensive. OBJECTIVES We investigated changes in serum retinol relative differences of isotope amount ratios of (13)C/(12)C (δ(13)C) caused by natural (13)C fractionation in C3 compared with C4 plants as a biomarker to detect provitamin A efficacy from biofortified (orange) maize and high-carotene carrots. METHODS The design was a 2 × 2 × 2 maize (orange compared with white) by carrot (orange compared with white) by a VA fortificant (VA+ compared with VA-) in weanling male Mongolian gerbils (n = 55), which included a 14-d VA depletion period and a 62-d treatment period (1 baseline and 8 treatment groups; n = 5-7/group). Liver VA and serum retinol were quantified, purified by HPLC, and analyzed by GC combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry for (13)C. RESULTS Treatments affected liver VA concentrations (0.048 ± 0.039 to 0.79 ± 0.24 μmol/g; P < 0.0001) but not overall serum retinol concentrations (1.38 ± 0.22 μmol/L). Serum retinol and liver VA δ(13)C were significantly correlated (R(2) = 0.92; P < 0.0001). Serum retinol δ(13)C differentiated control groups that consumed white maize and white carrots (-27.1 ± 1.2 δ(13)C‰) from treated groups that consumed orange maize and white carrots (-21.6 ± 1.4 δ(13)C‰ P < 0.0001) and white maize and orange carrots (-30.6 ± 0.7 δ(13)C‰ P < 0.0001). A prediction model demonstrated the relative contribution of orange maize to total dietary VA for groups that consumed VA from mixed sources. CONCLUSIONS Provitamin A efficacy and quantitative estimation of the relative contribution to dietary VA were demonstrated with the use of serum retinol δ(13)C. This method could be used for maize efficacy or effectiveness studies and with other C4 crops biofortified with provitamin A carotenoids (e.g., millet, sorghum). Advantages include no extrinsic tracer dose, 1 blood sample, and higher sensitivity than serum retinol concentrations alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Gannon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences
| | - India Pungarcher
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences
| | - Luciana Mourao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences
| | - Christopher R Davis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences
| | - Philipp Simon
- Department of Horticulture, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, and
| | - Kevin V Pixley
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
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Burri BJ, La Frano MR, Zhu C. Absorption, metabolism, and functions of β-cryptoxanthin. Nutr Rev 2016; 74:69-82. [PMID: 26747887 PMCID: PMC4892306 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Cryptoxanthin, a carotenoid found in fruits and vegetables such as tangerines, red peppers, and pumpkin, has several functions important for human health. Most evidence from observational, in vitro, animal model, and human studies suggests that β-cryptoxanthin has relatively high bioavailability from its common food sources, to the extent that some β-cryptoxanthin-rich foods might be equivalent to β-carotene-rich foods as sources of retinol. β-Cryptoxanthin is an antioxidant in vitro and appears to be associated with decreased risk of some cancers and degenerative diseases. In addition, many in vitro, animal model, and human studies suggest that β-cryptoxanthin-rich foods may have an anabolic effect on bone and, thus, may help delay osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty J Burri
- B.J. Burri, M.R. La Frano, and C. Zhu are with the Western Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
| | - Michael R La Frano
- B.J. Burri, M.R. La Frano, and C. Zhu are with the Western Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Chenghao Zhu
- B.J. Burri, M.R. La Frano, and C. Zhu are with the Western Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Burri BJ. Beta-cryptoxanthin as a source of vitamin A. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1786-1794. [PMID: 25270992 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Beta-cryptoxanthin is a common carotenoid that is found in fruit, and in human blood and tissues. Foods that are rich in beta-cryptoxanthin include tangerines, persimmons and oranges. Beta-cryptoxanthin has several functions that are important for human health, including roles in antioxidant defense and cell-to-cell communication. Most importantly, beta-cryptoxanthin is a precursor of vitamin A, which is an essential nutrient needed for eyesight, growth, development and immune response. We evaluate the evidence for beta-cryptoxanthin as a vitamin A-forming carotenoid in this paper. Observational, in vitro, animal model and human studies suggest that beta-cryptoxanthin has greater bioavailability from its common food sources than do alpha- and beta-carotene from theirs. Although beta-cryptoxanthin appears to be a poorer substrate for beta-carotene 15,15' oxygenase than is beta-carotene, animal model and human studies suggest that the comparatively high bioavailability of beta-cryptoxanthin from foods makes beta-cryptoxanthin-rich foods equivalent to beta-carotene-rich foods as sources of vitamin A. These results mean that beta-cryptoxanthin-rich foods are probably better sources of vitamin A, and more important for human health in general, than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty J Burri
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA/ARS, CA, 95616, USA
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Mugode L, Ha B, Kaunda A, Sikombe T, Phiri S, Mutale R, Davis C, Tanumihardjo S, De Moura FF. Carotenoid retention of biofortified provitamin A maize (Zea mays L.) after Zambian traditional methods of milling, cooking and storage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6317-25. [PMID: 24930501 DOI: 10.1021/jf501233f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Provitamin A biofortified maize hybrids were developed to target vitamin A deficient populations in Africa. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degradation of carotenoids after milling, cooking, and storage among biofortified varieties released in Zambia. The biofortified maize hybrids contained 7.5 to 10.3 μg/g dry weight (DW) of provitamin A as measured by β-carotene equivalents (BCE). There was virtually no degradation due to milling. The BCE retention was also high (>100%) for most genotypes when the maize was cooked into thick (nshima) and thin porridge, but showed a lower BCE retention (53-98%) when cooked into samp (dehulled kernels). Most of the degradation occurred in the first 15 days of storage of the maize as kernels and ears (BCE retention 52-56%) which then stabilized, remaining between 30% and 33% of BCE after six months of storage. In conclusion, most of the provitamin A degradation in biofortified maize hybrids occurred during storage compared with cooking and the magnitude of this effect varied among genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Mugode
- National Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (NISIR) , P.O. Box 310158, 15302 Lusaka, Zambia
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