1
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Cho DH, Kim S, Lee Y, Shin Y, Choi S, Oh J, Kim HT, Park SH, Park K, Bhatia SK, Yang YH. Enhanced theanine production with reduced ATP supply by alginate entrapped Escherichia coli co-expressing γ-glutamylmethylamide synthetase and polyphosphate kinase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 175:110394. [PMID: 38277867 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
L-theanine is an amino acid with a unique flavor and many therapeutic effects. Its enzymatic synthesis has been actively studied and γ-Glutamylmethylamide synthetase (GMAS) is one of the promising enzymes in the biological synthesis of theanine. However, the theanine biosynthetic pathway with GMAS is highly ATP-dependent and the supply of external ATP was needed to achieve high concentration of theanine production. As a result, this study aimed to investigate polyphosphate kinase 2 (PPK2) as ATP regeneration system with hexametaphosphate. Furthermore, the alginate entrapment method was employed to immobilize whole cells containing both gmas and ppk2 together resulting in enhanced reusability of the theanine production system with reduced supply of ATP. After immobilization, theanine production was increased to 239 mM (41.6 g/L) with a conversion rate of 79.7% using 15 mM ATP and the reusability was enhanced, maintaining a 100% conversion rate up to the fifth cycles and 60% of conversion up to eighth cycles. It could increase long-term storage property for future uses up to 35 days with 75% activity of initial activity. Overall, immobilization of both production and cofactor regeneration system could increase the stability and reusability of theanine production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hyun Cho
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Suwon Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeda Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuni Shin
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhye Choi
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinok Oh
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Taek Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmoon Park
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Yang T, Zhang D, Cai M, Zhang H, Pan X, You J, Zhang X, Xu M, Rao Z. Combining protein and metabolic engineering strategies for high-level production of L-theanine in Corynebacterium glutamicum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 394:130200. [PMID: 38103752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
L-theanine is a natural non-protein amino acid with wide applications. Thus, a high yield of L-theanine production is required on an industrial scale. Herein, an efficient L-theanine-producing strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum was constructed by combining protein and metabolic engineering. Firstly, a γ-glutamylmethylamide synthetase from Paracoccus aminovorans (PaGMAS) was isolated and engineered by computer-aided design, the resulting mutant E179K/N105R improved L-theanine yield by 36.61 %. Subsequently, to increase carbon flux towards L-theanine production, the gene ggt which degrades L-theanine, the gene alaT which participated in L-alanine synthesis, and the gene NCgl1221 which encodes glutamate-exporting protein were deleted. Finally, ppk gene was overexpressed to enhance intracellular ATP production. The reprogramed strain produced 44.12 g/L L-theanine with a yield of 57.11 % and productivity of 1.16 g/L/h, which is the highest L-theanine titer reported by Corynebacterium glutamicum. This study provides an efficient and economical biosynthetic pathway for the industrial production of L-theanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taowei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Mengmeng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Hengwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Xuewei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Jiajia You
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China.
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3
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Wang X, Hatta S, Matsui D, Imamura H, Wakayama M. Expression and characterization of C-terminal truncated mutants of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase II (PaGGTII) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Protein Expr Purif 2023:106321. [PMID: 37315656 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding γ-glutamyltranspeptidase II (PaGGTII) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was cloned in Escherichia coli. Recombinant PaGGTII showed a weak activity (0.0332 U/mg), and it can be easily inactivated. Multiple alignment of microbial GGTs showed the redundancy of the C-terminal of the small subunit of PaGGTII in length. The truncation of eight amino acid residues at the C-terminal of PaGGTII remarkably improved the activity and stability of the enzyme (PaGGTIIΔ8; 0.388 U/mg). Further truncation at the C-terminal also provided the enzyme relatively higher activity (PaGGTIIΔ9, -Δ10, -Δ11, and -Δ12). Among C-terminal truncated mutants, we focused on PaGGTIIΔ8 and examined the effect of C-terminal amino acid residues on the properties of PaGGTIIΔ8 because the activity of PaGGTII was found to be greatly improved when 8 amino acid residues were truncated. Various mutant enzymes with different C-terminal amino acid residues were constructed. They were expressed in E. coli and purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography. The properties of PaGGTIIΔ8 and the mutants obtained from mutation at E569 were characterized. Km and kcat of PaGGTIIΔ8 for γ-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide (γ-GpNA) were 8.05 mM and 15.49 s-1, respectively. PaGGTIIΔ8E569Y showed the highest catalytic efficiency for γ-GpNA with a kcat/Km of 12.55 mM-1 s-1. Mg2+, Ca2+, and Mn2+ exhibited positive effects on the catalytic activity for PaGGTIIΔ8 and its ten E569 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjia Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Seiji Hatta
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsui
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imamura
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Tamuramachi 1266, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Mamoru Wakayama
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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4
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Zhang Z, Long M, Zheng N, Deng Y, Wang Q, Osire T, Xia X. Redesign of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus subtilis for high-level production of L-theanine by cavity topology engineering. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3551-3564. [PMID: 37099056 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
L-Theanine is a multifunctional nonprotein amino acid found naturally in tea leaves. It has been developed as a commercial product for a wide range of applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and healthcare industries. However, L-theanine production catalyzed by γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is limited by the low catalytic efficiency and specificity of this class of enzymes. Here, we developed a strategy for cavity topology engineering (CTE) based on the cavity geometry of GGT from B. subtilis 168 (CGMCC 1.1390) to obtain an enzyme with high catalytic activity and applied it to the synthesis of L-theanine. Three potential mutation sites, M97, Y418, and V555, were identified using the internal cavity as a probe, and residues G, A, V, F, Y, and Q, which may affect the shape of the cavity, were obtained directly by computer statistical analysis without energy calculations. Finally, 35 mutants were obtained. The optimal mutant Y418F/M97Q showed a 4.8-fold improvement in catalytic activity and a 25.6-fold increase in catalytic efficiency. The recombinant enzyme Y418F/M97Q exhibited a high space-time productivity of 15.4 g L-1 h-1 by whole-cell synthesis in a 5 L bioreactor, which was one of the highest concentrations reported so far at 92.4 g L-1. Overall, this strategy is expected to enhance the enzymatic activity associated with the synthesis of L-theanine and its derivatives.Key points • Cavity topology engineering was used to modify the GGT for L-theanine biocatalysis. • The catalytic efficiency of GGT was increased by 25.6-fold. • Highest productivity of L-theanine reached 15.4 g L -1 h-1 (92.4 g L-1) in a 5 L bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengfei Long
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tolbert Osire
- Faculty of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaole Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Robescu MS, Alcántara AR, Calvio C, Morelli CF, Speranza G, Ubiali D, Bavaro T. l-Theanine Goes Greener: A Highly Efficient Bioprocess Catalyzed by the Immobilized γ-Glutamyl Transferase from Bacillus subtilis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202108. [PMID: 36655933 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
l-Theanine (l-Th) was synthesized by simply mixing the reactants (l-glutamine and ethylamine in water) at 25 °C and Bacillus subtilis γ-glutamyl transferase (BsGGT) covalently immobilized on glyoxyl-agarose according to a methodology previously reported by our research group; neither buffers, nor other additives were needed. Ratio of l-glutamine (donor) to ethylamine (acceptor), pH, enzymatic units (IU), and reaction time were optimized (molar ratio of donor/acceptor=1 : 8, pH 11.6, 1 IU mL-1 , 6 h), furnishing l-Th in 93 % isolated yield (485 mg, 32.3 g L-1 ) and high purity (99 %), after a simple filtration of the immobilized biocatalyst, distillation of the volatiles (unreacted ethylamine) and direct lyophilization. Immobilized BsGGT was re-used (four reaction cycles) with 100 % activity retention. This enzymatic synthesis represents a straightforward, fast, high-yielding, and easily scalable approach to l-Th preparation, besides having a favorable green chemistry metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Robescu
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrés R Alcántara
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ramon y Cajal s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cinzia Calvio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo F Morelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, via Golgi 19, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Speranza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, via Golgi 19, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Ubiali
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, Italy
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, Italy
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6
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Sharma E, Lal MK, Gulati A, Gulati A. Biochemical Characterization of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase from Bacillus altitudinis IHB B1644 and Its Application in the Synthesis of l-Theanine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5592-5599. [PMID: 36999937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
An extracellular γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) produced from Bacillus altitudinis IHB B1644 was purified to homogeneity employing ion-exchange chromatography. GGT comprised two subunits of 40 and 22 kDa determined by SDS-PAGE. The maximum enzyme activity was optimal at pH 9 and 37 °C. The purified enzyme was stable from pH 5-10 and <50 °C. Steady-state kinetic studies revealed a Km value of 0.538 mM against γ-GpNA. For substrate specificity, GGT showed highest affinity for l-methionine. The inhibitors' effect demonstrated that serine or threonine and tryptophan residues are essential for enzyme activity. l-Theanine production was optimized by employing a one-variable-at-a-time approach with 60-65% conversion rate. The final reaction consisted of 20 mM l-glutamine, 200 mM ethylamine hydrochloride, and 10 U mL-1 enzyme concentration at 37 °C in Tris-Cl (50 mM, pH 9) for 5 h. l-Theanine was purified using a Dowex 50W X 8 hydrogen form resin and confirmed by HPLC and 1H NMR spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshita Sharma
- Dietetics & Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Milan Kumar Lal
- Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry & Post Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171001, India
| | - Arvind Gulati
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ashu Gulati
- Dietetics & Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
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7
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Suzuki H, Sasabu A. First Example of the Extracellular Surface Expression of Intrinsically Periplasmic Escherichia coli γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase, a Member of the N-Terminal Nucleophile Hydrolase Superfamily, and the Use of Cells as a Catalyst for γ-Glutamylvalylglycine Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1132-1138. [PMID: 36606639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the purified Escherichia coli γ-glutamyltranspeptidase has much higher transpeptidation activity than hydrolysis activity, almost all γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activity is hydrolysis activity in vivo, that is when measured using the whole cells. By using the Met1 to Arg232 fragment of E. coli YiaT or the CapA of Bacillus subtilis subsp. Natto as an anchor protein, we succeeded in expressing E. coli γ-glutamyltranspeptidase on the extracellular surface of the cells, and these cells showed higher transpeptidation activity than hydrolysis activity in the presence of NaCl. Furthermore, E. coli cells overexpressing γ-glutamyltranspeptidase without an anchor from the T5 promoter maintained γ-glutamyltranspeptidase on the extracellular surface of the cells immediately after being harvested from the culture medium, but the enzyme was released from the extracellular surface of the cells subsequently in the absence of NaCl. Using these cells expressing γ-glutamyltranspeptidase on the extracellular surface, γ-Glu-Val-Gly, a kokumi compound, was successfully produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Suzuki
- Division of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Asuka Sasabu
- Division of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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8
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Li Q, Zhang L, Lametsch R. Increase of Kokumi γ-Glutamyl Peptides in Porcine Hemoglobin Hydrolysate Using Bacterial γ-Glutamyltransferase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15894-15902. [PMID: 36473160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The kokumi sensation of protein hydrolysates could be enhanced by γ-glutamylation through forming a series of γ-glutamyl di- and tri-peptides. In this study, porcine hemoglobin hydrolysate was γ-glutamylated using enzymes from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Ba) or Bacillus licheniformis (Bl), which are sold as glutaminases but identified as γ-glutamyltransferases (GGTs). To yield more γ-glutamyl peptides, reaction conditions were optimized in terms of GGT source (BaGGT and BlGGT), substrate concentration (10, 20, and 40%), reaction time (3, 6, 12, and 24 h), and glutamine supplementation (20, 40, and 80 mM). Results showed that both the GGTs had the highest transpeptidase activity at similar pH values but different temperatures. In addition, BaGGT had stronger catalytic ability to form γ-glutamyl dipeptides, while BlGGT was more capable to generate γ-Glu-Val-Gly. Adding glutamine was more efficient to obtain more target peptides than adjusting the hydrolysate concentration and reaction time. This study contributes to the valorization of animal side streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Longteng Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - René Lametsch
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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9
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Robescu M, Annunziata F, Somma V, Calvio C, Morelli CF, Speranza G, Tamborini L, Ubiali D, Pinto A, Bavaro T. From Batch to Continuous Flow Bioprocessing: Use of an Immobilized γ-Glutamyl Transferase from B. subtilis for the Synthesis of Biologically Active Peptide Derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13692-13699. [PMID: 36149987 PMCID: PMC9614966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl-peptides are frequently endowed with biological activities. In this work, "kokumi peptides" such as γ-glutamyl-methionine (1) and γ-glutamyl-(S)-allyl-cysteine (2), as well as the neuroprotective γ-glutamyl-taurine (3) and the antioxidant ophthalmic acid (4), were synthesized through an enzymatic transpeptidation reaction catalyzed by the γ-glutamyl transferase from Bacillus subtilis (BsGGT) using glutamine as the γ-glutamyl donor. BsGGT was covalently immobilized on glyoxyl-agarose resulting in high protein immobilization yield and activity recovery (>95%). Compounds 1-4 were obtained in moderate yields (19-40%, 5-10 g/L) with a variable purity depending on the presence of the main byproduct (γ-glutamyl-glutamine, 0-16%). To achieve process intensification and better control of side reactions, the synthesis of 2 was moved from batch to continuous flow. The specific productivity was 1.5 times higher than that in batch synthesis (13.7 μmol/min*g), but it was not accompanied by a paralleled improvement of the impurity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina
S. Robescu
- Department
of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Francesca Annunziata
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Valeria Somma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Milano, via Golgi 19, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Cinzia Calvio
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Carlo F. Morelli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Milano, via Golgi 19, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Giovanna Speranza
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Milano, via Golgi 19, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Daniela Ubiali
- Department
of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department
of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milano, via Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Department
of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
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10
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Fabrication of chitosan-coated magnetite nanobiocatalyst with Bacillus atrophaeus γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and its application to the synthesis of a bioactive peptide SCV-07. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Evaluating Enzymatic Productivity—The Missing Link to Enzyme Utility. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136908. [PMID: 35805910 PMCID: PMC9266678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetic productivity analysis is critical to the characterization of enzyme catalytic performance and capacity. However, productivity analysis has been largely overlooked in the published literature. Less than 0.01% of studies which report on enzyme characterization present productivity analysis, despite the fact that this is the only measurement method that provides a reliable indicator of potential commercial utility. Here, we argue that reporting productivity data involving native, modified, and immobilized enzymes under different reaction conditions will be of immense value in optimizing enzymatic processes, with a view to accelerating biotechnological applications. With the use of examples from wide-ranging studies, we demonstrate that productivity is a measure of critical importance to the translational and commercial use of enzymes and processes that employ them. We conclude the review by suggesting steps to maximize the productivity of enzyme catalyzed reactions.
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12
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Zhu Y, He X, Huang R, Wang W, Yu Y, Zhou T. Screening Bacillus subtilis for Effective L-theanine Production from Tea Plant Rhizosphere Soil. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368382202017x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Lin LL, Lu BY, Chi MC, Huang YF, Lin MG, Wang TF. Activation and thermal stabilization of a recombinant γ-glutamyltranspeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 27811 by monovalent cations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1991-2006. [PMID: 35230495 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of enzyme activity through complexation with certain metal ions plays an important role in many biological processes. In addition to divalent metals, monovalent cations (MVCs) frequently function as promoters for efficient biocatalysis. Here, we examined the effect of MVCs on the enzymatic catalysis of a recombinant γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (BlrGGT) from Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 27,811 and the application of a metal-activated enzyme to L-theanine synthesis. The transpeptidase activity of BlrGGT was enhanced by Cs+ and Na+ over a broad range of concentrations with a maximum of 200 mM. The activation was essentially independent of the ionic radius, but K+ contributed the least to enhancing the catalytic efficiency. The secondary structure of BlrGGT remained mostly unchanged in the presence of different concentrations of MVCs, but there was a significant change in its tertiary structure under the same conditions. Compared with the control, the half-life (t1/2) of the Cs+-enriched enzyme at 60 and 65 °C was shown to increase from 16.3 and 4.0 min to 74.5 and 14.3 min, respectively. The simultaneous addition of Cs+ and Mg2+ ions exerted a synergistic effect on the activation of BlrGGT. This was adequately reflected by an improvement in the conversion of substrates to L-theanine by 3.3-15.1% upon the addition of 200 mM MgCl2 into a reaction mixture comprising the freshly desalted enzyme (25 μg/mL), 250 mM L-glutamine, 600 mM ethylamine, 200 mM each of the MVCs, and 50 mM borate buffer (pH 10.5). Taken together, our results provide interesting insights into the complexation of MVCs with BlrGGT and can therefore be potentially useful to the biocatalytic production of naturally occurring γ-glutamyl compounds. KEY POINTS: • The transpeptidase activity of B. licheniformis γ-glutamyltranspeptidase can be activated by monovalent cations. • The thermal stability of the enzyme was profoundly increased in the presence of 200 mM Cs+. • The simultaneous addition of Cs+and Mg2+ions to the reaction mixture improves L-theanine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Liu Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City, 60004, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Yuan Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City, 60004, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chun Chi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City, 60004, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City, 60004, Taiwan
| | - Min-Guan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nangang District, Taipei City, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Fan Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City, 60004, Taiwan.
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14
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Sharma E, Lal MK, Gulati A, Gulati A. Heterologous expression, on-column refolding and characterization of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase gene from Bacillus altitudinis IHB B1644: A microbial bioresource from Western Himalayas. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Benninghaus L, Walter T, Mindt M, Risse JM, Wendisch VF. Metabolic Engineering of Pseudomonas putida for Fermentative Production of l-Theanine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9849-9858. [PMID: 34465093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
N-alkylated amino acids are intermediates of natural biological pathways and can be found incorporated in peptides or have physiological roles in their free form. The N-ethylated amino acid l-theanine shows taste-enhancing properties and health benefits. It naturally occurs in green tea as major free amino acid. Isolation of l-theanine from Camilla sinensis shows low efficiency, and chemical synthesis results in a racemic mixture. Therefore, biochemical approaches for the production of l-theanine gain increasing interest. Here, we describe metabolic engineering of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for the fermentative production of l-theanine from monoethylamine and carbon sources glucose, glycerol, or xylose using heterologous enzymes from Methylorubrum extorquens for l-theanine production and heterologous enzymes from Caulobacter crescentus for growth with xylose. l-Theanine (15.4 mM) accumulated in shake flasks with minimal medium containing monoethylamine and glucose, 15.2 mM with glycerol and 7 mM with xylose. Fed-batch bioreactor cultures yielded l-theanine titers of 10 g L-1 with glucose plus xylose, 17.2 g L-1 with glycerol, 4 g L-1 with xylose, and 21 g L-1 with xylose plus glycerol, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first l-theanine process using P. putida and the first compatible with the use of various alternative carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Benninghaus
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Tatjana Walter
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Melanie Mindt
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Joe Max Risse
- Fermentation Technology, Technical Faculty and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
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16
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17
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Fukao T, Suzuki H. Enzymatic Synthesis of γ-Glutamylvalylglycine Using Bacterial γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7675-7679. [PMID: 34185529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
γ-Glutamylvalylglycine is known as a potent "kokumi" substance that increases the thickness, continuity, and mouthfulness of the taste of food. In this study, γ-glutamylvalylglycine was enzymatically synthesized from glutamine and valylglycine through the transpeptidation reaction of bacterial γ-glutamyltranspeptidase. The reaction conditions decided for the production of γ-glutamylvalylglycine are 20 mM glutamine, 100 mM valylglycine, 30 mU/mL γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, and 0.856 M (5%) NaCl at pH 8 and 37 °C, and 18.6 mM γ-glutamylvalylglycine was synthesized. Metal cations, Na+ and Mg2+, improved the transpeptidation reaction of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, and the production of γ-glutamylvalylglycine increased. Moreover, by feeding a suitable amount of glutamine every 5 h, the maximum production of γ-glutamylvalylglycine increased 1.7 times after 20 h of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Fukao
- Division of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Division of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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18
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Saini M, Kalra S, Kaushik JK, Gupta R. Functional characterization of the extra sequence in the large subunit of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus atrophaeus: Role in autoprocessing and activity. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Saini M, Kashyap A, Bindal S, Saini K, Gupta R. Bacterial Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, an Emerging Biocatalyst: Insights Into Structure-Function Relationship and Its Biotechnological Applications. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:641251. [PMID: 33897647 PMCID: PMC8062742 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.641251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) enzyme is ubiquitously present in all life forms and plays a variety of roles in diverse organisms. Higher eukaryotes mainly utilize GGT for glutathione degradation, and mammalian GGTs have implications in many physiological disorders also. GGTs from unicellular prokaryotes serve different physiological functions in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In the present review, the physiological significance of bacterial GGTs has been discussed categorizing GGTs from Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli as glutathione degraders and from pathogenic species like Helicobacter pylori as virulence factors. Gram-positive bacilli, however, are considered separately as poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) degraders. The structure-function relationship of the GGT is also discussed mainly focusing on the crystallization of bacterial GGTs along with functional characterization of conserved regions by site-directed mutagenesis that unravels molecular aspects of autoprocessing and catalysis. Only a few crystal structures have been deciphered so far. Further, different reports on heterologous expression of bacterial GGTs in E. coli and Bacillus subtilis as hosts have been presented in a table pointing toward the lack of fermentation studies for large-scale production. Physicochemical properties of bacterial GGTs have also been described, followed by a detailed discussion on various applications of bacterial GGTs in different biotechnological sectors. This review emphasizes the potential of bacterial GGTs as an industrial biocatalyst relevant to the current switch toward green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rani Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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20
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Yang T, Liu S, Liu H, Long M, Chen P, Zhang X, Xu M, Rao Z. Semi-quantitative activity assays for high-throughput screening of higher activity gamma glutamyl transferase and enzyme immobilization to efficiently synthesize L-theanine. J Biotechnol 2021; 330:9-16. [PMID: 33636215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The bio-production of theanine is currently of significant interest due to its wide applications in food and healthcare products. Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) has been widely applied in L-theanine synthesis, but L-theanine yields remain prohibitively low for commercial production. In this study, a robust high-throughput screening process for isolating GGT mutants was developed through a combination of error-prone PCR techniques and a colorimetric reaction. The co-expression of PrsA lipoprotein enhances the secretion of GGT, thus GGT could be obtained quickly and easily without crushing cells. Random mutations on ggt genes were introduced by using error-prone PCR kits to build a large mutant library. A colorless compound generated by the reaction between NH4+ (released from L-theanine synthesis) and OPA was measured quantitatively by UV/visible spectroscopy when mixed with TCA and DMSO. Approximately 30 positive clones with improved color formation on the 96-well plates were identified, and mutants T413P and T463S with more than by 30 % higher transpeptidation activity versus the original GGT were isolated. To improve the operational stability and economical use, mutant GGT was immobilized on a prepared oxidized cellulose nanofiber membrane. The remaining activity of immobilized GGT was 88 % versus 72 % of free enzyme over 15 h. A fed-batch conversion was performed with the immobilized GGT, and over 70 g/L L-theanine could be accumulated within 18 h after feeding twice. Versus other studies, this is one of the best L-theanine synthesis systems using immobilized GGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China.
| | - Shuanying Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Mengfei Long
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China.
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21
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Chen Z, Wang Z, Yuan H, He N. From Tea Leaves to Factories: A Review of Research Progress in l-Theanine Biosynthesis and Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1187-1196. [PMID: 33475342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
l-Theanine is the most popular nonprotein amino acid contained in tea leaves. It is one of the umami components of green tea, contributing to the unique flavor of tea. Because of its various health functions, l-theanine has been commercially developed as a valuable ingredient easily used for various applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. Nowadays, l-theanine is mass-produced by plant extraction, chemical synthesis, or enzymatic transformation in factories. This review embodies the available up to date information on the l-theanine synthesis metabolism in the tea plant as well as approaches to produce it, placing emphasis on the biotransformation of l-theanine. It also gives insight into the challenges of l-theanine production on a large scale, as well as directions for future research. This review comprehensively summarizes information on l-theanine to provide an approach for an in-depth study of l-theanine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- TBI, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31013, France
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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22
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Sano C, Itoh T, Phumsombat P, Hayashi J, Wakayama M, Hibi T. Mutagenesis and structure-based analysis of the role of Tryptophan525 of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase from Pseudomonas nitroreducens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:286-291. [PMID: 33288198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the γ-glutamyl linkage of γ-glutamyl compounds and the transfer of their γ-glutamyl moiety to acceptor substrates. Pseudomonas nitroreducens GGT (PnGGT) is used for the industrial synthesis of theanine, thus it is important to determine the structural basis of hydrolysis and transfer reactions and identify the acceptor site of PnGGT to improve the efficient of theanine synthesis. Our previous structural studies of PnGGT have revealed that crucial interactions between three amino acid residues, Trp385, Phe417, and Trp525, distinguish PnGGT from other GGTs. Here we report the role of Trp525 in PnGGT based on site-directed mutagenesis and structural analyses. Seven mutant variants of Trp525 were produced (W525F, W525V, W525A, W525G, W525S, W525D, and W525K), with substitution of Trp525 by nonaromatic residues resulting in dramatically reduced hydrolysis activity. All Trp525 mutants exhibited significantly increased transfer activity toward hydroxylamine with hardly any effect on acceptor substrate preference. The crystal structure of PnGGT in complex with the glutamine antagonist, 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine, revealed that Trp525 is a key residue limiting the movement of water molecules within the PnGGT active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Sano
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takafumi Itoh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan
| | - Putthapong Phumsombat
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Junji Hayashi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan
| | - Mamoru Wakayama
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Takao Hibi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan.
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23
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Fan X, Zhang T, Ji Y, Li J, Long K, Yuan Y, Li Y, Xu Q, Chen N, Xie X. Pathway engineering of Escherichia coli for one-step fermentative production of L-theanine from sugars and ethylamine. Metab Eng Commun 2020; 11:e00151. [PMID: 33251110 PMCID: PMC7677707 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2020.e00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
L-theanine is the most abundant free amino acid in tea that offers various favorable physiological and pharmacological effects. Bacterial enzyme of γ-glutamylmethylamide synthetase (GMAS) can catalyze the synthesis of theanine from glutamate, ethylamine and ATP, but the manufacturing cost is uncompetitive due to the expensive substrates and complex processes. In this study, we described pathway engineering of wild-type Escherichia coli for one-step fermentative production of theanine from sugars and ethylamine. First, the synthetic pathway of theanine was conducted by heterologous introduction of a novel GMAS from Paracoccus aminovorans. A xylose-induced T7 RNA polymerase-PT7 promoter system was used to enhance and control gmas gene expression. Next, the precursor glutamate pool was increased by overexpression of native citrate synthase and introduction of glutamate dehydrogenase from Corynebacterium glutamicum. Then, in order to push more carbon flux towards theanine synthesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle was interrupted and pyruvate carboxylase from C. glutamicum was introduced as a bypath supplying oxaloacetate from pyruvate. Finally, an energy-conserving phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from Mannheimia succiniciproducens was introduced to increase ATP yield for theanine synthesis. After optimizing the addition time and concentration of ethylamine hydrochloride in the fed-batch fermentation, the recombinant strain TH11 produced 70.6 g/L theanine in a 5-L bioreactor with a yield and productivity of 0.42 g/g glucose and 2.72 g/L/h, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the pathway engineering of E. coli for fermentative production of theanine. The high production capacity of recombinant strain, combined with the easy processes, will hold attractive industrial application potential for the future. γ-Glutamylmethylamide synthetase from P. aminovorans showed high ligation activity. Xylose-induced T7 RNA polymerase-PT7 promoter system was used to control gene expression. TCA cycle was rewired to push more carbon flux toward theanine synthesis. Ethylamine feeding strategy was optimized to balance cell growth and theanine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Tong Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Yuanqing Ji
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Keyi Long
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Yue Yuan
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Qingyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Xixian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
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24
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Sharma E, Gulati A, Gulati A. Statistical optimization of culture conditions of mesophillic gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus altitudinis IHB B1644. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:262. [PMID: 32477849 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is a key enzyme in production of several γ-glutamyl compounds with food and pharmaceutical applications. Bacterial GGTs are not commercially available in the market owing to their low production from various sources. Thus, the study was focused on achieving the higher GGT production from B. altitudinis IHB B1644 by optimizing the culture conditions using one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) strategy. A mesophillic temperature of 28 °C, agitation 200 rpm and neutral pH 7 were found to be optimal for higher GGT titre. Among the medium components, the monosaccharide glucose served as the best carbon source over disaccharides, and yeast extract was the preferred organic nitrogen source over inorganic nitrogen sources. The statistical approaches (Plakett-Burman and response surface methodology) were further employed for the optimization of medium components. Medium composition: 0.1% w/v glucose, 0.3% w/v yeast extract, 0.03% w/v magnesium sulphate, 0.20% w/v potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 2.5% w/v sodium chloride with inoculum size (1% v/v) was suitable for higher GGT titres (449 U ml-1). Time kinetics showed the stability of enzyme up to 96 h of incubation suggesting its application in the industrial use. The proposed strategy resulted in 2.6-fold increase in the GGT production compared to that obtained in the unoptimized medium. The results demonstrated that RSM was fitting to identify the optimum production conditions and this finding should be of great importance for commercial GGT production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshita Sharma
- 1Food and Nutraceuticals Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), PO Box 6, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
- 2Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab India
| | - Arvind Gulati
- 3Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, PO Box 6, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
| | - Ashu Gulati
- 1Food and Nutraceuticals Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), PO Box 6, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
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25
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Song W, Chen X, Wu J, Xu J, Zhang W, Liu J, Chen J, Liu L. Biocatalytic derivatization of proteinogenic amino acids for fine chemicals. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Mu D, Li H, Chen Q, Zhu J, Wu X, Luo S, Zhao Y, Wang L, Jiang S, Li X, Zheng Z. Secretion of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase from Bacillus subtilis and Its Application in Enzymatic Synthesis of l-Theanine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:14129-14136. [PMID: 31747270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the gene of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BaGGT) controlled by the Plac promoter was cloned into Bacillus subtilis to construct two recombinant vectors with either one or two signal peptides to drive extracellular secretion. After optimization, 90 ± 0.2 mg/L BaGGT was obtained when the inducing conditions were 24 h and 80 μM (IPTG). The properties of BaGGT were measured, showing that the optimal reaction conditions were 40 °C and pH 9.0 with 55.0 ± 0.5 U/mg enzymatic activity. Km and Vmax were 0.214 mM and 88.13 μmol/min/mg. BaGGT could be stored for 72 h with 90% of the initial activity at 40 °C and retained more than 50% of the initial activity after being maintained at different pH values for 24 h. Finally, enzymatic synthesis of l-theanine was performed with the optimal conditions: 20 mM l-Gln, 100 mM ethylamine HCl, 0.5 U/mL BaGGT, incubated at 40 °C for 6 h, 200 rpm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Mu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Haowen Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Shuizhong Luo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Lei Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230001 , China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Xingjiang Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
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Enzymatic synthesis of L-theanine from L-glutamine and ethylamine by Bacillus licheniformis γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and its mutants specialized in transpeptidase activity. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Enhanced extracellular gamma glutamyl transpeptidase production by overexpressing of PrsA lipoproteins and improving its mRNA stability in Bacillus subtilis and application in biosynthesis of L-theanine. J Biotechnol 2019; 302:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.06.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hibi T, Imaoka M, Shimizu Y, Itoh T, Wakayama M. Crystal structure analysis and enzymatic characterization of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase from Pseudomonas nitroreducens. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:262-269. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1547104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Theanine (γ-glutamylethylamide) is an amino acid analog that reduces blood pressure and improves immune responses. The ϒ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) from Pseudomonas nitroreducens IFO12694 (PnGGT) has a unique preference for primary amines as ϒ-glutamyl acceptors over standard L-amino acids and peptides. This characteristic is useful for the synthesis of theanine. We used X-ray crystallographic analysis to understand the structural basis of PnGGT’s hydrolysis and transpeptidation reactions and to characterize its previously unidentified acceptor site. Structural studies of PnGGT have shown that key interactions between three residues (Trp385, Phe417, and Trp525) distinguish PnGGT from other GGTs. We studied the roles of these residues in the distinct biochemical properties of PnGGT using site-directed mutagenesis. All mutants showed a significant decrease in hydrolysis activity and an increase in transpeptidase activity, suggesting that the aromatic side chains of Trp385, Phe417, and Trp525 were involved in the recognition of acceptor substrates.
Abbreviations: ϒ-glutamyl peptide, theanine, X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Hibi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masashi Imaoka
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Shimizu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takafumi Itoh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Mamoru Wakayama
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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High level extracellular production of recombinant γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis in Escherichia coli fed-batch culture. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 116:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Zou D, Zhu X, Zhang F, Du Y, Ma J, Jiang R. An Efficient Strategy Based on Liquid-Liquid Extraction with Three-Phase Solvent System and High Speed Counter-Current Chromatography for Rapid Enrichment and Separation of Epimers of Minor Bufadienolide from Toad Meat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1008-1014. [PMID: 29300475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study presents an efficient strategy based on liquid-liquid extraction with three-phase solvent system and high speed counter-current chromatography for rapid enrichment and separation of epimers of minor bufadienolide from toad meat. The reflux extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology first, and a novel three-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane/methyl acetate/acetonitrile/water (3:6:5:5, v/v) was developed for liquid-liquid extraction of the crude extract. This integrative extraction process could enrich minor bufadienolide from complex matrix efficiently and minimize the loss of minor targets induced by repeated extraction with different kinds of organic solvents occurring in the classical liquid two-phase extraction. As a result, four epimers of minor bufadienolide were greatly enriched in the middle phase and total content of these epimers of minor bufadienolide was increased from 3.25% to 46.23%. Then, the enriched four epimers were separated by HSCCC with a two-phase solvent system composed of chloroform/methanol/water (4:2:2, v/v) successfully. Furthermore, we tested Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA) inhibitory effect of the four epimers. 3β-Isomers of bufadienolide showed stronger (>8-fold) inhibitory activity than 3α-isomers. The characterization of minor bufadienolide in toad meat and their significant difference of inhibitory effect on NKA would promote the further quantitative analysis and safety evaluation of toad meat as a food source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denglang Zou
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xuelin Zhu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yurong Du
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant and Animal Resources of Tibet Plateau, School of Life and Geography Science, Qinghai Normal University , Xining 810000, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant and Animal Resources of Tibet Plateau, School of Life and Geography Science, Qinghai Normal University , Xining 810000, P. R. China
| | - Renwang Jiang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
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Sharma E, Joshi R, Gulati A. l-Theanine: An astounding sui generis integrant in tea. Food Chem 2017; 242:601-610. [PMID: 29037735 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
l-theanine (l-Th), a non-protein amino acid present in tea, is a valuable nutraceutical product with unique health benefits and used as an additive in food industry. l-Th enhances the umami taste but its use is limited due to its inadequate production. Different extraction approaches from tea shoots, chemical synthesis to microbial transformation have been tried to meet its demand. In vitro, in vivo as well as clinical studies have shown its positive effect in regulating CNS disorders. l-Th has become choice ingredient in CNS active products due to its anti-stress and neuroprotective role in dementias particularly in retrogression of Alzheimer's. l-Th biochemically modulates various anti-neoplastic agents by increasing their bioavailability in tumour cells. The review, is an effort to condense the recent research on l-Th highlighting its biological resource, plausible role in tea plant, production approaches, its physiological role on human health and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshita Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Robin Joshi
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ashu Gulati
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Lin X, Gao X, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Luo W, Li X, Li B. Spontaneously Assembled Nano-aggregates in Clear Green Tea Infusions from Camellia ptilophylla and Camellia sinensis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3757-3766. [PMID: 28412808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tea nano-aggregates spontaneously assembled in clear tea infusions are considered as the precursors of tea cream, although their molecular basis remains obscure. Here, we characterized nano-aggregates in green tea infusions from Camellia ptilophylla, a peculiar tea variety with 6.0% of theobromine, and Camellia sinensis as the control for comparative purpose. Numerous negatively charged spherical colloidal particles of 50-100 nm in diameter were primarily found in both green tea infusions. Catechins, proteins, and carbohydrates were confirmed as the dominant components in green tea nano-aggregates. In addition, iron, copper, nickel, proteins, and gallated catechins exhibited higher aggregating affinity than other components, whereas methylxanthines and calcium contributed to the transformation of nano-aggregates into tea cream. Green tea nano-aggregates were partly destroyed by simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and removing theses peculiar particles dramatically attenuated the bioaccessibility of methylxanthines, theanine, and some catechin monomers in green tea infusions. This study enhanced our knowledge of molecular interactions in the formation of green tea cream and provided insight into physicochemical profiles, phytochemical nature, and functional effects of green tea nano-aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Lin
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University , 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Gao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University , 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongzheng Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University , 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University , 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Luo
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University , 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University , 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University , 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
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Saini M, Bindal S, Gupta R. Heterologous expression of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus atrophaeus GS-16 and its application in the synthesis of γ- d -glutamyl- l -tryptophan, a known immunomodulatory peptide. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 99:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Chi MC, Lo HF, Lin MG, Chen YY, Lin LL, Wang TF. Application of Bacillus licheniformis γ-glutamyltranspeptidase to the biocatalytic synthesis of γ-glutamyl-phenylalanine. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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36
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Bindal S, Sharma S, Singh TP, Gupta R. Evolving transpeptidase and hydrolytic variants of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis by targeted mutations of conserved residue Arg109 and their biotechnological relevance. J Biotechnol 2017; 249:82-90. [PMID: 28365292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) catalyzes the transfer of the γ-glutamyl moiety from donor compounds such as l-glutamine (Gln) and glutathione (GSH) to an acceptor. During the biosynthesis of various γ-glutamyl-containing compounds using GGT enzyme, auto-transpeptidation reaction leads to the formation of unwanted byproducts. Therefore, in order to alter the auto-transpeptidase activity of the GGT enzyme, the binding affinity of Gln should be modified. Structural studies of the Bacillus licheniformis GGT (BlGT) complexed with the glutamic acid has shown that glutamic acid has strong ionic interactions through its α-carboxlic group with the guanidine moiety of Arg109. This interaction appears to be an important contributor for the binding affinity of Gln. In view of this, six mutants of Bacillus licheniformis ER15 GGT (BlGGT) viz. Arg109Lys, Arg109Ser, Arg109Met, Arg109Leu, Arg109Glu and Arg109Phe were prepared. As seen from the structure of BlGT, the mutation of Arg109 to Lys109 may reduce the affinity for Gln to some extent, whereas the other mutations are expected to lower the affinity much more. Biophysical characterization and functional studies revealed that Arg109Lys mutant has increased transpeptidation activity and catalytic efficiency than the other mutants. The Arg109Lys mutant showed high conversion rates for l-theanine synthesis as well. Moreover, the Arg109Met mutant showed increased hydrolytic activity as it completely altered the binding of Gln at the active site. Also, the salt stability of the enzyme was significantly improved on replacing Arg109 by Met109 which is required for hydrolytic applications of GGTs in food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Bindal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Tej P Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Rani Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
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Characterization of an L-phosphinothricin resistant glutamine synthetase from Exiguobacterium sp. and its improvement. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3653-3661. [PMID: 28175947 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A glutamine synthetase (GS; 1341 bp) gene with potent L-phosphinothricin (PPT) resistance was isolated and characterized from a marine bacterium Exiguobacterium sp. Molecular docking analysis indicated that the substitution of residues Glu60 and Arg64 may lead to significant changes in binding pocket. To enhance the enzymatic property of GS, variants E60A and R64G were obtained by site-directed mutagenesis. The results revealed a noteworthy change in the thermostability and activity in comparison to the wild type (WT). WT exhibited optimum activity at 35 °C, while E60A and R64G exhibited optimum activity at 45 and 40 °C, respectively. The mutant R64G was 4.3 times more stable at 70 °C in comparison to WT, while E60A was 5.7 times more stable. Kinetic analysis revealed that the k cat value of R64G mutant was 8.10-, 7.25- and 7.63-fold that of WT for ADP, glutamine and hydroxylamine, respectively. The kinetic inhibition (K i, 4.91 ± 0.42 mM) of R64G was 2.02-fold that of WT (2.43 ± 0.14 mM) for L-phosphinothricin. The analysis of structure and function relationship showed that the binding pocket underwent dramatic changes when Arg site of 64 was substituted by Gly, thus promoting the rapid capture of substrates and leading to increase in activity and PPT-resistance of mutant R64G. The rearrangements of the residues at the molecular level formed new hydrogen bonds around the active site, which contributed to the increase of thermostability of enzymes. This study provides new insights into substrate binding mechanism of glutamine synthetase and the improved GS gene also has a potential for application in transgenic crops with L-phosphinothricin tolerance.
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Heterologous expression and enzymatic characterization of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. J Microbiol 2017; 55:147-152. [PMID: 28120195 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-6638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) catalyzes the cleavage of γ-glutamyl compounds and the transfer of γ-glutamyl moiety to water or to amino acid/peptide acceptors. GGT can be utilized for the generation of γ-glutamyl peptides or glutamic acid, which are used as food taste enhancers. In the present study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SMB469 with high GGT activity was isolated from Doenjang, a traditional fermented soy food of Korea. The gene encoding GGT from B. amyloliquefaciens SMB469 (BaGGT469) was cloned from the isolate, and heterologously expressed in E. coli and B. subtilis. For comparison, three additional GGT genes were cloned from B. subtilis 168, B. licheniformis DSM 13, and B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42. The BaGGT469 protein was composed of 591 amino acids. The final protein comprises two separate polypeptide chains of 45.7 and 19.7 kDa, generated via autocatalytic cleavage. The specific activity of BaGGT469 was determined to be 17.8 U/mg with γ-L-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide as the substrate and diglycine as the acceptor. GGTs from B. amyloliquefaciens showed 1.4- and 1.7-fold higher transpeptidase activities than those from B. subtilis and B. licheniformis, respectively. Especially, recombinant B. subtilis expressing BaGGT469 demonstrated 11- and 23-fold higher GGT activity than recombinant E. coli and the native B. amyloliquefaciens, respectively, did. These results suggest that BaGGT469 can be utilized for the enzymatic production of various γ-glutamyl compounds.
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Liu S, Li Y, Zhu J. Enzymatic production of l -theanine by γ-glutamylmethylamide synthetase coupling with an ATP regeneration system based on polyphosphate kinase. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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40
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Bindal S, Gupta R. Thermo- and salt-tolerant chitosan cross-linked γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis ER15. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:544-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Zhang G, Li Z, Wan X, Zhang Y, Zhu R, Liu Z, Ji D, Zhang H, Wu F, Tian H, Liu K, Wu B. Repression of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth by Regulating Met/EGFR/VEGFR-Akt/NF-κB Pathways with Theanine and Its Derivative, (R)-2-(6,8-Dibromo-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxamido)-5-(ethylamino)-5-oxopentanoic Ethyl Ester (DTBrC). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7002-7013. [PMID: 27569455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To explore the potential of theanine against cancer, we have studied the anticancer activities of theanine from tea and its semisynthesized derivative, (R)-2-(6,8-dibromo-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxamido)-5-(ethylamino)-5-oxopentanoic ethyl ester (DTBrC), in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HHC). Theanine and DTBrC displayed inhibitory effects on the growth and migration of HHC cells in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Theanine and DTBrC significantly enhanced the repression of HHC cell growth in combination with anticancer drug pirarubicin. Theanine and DTBrC completely suppressed HGF- and EGF+HGF-induced migration with a reduction of p53 tumor suppressor level and enhanced the p53 protein expression in HHC cells. The Akt and NF-κB knockdown greatly reduced cancer cell migration with a decrease in CD44 expression. DTBrC and theanine significantly repressed the protein expressions in the Met/EGFR/VEGFR-Akt/NF-κB pathways, which might be the mechanism for their biologic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University , Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University , Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shandong Yingdong Yinghao Biotechnology Inc. , No. 101 Hangtianlu, Gaoxinqu, Yantai, Shandong Province 264670, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongqin Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University , Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University , Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexin Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University , Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Huarong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University , Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University , Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University , Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University , Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Benhao Wu
- Shandong Yingdong Yinghao Biotechnology Inc. , No. 101 Hangtianlu, Gaoxinqu, Yantai, Shandong Province 264670, People's Republic of China
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42
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l-Theanine as a Functional Food Additive: Its Role in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. BEVERAGES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages2020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Bindal S, Gupta R. Hyperproduction of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis ER15 in the presence of high salt concentration. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 47:163-172. [PMID: 27186839 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2016.1188314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial γ-glutamyl transpeptidases (GGTs) have been exploited in biotechnological, pharmaceutical, and food sectors for the synthesis of various γ-glutamyl compounds. But, till date, no bacterial GGTs are commercially available in the market because of lower levels of production from various sources. In the current study, production of GGT from Bacillus licheniformis ER15 was investigated to achieve high GGT titers. RESULTS Hyperproduction of GGT from B. licheniformis ER15 was achieved with 6.4-fold enhancement (7921.2 ± 198.7 U/L) by optimization of culture medium following one-variable-at-a-time strategy and statistical approaches. Medium consisting of Na2HPO4: 0.32% (w/v); KH2PO4: 0.15% (w/v); starch: 0.1% (w/v); soybean meal: 0.5% (w/v); NaCl: 4.0% (w/v), and MgCl2: 5 mM was found to be optimal for maximum GGT titers. Maximum GGT titers were obtained, in the optimized medium at 37°C and 200 rpm, after 40 h. It was noteworthy that GGT production was a linear function of sodium chloride concentration, as observed during response surface methodology. While investigating the role of NaCl on GGT production, it was found that NaCl drastically decreased subtilisin concentration and indirectly increasing GGT recovery. CONCLUSION B. licheniformis ER15 is proved to be a potential candidate for large-scale production of GGT enzyme and its commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Bindal
- a Department of Microbiology , University of Delhi , South Campus , New Delhi , India
| | - Rani Gupta
- a Department of Microbiology , University of Delhi , South Campus , New Delhi , India
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Ashihara H. Occurrence, Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Theanine (γ-Glutamyl-L-ethylamide) in Plants: A Comprehensive Review. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Theanine (γ-glutamyl-L-ethylamide) is the most abundant non-protein amino acid in tea leaves. In addition to Camellia sinensis, theanine occurs in several plants belonging to the Ericales. Biosynthesis of theanine from glutamic acid and ethylamine by theanine synthetase is present in all organs of tea seedlings, but roots are the major site of theanine biosynthesis in adult tea trees. Theanine is transported from roots to young leaves via the xylem sap. Theanine is hydrolysed to glutamic acid and ethylamine in leaves. Ethylamine produced from theanine is predominantly used for catechin biosynthesis. Concentration of ammonia and light intensity influence the biosynthesis and degradation of theanine, respectively. Biosynthesis, translocation and degradation of theanine and related enzymes and genes are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ashihara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan
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