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Farazi M, Houghton MJ, Nicolotti L, Murray M, Cardoso BR, Williamson G. Inhibition of human starch digesting enzymes and intestinal glucose transport by walnut polyphenols. Food Res Int 2024; 189:114572. [PMID: 38876610 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
One approach to controlling type 2 diabetes (T2D) is to lower postprandialglucose spikesby slowing down the digestion of carbohydrates and the absorption of glucose in the small intestine. The consumption of walnuts is associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases such as T2D, suggested to be partly due to the high content of (poly)phenols. This study evaluated, for the first time, the inhibitory effect of a (poly)phenol-rich walnut extract on human carbohydrate digesting enzymes (salivary and pancreatic α-amylases, brush border sucrase-isomaltase) and on glucose transport across fully differentiated human intestinal Caco-2/TC7 monolayers. The walnut extract was rich in multiple (poly)phenols (70 % w/w) as analysed by Folin-Ciocalteau and by LCMS. It exhibited potent inhibition of both human salivary (IC50: 32.2 ± 2.5 µg walnut (poly)phenols (WP)/mL) and pancreatic (IC50: 56.7 ± 1.7 µg WP/mL) α-amylases, with weaker effects on human sucrase (IC50: 990 ± 20 µg WP/mL), maltase (IC50: 1300 ± 80 µg WP/mL), and isomaltase (IC25: 830 ± 60 µg WP/mL) activities. Selected individual walnut (poly)phenols inhibited human salivary α-amylase in the order: 1,3,4,6-tetragalloylglucose > ellagic acid pentoside > 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose, with no inhibition by ellagic acid, gallic acid and 4-O-methylgallic acid. The (poly)phenol-rich walnut extract also attenuated (up to 59 %) the transfer of 2-deoxy-D-glucose across differentiated Caco-2/TC7 cell monolayers. This is the first report on the effect of (poly)phenol-rich extracts from any commonly-consumed nut kernel on any human starch-digesting enzyme, and suggests a mechanism through which walnut consumption may lower postprandial glucose spikes and contribute to their proposed health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mena Farazi
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, BASE Facility, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia; Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Level 2, Victorian Heart Hospital, 631 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Michael J Houghton
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, BASE Facility, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia; Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Level 2, Victorian Heart Hospital, 631 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Luca Nicolotti
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia; Metabolomics Australia, The Australian Wine Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Margaret Murray
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, BASE Facility, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia; Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Barbara R Cardoso
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, BASE Facility, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia; Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Level 2, Victorian Heart Hospital, 631 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, BASE Facility, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia; Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Level 2, Victorian Heart Hospital, 631 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia.
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Sahu P, Sahoo R, Sahu AK, Saluja SS, Behera B. Repurposing phytochemicals of Citrullus colocynthis against maltase-glucoamylase using molecular docking, MMGBSA, MD simulation and linear regression to identify potential anti-diabetic compounds. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:5197-5206. [PMID: 37350097 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2225107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a common lifestyle disorder found in populations of different age groups. Maltase-glucoamylase catalyses the release of the glucose molecule in the final enzymatic reaction of starch digestion; therefore, inhibition of maltase-glucoamylase is one of the approaches in the development of therapeutics for diabetes. Citrullus colocynthis is commonly recommended in Ayurveda for the treatment of diabetes. The current study applied a structure-based drug design approach to repurpose the phytochemicals of Citrullus colocynthis to identify potential inhibitors for maltase-glucoamylase. 70 phytochemicals of Citrullus colocynthis were screened against maltase-glucoamylase and top 5 molecules 8-p-hydroxybenzylisovitexin, isoorientin, cucurbitacin B, cucurbitacin E, and cucurbitacin I with significant binding energy of -10 kcal/mol, -9.9 kcal/mol, -9.6 kcal/mol, -9.2 kcal/mol, and -7.7 kcal/mol were identified. Furthermore, MMGBSA, pharmacokinetics properties and toxicity prediction were performed on the five identified molecules and top 3 molecules were selected for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. It was observed from the structural flexibility and dynamic behaviour of the systems that conformational changes were noticed in the complexes as compared to its native state, which suggests that the 3 molecules, namely 8-p-hydroxybenzylisovitexin, isoorientin, and cucurbitacin I of Citrullus colocynthis may act as inhibitors for maltase-glucoamylase.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameswar Sahu
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rosaleen Sahoo
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Sahu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Centre for Post Graduate Studies, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sundeep Singh Saluja
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Banshidhar Behera
- Department of Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College, New Delhi, India
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3
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Abdulhaniff P, Sakayanathan P, Loganathan C, Iruthayaraj A, Thiyagarajan R, Thayumanavan P. Mammalian maltase-glucoamylase and sucrase-isomaltase inhibitory effects of Artocarpus heterophyllus: An in vitro and in silico approach. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 110:108052. [PMID: 38492557 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Alpha-glucosidase (maltase, sucrase, isomaltase and glucoamylase) activities which are involved in carbohydrate metabolism are present in human intestinal maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM) and sucrase-isomaltase (SI). Hence, these proteins are important targets to identify drugs against postprandial hyperglycemia thereby for diabetes. To find natural-based drugs against MGAM and SI, Artocarpus heterophyllus leaf was explored for MGAM and SI inhibition in in vitro and in silico. A. heterophyllus leaf aqueous active fraction (AHL-AAF) was prepared using Soxhlet extraction followed by silica column chromatography. The phytoconstituents of AHL-AAF were determined using LC-ESI-MS/MS. AHL-AAF showed dose-dependent and mixed inhibition against maltase (IC50 = 460 µg/ml; Ki = 300 µg/ml), glucoamylase (IC50 = 780 µg/ml; Ki = 480 µg/ml), sucrase (IC50 = 900 µg/ml, Ki = 504 µg/ml) and isomaltase (IC50 = 860 µg/ml, Ki = 400 µg/ml). AHL-AAF phytoconstituents interaction with N-terminal (Nt) and C-terminal (Ct) subunits of human MGAM and SI was analyzed using induced-fit docking, molecular dynamics (MD), and binding free energy calculation. In docking studies, rhamnosyl hexosyl methyl quercetin (RHMQ), P-coumaryl-O-16-hydroxy palmitic acid (PCHP), and spirostanol interacted with active site amino acids of human MGAM and SI. Among these RHMQ stably interacted with all the subunits (Nt-MGAM, Ct-MGAM, Nt-SI and Ct-SI) whereas PCHP with Ct-MGAM and Nt-SI during MD analysis. In molecular docking, the docking score of RHMQ with NtMGAM, CtMGAM, NtSI and CtSI was -8.48, -12.88, -11.98 and -11.37 kcal/mol. The docking score of PCHP for CtMGAM and NtSI was -8.59 and -8.4 kcal/mol, respectively. After MD simulation, the root mean square deviation (RMSD) and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) values further confirmed the stable protein-ligand interaction. The RMSD value of all the complexes were around 2.5 Å and the corresponding RMSF values were also quite low. In MM/GBSA analysis, the involvement of Van der Waals and lipophilic energy in the protein/ligand interactions are understood. Further binding free energy for Nt-MGAM-PCHP, Nt-MGAM-RHMQ, Nt-SI-PCHP, Nt-SI-RHMQ, Ct-MGAM-PCHP, Ct-MGAM-RHMQ and Ct-SI-RHMQ complexes was found to be -24.94, -46.60, -46.56, -44.48, -40.3, -41.86 and -19.39 kcal/mol, respectively. Altogether, AHL-AAF showed inhibition of α-glucosidase activities of MGAM and SI. AHL-AAF could be further studied for its effect on diabetes in in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Abdulhaniff
- Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636011, India
| | - Penislusshiyan Sakayanathan
- Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636011, India; Bioinnov Solutions LLP, Research and Development Center, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636009, India
| | - Chitra Loganathan
- Bioinnov Solutions LLP, Research and Development Center, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636009, India; Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600077, India
| | - Ancy Iruthayaraj
- Bioinnov Solutions LLP, Research and Development Center, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636009, India
| | - Ramesh Thiyagarajan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Mune Mune MA, Hatanaka T, Kishimura H, Kumagai Y. Understanding Antidiabetic Potential of Oligosaccharides from Red Alga Dulse Devaleraea inkyuleei Xylan by Investigating α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibition. Molecules 2024; 29:1536. [PMID: 38611816 PMCID: PMC11013419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the α-glucosidase (maltase-glucoamylase: MGAM) and α-amylase inhibitory properties elicited by xylooligosaccharides (XOSs) prepared from dulse xylan were analysed as a potential mechanism to control postprandial hyperglycaemia for type-2 diabetes prevention and treatment. Xylan was purified from red alga dulse powder and used for enzymatic hydrolysis using Sucrase X to produce XOSs. Fractionation of XOSs produced xylobiose (X2), β-(1→3)-xylosyl xylobiose (DX3), xylotriose (X3), β-(1→3)-xylosyl-xylotriose (DX4), and a dulse XOS mixture with n ≥ 4 xylose units (DXM). The different fractions exhibited moderate MGAM (IC50 = 11.41-23.44 mg/mL) and α-amylase (IC50 = 18.07-53.04 mg/mL) inhibitory activity, which was lower than that of acarbose. Kinetics studies revealed that XOSs bound to the active site of carbohydrate digestive enzymes, limiting access to the substrate by competitive inhibition. A molecular docking analysis of XOSs with MGAM and α-amylase clearly showed moderate strength of interactions, both hydrogen bonds and non-bonded contacts, at the active site of the enzymes. Overall, XOSs from dulse could prevent postprandial hyperglycaemia as functional food by a usual and continuous consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tadashi Hatanaka
- Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Research Institute for Biological Sciences (RIBS), Okayama, 7549-1 Kibichuo-cho, Kaga-gun, Okayama 716-1241, Japan;
| | - Hideki Kishimura
- Laboratory of Marine Chemical Resource Development, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan;
| | - Yuya Kumagai
- Laboratory of Marine Chemical Resource Development, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan;
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5
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Yu M, Zhu S, Huang D, Tao X, Li Y. Inhibition of starch digestion by phenolic acids with a cinnamic acid backbone: Structural requirements for the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Food Chem 2024; 435:137499. [PMID: 37774621 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the inhibition mechanism of cinnamic acid-based phenolic acids (cinnamic acid: CIA, 3,4-dimethoxy cinnamic acid: 3,4-mCIA, caffeic acid: CA, ferulic acid: FA) on starch digestion. CA, FA, and 3,4-mCIA contributed to reducing the rapidly digested starch content and increasing the resistant starch content. The enzyme activity inhibition results responded that the four phenolic acids inhibited α-amylase activity better than α-glucosidase. The order of IC50 against α-amylase and α-glucosidase was CA > FA > 3,4-mCIA > CIA. Phenolic acid's benzene ring formed conjugated Pi-systems with the amino acid residues of α-amylase. Salt-bridge interactions were the main driving forces for the binding of phenolic acids to α-glucosidase. The binding was stabilized by the hydroxyl (OH) group and the methoxy on the benzene ring, where the OH exerted a better effect. These results illuminate the inhibition mechanism of starch digestion with cinnamic acid-based phenolic acids from an interaction perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Song Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dejian Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Xiumei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Tang P, Zhang S, Meng L, Wang Z, Yang Y, Shen X, Tang X. Effects of different content of EGCG or caffeic acid addition on the structure, cooking, antioxidant characteristics and in vitro starch digestibility of extruded buckwheat noodles. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126426. [PMID: 37604422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects of different types and content of polyphenol addition on the structure, cooking, antioxidant characteristics and in vitro starch digestibility of extruded buckwheat noodles were investigated in this study. The result showed epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was more easily combined with starch to form complex than caffeic acid, and amylose tended to be combined with polyphenols to form more complex. Amylose had a protective effect on polyphenols during extrusion process, which led to a significant increase of polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of extruded noodles. The addition of polyphenol and high amylose corn starch (HACS) improved the cooking quality of extruded buckwheat noodles. The extruded buckwheat noodles with 20 % HACS and 1 % EGCG had the lowest cooking loss of 6.08 %. The addition of EGCG and HACS increased the content of resistant starch and reduced predicted glycemic index (pGI). The noodles with 20 % HACS and 3 % EGCG had the lowest pGI (63.38) and the highest resistant starch (RS) content (61.60 %). This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of low pGI extruded buckwheat noodles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Linghan Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhenjiong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuling Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinchun Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaozhi Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Janthongkaw A, Klaophimai S, Khampaya T, Yimthiang S, Yang Y, Ma R, Bumyut A, Pouyfung P. Effect of Green and Red Thai Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) on pancreatic digestive enzymes (alpha-glucosidase and lipase) and acetyl-carboxylase 1 activity: A possible therapeutic target for obesity prevention. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291738. [PMID: 37733688 PMCID: PMC10513218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular use of Thai kratom has been linked to reduced blood triglyceride levels and body mass index (BMI) in healthy individuals. We analyzed Green Thai Kratom (GTK) and Red Thai Kratom (RTK) to investigate their effects on pancreatic digestive enzymes. The ethanol extracts of GTK and RTK inhibited lipase activity more strongly than alpha-glucosidase activity, suggesting the presence of lipase inhibitors. Mitragynine, the major compound in GTK, showed potent lipase inhibition and moderate alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Quercetin, found in both extracts, strongly inhibited alpha-glucosidase but had limited effects on lipase. These findings suggest that mitragynine and quercetin may hinder triglyceride and starch digestion. Combination inhibition studies revealed synergistic effects between mitragynine and quercetin on alpha-glucosidase activity. Additionally, both GTK and RTK extracts reduced fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells, with quercetin specifically inhibiting Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), a key enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis. Thus, GTK and RTK extracts, particularly mitragynine and quercetin, exhibit potential anti-obesity effects. We report the novel finding that Thai kratom inhibits de novo fatty acid synthesis by targeting ACC1, resulting in decreased fat accumulation in adipocytes. Regular use of Thai kratom in specific populations may improve blood triglyceride levels and reduce BMI by inhibiting lipase, alpha-glucosidase, and ACC1 activity. Further clinical trials are needed to determine optimal dosage, duration, toxicity levels, and potential side effects of Kratom use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atikarn Janthongkaw
- Environmental, Safety Technology and Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Sirinthip Klaophimai
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Ratchathevi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanaporn Khampaya
- Environmental, Safety Technology and Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Yimthiang
- Environmental, Safety Technology and Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Yilin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Ruixue Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Apirak Bumyut
- Environmental Health and Technology, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Phisit Pouyfung
- Environmental, Safety Technology and Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Biomass and Oil Palm Center of Excellence, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Jiang S, Wang L, Jia W, Wu D, Wu L, Zhao X, Mei L, Tao Y, Yue H. Hypoglycemic effect of Nitraria tangutorum fruit by inhibiting glycosidase and regulating IRS1/PI3K/AKT signalling pathway and its active ingredient identification by UPLC-MS. Food Funct 2023; 14:7869-7881. [PMID: 37525586 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02495d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The hypoglycemic effect of NTB-40 (40% ethanol fraction of Nitraria tangutorum fruit) in type I/II diabetic mice and its underlying mechanism and active ingredient structure were investigated. The postprandial blood glucose (PBG) lowering effect of NTB-40 treatment was confirmed by maltose, starch, and sucrose tolerance tests in alloxan-induced DM mice and sucrase and maltase inhibitory activities in vitro. More importantly, long-term dosing experiments in high-fat diet-STZ-induced diabetic mice further demonstrated that NTB-40 intervention could improve glycolipid metabolism disorder and insulin resistance (IR) by maintaining glucose homeostasis (FBG, OGTT, ITT, FINS, and HOMA-IR) and lipid homeostasis (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and FFA), reducing inflammation (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and oxidative stress (SOD and MDA), ameliorating the liver's histological structural abnormalities, and modulating the IRS1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and downstream targets (FOXO1, GSK3β, GLUT4) for decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis and promoting glycogen synthesis and glucose uptake. All these results indicated that NTB-40 had an anti-diabetic effect by modulating the IRS1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and inhibiting α-glucosidase activity. Finally, the main chemical components of NTB-40, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and alkaloids, were assigned by UPLC-Triple-TOF MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, CAS and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Qinghai 810008, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, CAS and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Qinghai 810008, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, CAS and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Qinghai 810008, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, CAS and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Qinghai 810008, China.
- Qinghai University, Qinghai, China
| | - Li Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, CAS and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Qinghai 810008, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, CAS and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Qinghai 810008, China.
| | - Lijuan Mei
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, CAS and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Qinghai 810008, China.
| | - Yanduo Tao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, CAS and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Qinghai 810008, China.
| | - Huilan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, CAS and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Qinghai 810008, China.
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Orita T, Chogahara S, Okuda M, Sakao K, Miyata T, Hou DX. Extraction Efficiency and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Green Tea Catechins by Different Infusion Methods. Foods 2023; 12:2611. [PMID: 37444349 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-glucosidase is an important target for glycemic control with the aim of reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Green tea catechins have been reported to inhibit alpha-glucosidase activity as a potential beverage to control blood glucose levels. However, the effects of the daily infusion style of green tea on tea catechins and their activity remain unclear. In this study, the extraction efficiency of catechins was investigated for 12 green tea extracts (GTEs) infused with 70% ethanol (70% EtOH for 24 h, a favored solvent for catechin extraction), room temperature water infusion (RT H2O for 24 h, an easy way to drink tea), and hot water infusion (Hot H2O for 90 s, a standard way to drink tea). Eight catechins were quantified by HPLC, and the inhibitory effect of GTEs and their catechins on alpha-glucosidase was measured with both rat intestinal enzymes and human Caco-2 cells. The inhibitory mechanism was further analyzed in silico by docking catechins to human alpha-glucosidase using Molecular Operating Environment software. The results showed that total catechins and gallate catechins were efficiently extracted in the order of 70% EtOH, RT H2O, and Hot H2O, and the inhibitory activity against alpha-glucosidase also followed a similar order. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of GTEs was significantly positively correlated with the contents of total catechins, especially gallate catechins. Gallate catechins, such as EGCg and ECg, showed lower IC50 values than free catechins for the enzyme in both rats and humans. In silico simulation revealed that gallate catechins were bound to the different sites with free catechins, and the docking energy of gallate catechins was lower than that of free catechins. Taken together, our data indicated that the daily infusion style of green tea significantly impacted the extraction efficiency and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of catechins, which will give us insight into the use of green tea catechins for glycemic control through efficient infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Orita
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Satoshi Chogahara
- Tea Division, Kagoshima Prefectural Institute for Agricultural Development, Kagoshima 899-3401, Japan
| | - Mayuko Okuda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kozue Sakao
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - De-Xing Hou
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Yu M, Zhu S, Li Y, Zhong F, Huang D, Chen X. Role of phenolic acids with different functional groups in the regulation of starch digestion in simulated dietary intake patterns. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123815. [PMID: 36841394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of phenolic acids with different functional groups (cinnamic acid: CIA, caffeic acid: CA, ferulic acid: FA) on corn starch (CS) digestibility by simulating dietary intake patterns (co-heating and non-co-heating) and their mechanism. Both treatments could reduce the digestibility of CS. Compared to the non-co-heating treatment, the resistant starch content of 10 % CA co-heating samples increased by 8.36 %. The co-heating case led to a decrease in the trough viscosity, peak viscosity, and final viscosity of CS. Phenolic acids reduced the short-range order of CS, which was due to the interaction through hydrogen bonding by co-heating. The contribution was most pronounced for CA which contained more hydroxyl groups on the benzene ring. Quartz Crystal microbalance tests further confirmed that different absorption of phenolic acids to CS was caused by their hydroxyl groups on the benzene ring. These results demonstrated that the functional groups of phenolic acids were a controllable factor in inhibiting starch digestion, and co-heating could be considered a promising method to control starch digestion and an advocating way to ingest phenolic supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Song Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Fang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dejian Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Xuemei Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Function Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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11
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Barber E, Houghton MJ, Visvanathan R, Williamson G. Measuring key human carbohydrate digestive enzyme activities using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:2882-2919. [PMID: 36180531 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate digestion in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract is catalyzed by α-amylases and α-glucosidases to produce monosaccharides for absorption. Inhibition of these enzymes is the major activity of the drugs acarbose and miglitol, which are used to manage diabetes. Furthermore, delaying carbohydrate digestion via inhibition of α-amylases and α-glucosidases is an effective strategy to blunt blood glucose spikes, a major risk factor for developing metabolic diseases. Here, we present an in vitro protocol developed to accurately and specifically assess the activity of α-amylases and α-glucosidases, including sucrase, maltase and isomaltase. The assay is especially suitable for measuring inhibition by compounds, drugs and extracts, with minimal interference from impurities or endogenous components, because the substrates and digestive products in the enzyme activity assays are quantified directly by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAE-PAD). Multiple enzyme sources can be used, but here we present the protocol using commercially available human α-amylase to assess starch hydrolysis with maltoheptaose as the substrate, and with brush border sucrase-isomaltase (with maltase, sucrase and isomaltase activities) derived from differentiated human intestinal Caco-2(/TC7) cells to assess hydrolysis of disaccharides. The wet-lab assay takes ~2-5 h depending on the number of samples, and the HPAE-PAD analysis takes 35 min per sample. A full dataset therefore takes 1-3 d and allows detection of subtle changes in enzyme activity with high sensitivity and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Barber
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, BASE Facility, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J Houghton
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, BASE Facility, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rizliya Visvanathan
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, BASE Facility, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, BASE Facility, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia.
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12
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Kim DK, Lee BH. New glucogenesis inhibition model based on complete α-glucosidases from rat intestinal tissues validated with various types of natural and pharmaceutical inhibitors. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:4419-4424. [PMID: 35077587 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of intestinal α-glucosidases from rat intestinal acetone powder (RIAP) has been widely used in research focused on regulating glucogenesis to be applied as a strategy to control obesity and type II diabetes. However, the crude extract has different compositions of α-glucosidases than a complete RIAP suspension due to enzymes anchored on the intestinal tissues after the extraction. Here, the inhibitory effects of different pharmaceutical and food-grade inhibitors on the enzymes in the RIAP suspension were investigated. RESULTS Instead of crude extracts from RIAP, the RIAP suspension without the extraction process was applied to optimize the α-glucosidase inhibitory model by pharmaceutical/natural inhibitors. The results clearly showed that the half-maximal inhibitory concentration ratios of four individual α-glucosidases by various inhibitors were different between the RIAP suspension and the crude extract. In particular, isomaltase from the RIAP suspension required more inhibitors than the crude extraction did, as this enzyme is still anchored to the remaining intestinal tissue from the extraction process. CONCLUSION The crude extract from RIAP contains only a portion of the enzymes, which poses limitations for determining the precise inhibitory properties by various types of enzyme inhibitors. On the contrary, an in vitro assay with RIAP suspension that has all the α-glucosidases is a more suitable method for determining digestibility of glycemic carbohydrates. This new approach can be applied to the development of natural/synthetic α-glucosidase inhibitors to attenuate the postprandial glycemic response more accurately. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Kyoung Kim
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoo Lee
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Krishnan V, Verma P, Saha S, Singh B, Vinutha T, Kumar R, Kulshreshta A, Singh S, Sathyavathi T, Sachdev A, Praveen S. Polyphenol-enriched extract from pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) inhibits key enzymes involved in post prandial hyper glycemia (α-amylase, α-glucosidase) and regulates hepatic glucose uptake. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Lim J, Ferruzzi MG, Hamaker BR. Structural requirements of flavonoids for the selective inhibition of α-amylase versus α-glucosidase. Food Chem 2021; 370:130981. [PMID: 34500290 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, 14 structurally unique flavonoids were screened to systematically investigate structural requirements for selectively inhibiting human α-amylase versus α-glucosidase to obtain a slow but complete starch digestion for health benefit. The selective inhibition property of three flavonoids chosen against the two classes of starch digestive enzymes was confirmed through various analytical techniques - in vitro inhibition assay, fluorescence quenching, kinetic study, and molecular modeling. Considering the chemical structure of flavonoids, the double bond between C2 and C3 and OH groups at A5 and B3 are critical for the inhibition of α-amylase allowing flavonoids to lie parallel on the α-amylase catalytic active site, whereas the OH groups at B3 and C3 are important for α-glucosidase inhibition causing B-ring specific entry into the catalytic active site of α-glucosidase. Our findings provide insights into how to apply flavonoids to effectively control digestion rate for improving physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbin Lim
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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15
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Barber E, Houghton MJ, Williamson G. Flavonoids as Human Intestinal α-Glucosidase Inhibitors. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081939. [PMID: 34441720 PMCID: PMC8392382 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain flavonoids can influence glucose metabolism by inhibiting enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion and suppressing intestinal glucose absorption. In this study, four structurally-related flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol, quercetagetin and galangin) were evaluated individually for their ability to inhibit human α-glucosidases (sucrase, maltase and isomaltase), and were compared with the antidiabetic drug acarbose and the flavan-3-ol(−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Cell-free extracts from human intestinal Caco-2/TC7 cells were used as the enzyme source and products were quantified chromatographically with high accuracy, precision and sensitivity. Acarbose inhibited sucrase, maltase and isomaltase with IC50 values of 1.65, 13.9 and 39.1 µM, respectively. A similar inhibition pattern, but with comparatively higher values, was observed with EGCG. Of the flavonols, quercetagetin was the strongest inhibitor of α-glucosidases, with inhibition constants approaching those of acarbose, followed by galangin and kaempferol, while the weakest were quercetin and EGCG. The varied inhibitory effects of flavonols against human α-glucosidases depend on their structures, the enzyme source and substrates employed. The flavonols were more effective than EGCG, but less so than acarbose, and so may be useful in regulating sugar digestion and postprandial glycaemia without the side effects associated with acarbose treatment.
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17
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Suner SS, Sahiner M, Mohapatra S, Ayyala RS, Bhethanabotla VR, Sahiner N. Degradable poly(catechin) nanoparticles as a versatile therapeutic agent. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2021.1941957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selin S. Suner
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences & Arts, and Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center (NANORAC), Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Sahiner
- Department of Fashion Design, Canakkale Applied Science, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ramesh S. Ayyala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Eye Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Venkat R. Bhethanabotla
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Nurettin Sahiner
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences & Arts, and Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center (NANORAC), Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Eye Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Glycoside Hydrolases and Non-Enzymatic Glycation Inhibitory Potential of Viburnum opulus L. Fruit-In Vitro Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060989. [PMID: 34205673 PMCID: PMC8235151 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals of various origins are of great interest for their antidiabetic potential. In the present study, the inhibitory effects against carbohydrate digestive enzymes and non-enzymatic glycation, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds composition of Viburnum opulus L. fruits have been studied. Crude extract (CE), purified extract (PE), and ethyl acetate (PEAF) and water (PEWF) fractions of PE were used in enzymatic assays to evaluate their inhibitory potential against α-amylase with potato and rice starch as substrate, α-glucosidase using maltose and sucrose as substrate, the antioxidant capacity (ABTS, ORAC and FRAP assays), antiglycation (BSA-fructose and BSA-glucose model) properties. Among four tested samples, PEAF not only had the highest content of total phenolics, but also possessed the strongest α-glucosidase inhibition, antiglycation and antioxidant activities. UPLC analysis revealed that this fraction contained mainly chlorogenic acid, proanthocyanidin oligomers and flavalignans. Contrary, the anti-amylase activity of V. opulus fruits probably occurs due to the presence of proanthocyanidin polymers and chlorogenic acids, especially dicaffeoylquinic acids present in PEWF. All V. opulus samples have an uncompetitive and mixed type inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Considering strong anti-glucosidase, antioxidant and antiglycation activities, V. opulus fruits may find promising applications in nutraceuticals and functional foods with antidiabetic activity.
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19
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Jiang S, Chen C, Dong Q, Shao Y, Zhao X, Tao Y, Yue H. Alkaloids and phenolics identification in fruit of Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and their a-glucosidase inhibitory effects in vivo and in vitro. Food Chem 2021; 364:130412. [PMID: 34174646 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. (NTB), mainly distributed in the Qaidam Basin of Tibetan Plateau, have high economic, ecological and medicinal value. The chemical compositions in the NTB fruits were tentatively analyzed and characterized by applying UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Total 45 constituents, including 9 hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives, 12 flavonols, 4 flavonoids, 1 trolox derivative, 8 β-carboline alkaloids, 4 tryptophan derivatives, and 7 other amino acid derivatives were identified by comparing with standard products, and analyzing their retention times, characteristic fragment ions and deprotonated molecule ions. The activity studies in vitro indicated that NTB-Z and NTB-C extracts had marked inhibitory effects against sucrase and maltase. Further sucrose/maltose/starch tolerance experiment demonstrated that both NTB-Z and NTB-C extracts at 400 mg/kg could markedly lower the postprandial blood glucose (PBG) level in diabetic animals. All these results indicated that the NTB fruits could be used as the functional health food or medicine for controlling postprandial blood glucose level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirong Jiang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Qinghai 810008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Qi Dong
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Yun Shao
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Qinghai 810008, China.
| | - Yanduo Tao
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Huilan Yue
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Qinghai 810008, China.
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20
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Kan L, Capuano E, Fogliano V, Verkerk R, Mes JJ, Tomassen MMM, Oliviero T. Inhibition of α-glucosidases by tea polyphenols in rat intestinal extract and Caco-2 cells grown on Transwell. Food Chem 2021; 361:130047. [PMID: 34029903 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of maltase, sucrase, isomaltase and glucoamylase activity by acarbose, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate and four polyphenol-rich tea extract from white, green, oolong, black tea, were investigated by using rat intestinal enzymes and human Caco-2 cells. Regarding rat intestinal enzyme mixture, all four tea extracts were very effective in inhibiting maltase and glucoamylase activity, but only white tea extract inhibited sucrase and isomaltase activity and the inhibition was limited. Mixed-type inhibition on rat maltase activity was observed. Tea extracts in combination with acarbose, produced a synergistic inhibitory effect on rat maltase activity. Caco-2 cells experiments were conducted in Transwells. Green tea extract and epigallocatechin gallate show dose-dependent inhibition on human sucrase activity, but no inhibition on rat sucrase activity. The opposite was observed on maltase activity. The results highlighted the different response in the two investigated model systems and show that tea polyphenols are good inhibitors for α-glucosidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Kan
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edoardo Capuano
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Verkerk
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan J Mes
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monic M M Tomassen
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Teresa Oliviero
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Martinez MM. Starch nutritional quality: beyond intraluminal digestion in response to current trends. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Abstract
As the prevalence of obesity and diabetes has continued to increase rapidly in recent years, dietary approaches to regulating glucose homeostasis have gained more attention. Starch is the major source of glucose in the human diet and can have diverse effects, depending on its rate and extent of digestion in the small intestine, on postprandial glycemic response, which over time is associated with blood glucose abnormalities, insulin sensitivity, and even appetitive response and food intake. The classification of starch bioavailability into rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch, and resistant starch highlights the nutritional values of different starches. As starch is the main structure-building macroconstituent of foods, its bioavailability can be manipulated by selection of food matrices with varying degrees of susceptibility to amylolysis and food processing to retain or develop new matrices. In this review, the food factors that may modulate starch bioavailability, with a focus on food matrices, are assessed for a better understanding of their potential contribution to human health. Aspects affecting starch nutritional properties as well as production strategies for healthy foods are also reviewed, e.g., starch characteristics (different type, structure, and modification), food physical properties (food form, viscosity, and integrity), food matrix interactions (lipid, protein, nonstarch polysaccharide, phytochemicals, organic acid, and enzyme inhibitor), and food processing (milling, cooking, and storage).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China;
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; .,Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1160, USA;
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23
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Zhu S, Liu B, Wang F, Huang D, Zhong F, Li Y. Characterization and in vitro digestion properties of cassava starch and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) blend. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Identification of phenolic compounds in fruits of Ribes stenocarpum Maxim. By UHPLC-QTOF/MS and their hypoglycemic effects in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem 2020; 344:128568. [PMID: 33246687 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gooseberry (Ribes stenocarpum Maxim. (CBZ)) is a wild and noncommercially cultivated berry fruit widely distributed in the Tibetan Plateau. The phenolic constituents from the berry fruit of CBZ were firstly identified by employing UPLC-QTOF MS. A total of 41 compounds, including hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, flavonols and dihydroflavonol, were identified in view of their molecular weight, characteristic fragment ions and retention times. Further in vitro enzyme assay indicated that CBZ fruit extract could strongly and effectively inhibited a-glucosidase and α-amylase, with the IC50 values of 0.013 mg/mL and 0.005 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, the starch/maltose/sucrose tolerance experiment demonstrated that the CBZ fruit extract could reduce the sucrose mediated postprandial blood glucose (PBG) levels in normal mice, and significantly lower starch/maltose/ sucrose mediated PBG levels in diabetic mice. These results suggested that this berry fruit could be used as a dietary supplement, or drug for the control of hyperglycemia.
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Li M, Griffin LE, Corbin S, Neilson AP, Ferruzzi MG. Modulating Phenolic Bioaccessibility and Glycemic Response of Starch-Based Foods in Wistar Rats by Physical Complexation between Starch and Phenolic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13257-13266. [PMID: 32689794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the impact of caffeic and ferulic acid complexation with maize amylopectin or potato starch on glycemic parameters. In comparison to starch-phenolic mixtures, starch-phenolic complexes resulted in significant modification of phenolic bioaccessibility and cellular uptake (p < 0.05). In addition, glucose release from in vitro digestion of starch was modestly reduced in the complexes compared to native starch alone (21.2-26.8 versus 29.8-30.5 mM). Furthermore, intestinal glucose transport, assessed in Caco-2 cell monolayers, was not affected by the presence of complexes (82.4-124 versus 100% at 90 min). However, a reduced glycemic response was evident in a Wistar rat model, with significant reduction in 240 min of blood glucose area under the curve following oral administration of the potato starch-ferulic acid complex compared to native potato starch (26 170 ± 556 versus 28 951 ± 486 mg min dL-1; p < 0.001). These alterations were attributed to complexation-induced resistant starch formation and phenolic entrapment, providing an alternative mechanistic approach to modulate glycemic properties of starch-based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Plants for Human Health Institutes, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Laura E Griffin
- Plants for Human Health Institutes, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Sydney Corbin
- Plants for Human Health Institutes, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Andrew P Neilson
- Plants for Human Health Institutes, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institutes, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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26
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Williamson G, Sheedy K. Effects of Polyphenols on Insulin Resistance. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3135. [PMID: 33066504 PMCID: PMC7602234 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is apparent when tissues responsible for clearing glucose from the blood, such as adipose and muscle, do not respond properly to appropriate signals. IR is estimated based on fasting blood glucose and insulin, but some measures also incorporate an oral glucose challenge. Certain (poly)phenols, as supplements or in foods, can improve insulin resistance by several mechanisms including lowering postprandial glucose, modulating glucose transport, affecting insulin signalling pathways, and by protecting against damage to insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells. As shown by intervention studies on volunteers, the most promising candidates for improving insulin resistance are (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epicatechin-containing foods and anthocyanins. It is possible that quercetin and phenolic acids may also be active, but data from intervention studies are mixed. Longer term and especially dose-response studies on mildly insulin resistant participants are required to establish the extent to which (poly)phenols and (poly)phenol-rich foods may improve insulin resistance in compromised groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, BASE Facility, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia;
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27
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Yin C, Cheng L, Zhang X, Wu Z. Nanotechnology improves delivery efficiency and bioavailability of tea polyphenols. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13380. [PMID: 32667062 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tea polyphenols (TPP) have shown various biological activities. However, due to their poor stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, TPP exhibit low absorption and bioavailability which limit their applications in food fields. Recently, several studies have focused on the utilization of nanotechnology to solve these problems. In this review, we introduced the embedding materials and methods of TPP-loaded nanoparticles and the potential mechanisms for improving bioavailability, such as to protect TPP from pH stress, enzymes and ions of the GI tract, and increase of the permeability. Furthermore, future challenges and application prospects of nanoparticles as carriers for the delivery of TPP were also discussed. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Nanotechnology is currently an emerging field in food science, which can be employed to increase the systemic delivery and bioavailability of phytochemicals. Due to the improved bioavailability, TPP-loaded nanoparticles can be developed as potential functional food. A better understanding of the nano-embedding technology and the potential mechanisms will allow us to better utilize nanomaterials to increase the bioavailability of TPP and expand their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yin
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Lu Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Zufang Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
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28
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Starch-phenolic complexes are built on physical CH-π interactions and can persist after hydrothermal treatments altering hydrodynamic radius and digestibility of model starch-based foods. Food Chem 2020; 308:125577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Li Q, Wang C, Liu F, Hu T, Shen W, Li E, Liao S, Zou Y. Mulberry leaf polyphenols attenuated postprandial glucose absorption via inhibition of disaccharidases activity and glucose transport in Caco-2 cells. Food Funct 2020; 11:1835-1844. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01345h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The present study attempted to evaluate the mechanism of action and bioactivity of mulberry leaf polyphenols (MLPs) in type-2 diabetes prevention via inhibition of disaccharidase and glucose transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute /Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing
- Guangzhou 510610
- China
| | - Chen Wang
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute /Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing
- Guangzhou 510610
- China
| | - Fan Liu
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute /Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing
- Guangzhou 510610
- China
| | - Tenggen Hu
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute /Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing
- Guangzhou 510610
- China
| | - Weizhi Shen
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute /Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing
- Guangzhou 510610
- China
| | - Erna Li
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute /Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing
- Guangzhou 510610
- China
| | - Sentai Liao
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute /Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing
- Guangzhou 510610
- China
| | - Yuxiao Zou
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute /Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing
- Guangzhou 510610
- China
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30
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Deciphering the molecular specificity of phenolic compounds as inhibitors or glycosyl acceptors of β-fructofuranosidase from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17441. [PMID: 31767902 PMCID: PMC6877581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic glycosylation of polyphenols is a tool to improve their physicochemical properties and bioavailability. On the other hand, glycosidic enzymes can be inhibited by phenolic compounds. In this work, we studied the specificity of various phenolics (hydroquinone, hydroxytyrosol, epigallocatechin gallate, catechol and p-nitrophenol) as fructosyl acceptors or inhibitors of the β-fructofuranosidase from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (pXd-INV). Only hydroquinone and hydroxytyrosol gave rise to the formation of glycosylated products. For the rest, an inhibitory effect on both the hydrolytic (H) and transglycosylation (T) activity of pXd-INV, as well as an increase in the H/T ratio, was observed. To disclose the binding mode of each compound and elucidate the molecular features determining its acceptor or inhibitor behaviour, ternary complexes of the inactive mutant pXd-INV-D80A with fructose and the different polyphenols were analyzed by X-ray crystallography. All the compounds bind by stacking against Trp105 and locate one of their phenolic hydroxyls making a polar linkage to the fructose O2 at 3.6–3.8 Å from the C2, which could enable the ulterior nucleophilic attack leading to transfructosylation. Binding of hydroquinone was further investigated by soaking in absence of fructose, showing a flexible site that likely allows productive motion of the intermediates. Therefore, the acceptor capacity of the different polyphenols seems mediated by their ability to make flexible polar links with the protein, this flexibility being essential for the transfructosylation reaction to proceed. Finally, the binding affinity of the phenolic compounds was explained based on the two sites previously reported for pXd-INV.
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31
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Li WT, Chuang YH, Hsieh JF. Characterization of Maltase and Sucrase Inhibitory Constituents from Rhodiola crenulata. Foods 2019; 8:E540. [PMID: 31684079 PMCID: PMC6915683 DOI: 10.3390/foods8110540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory properties of epicatechin-(4β,8)-epicatechingallate (B2-3'-O-gallate), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epicatechin (EC) isolated from Rhodiola crenulata toward maltase and sucrase were investigated. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for maltase were as follows: B2-3'-O-gallate (1.73 ± 1.37 μM), ECG (3.64 ± 2.99 μM), and EC (6.25 ± 1.84 μM). Inhibition kinetic assays revealed the inhibition constants (Ki) of the mixed-competitive inhibitors of maltase, as follows: B2-3'-O-gallate (1.99 ± 0.02 μM), ECG (3.14 ± 0.04 μM), and EC (7.02 ± 0.26 μM). These compounds also showed a strong inhibitory activity toward sucrase, and the IC50 values of B2-3'-O-gallate, ECG, and EC were 6.91 ± 3.41, 18.27 ± 3.99, and 18.91 ± 3.66 μM, respectively. Inhibition kinetic assays revealed the inhibition constants (Ki) of the mixed-competitive inhibitors of sucrase as follows: B2-3'-O-gallate (6.05 ± 0.04 μM), ECG (8.58 ± 0.08 μM), and EC (13.72 ± 0.15 μM). Overall, these results suggest that B2-3'-O-gallate, ECG, and EC are potent maltase and sucrase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tai Li
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chuang
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 242, Taiwan.
| | - Jung-Feng Hsieh
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 242, Taiwan.
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32
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Jurgoński A, Billing-Marczak K, Juśkiewicz J, Krotkiewski M. Formulation of a Mixture of Plant Extracts for Attenuating Postprandial Glycemia and Diet-Induced Disorders in Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203669. [PMID: 31614685 PMCID: PMC6832206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design a mixture consisting of plant-derived preparations containing inhibitors of carbohydrate digestion and/or glucose absorption that could lower postprandial glycemia and attenuate dietary-induced disorders. The following standardized preparations were tested: white mulberry leaf extract, green coffee bean extract, white kidney bean extract, pomelo fruit extract, bitter melon fruit extract, and purified l-arabinose. The study design was composed of oral sucrose and starch tolerance tests in Wistar rats preceded by a single ingestion of the preparations or their mixtures. Then, a 20 week-long experiment was conducted on rats that were fed a high-fat diet and supplemented with the most effective mixture. Based on the results of the oral sucrose and starch tolerance tests, the mulberry leaf extract, l-arabinose, kidney bean extract, and coffee bean extract were selected for composing three mixtures. The most effective inhibition of postprandial glycemia in the oral tolerance tests was observed after the ingestion of a mixture of mulberry leaf, kidney bean, and coffee bean extract. The glucose-lowering effect of the mixture and its effective dosage was confirmed in the feeding experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jurgoński
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | | | - Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Marcin Krotkiewski
- Department of Research and Development at MarMar Investment Company, 10-195 Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Gothenburg University Hospital, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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33
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Chen T, Yang CS. Biological fates of tea polyphenols and their interactions with microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract: implications on health effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2691-2709. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1654430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- School of Food Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chung S. Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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34
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Alvarado-Díaz CS, Gutiérrez-Méndez N, Mendoza-López ML, Rodríguez-Rodríguez MZ, Quintero-Ramos A, Landeros-Martínez LL, Rodríguez-Valdez LM, Rodríguez-Figueroa JC, Pérez-Vega S, Salmeron-Ochoa I, Leal-Ramos MY. Inhibitory effect of saccharides and phenolic compounds from maize silks on intestinal α-glucosidases. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12896. [PMID: 31353692 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Maize silks have been used in Mexico for centuries as a natural-based treatment for various illnesses, including obesity and diabetes. It has been shown in mice that intake of maize silk extracts reduces the levels of blood glucose. However, it is not clear how or what maize silk compounds are involved in such an effect. A hypothesized mechanism is that some maize silk compounds can inhibit carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes like α-glucosidases. This work aimed to assess the capability of both saccharides and phenolic compounds from maize silks to inhibit intestinal α-glucosidases. Results showed that saccharides from maize silks did not produce inhibition on intestinal α-glucosidases, but phenolics did. Maize silk phenolics increased the value of Km significantly and decreased the Vmax slightly, indicating a mixed inhibition of α-glucosidases. According to the molecular docking analysis, the phenolics maysin, methoxymaysin, and apimaysin, which had the highest predicted binding energies, could be responsible for the inhibition of α-glucosidases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reported in 2017 that diabetes affects over 424 million people worldwide, and caused 4 million deaths. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for ∼90% of cases. T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell failure. Therapy for T2DM includes the use of sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, biguanides, and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Regarding the α-glucosidase inhibitors, only few are commercially available, and these have been associated with severe gastrointestinal side effects. This work aimed to assess the capability of both saccharides and phenolic compounds from maize silks to inhibit intestinal α-glucosidases. Results from this work evidenced that maize silk polyphenols acted as effective inhibitors of intestinal rat α-glucosidases. Computational analysis of maize silk polyphenols indicated that maysin, a particular flavonoid from maize silks, could be responsible for the inhibition of α-glucosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S Alvarado-Díaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Postgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Nestor Gutiérrez-Méndez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Postgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - María L Mendoza-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Postgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | | | - Armando Quintero-Ramos
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Postgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Linda L Landeros-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Postgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Luz M Rodríguez-Valdez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Postgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | | | - Samuel Pérez-Vega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Postgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Ivan Salmeron-Ochoa
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Postgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Martha Y Leal-Ramos
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Postgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
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35
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Xu S, Feng Y, Zhao S. Proteins with Evolutionarily Hypervariable Domains are Associated with Immune Response and Better Survival of Basal-like Breast Cancer Patients. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:430-440. [PMID: 30996822 PMCID: PMC6451114 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM) and MGAM2 both belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 31. MGAM, a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes, is α-1,4-glucosidase and expressed in the intestine to catalyze starch digestion. MGAM2, however, is largely uncharacterized. By investigating The Cancer Genome Atlas data, we found that among breast cancer subtypes, MGAM2 expression is nearly exclusive to basal-like breast cancers (BLBCs), whereas MGAM tends to express in luminal A breast cancers. Moreover, MGAM2 expression is associated with better patient survival and correlated with immune genes/signatures, unlike MGAM. Both genes have emerged in mammals, but diverged after the placental-marsupial split. In placentals, MGAM2 has likely lost its α-1,4-glucosidase activity due to mutations in key catalytic sites, and has acquired a large domain that is extracellular, threonine-rich and evolutionarily hypervariable (EHV). Guided by MGAM2 findings, our genome-wide search identified >1000 human proteins with EHV regions. These proteins are enriched in immune functions and molecules, including major histocompatibility complex proteins. Their genes are expressed higher in BLBCs and are associated with better patient survival, like MGAM2. Their EHV-coding sequences are rich in simple repeats and harbor more cancer passenger mutations. In conclusion, MGAM2 diverges from MGAM structurally and likely functionally in placentals. MGAM2 is among >1000 human proteins with EHV regions and associated with immune response. We propose that these EHV molecules may have significant implication in cancer immunotherapy and BLBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7229, USA
| | - Yuan Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7229, USA
| | - Shaying Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7229, USA
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36
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Lim J, Zhang X, Ferruzzi MG, Hamaker BR. Starch digested product analysis by HPAEC reveals structural specificity of flavonoids in the inhibition of mammalian α-amylase and α-glucosidases. Food Chem 2019; 288:413-421. [PMID: 30902312 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An accurate high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) method is presented to measure the inhibition property of flavonoids against mammalian starch digestive enzymes, because flavonoids interfere with commonly used 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) and glucose oxidase/peroxidase (GOPOD) methods. Eriodictyol, luteolin, and quercetin increased absorbance values (without substrate) in the DNS assay and, with substrate, either overestimated or underestimated values in the DNS and GOPOD assays. Using a direct HPAEC measurement method, flavonoids showed different inhibition properties against α-amylase and α-glucosidases, showing different inhibition constants (Ki) and mechanisms. The double bond between C2 and C3 on the C-ring of flavonoids appeared particularly important to inhibit α-amylase, while the hydroxyl group (OH) at C3 of the C-ring was related to inhibition of α-glucosidases. This study shows that direct measurement of starch digestion products by HPAEC should be used in inhibition studies, and provides insights into structure-function aspects of polyphenols in controlling starch digestion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbin Lim
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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37
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Sun L, Miao M. Dietary polyphenols modulate starch digestion and glycaemic level: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:541-555. [PMID: 30799629 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1544883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols, as one group of secondary metabolite, are widely distributed in plants and have been reported to show various bioactivities in recent year. Starch digestion not only is related with food industrial applications such as brewing but also plays an important role in postprandial blood glucose level, and therefore insulin resistance. Many studies have shown that dietary phenolic extracts and pure polyphenols can retard starch digestion in vitro, and the retarding effect depends on the phenolic composition and molecular structure. Besides, dietary polyphenols have also been reported to alleviate elevation of blood glucose level after meal, indicating the inhibition of starch digestion in vivo. This review aims to analyze how dietary polyphenols affect starch digestion both in vitro and in vivo. We can conclude that the retarded starch digestion in vitro by polyphenols results from inhibition of key digestive enzymes, including α-amylase and α-glucosidase, as well as from interactions between polyphenols and starch. The alleviation of postprandial hyperglycemia by polyphenols might be caused by both the inhibited starch digestion in vivo and the influenced glucose transport. Therefore, phenolic extracts or pure polyphenols may be alternatives for preventing and treating type II diabetes disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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38
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Lim J, Kim DK, Shin H, Hamaker BR, Lee BH. Different inhibition properties of catechins on the individual subunits of mucosal α-glucosidases as measured by partially-purified rat intestinal extract. Food Funct 2019; 10:4407-4413. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00990f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal α-glucosidases from rat intestinal powder were employed, with a step to remove α-amylase, to measure the possibility of different inhibition of catechins, particularly those found in tea, on the four α-glucosidase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbin Lim
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science
- Purdue University
- USA
| | - Do Kyoung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology
- College of BioNano Technology
- Gachon University
- Seongnam 13120
- South Korea
| | - Hansol Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology
- College of BioNano Technology
- Gachon University
- Seongnam 13120
- South Korea
| | - Bruce R. Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science
- Purdue University
- USA
| | - Byung-Hoo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology
- College of BioNano Technology
- Gachon University
- Seongnam 13120
- South Korea
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39
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Li M, George J, Hunter S, Hamaker B, Mattes R, Ferruzzi MG. Potato product form impacts in vitro starch digestibility and glucose transport but only modestly impacts 24 h blood glucose response in humans. Food Funct 2019; 10:1846-1855. [PMID: 30942789 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02530d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Potatoes are rich in phenolic compounds which have been reported to impact starch digestion and intestinal glucose transport in model systems through phenolic–starch interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Plants for Human Health Institute
- North Carolina State University
- Kannapolis
- USA
| | - Judy George
- Department of Nutrition Science
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Stephanie Hunter
- Department of Nutrition Science
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Bruce Hamaker
- Department of Food Science
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Richard Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Mario G. Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute
- North Carolina State University
- Kannapolis
- USA
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40
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Pico J, Corbin S, Ferruzzi MG, Martinez MM. Banana flour phenolics inhibit trans-epithelial glucose transport from wheat cakes in a coupled in vitrodigestion/Caco-2 cell intestinal model. Food Funct 2019; 10:6300-6311. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01679a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
A 10% replacement of wheat flour with banana flour subjected to different processing conditions resulted in from 45.0 to 54.5% higher glucose transport inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Pico
- School of Engineering
- University of Guelph
- Guelph
- Canada
| | - Sydney Corbin
- Plants for Human Health Institute
- Department of Food
- Bioprocessing and Nutrition Science
- North Carolina State University
- Kannapolis
| | - Mario G. Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute
- Department of Food
- Bioprocessing and Nutrition Science
- North Carolina State University
- Kannapolis
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41
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Gangoiti J, Corwin SF, Lamothe LM, Vafiadi C, Hamaker BR, Dijkhuizen L. Synthesis of novel α-glucans with potential health benefits through controlled glucose release in the human gastrointestinal tract. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 60:123-146. [PMID: 30525940 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1516621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The glycemic carbohydrates we consume are currently viewed in an unfavorable light in both the consumer and medical research worlds. In significant part, these carbohydrates, mainly starch and sucrose, are looked upon negatively due to their rapid and abrupt glucose delivery to the body which causes a high glycemic response. However, dietary carbohydrates which are digested and release glucose in a slow manner are recognized as providing health benefits. Slow digestion of glycemic carbohydrates can be caused by several factors, including food matrix effect which impedes α-amylase access to substrate, or partial inhibition by plant secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds. Differences in digestion rate of these carbohydrates may also be due to their specific structures (e.g. variations in degree of branching and/or glycosidic linkages present). In recent years, much has been learned about the synthesis and digestion kinetics of novel α-glucans (i.e. small oligosaccharides or larger polysaccharides based on glucose units linked in different positions by α-bonds). It is the synthesis and digestion of such structures that is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gangoiti
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah F Corwin
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lisa M Lamothe
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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42
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Sakayanathan P, Loganathan C, Iruthayaraj A, Periyasamy P, Poomani K, Periasamy V, Thayumanavan P. Biological interaction of newly synthesized astaxanthin-s-allyl cysteine biconjugate with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian α-glucosidase: In vitro kinetics and in silico docking analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:252-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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43
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González-Montoya M, Hernández-Ledesma B, Mora-Escobedo R, Martínez-Villaluenga C. Bioactive Peptides from Germinated Soybean with Anti-Diabetic Potential by Inhibition of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV, α-Amylase, and α-Glucosidase Enzymes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2883. [PMID: 30249015 PMCID: PMC6213256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional foods containing peptides offer the possibility to modulate the absorption of sugars and insulin levels to prevent diabetes. This study investigates the potential of germinated soybean peptides to modulate postprandial glycaemic response through inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), salivary α-amylase, and intestinal α-glucosidases. A protein isolate from soybean sprouts was digested by pepsin and pancreatin. Protein digest and peptide fractions obtained by ultrafiltration (<5, 5⁻10 and >10 kDa) and subsequent semipreparative reverse phase liquid chromatography (F1, F2, F3, and F4) were screened for in vitro inhibition of DPP-IV, α-amylase, maltase, and sucrase activities. Protein digest inhibited DPP-IV (IC50 = 1.49 mg/mL), α-amylase (IC50 = 1.70 mg/mL), maltase, and sucrase activities of α-glucosidases (IC50 = 3.73 and 2.90 mg/mL, respectively). Peptides of 5⁻10 and >10 kDa were more effective at inhibiting DPP-IV (IC50 = 0.91 and 1.18 mg/mL, respectively), while peptides of 5⁻10 and <5 kDa showed a higher potency to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidases. Peptides in F1, F2, and F3 were mainly fragments from β-conglycinin, glycinin, and P34 thiol protease. The analysis of structural features of peptides in F1⁻F3 allowed the tentative identification of potential antidiabetic peptides. Germinated soybean protein showed a promising potential to be used as a nutraceutical or functional ingredient for diabetes prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela González-Montoya
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Campus Zacatenco, Unidad Profesional "Adolfo López Mateos", Calle Wilfrido Massieu esquina Cda. Manuel Stampa. C.P, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Blanca Hernández-Ledesma
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosalva Mora-Escobedo
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Campus Zacatenco, Unidad Profesional "Adolfo López Mateos", Calle Wilfrido Massieu esquina Cda. Manuel Stampa. C.P, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
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44
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Effect of Tea/Tea Extracts on α‐Glucan Hydrolysis by Enzymes In Vitro and In Vivo − With Parallel Impacts on Health. STARCH-STARKE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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45
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Individual contributions of Savinase and Lactobacillus plantarum to lentil functionalization during alkaline pH-controlled fermentation. Food Chem 2018; 257:341-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Abstract
Starch is the major source of dietary glucose for rapid development of children. Starches from various crops naturally differ in molecular structures and properties. Cooking, processing, and storage may change their molecular properties and affect their digestibility and functionality. Starch digestion is affected by its susceptibility to α-amylase and α-glucosidase (maltase), and the susceptibility is determined by starch granule architecture and glucan structures, as well as the interaction between starch and other food components. Starch is given as a complementary feeding to young children in many cultures, and starch or modified starch, is used in special formulae of infant foods or supplements. Although indigestible starch does not provide much energy, it can benefit colonic health.
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47
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Li M, Pernell C, Ferruzzi MG. Complexation with phenolic acids affect rheological properties and digestibility of potato starch and maize amylopectin. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Zhang G, Hamaker BR. The nutritional property of endosperm starch and its contribution to the health benefits of whole grain foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3807-3817. [PMID: 26852626 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1130685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Purported health benefits of whole grain foods in lowering risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer are supported by epidemiological studies and scientific researches. Bioactive components including dietary fibers, phytochemicals, and various micronutrients present in the bran and germ are commonly considered as the basis for such benefits. Endosperm starch, as the major constituent of whole grains providing glucose to the body, has been less investigated regarding its nutritional property and contribution to the value of whole grain foods. Nutritional quality of starch is associated with its rate of digestion and glucose absorption. In whole grain foods, starch digestion and glucose delivery may vary depending on the form in which the food is delivered, some with starch being rapidly and others slowly digested. Furthermore, there are other inherent factors in whole grain products, such as phenolic compounds and dietary fibers, that may moderate glycemic profiles. A good understanding of the nutritional properties of whole grain starch is important to the development of food processing technologies to maximize their health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genyi Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- b Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana , USA
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49
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Evaluation of diphenhydramine in talc induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in Wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:652-655. [PMID: 29101809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of diphenhydramine in talc induced type 2 diabetes mellitus was done in Wistar rats. Oral administration of Talc (10mg/kg)carried out for 21days increased the levels of serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum creatinine, blood glucose, urea, uric acid and triglycerides (TGs), but when the animals were treated with diphenhydramine (DPH), the levels of the aforementioned biochemical parameters decreased significantly (p<0.0001). The level of serum cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) was found to be reduced in Diabetes Mellitus (DM) control and when it was treated with DPH control animals, these makers increased significantly. The study done on DM and Diphenhydramine suggests that Talc increases the blood glucose level at a dose of 10mg/kg (0.14gm) and Diphenhydramine (1mg/kg)reduces the increased blood glucose level. These finding simply that diphenhydramine may be useful in the management of talc induced diabetes.
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50
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Pyner A, Nyambe-Silavwe H, Williamson G. Inhibition of Human and Rat Sucrase and Maltase Activities To Assess Antiglycemic Potential: Optimization of the Assay Using Acarbose and Polyphenols. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8643-8651. [PMID: 28914528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We optimized the assays used to measure inhibition of rat and human α-glucosidases (sucrase and maltase activities), intestinal enzymes which catalyze the final steps of carbohydrate digestion. Cell-free extracts from fully differentiated intestinal Caco-2/TC7 monolayers were shown to be a suitable source of sucrase-isomaltase, with the same sequence as human small intestine, and were compared to a rat intestinal extract. The kinetic conditions of the assay were optimized, including comparison of enzymatic and chromatographic methods to detect the monosaccharide products. Human sucrase activity was more susceptible than the rat enzyme to inhibition by acarbose (IC50 (concentration required for 50% inhibition) = 2.5 ± 0.5 and 12.3 ± 0.6 μM, respectively), by a polyphenol-rich green tea extract, and by pure (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (IC50 = 657 ± 150 and 950 ± 86 μM respectively). In contrast, the reverse was observed when assessing maltase activity (e.g. , EGCG IC50 = 677 ± 241 and 14.0 ± 2.0 μM for human and rat maltase, respectively). 5-Caffeoylquinic acid did not significantly inhibit maltase and was only a very weak inhibitor of sucrase. The data show that for sucrase and maltase activities, inhibition patterns of rat and human enzymes are generally qualitatively similar but can be quantitatively different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Pyner
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, Yorkshire LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Hilda Nyambe-Silavwe
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, Yorkshire LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Gary Williamson
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, Yorkshire LS2 9JT, U.K
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