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Chan-in P, Jamjod S, Prom-u-thai C, Rerkasem B, Russell J, Pusadee T. Application of Silicon Influencing Grain Yield and Some Grain Quality Features in Thai Fragrant Rice. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1336. [PMID: 38794407 PMCID: PMC11125221 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is a beneficial nutrient that has been shown to increase rice productivity and grain quality. Fragrant rice occupies the high end of the rice market with prices at twice to more than three times those of non-fragrant rice. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of increasing Si on the yield and quality of fragrant rice. Also measured were the content of proline and the expression of the genes associated with 2AP synthesis and Si transport. The fragrant rice varieties were found to differ markedly in the effect of Si on their quality, as measured by the grain 2AP concentration, while there were only slight differences in their yield response to Si. The varieties with low 2AP when the Si supply is limited are represented by either PTT1 or BNM4 with only slight increases in 2AP when Si was increased. Si affects the gene expression levels of the genes associated with 2AP synthesis, and the accumulation of 2AP in fragrant rice mainly occurred through the upregulation of Badh2, DAO, OAT, ProDH, and P5CS genes. The findings suggest that Si is a potential micronutrient that can be utilized for improving 2AP and grain yield in further aromatic rice breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phukjira Chan-in
- Plant Genetic Resource and Nutrition Lab (CMUPNLab), Division of Agronomy, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.C.-i.); (S.J.); (C.P.-u.-t.)
| | - Sansanee Jamjod
- Plant Genetic Resource and Nutrition Lab (CMUPNLab), Division of Agronomy, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.C.-i.); (S.J.); (C.P.-u.-t.)
- Lanna Rice Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Chanakan Prom-u-thai
- Plant Genetic Resource and Nutrition Lab (CMUPNLab), Division of Agronomy, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.C.-i.); (S.J.); (C.P.-u.-t.)
- Lanna Rice Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Benjavan Rerkasem
- Lanna Rice Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Joanne Russell
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD25DA, UK;
| | - Tonapha Pusadee
- Plant Genetic Resource and Nutrition Lab (CMUPNLab), Division of Agronomy, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.C.-i.); (S.J.); (C.P.-u.-t.)
- Lanna Rice Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Agrobiodiversity in Highland and Sustainable Utilization Research Group, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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2
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Luo H, Zhang Q, Lai R, Zhang S, Yi W, Tang X. Regulation of 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline Content in Fragrant Rice under Different Temperatures at the Grain-Filling Stage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10521-10530. [PMID: 38656141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) is a key volatile organic compound in fragrant rice aroma. However, the effects of temperature on 2-AP biosynthesis in fragrant rice and its regulation mechanism have been rarely reported. In the present study, three fragrant rice varieties were used as plant materials, and four temperature treatments during the grain-filling stage, i.e., (T1) 22/17 °C, (T2) 27/22 °C, (T3) 32/27 °C, and (T4) 37/32 °C, were adopted. The results showed that grain contents of 2-AP, proline, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) significantly (P < 0.05) increased with decreased temperature, while the lowest and highest 2-AP contents were recorded in the T4 and T1 treatments, respectively. Higher pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C) content was recorded in low-temperature treatments (T1 and T2) than in high-temperature treatments (T3 and T4). The transcript levels of genes BADH2, PRODH, and OAT significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with decreased temperature. Lower transcript levels of genes P5CR, P5CS2, DAO2, DAO4, and DAO5 were recorded in low-temperature treatments (T1 and T2) than in high-temperature treatments (T3 and T4). In conclusion, low temperature increased 2-AP content and high temperature decreased 2-AP content in fragrant rice. We deduced that temperature regulated 2-AP biosynthesis through the metabolism of proline and GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agricultural Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Aromatic Rice, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agricultural Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Aromatic Rice, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rifang Lai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agricultural Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Aromatic Rice, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Simin Zhang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wentao Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agricultural Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Aromatic Rice, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agricultural Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Aromatic Rice, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Dhondge HV, Barvkar VT, Dastager SG, Dharne MS, Rajput V, Pable AA, Henry RJ, Nadaf AB. Genome sequencing and protein modeling unraveled the 2AP biosynthesis in Bacillus cereus DB25. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 413:110600. [PMID: 38281435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is an important and major flavor aroma compound responsible for the fragrance of basmati rice, cheese, wine, and several other food products. Biosynthesis of 2AP in aromatic rice and a few other plant species is associated with a recessive Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2) gene. However, the literature is scant on the relationship between the functional BADH2 gene and 2AP biosynthesis in prokaryotic systems. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to explore the functionality of the BADH2 gene for 2AP biosynthesis in 2AP synthesizing rice rhizobacterial isolate Bacillus cereus DB25 isolated from the rhizosphere of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.). Full-length BcBADH2 sequence was obtained through whole genome sequencing (WGS) and further confirmed through traditional PCR and Sanger sequencing. Then the functionality of the BcBADH2 gene was evaluated in-silico through bioinformatics analysis and protein docking studies and further experimentally validated through enzyme assay. The sequencing and bioinformatics analysis results revealed a full-length 1485 bp BcBADH2 coding sequence without any deletion or premature stop codons. Full-length BcBADH2 was found to encode a fully functional protein of 54.08 kDa with pI of 5.22 and showed the presence of the conserved amino acids responsible for enzyme activity. The docking studies confirmed a good affinity between the protein and its substrate whereas the presence of BcBADH2 enzyme activity confirmed the functionality of BADH2 enzyme in B. cereus DB25. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that B. cereus DB25 is able to synthesize 2AP despite a functional BADH2 gene and there may be a different molecular mechanism responsible for 2AP biosynthesis in bacterial systems, unlike that found in aromatic rice and other eukaryotic plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshal V Dhondge
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Vitthal T Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411 007, India.
| | - Syed G Dastager
- NCIM Resource Center, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune 411 008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mahesh S Dharne
- NCIM Resource Center, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune 411 008, India
| | - Vinay Rajput
- NCIM Resource Center, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune 411 008, India
| | - Anupama A Pable
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Robert J Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Altafhusain B Nadaf
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411 007, India.
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Bao G, Ashraf U, Li L, Qiao J, Wang C, Zheng Y. Transcription Factor OsbZIP60-like Regulating OsP5CS1 Gene and 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) Biosynthesis in Aromatic Rice. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:49. [PMID: 38202357 PMCID: PMC10780308 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The most important volatile in determining the aroma of fragrant rice is 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP); however, the transcriptional regulation mechanism of 2-AP biosynthesis in fragrant rice is still unclear. In this study, Osp5cs1 knockout mutant lines and OsP5CS1 over-expression lines were constructed by the genetic transformation of the Indica rice cultivar, i.e., 'Zhonghua11', which knocks out OsBADH2 to produce fragrance in aromatic rice. The OsP5CS1 gene was also identified as a key gene in the 2-AP biosynthesis pathway of aromatic rice. The OsP5CS1 promoter was used as bait, and the OsbZIP60-like transcription factor was screened by yeast one-hybrid assays. The OsbZIP60-like transcription factor specifically bound to the OsP5CS1 gene. The dual luciferase reporting system found that the OsbZIP60-like transcription factor promoted the transcriptional activation of OsP5CS1. Compared with the wild type, OsP5CS1 gene expression was significantly down-regulated in the Osbzip60-like mutant and resulted in a substantial reduction in 2-AP biosynthesis. Moreover, the OsP5CS1 gene expression was significantly up-regulated in OsbZIP60-like over-expressed plants, and the 2-AP concentrations were also increased, whereas the Osbzip60-like mutants were found to be sensitive to Zn deficiency. Overall, the OsbZIP60-like transcription factor promoted the 2-AP accumulation. This study provides a theoretical basis for the transcriptional regulation mechanism of 2-AP biosynthesis and explores the function of the OsbZIP transcription factor in fragrant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gegen Bao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (L.L.); (J.Q.)
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
| | - Umair Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan;
| | - Lin Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (L.L.); (J.Q.)
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
| | - Jingxuan Qiao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (L.L.); (J.Q.)
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
| | - Chunling Wang
- College of Life Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, China;
| | - Yixiong Zheng
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
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5
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Zehra A, Dhondge HV, Barvkar VT, Singh SK, Nadaf AB. Evidence of polyamines mediated 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in aromatic rice rhizospheric fungal species Aspergillus niger. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:3073-3083. [PMID: 37702923 PMCID: PMC10689589 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere soil of aromatic rice inhabits different fungal species that produce many bioactive metabolites including 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP). The mechanism for the biosynthesis of 2AP in the fungal system is still elusive. Hence, the present study investigates the role of possible nitrogen (N) precursors such as some amino acids and polyamines as well as the enzymes involved in 2AP synthesis in the fungal species isolated from the rhizosphere of aromatic rice varieties. Three fungal isolates were found to synthesize 2AP (0.32-1.07 ppm) and maximum 2AP was synthesized by Aspergillus niger (1.07 ppm) isolated from rhizosphere of Dehradun Basmati (DB). To determine the N source for 2AP synthesis, various N sources such as proline, glutamate, ornithine putrescine, spermine, and spermidine were used in place of putrescine in the synthetic medium (Syn18). The results showed that maximum 2AP synthesis was found with putrescine (1.07 ppm) followed by spermidine (0.89 ppm) and spermine (0.84 ppm). Further, LC-QTOF-MS analysis revealed the mobilization of spermine and spermidine into the putrescine, indicating that putrescine is the key N source for 2AP synthesis. Moreover, higher enzyme activity of DAO, PAO, and ODC as well as higher content of methylglyoxal metabolite in the A. niger NFCCI 5060 as compared to A. niger NFCCI 4064 (control) suggests the prominent role of these enzymes in the synthesis of 2AP. In conclusion, this study showed evidence of the polyamines mediated 2AP biosynthesis in A. niger NFCCI 5060.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Zehra
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Harshal V Dhondge
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Vitthal T Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
| | - Sanjay K Singh
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, 411004, India
| | - Altafhusain B Nadaf
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
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Huang S, Deng Q, Zhao Y, Chen G, Geng A, Wang X. l-Glutamate Seed Priming Enhances 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline Formation in Fragrant Rice Seedlings in Response to Arsenite Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18443-18453. [PMID: 37975831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) is a fragrance compound and flavor in fragrant rice whose precursors are generally glutamate (Glu) and proline (Pro). Our previous study revealed that exogenous Glu enhanced the arsenic (As) tolerance in fragrant rice by improving the ascorbic acid-glutathione cycle and the Pro content in roots. However, less is known about how Glu is involved in 2-AP biosynthesis in fragrant rice under As stress. Herein, a hydroponic experiment of L-Glu seed priming with 0, 100, and 500 μM l-glutamic acid solutions was conducted with two fragrant rice varieties. After that, the 10-day-old seedlings were cultured under 0 and 100 μM arsenite stress for 10 d. Results showed that the 2-AP and Pro contents were increased by 18-30% and 21-78% under As100 μM-Glu100 μM treatment in comparison to the control As100 μM to Glu0 μM, while the activities of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) were increased by 19-46% and 3-19%, respectively. Furthermore, the 2-AP, Pro contents, and P5CS activity were correlated positively. Correspondingly, a significant abundance of differential expressed metabolites (18) and differential expressed genes (26) was observed in amino acid metabolism and glutathione metabolism pathways. In addition, several essential genes were verified and grouped into the pathways of glutathione metabolism, proline, and arginine metabolism with antioxidant defense system to comodulate 2-AP biosynthesis and stress detoxification. Therefore, the Glu seed priming treatment had a positive impact on the 2-AP biosynthesis of fragrant rice under 100 μM arsenite toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suihua Huang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Quanqing Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, South China Peanut Sub-Center of National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yarong Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Anjing Geng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Kumar S, Sega S, Lynn-Barbe JK, Harris DL, Koehn JT, Crans DC, Crick DC. Proline Dehydrogenase and Pyrroline 5 Carboxylate Dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Evidence for Substrate Channeling. Pathogens 2023; 12:1171. [PMID: 37764979 PMCID: PMC10537722 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, proline dehydrogenase (PruB) and ∆1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) dehydrogenase (PruA) are monofunctional enzymes that catalyze proline oxidation to glutamate via the intermediates P5C and L-glutamate-γ-semialdehyde. Both enzymes are essential for the replication of pathogenic M. tuberculosis. Highly active enzymes were expressed and purified using a Mycobacterium smegmatis expression system. The purified enzymes were characterized using natural substrates and chemically synthesized analogs. The structural requirements of the quinone electron acceptor were examined. PruB displayed activity with all tested lipoquinone analogs (naphthoquinone or benzoquinone). In PruB assays utilizing analogs of the native naphthoquinone [MK-9 (II-H2)] specificity constants Kcat/Km were an order of magnitude greater for the menaquinone analogs than the benzoquinone analogs. In addition, mycobacterial PruA was enzymatically characterized for the first time using exogenous chemically synthesized P5C. A Km value of 120 ± 0.015 µM was determined for P5C, while the Km value for NAD+ was shown to be 33 ± 4.3 µM. Furthermore, proline competitively inhibited PruA activity and coupled enzyme assays, suggesting that the recombinant purified monofunctional PruB and PruA enzymes of M. tuberculosis channel substrate likely increase metabolic flux and protect the bacterium from methylglyoxal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA; (S.K.)
| | - Steven Sega
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA; (S.K.)
| | - Jamie K. Lynn-Barbe
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA; (S.K.)
| | - Dannika L. Harris
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA; (S.K.)
| | - Jordan T. Koehn
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA;
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Chemistry Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA;
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA; (S.K.)
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8
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Wang R, Mi K, Yuan X, Chen J, Pu J, Shi X, Yang Y, Zhang H, Zhang H. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Foliar Application Effectively Enhanced Zinc and Aroma Content in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grains. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 16:36. [PMID: 37599294 PMCID: PMC10440332 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-023-00653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The search for an effective zinc fertilizer and its application method to effectively increase zinc content and enhance aroma in rice grains is a crucial objective. In this study, a 2-year field plot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of ZnO NPs foliar spraying on rice quality, grain zinc and aroma content, along with exploring the physiological mechanisms underlying these effects. Our results demonstrated that the rice breakdown value and taste value of foliar spraying zinc oxide nanoparticles were improved by 31.0-41.7% and 8.2-13.0% compared with CK (control treatment involved spraying water), improving the tasting and steaming quality of rice. While Fe and Cu content in grains decreased for the application of zinc oxide nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles foliar spraying significantly increased the zinc content and accumulation of grains by 33.6-65.1% and 37.8-74.7%, respectively. Further analysis showed that the sprayed zinc oxide nanoparticles achieved effective enrichment of zinc in edible parts and increased the final bioavailability of Zn. In addition, foliar spraying of zinc oxide nanoparticles significantly increased activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in leaves, which elevated nitrogen content in leaves and grains, and ultimately enhanced 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content in grains at maturity by 6.1-21.4% compared to CK. Our findings indicated that zinc oxide nanoparticles can be practically applied as a foliar fertilizer at the gestation for quality improvement, zinc enrichment and aroma enhancement of rice grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Kailiang Mi
- Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xijun Yuan
- Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jialing Pu
- Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xinyan Shi
- Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yanju Yang
- Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hongcheng Zhang
- Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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9
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Wang Q, Li MJ, Zhang JE, Liu ZQ, Yang K, Li HR, Luo MZ. Suitable stocking density of fish in paddy field contributes positively to 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline synthesis in grain and improves rice quality. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:5126-5137. [PMID: 37005496 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragrant rice is increasingly popular with the public owing to its fresh aroma, and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) is the main characteristic component of the aroma in fragrant rice. Rice-fish co-culture is an environmentally friendly practice in sustainable agriculture. However, the effect of rice-fish co-culture on 2-AP in grains has received little study. A conventional fragrant rice (Meixiangzhan 2) was used, and a related field experiment during three rice growing seasons was conducted to investigate the effects of rice-fish co-culture on 2-AP, as well as the rice quality, yield, plant nutrients, and precursors and enzyme activities of 2-AP biosynthesis in leaves. This study involved three fish stocking density treatments (i.e. 9000 (D1), 15 000 (D2), and 21 000 (D3) fish fries per hectare) and rice monocropping. RESULTS Rice-fish co-culture increased the 2-AP content in grains by 2.5-49.4% over that of the monocropping, with significant increases in the early and late rice seasons of 2020. Rice-fish co-culture treatments significantly promoted seed-setting rates by 3.39-7.65%, and improved leaf nutrients and rice quality. Notably, the D2 treatment significantly increased leaf total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK) contents and the head rice rate at maturity stage, while significantly decreased chalkiness degree. There was no significant difference in rice yield. CONCLUSION Rice-fish co-culture had positive effects on 2-AP synthesis, rice quality, seed-setting rates, and plant nutrient contents. The better stocking density of field fish for rice-fish co-culture in this study was 15 000 fish ha-1 . © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Juan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-En Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Qiang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Ru Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Ravikiran KT, Thribhuvan R, Sheoran S, Kumar S, Kushwaha AK, Vineeth TV, Saini M. Tailoring crops with superior product quality through genome editing: an update. PLANTA 2023; 257:86. [PMID: 36949234 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this review, using genome editing, the quality trait alterations in important crops have been discussed, along with the challenges encountered to maintain the crop products' quality. The delivery of economic produce with superior quality is as important as high yield since it dictates consumer's acceptance and end use. Improving product quality of various agricultural and horticultural crops is one of the important targets of plant breeders across the globe. Significant achievements have been made in various crops using conventional plant breeding approaches, albeit, at a slower rate. To keep pace with ever-changing consumer tastes and preferences and industry demands, such efforts must be supplemented with biotechnological tools. Fortunately, many of the quality attributes are resultant of well-understood biochemical pathways with characterized genes encoding enzymes at each step. Targeted mutagenesis and transgene transfer have been instrumental in bringing out desired qualitative changes in crops but have suffered from various pitfalls. Genome editing, a technique for methodical and site-specific modification of genes, has revolutionized trait manipulation. With the evolution of versatile and cost effective CRISPR/Cas9 system, genome editing has gained significant traction and is being applied in several crops. The availability of whole genome sequences with the advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies further enhanced the precision of these techniques. CRISPR/Cas9 system has also been utilized for desirable modifications in quality attributes of various crops such as rice, wheat, maize, barley, potato, tomato, etc. The present review summarizes salient findings and achievements of application of genome editing for improving product quality in various crops coupled with pointers for future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Ravikiran
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Thribhuvan
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, West Bengal, India
| | - Seema Sheoran
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Karnal, Haryana, India.
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Amar Kant Kushwaha
- ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - T V Vineeth
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Bharuch, Gujarat, India
- Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Manisha Saini
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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11
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Imran M, Shafiq S, Ashraf U, Qi J, Mo Z, Tang X. Biosynthesis of 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline in Fragrant Rice: Recent Insights into Agro-management, Environmental Factors, and Functional Genomics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:4201-4215. [PMID: 36880506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice is a staple food for more than half of the world's population, and rice fragrance is a key quality attribute which is highly desired by consumers and attracts premium prices in the international market. There are around 200 volatile compounds involved in rice fragrance, but 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) has been considered a master regulator of aroma in fragrant rice. Consequently, efforts were made to increase the 2-AP contents in the grain by managing agronomical practices or by using modern functional genomic tools, which successfully converted nonfragrant cultivars to fragrant rice. Furthermore, environmental factors were also reported to influence the 2-AP contents. However, a comprehensive analysis of 2-AP biosynthesis in response to agro-management practices, environmental factors, and the application of functional genomic tools for fragrant rice production was missing. In this Review, we summarize how micro/macronutrients, cultivation practices, amino acid precursors, growth regulators, and environmental factors, such as drought, salinity, light, and temperature, influence the 2-AP biosynthesis to modulate the aroma of fragrant rice. Furthermore, we also summarized the successful conversion of nonfragrant rice cultivars to fragrant rice using modern gene editing tools, such as RNAi, TALENS, and CRISPR-Cas9. Finally, we discussed and highlighted the future perspective and challenges related to the aroma of fragrant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- Yingdong College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, P. R. China
| | - Sarfraz Shafiq
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A5B8, Canada
| | - Umair Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Jianying Qi
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Zhaowen Mo
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
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12
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Wang J, Qiu Y, Zhang X, Zhou Z, Han X, Zhou Y, Qin L, Liu K, Li S, Wang W, Chen Y, Yang J, Liu L. Increasing basal nitrogen fertilizer rate improves grain yield, quality and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in rice under wheat straw returning. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1099751. [PMID: 36714775 PMCID: PMC9878184 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1099751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Straw returning plays an essential role in crop yields and the sustainable development of agriculture. However, the effects and mechanisms of nitrogen (N) fertilizer management on grain yield, quality and aroma substance 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content under wheat straw returning are still unclear. In this field experiment, two japonica rice cultivars were used as materials, wheat straw non-returning (NS) and wheat straw full returning (WS) were designed coupled with two N application ratios, namely basal fertilizer: tiller fertilizer: panicle fertilizer =5:1:4 (local farmers' fertilizer practice, LFP) and 7:1:2 (increasing basal fertilizer rate, IBF) under the total N application rate of 270 kg ha-1. The effects of the four treatment combinations (NS-LFP, NS-IBF, WS-LFP, WS-IBF) on yield, cooking and eating quality, and 2-AP content in rice were investigated. The two-year (2020, 2021) results showed that: 1) WS-IBF significantly increased the number of panicles and grains per panicle, leading to the increase in grain yield by 6.67%-12.21%, when compared with NS-LFP, NS-IBF and WS-LFP. 2) WS-IBF enhanced the taste value, peak viscosity, breakdown value, the ratio of amylopectin to amylose, and the ratio of glutelin to prolamin while reducing the setback value and amylose content of rice flour. 3) Compared with NS, WS increased the activities of proline dehydrogenase and ornithine transaminase, the synthetic precursors of 2-AP, and finally increased 2-AP content in rice grains. WS-IBF slightly decreased 2-AP content, but there was no significant difference with WS-LFP. The above results indicated that adjusting the N regime and increasing basal N fertilizer rate under wheat straw returning is conducive to improving grain yield, cooking and eating quality, and 2-AP content in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xian Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weilu Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianchang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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13
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Tian Y, Zhou Y, Gao G, Zhang Q, Li Y, Lou G, He Y. Creation of Two-Line Fragrant Glutinous Hybrid Rice by Editing the Wx and OsBADH2 Genes via the CRISPR/Cas9 System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010849. [PMID: 36614293 PMCID: PMC9820973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Global food security has benefited from the development and promotion of the two-line hybrid rice system. Excellent eating quality determines the market competitiveness of hybrid rice varieties based on achieving the fundamental requirements of high yield and good adaptability. Developing sterile and restorer lines with improved quality for two-line hybrid breeding by editing quality genes with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 is an efficient and practical alternative to the lengthy and laborious process of conventional breeding to improve rice quality. We edited Wx and OsBADH2 using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to produce both homozygous male sterile mutant lines and homozygous restorer mutant lines with Cas9-free. These mutants have a much lower amylose content while having a significantly higher 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline aroma content. Based on this, a fragrant glutinous hybrid rice was developed without too much effect on most agronomic traits. This study demonstrates the use of CRISPR/Cas9 in creating two-line fragrant glutinous hybrid rice by editing the components of the male sterile and the restorative lines.
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14
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Combined Metabolomic and Quantitative RT-PCR Analyses Revealed the Synthetic Differences of 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline in Aromatic and Non-Aromatic Vegetable Soybeans. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314529. [PMID: 36498856 PMCID: PMC9738111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aroma is an important economic trait of vegetable soybeans, which greatly influences their market value. The 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is considered as an important substance affecting the aroma of plants. Although the 2AP synthesis pathway has been resolved, the differences of the 2AP synthesis in the aromatic and non-aromatic vegetable soybeans are unknown. In this study, a broad targeted metabolome analysis including measurement of metabolites levels and gene expression levels was performed to reveal pathways of aroma formation in the two developmental stages of vegetable soybean grains [35 (S5) and 40 (S6) days after anthesis] of the 'Zhexian No. 8' (ZX8, non-aromatic) and ZK1754 (aromatic). The results showed that the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) of the two varieties can be classified into nine main categories including flavonoids, lipids, amino acids and derivatives, saccharides and alcohols, organic acids, nucleotides and derivatives, phenolic acids, alkaloids and vitamin, which mainly contributed to their phenotypic differences. Furthermore, in combination with the 2AP synthesis pathway, the differences of amino acids and derivatives were mainly involved in the 2AP synthesis. Furthermore, 2AP precursors' analysis revealed that the accumulation of 2AP mainly occurred from 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), not 4-aminobutyraldehyde (GABald). The quantitative RT-PCR showed that the associated synthetic genes were 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH), ∆1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR), which further verified the synthetic pathway of 2AP. Furthermore, the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (GmBADH2) mutant was not only vital for the occurrence of 2AP, but also for the synthesis of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in vegetable soybean. Therefore, the differences of 2AP accumulation in aromatic and non-aromatic vegetable soybeans have been revealed, and it also provides an important theoretical basis for aromatic vegetable soybean breeding.
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15
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Bao G, Huang S, Ashraf U, Qiao J, Zheng A, Zhou Q, Li L, Wan X. Insights of Improved Aroma under Additional Nitrogen Application at Booting Stage in Fragrant Rice. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2092. [PMID: 36421767 PMCID: PMC9691032 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant mineral nutrition substantially affects the growth, yield and quality of rice, whereas nitrogen (N) application contributes significantly in this regard. Undoubtedly, N application improves rice aroma biosynthesis; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) biosynthesis in the presence of nitrogen application at the booting stage has remained largely unexplored. The present study examined the effects of three N levels, i.e., 0 g per pot (N0), 0.43 g per pot (N1) and 0.86 g per pot (N2) on intermediates, enzymes and genes involved in 2-AP biosynthesis, as well as on the yield of two fragrant rice cultivars viz, Meixiangzhan2 and Xiangyaxiangzhan. N was additionally applied at the booting stage. The results depicted that the levels of precursor, such as proline, and the activity of enzymes involved in 2-AP biosynthesis, such as Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and diamine oxidase (DAO), and P5CS1 gene expression were comparatively higher under N1 than N0 in both fragrant rice cultivars. Moreover, the N2 treatment increased the grain panicle-1, filled grain percentage and grain yield of both rice cultivars, while the grain yield of Meixiangzhan2 and Xiangyaxiangzhan was increased by 15.87% and 12.09%, respectively, under N2 compared to N1 treatment. Hence, 0.43 g per pot of N showed positive performances in yield and aroma accumulation in fragrant rice and should be further employed in the practice and production for better cultivation in the rice market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gegen Bao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Innovative Institute for Modern Seed Industry, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Suihua Huang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Umair Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Jingxuan Qiao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Innovative Institute for Modern Seed Industry, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Axiang Zheng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Innovative Institute for Modern Seed Industry, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Innovative Institute for Modern Seed Industry, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xiaorong Wan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Innovative Institute for Modern Seed Industry, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
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Ashraf U, Hussain S, Naveed Shahid M, Anjum SA, Kondo M, Mo Z, Tang X. Alternate wetting and drying modulated physio-biochemical attributes, grain yield, quality, and aroma volatile in fragrant rice. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13833. [PMID: 36437744 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) has been recognized as a water-saving technology in rice production systems; however, pre- and post-flowering AWD could induce changes in yield, quality and aroma biosynthesis in fragrant rice. In the present study, two fragrant rice cultivars (Guixiangzhan and Nongxiang-18) were subjected to AWD till soil water potential reached -25 to -30 kPa during vegetative stage (VS), reproductive stage (RS), and both stages (VS + RS). The AWD did not affect net photosynthesis and gas exchange significantly, while malondialdehyde (MDA), H2 O2 and electrolyte leakage (EL) were higher than in control plants. The AWD treatments variably affected soluble sugars, proline and protein accumulation as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents. Moreover, filled grain percentage and 1000-grain weight in AWD treatments were found to be statistically similar (p > 0.05) to control, except grains panicle-1 under AWD-VS + RS that was reduced by 11% and 14% for Guixiangzhan and Nongxiang-18, respectively. On average, yield and related attributes in Guixiangzhan remained higher than in Nongxiang-18. In addition, the grain aroma volatile (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, 2-AP) content increased by 8.79%, 14.45%, and 6.87% and 7.95%, 14.02%, and 5.04% under AWD-VS, AWD-RS, and AWD-VS + RS treatments, for Guixiangzhan and Nongxiang-18, respectively. Overall, AWD treatments, either at VS or RS, could promote rice aroma in terms of accumulation of 2AP, which might be linked with enhanced endogenous proline contents (a precursor for 2AP biosynthesis) without any severe consequences on rice yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Saddam Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed Shahid
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Motohiko Kondo
- Department of Plant Production Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Zhaowen Mo
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Imran M, Shafiq S, Ilahi S, Ghahramani A, Bao G, Dessoky ES, Widemann E, Pan S, Mo Z, Tang X. Post-transcriptional regulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) biosynthesis pathway, silicon, and heavy metal transporters in response to Zn in fragrant rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:948884. [PMID: 36061781 PMCID: PMC9428631 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.948884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fragrant rice (Oryza sativa L.) has a high economic and nutritional value, and the application of micronutrients regulates 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) production, which is responsible for aroma in fragrant rice. Alternative splicing (AS) is an important post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism to generate transcript variability and proteome diversity in plants. However, no systematic investigation of AS events in response to micronutrients (Zn) has been performed in fragrant rice. Furthermore, the post-transcriptional regulation of genes involved in 2-AP biosynthesis is also not known. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of AS events under two gradients of Zn treatment in two different fragrant rice cultivars (Meixiangzhan-2 and Xiangyaxiangzhan) was performed based on RNA-seq analysis. A total of 386 and 598 significant AS events were found in Meixiangzhan-2 treated with low and high doses of Zn, respectively. In Xiangyaxiangzhan, a total of 449 and 598 significant AS events were found in low and high doses of Zn, respectively. Go analysis indicated that these genes were highly enriched in physiological processes, metabolism, and cellular processes in both cultivars. However, genotype and dose-dependent AS events were also detected in both cultivars. By comparing differential AS (DAS) events with differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we found a weak overlap among DAS and DEGs in both fragrant rice cultivars indicating that only a few genes are post-transcriptionally regulated in response to Zn treatment. We further report that Zn differentially regulates the expression of 2-AP biosynthesis-related genes in both cultivars and Zn treatment altered the editing frequency of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in the genes involved in 2-AP biosynthesis. Finally, we showed that epigenetic modifications associated with active gene transcription are generally enriched over 2-AP biosynthesis-related genes. Similar to the 2-AP pathway, we found that heavy metal transporters (genes related to silicon, iron, Zn and other metal transport) are also regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in response to Zn in fragrant rice. Taken together, our results provide evidence of the post-transcriptional gene regulation in fragrant rice in response to Zn treatment and highlight that the 2-AP biosynthesis pathway and heavy metal transporters may also be regulated through epigenetic modifications. These findings will serve as a cornerstone for further investigation to understand the molecular mechanisms of 2-AP biosynthesis and regulation of heavy metal transporters in fragrant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sarfraz Shafiq
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sara Ilahi
- Department of Economics, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Alireza Ghahramani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gegen Bao
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eldessoky S. Dessoky
- Department of Plant Genetic Transformation, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Emilie Widemann
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Shenggang Pan
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaowen Mo
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Borisova MA, Ryabukhin DS, Ivanov AY, Boyarskaya IA, Shabalin DA, Zelenkov LE, Sсhmidt EY, Trofimov BA, Vasilyev AV. Transformations of 5‐Hydroxy‐1‐pyrrolines in Strong Brønsted Acids: Experimental and Theoretical Study of Intermediate Cationic Species. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Borisova
- Saint Petersburg State Forest Engineering University named after S M Kirov: Sankt-Peterburgskij gosudarstvennyj lesotehniceskij universitet imeni S M Kirova chemistry RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Dmitry S. Ryabukhin
- Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University named after S M Kirov: Sankt-Peterburgskij gosudarstvennyj lesotehniceskij universitet imeni S M Kirova chemistry RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Alexander Yu. Ivanov
- Saint Petersburg State University: Sankt-peterburgskij gosudarstvennyj universitet organic chemstry RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Irina A. Boyarskaya
- Saint Petersburg State University: Sankt-peterburgskij gosudarstvennyj universitet organic chemstry RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Dmitrii A. Shabalin
- AE Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry SB RAS: Irkutskij institut himii imeni A E Favorskogo SO RAN chemistry RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Lev E. Zelenkov
- ITMO University: Nacional'nyj issledovatel'skij universitet ITMO school of physics and engineering RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Elena Yu. Sсhmidt
- AE Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry SB RAS: Irkutskij institut himii imeni A E Favorskogo SO RAN chemistry RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Boris A. Trofimov
- AE Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry SB RAS: Irkutskij institut himii imeni A E Favorskogo SO RAN chemistry RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Aleksander Viktorovich Vasilyev
- Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical University Department of Organic Chemistry Institutsky per. 5 194021 Saint-petersburg RUSSIAN FEDERATION
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19
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Imran M, Liu Y, Shafiq S, Abbas F, Ilahi S, Rehman N, Ahmar S, Fiaz S, Baran N, Pan S, Mo Z, Tang X. Transcriptional cascades in the regulation of 2-AP biosynthesis under Zn supply in fragrant rice. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13721. [PMID: 35598224 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression to control certain genetic programs, such as growth and development, phytohormone regulation, and environmental stresses. 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) is the key element involved in aroma biosynthesis pathway, and the application of micronutrients can increase the 2-AP levels. However, little is known about the micronutrient-induced TFs involved in 2-AP biosynthesis. Here, we identify a number of TF families in two fragrant rice varieties, "Meixiangzhan-2" (M) and "Xiangyaxiangzhan" (X), in response to Zinc (Zn) application through transcriptomic analysis. A total of ~678 TFs were identified and grouped into 26 TF families, each of which was found to be involved in numerous signaling pathways. The WRKY TF family was found to be the most abundant, followed by bHLH and MYB. Furthermore, members of the WRKY, bHLH, MYB, ERF, HSF, MADS-box, NFY, and AP2 TF families were significantly upregulated and may be involved in the transcriptional regulation of aroma biosynthesis. In brief, this study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanism of 2-AP biosynthesis and highlights the key TFs potentially involved in the production of aroma in fragrant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sarfraz Shafiq
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farhat Abbas
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sara Ilahi
- Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Naveed Rehman
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sunny Ahmar
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sajid Fiaz
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Nurettin Baran
- Bitkisel Uretim ve Teknolojileri Bolumu, Uygulamali Bilimler Faku Itesi, Mus Alparslan Universitesi, Mus, Turkey
| | - Shenggang Pan
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaowen Mo
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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20
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Renuka N, Barvkar VT, Ansari Z, Zhao C, Wang C, Zhang Y, Nadaf AB. Co-functioning of 2AP precursor amino acids enhances 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline under salt stress in aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3911. [PMID: 35273240 PMCID: PMC8913698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic rice (Oryza sativa) fetches a premium price due to the pleasant aroma. The major aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) has been found to be enhanced under stress. This condition can be considered to study the genes, precursors, enzymes, and metabolites involved in elevated levels of 2AP biosynthesis. In the present study, 100 mM salt treatment was given to two aromatic rice cultivars Ambemohar-157 (A-157) and Basmati-370 (B-370) at the vegetative stage (VS3). After salt treatment, in the leaves, 2AP contents were elevated by 2.2 and 1.8 fold in A-157 and B-370, respectively. Under these elevated 2AP conditions, the precursor amino acids (glutamate, putrescine, ornithine, and proline), their related genes, enzymes, and metabolites (methylglyoxal and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) related to 2AP biosynthesis were analyzed. In addition, agronomic characters were also studied. It was observed that the proline content was enhanced in both the cultivars by 29% (A-157) and 40% (B-370) as compared to control. The Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) enzyme activity was increased in salt-treated plants leaf tissue by 31% (A-157) and 40% (B-370) compared to control. The P5CS gene expression was enhanced by A-157 (1.8 fold) and B-370 (2.2 fold) compared to control, putrescine content in A-157 and B-370 decreased by 2.5 and 2.7 fold respectively as compared to control. The ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was enhanced in A-157 (12%) and B-370 (35%) over control. Further, ODC gene expression was enhanced in both the cultivars A-157 (1.5 fold) and B-370 (1.3 fold). The diamino oxidase (DAO) enzyme activity was increased by 28% (A-157) and 35% (B-370) respectively over control. The GABA content marginally increased over control in both the cultivars namely, A-157 (1.9%) and B-370 (9.5%). The methylglyoxal levels were enhanced by 1.4 fold in A-157 and 1.6 fold in B-370. Interestingly, the enhancement in 2AP in the vegetative stage also helped to accumulate it in mature grains (twofold in A-157 and 1.5 fold in B-370) without test weight penalty. The study indicated that the ornithine and proline together along with methylglyoxal contribute towards the enhancement of 2AP under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Renuka
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vitthal T Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Zahid Ansari
- The University Polytechnic, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Chunfang Zhao
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Rice Engineering Research Centre, National Centre for Rice Improvement (Nanjing), Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Cailin Wang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Rice Engineering Research Centre, National Centre for Rice Improvement (Nanjing), Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Rice Engineering Research Centre, National Centre for Rice Improvement (Nanjing), Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Altafhusain B Nadaf
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India.
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21
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Ghosh UK, Islam MN, Siddiqui MN, Cao X, Khan MAR. Proline, a multifaceted signalling molecule in plant responses to abiotic stress: understanding the physiological mechanisms. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:227-239. [PMID: 34796604 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses have a detrimental impact on plant growth and productivity and are a major threat to sustainable crop production in rapidly changing environments. Proline, an important amino acid, plays an important role in maintaining the metabolism and growth of plants under abiotic stress conditions. Many insights indicate a positive relationship between proline accumulation and tolerance of plants to various abiotic stresses. Because of its metal chelator properties, it acts as a molecular chaperone, an antioxidative defence molecule that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as having signalling behaviour to activate specific gene functions that are crucial for plant recovery from stresses. It also acts as an osmoprotectant, a potential source to acquire nitrogen as well as carbon, and plays a significant role in the flowering and development of plants. Overproduction of proline in plant cells contributes to maintaining cellular homeostasis, water uptake, osmotic adjustment and redox balance to restore the cell structures and mitigate oxidative damage. Many reports reveal that transgenic plants, particularly those overexpressing genes tailored for proline accumulation, exhibit better adaptation to abiotic stresses. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive update on proline biosynthesis and accumulation in plants and its putative regulatory roles in mediating plant defence against abiotic stresses. Additionally, the current and future directions in research concerning manipulation of proline to induce gene functions that appear promising in genetics and genomics approaches to improve plant adaptive responses under changing climate conditions are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- U K Ghosh
- Department of Agronomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - M N Islam
- Department of Agro-Processing, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - M N Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)-Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - X Cao
- School of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, China
| | - M A R Khan
- Department of Agronomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
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22
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Bao G, Ashraf U, Wan X, Zhou Q, Li S, Wang C, He L, Tang X. Transcriptomic Analysis Provides Insights into Foliar Zinc Application Induced Upregulation in 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline and Related Transcriptional Regulatory Mechanism in Fragrant Rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11350-11360. [PMID: 34528806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of zinc (Zn) in terms of aroma formation has been rarely investigated. This study shows that the regulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) biosynthesis was evaluated in two different rice cultivars under foliar Zn application. The results showed that the 2AP and Zn contents in leaves and grains were improved substantially under foliar Zn application. The 2AP content was positively related to the expression P5CS2 gene, contents of proline, 1-pyrroline, and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), and the activity of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) under Zn application in fragrant rice. Multiple transcription factors (TFs) were differently expressed, such as bZIPs, NACs, and MYBs, to play a role under Zn treatments in fragrant rice, suggesting the crucial role of 46 differently expressed TFs in 2AP improvements in fragrant rice. Furthermore, this study showed that the optimal foliar Zn application at a concentration of 30 mg L-1 could increase the 2AP content of aromatic rice and keep the yield stable or increase the yield. TFs were involved in regulating to promote the 2AP formation in aromatic rice under the foliar Zn application. However, the relationship between 2AP biosynthesis pathway genes and TFs in fragrant rice remains to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gegen Bao
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, P. R. China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Umair Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Xiaorong Wan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, P. R. China
| | - Shengyu Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, P. R. China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Longxin He
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
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23
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Potcho PM, Okpala NE, Korohou T, Imran M, Kamara N, Zhang J, Aloryi KD, Tang X. Nitrogen sources affected the biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, cooked rice elongation and amylose content in rice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254182. [PMID: 34264963 PMCID: PMC8282057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have been carried out on N sources effect on fragrant rice; however, their impact on rice grain quality is largely unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of different types of N sources on rice growth, yield, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP), amylose and cooked rice elongation. Two indica rice cultivars, Basmati 385 (B385), Xiangyaxiangzhan (XYXZ) and two japonica cultivars, Yunjingyou (YJY), Daohuaxiang (DHX) were grown in experimental pots with six replications under four N sources: Potassium nitrate (KNO3), ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), urea (H2NCONH2) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3) in 2019 and 2020 early seasons. Our results showed that N dynamics regulated the number of panicles, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, amylose and cooked rice elongation across all the four treatments. The NH4HCO3 treatment significantly increased the number of panicles and grain yield across the four rice varieties compared with KNO3, H2NCONH2 and NaNO3 N sources in both 2019 and 2020 early season, The KNO3 treatment significantly showed higher 1000-grain weight in B-385, YJY, XYXZ and DHX compared to other N sources. Compared with other N sources treatment, the NH4HCO3 treatments significantly increased the 2AP contents in heading stage leaves, matured leaves and grains of B-385, YJY, XYXZ and DHX respectively. Cooked rice elongation percentage also showed significant difference in all treatments studied with KNO3 recorded the highest across the four varieties. Analysis of major enzymes and compounds such as P5C, P5CS, PDH, Pyrroline, proline and Methylglyoxal showed remarkable differences in each cultivar at heading and maturity stages with higher activity in NH4HCO3 and H2NCONH2 treatments. Similarly, in all treatments, we also observed significant increase in amylose content percentage, with NH4HCO3 having greater percentage of amylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouwedeou Mouloumdema Potcho
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nnaemeka Emmanuel Okpala
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tchalla Korohou
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Equipment of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nabieu Kamara
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute (SLARI), Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Jisheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kelvin Dodzi Aloryi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Bhatt V, Barvkar VT, Furtado A, Henry RJ, Nadaf A. Fragrance in Pandanus amaryllifoliusRoxb. Despite the Presence of a Betaine Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136968. [PMID: 34203477 PMCID: PMC8269274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. accumulates the highest concentration of the major basmati aroma volatile 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) in the plant kingdom. The expression of 2AP is correlated with the presence of a nonfunctional betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2(BADH2) in aromatic rice and other plant species. In the present study, a full-length BADH2 sequence was reconstructed from the transcriptome data of leaf tissue from P. amaryllifolius seedlings. Based on this sequence, a 1509 bp coding sequence was defined that encoded a 54 kD PaBADH2 protein. This revealed the presence of a full-length BADH2 protein in P. amaryllifolius. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR analysis, combined with BADH2 enzyme activity, confirmed the expression and functionality of the PaBADH2 protein. To understand the apparent structural variation, docking analysis was carried out in which protein showed a good affinity with both betaine aldehyde (BAD) and γ-aminobutyraldehyde (GAB-ald) as substrates. Overall, the analysis showed the presence of a functional BADH2, along with substantial 2AP synthesis (4.38 ppm). Therefore, we conclude that unlike all other plants studied to date, 2AP biosynthesis in P. amaryllifolius is not due to the inactivation of BADH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vacha Bhatt
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; (V.B.); (V.T.B.)
| | - Vitthal T. Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; (V.B.); (V.T.B.)
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.F.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Robert J. Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.F.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Altafhusain Nadaf
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; (V.B.); (V.T.B.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Bidusenko IA, Schmidt EY, Ushakov IA, Vashchenko AV, Trofimov BA. Base-Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of N-Benzyl Ketimines to Arylacetylenes Followed by Oxidation: A One-Pot Access to Polyarylated 2 H-Pyrroles via Intermediate Pyrrolines. Org Lett 2021; 23:4121-4126. [PMID: 34018747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-Benzyl ketimines undergo [3 + 2] cycloaddition with arylacetylenes in the KOBut/DMSO solution to 2,3,5-triarylpyrrolines, which are oxidized (chloranil, DDQ) in situ to 2,3,5-triaryl-2H-pyrroles in 53-71% yields. The intermediate 1-pyrrolines can be isolated in 31-91% yields and separately oxidized to the corresponding 2H-pyrroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Bidusenko
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Elena Yu Schmidt
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Igor A Ushakov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Vashchenko
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Boris A Trofimov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
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26
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Xie W, Li Y, Li Y, Ma L, Ashraf U, Tang X, Pan S, Tian H, Mo Z. Application of γ-aminobutyric acid under low light conditions: Effects on yield, aroma, element status, and physiological attributes of fragrant rice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 213:111941. [PMID: 33567358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cloudy weather with low light is more common during rice growing season of South China which often leads reduced yield and aroma formations in fragrant rice. However, exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) application could enhance the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) accumulations and yield of fragrant rice under low light conditions. Field and pot experiments were conducted with three fragrant rice cultivars i.e., Basmati and Yuxiangyouzhan (indica), and Yungengyou 14 (japonica) that were grown under three different treatments i.e., normal light + GABA 0 mg L-1 (CK), low light + GABA 0 mg L-1 (T1), and low light + GABA 250 mg L-1 (T2). The results revealed that the grain 2AP contents were increased by 14.67-34.83% and up to 29.34% under T1 and T2 treatments in pot and field experiments, respectively, as compared with CK. The T1 and T2 treatments improved aroma owing to regulation in the accumulation of micronutrients i.e., Na, Mn, and Fe and enzyme activities involved in 2AP biosynthesis. The grain yield was substantially reduced in T1 as compared with T2 treatment for all rice cultivars. On the other hand, GABA application improved the grain yield under low light conditions by regulating the plant growth, and related physiological and biochemical attributes in all rice cultivars. Thus, GABA could balance low light-induced 2AP content and grain yield by modulating morphological and yield related attributes as well as physio-biochemical responses of fragrant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yanhong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Agro-innovative Demonstration Base Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuzhan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lin Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Umair Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Xiangru Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Fragrant Rice, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Shenggang Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Fragrant Rice, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Hua Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Fragrant Rice, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Zhaowen Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Fragrant Rice, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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27
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Bösl M, Dunkel A, Hofmann TF. Rapid, High-Throughput Quantitation of Odor-Active 2-Acetyl Azaheterocycles in Food Products by UHPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1405-1412. [PMID: 33470094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, high-throughput method for the quantitation of the 2-acetyl azaheterocycles, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, 2-acetyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, 2-acetylpyrazine, and 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline, in different food products, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), was developed. The quick extraction by bead beater homogenization, fast derivatization by 3-nitrophenylhydrazine (40 °C, 2 h), and efficient LC separation make this method suitable for high-throughput analysis. As established in this study, the highly precise LC-MS/MS method applies to different food products or beverages without requiring further adjustment. The analysis was performed with sample amounts of 0.2-0.5 g, and limit of quantitation values of 0.6, 0.5, 0.6, and 1.0 μg/kg were obtained for 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, 2-acetyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, 2-acetylpyrazine, and 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline, respectively. Thus, it was possible to quantitate the analytes in the range of their odor thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bösl
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Andreas Dunkel
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas F Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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28
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Dhondge HV, Pable AA, Barvkar VT, Dastager SG, Nadaf AB. Rhizobacterial consortium mediated aroma and yield enhancement in basmati and non-basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Biotechnol 2021; 328:47-58. [PMID: 33476738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Basmati and non-basmati rice varieties are commercially important. Aromatic rice varieties are low yielding and recently depletion in aroma is observed due to the shift towards modern agriculture. Therefore, it is necessary to restore the aroma and increase the yield through sustainable agriculture. The use of microbial bioinoculants is one of the promising ways to achieve these targets. With these objectives, rhizospheric bacterial strains Enterobacter hormaechei (AM122) and Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus (DB25) having the property of synthesizing 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) were isolated from the rhizosphere of two aromatic rice varieties, Ambemohar-157 and Dehradun Basmati respectively and their effect on plant growth, aroma and yield enhancement under mono-inoculation and consortium conditions was analyzed. The bacterial inoculum in consortium resulted in significant improvement in vegetative growth, yield and 2AP content over mono inoculation and control. The study highlights the potential of E. hormaechei and L. xylanilyticus in plant growth, yield and aroma enhancement in basmati and non-basmati rice varieties. These strains can be taken up further for developing a commercial bioformulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshal V Dhondge
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, India
| | - Anupama A Pable
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, India
| | - Vitthal T Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, India
| | - Syed G Dastager
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Altafhusain B Nadaf
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, India.
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29
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Ding R, Mao M, Jia W, Fu J, Liu L, Mao Y, Guo Y, Wang P. Synthesis of Sulfonylated Pyrrolines and Pyrrolinones via Ag‐mediated Radical Cyclization of Olefinic Enamides with Sodium Sulfinates. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ding
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu Anhui 233100 P. R.China
| | - Ming‐Hua Mao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu Anhui 233100 P. R.China
| | - Wei‐Zhen Jia
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu Anhui 233100 P. R.China
| | - Jian‐Ming Fu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu Anhui 233100 P. R.China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu Anhui 233100 P. R.China
| | - Yue‐Yuan Mao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu Anhui 233100 P. R.China
| | - Yu Guo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu Anhui 233100 P. R.China
| | - Pei‐Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education; Department of Chemistry Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei Anhui 235000 P. R. China
- C Information College Huaibei Normal University Huaibei 235000 P. R. China
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30
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Wei X, Sun Q, Methven L, Elmore JS. Comparison of the sensory properties of fragrant and non-fragrant rice (Oryza sativa), focusing on the role of the popcorn-like aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline. Food Chem 2020; 339:128077. [PMID: 33152870 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) has been widely reported as a key contributor to the popcorn-like aroma of fragrant rice (Oryza sativa). To gain a greater understanding of its contribution to the aroma in both fragrant and non-fragrant rice, sensory profiling was conducted with a trained panel to examine the sensory properties of six boiled rice samples, three fragrant and three non-fragrant varieties. The intensity of the popcorn note as an orthonasal odour, a retronasal flavour and as an after-effect was significantly higher in fragrant rice than in non-fragrant rice. However, panellists could not differentiate these popcorn attributes between the three different fragrant rice varieties. 2-AP was extracted from the boiled rice samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 2-AP was below the limits of quantitation in non-fragrant varieties; however, gas chromatography-olfactometry of samples indicated the presence of 2-AP in both raw fragrant and non-fragrant rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wei
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Qianting Sun
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Lisa Methven
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - J Stephen Elmore
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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31
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Li Y, Liang L, Fu X, Gao Z, Liu H, Tan J, Potcho MP, Pan S, Tian H, Duan M, Tang X, Mo Z. Light and water treatment during the early grain filling stage regulates yield and aroma formation in aromatic rice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14830. [PMID: 32908195 PMCID: PMC7481283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of light and water on aromatic rice remain largely unclear. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influences of light-water treatments (CK: natural light and well-watered conditions, WS: natural light and water-stressed conditions, LL: low light and well-watered conditions, LL-WS: low light and water-stressed treatment) on yield and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) formation in aromatic rice. Compared with CK, the light-water treatments decreased grain yield (10.32–39.19%) due to reductions in the filled grain percentage and total dry weight, in the regulation of biomass distribution, and in the attributes of gas exchange and antioxidant response parameters. The 2AP content in grains increased in the LL treatment (5.08–16.32%) but decreased in the WS treatment compared with that in CK. The changes in 2AP were associated with changes in 2AP formation-related traits and element content. Low light and water stress led to yield declines in aromatic rice, but low light alleviated the decrease in 2AP content caused by water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Luxin Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaomeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zifeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hecheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiangtao Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mouloumdema Pouwedeou Potcho
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shenggang Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hua Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Meiyang Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zhaowen Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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32
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Okpala NE, Potcho MP, An T, Ahator SD, Duan L, Tang X. Low temperature increased the biosynthesis of 2-AP, cooked rice elongation percentage and amylose content percentage in rice. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.102980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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RNAi-mediated down regulation of BADH2 gene for expression of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in non-scented indica rice IR-64 ( Oryza sativa L.). 3 Biotech 2020; 10:145. [PMID: 32181107 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is a principal aroma compound in scented rice and a mutation in betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (OsBADH2) is responsible aroma in scented rice. The present study was aimed at inducing 2AP production in non-scented indica rice cultivar IR-64 by silencing OsBADH2 via RNAi technique. A vector pBSK was used for the construction of RNAi cassette and pRI101ON as a binary vector. Agrobacterium (GV3101)-mediated transformation was done using embryogenic calli of IR-64. The resultant transgenic lines showed up to 14-fold reduction in expression of OsBADH2 gene and 50% inhibition in enzyme activity. Gas chromatography (GC-MS) analyses showed a significant amount of 2AP production in RNAi callus, leaves, and seeds of IR-64. A total 39 volatile compounds were identified from the control and RNAi seeds of IR-64. Among them, octanal and 2-pentylfuron were found to be increased (30-40%) in RNAi seeds of IR-64. The content of precursors, proline, and methylglyoxal increased substantially, whereas GABA content reduced up to 25% in transgenic IR-64 lines. The study demonstrated that RNAi approach could be successfully used for imparting pleasant aroma character in non-scented indica rice cultivars.
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34
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Verma DK, Srivastav PP. A paradigm of volatile aroma compounds in rice and their product with extraction and identification methods: A comprehensive review. Food Res Int 2020; 130:108924. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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35
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Verma DK, Srivastav PP. Extraction, Identification and Quantification Methods of Rice Aroma Compounds with Emphasis on 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline (2-AP) and Its Relationship with Rice Quality: A Comprehensive Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1720231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Verma
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Prem Prakash Srivastav
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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36
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Xie W, Kong L, Ma L, Ashraf U, Pan S, Duan M, Tian H, Wu L, Tang X, Mo Z. Enhancement of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) concentration, total yield, and quality in fragrant rice through exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) application. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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37
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Starkenmann C, Niclass Y, Vuichoud B, Schweizer S, He XF. Occurrence of 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline and Its Nonvolatile Precursors in Celtuce ( Lactuca sativa L. var. augustana). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11710-11717. [PMID: 31600058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lactuca sativa L. var. augustana has a basmati rice-like odor with a green note in the background. This typical odor is due to the release of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) after heating, which is confirmed by volatile analysis. Recent metabolomic and genomic studies of different rice varieties highlighted that the presence of 2-AP was linked to the accumulation of γ-aminobutyraldehyde; genome-wide association studies also indicated that acyltransferases were involved. These results prompted us to analyze nonvolatile compound precursors in L. sativa L. var. augustana (celtuce) to search for compound derivatives with a 4,5-dioxohexan alkyl amine-like structure. Hypothetical synthetic compounds were prepared from a reductive amination between 4,5-dioxohexanal and glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid to give 2-(2-acetylpyrrolidin-1-yl) alkanoic acid. We proved that 2-(2-acetylpyrrolidin-1-yl) propionic acid is present in L. sativa, which, when thermally treated, released 2-AP. Other 2-AP precursors occurring in this plant are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yvan Niclass
- Firmenich SA, Corporate R&D Division , P.O. Box 239, CH-1211 Geneva 8 , Switzerland
| | - Basile Vuichoud
- Firmenich SA, Corporate R&D Division , P.O. Box 239, CH-1211 Geneva 8 , Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Schweizer
- Firmenich SA, Corporate R&D Division , P.O. Box 239, CH-1211 Geneva 8 , Switzerland
| | - Xiu-Feng He
- Firmenich Aromatics China , 3901 Jindu Road , Xinzhuang Industrial Zone, Shanghai 201108 , China
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38
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Custodio MC, Cuevas RP, Ynion J, Laborte AG, Velasco ML, Demont M. Rice quality: How is it defined by consumers, industry, food scientists, and geneticists? Trends Food Sci Technol 2019; 92:122-137. [PMID: 31787805 PMCID: PMC6876681 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality is a powerful engine in rice value chain upgrading. However, there is no consensus on how "rice quality" should be defined and measured in the rice sector. SCOPE AND APPROACH We adopt a Lancasterian definition of rice quality as a bundle of intrinsic and extrinsic attributes. We then review how rice quality is (i) perceived and defined by consumers and industry stakeholders in rice value chains in Southeast and South Asia; (ii) measured and defined by food technologists; and (iii) predicted through genetics. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Consumers are heterogeneous with respect to their perceived differentiation of rice quality among regions, countries, cities, and urbanization levels. Premium quality is defined by nutritional benefits, softness and aroma in Southeast Asia, and by the physical appearance of the grains (uniformity, whiteness, slenderness), satiety, and aroma in South Asia. These trends are found to be consistent with industry perceptions and have important implications for regional and national breeding programs in terms of tailoring germplasm to regions and rice varieties to specific local market segments. Because rice is traded internationally, there is a need to standardize definitions of rice quality. However, food technologists have not reached unanimity on quality classes and measurement; routine indicators need to be complemented by descriptive profiles elicited through sensory evaluation panels. Finally, because rice quality is controlled by multiple interacting genes expressed through environmental conditions, predicting grain quality requires associating genetic information with grain quality phenotypes in different environments.
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39
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Dias LG, Duarte GHB, Mariutti LRB, Bragagnolo N. Aroma profile of rice varieties by a novel SPME method able to maximize 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and minimize hexanal extraction. Food Res Int 2019; 123:550-558. [PMID: 31285004 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The solid phase microextraction (SPME) has been the most used technique for the extraction of volatile compounds from rice because of its easy operation and solvent-free. The extraction parameters, sample mass and incubation temperature, were optimized through a central composite rotational design (CCRD), aiming at maximizing the extraction of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP), the main compound responsible for the aroma in aromatic rice, and minimizing the generation of hexanal, a marker of lipid oxidation. Besides, the time of sample incubation and fiber exposure for the extraction of the volatile compounds from rice were determined. The optimized conditions for SPME were: 2.5 g of ground rice in a 20 mL vial, sample incubation at 80 °C for 60 min and exposure of the divinylbenzene/carboxene/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber in the headspace for 10 min. The optimized method was sucessfuly applied to 12 varieties of rice and principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to observe similarities in their volatile profile. A total of 152 volatile compounds were identified among the different rice varieties. From these, 42 were identified in arborio rice, 47 in basmati brand A, 43 in basmati brand B, 55 in black rice, 63 in brown rice, 39 in jamine rice, 50 in parboiled brown rice, 43 in parboiled rice, 54 in red rice, 63 in sasanishiki rice, 46 in white rice and 70 in wild rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Dias
- Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - G H B Duarte
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - L R B Mariutti
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
| | - N Bragagnolo
- Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
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40
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Sansenya S, Hua Y, Chumanee S, Sricheewin C. The Combination Effect of Gamma Irradiation and Salt Concentration on 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline Content, Proline Content and Growth of Thai Fragrant Rice (KDML 105). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.13005/ojc/350304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
KDML 105 is the famous fragrant rice of Thailand. 2AP acts as the characteristic compounds in fragrant-rice cultivars. 2AP accumulation has been reported in relationship with proline content and the growth rate of rice. Several factors have been reported to affect the poline and 2AP contents. We determined the combinatorial effect of gamma irradiation and salt concentration on the 2AP and proline contents of 5 day-old KDML 105 rice-seedling. In the growth condition under 20 mM of NaCl concentration the proline content of gamma irradiated rice increased, compared to the gamma-irradiated rice treated without 20 mM of NaCl concentration. While, the shoot-length of 5 day-old gamma irradiated rice-seedlings under 20mM NaCl concentration cannot be observed when compared to gamma irradiated rice-seedling without salt concentration. The 2AP content of gamma irradiated rice-seedlings under 20 mM of NaCl concentration had approximately 2.6 to 3.1 times higher than in the growth condition without salt concentration of gamma irradiated rice-seedlings. Our results indicate that the combination of gamma irradiation technique and salt concentration can be used for improving the 2AP content in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sompong Sansenya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12110, Thailand
| | - Yanling Hua
- The Center for Scientific and Technological Equipment, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Saowapa Chumanee
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phetchabun Rajabhat University, Mueang, Phetchabun 67000, Thailand
| | - Chanun Sricheewin
- Division of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phetchabun Rajabhat University, Mueang, Phetchabun 67000, Thailand
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41
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Medran NS, La-Venia A, Testero SA. Metal-mediated synthesis of pyrrolines. RSC Adv 2019; 9:6804-6844. [PMID: 35518475 PMCID: PMC9061060 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10247c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The five-membered, nitrogen-containing pyrroline ring is a privileged structure. This ring is present in many bioactive compounds from natural sources. Pyrrolines-the dihydro derivatives of pyrroles-have three structural isomer classes, depending on the location of the double bond: 1-pyrrolines (3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrroles), 2-pyrrolines (2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrroles) and 3-pyrrolines (2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrroles). This review aims to describe the latest advances for the synthesis of pyrrolines by transition metal-catalyzed cyclizations. Only reactions in which the pyrroline ring is formed by metal promotion are described. Transformations of the pyrroline ring in other heterocycles, and the structural manipulations of the pyrroline itself are not discussed. The review is organized into three parts, each covering the metal-mediated synthesis of the three pyrroline isomers. Each part is subdivided according to the metal involved, and concludes with a brief description of notable biological activities within the class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia S Medran
- Instituto de Química Rosario - IQUIR (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Suipacha 531 Rosario S2002LRK Argentina http://www.iquir-conicet.gov.ar/eng/
| | - Agustina La-Venia
- Instituto de Química Rosario - IQUIR (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Suipacha 531 Rosario S2002LRK Argentina http://www.iquir-conicet.gov.ar/eng/
| | - Sebastian A Testero
- Instituto de Química Rosario - IQUIR (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Suipacha 531 Rosario S2002LRK Argentina http://www.iquir-conicet.gov.ar/eng/
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Okpala NE, Mo Z, Duan M, Tang X. The genetics and biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in fragrant rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:272-276. [PMID: 30592999 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for the majority of the world's population. Rice fragrance, aroma, or scent is not just a cooking quality, but also an eating quality of rice. Rice fragrance is a trait that is widely desired among rice consumers. Consequently, rice producers are sorting for rice cultivars with strong fragrance. High demand for fragrant rice cultivars has prompted rice breeders and researchers to investigate the genetics and the ways to improve fragrance in rice. It has been established by many researches that fgr gene on the chromosome 8 of rice controls its fragrance. As with other plants, rice contains BADH but because rice does not accumulate GB, a catalyst for BADH coding, BADH1 on chromosome 4 of rice and BADH2 on chromosome 8 of rice have been widely reported to be responsible for encoding BADH. badh2, a recessive allele of BADH2 has been confirmed to be responsible for fragrance in rice. badh2 and its alleles have been associated with the accumulation and synthesis of 2AP. Proline, ornithine, glutamate, methylglyoxal, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase have all been identified as the precursors for the synthesis and accumulation of 2AP. By reviewing and summarising the main results of various researchers, we have been able to elucidate how various genes and metabolites influence 2AP accumulation in fragrant rice. It is our hope that this paper will be beneficial to researchers, who are working on the improvement of rice fragrance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaowen Mo
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Meiyang Duan
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xiangru Tang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China.
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Bandyopadhyay A, Yin X, Biswal A, Coe R, Quick WP. CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing of Rice Towards Better Grain Quality. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1892:311-336. [PMID: 30397814 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8914-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With continued economic development in Asia the demand for high yielding varieties with premium grain quality traits is set to increase. This presents a significant challenge to plant breeders because varieties must be tailored to meet regional preferences. It is already apparent that traditional breeding techniques cannot meet this challenge and so emerging genomics technologies will have to be utilized. Genome editing tools afford the ability to efficiently and precisely manipulate the genome. Among these, the bacterial clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) associated protein 9 (Cas9) or CRISPR-Cas9 has emerged as the easiest, most economic, and efficient technology to undertake genome editing in rice. This technique allows precise site-specific gene modification or integration. In this chapter we present a method for utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 for improving grain quality traits in rice; this should enable molecular breeders to quickly and efficiently produce high yielding rice varieties tailored to meet specific cultural and regional requirements for grain quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Bandyopadhyay
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
- Syngenta Beijing Innovation Center, Changping Dist, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaojia Yin
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Akshaya Biswal
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Robert Coe
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
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Bao G, Ashraf U, Wang C, He L, Wei X, Zheng A, Mo Z, Tang X. Molecular basis for increased 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline contents under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) conditions in fragrant rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 133:149-157. [PMID: 30409674 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Factors affecting rice aroma biosynthesis have been well documented previously, however the molecular mechanism lies behind the regulations in grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) biosynthesis under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) remained largely unexplored. Present study investigated the effects of three irrigation regimes i.e., conventional irrigation (CI), alternate wetting and moderate drying (WMD), and alternate wetting and severe drying (WSD) on the yield, quality traits, intermediates, enzyme activities and genes involved in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in two fragrant rice cultivars viz, Meixiangzhan2 and Xiangyaxiangzhan. Results revealed that the levels of intermediates such as Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) and Δ1-pyrroline, and the activity of enzymes such as proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), diamine oxidase (DAO), and gene expressions of PRODH, P5CS2 and DAO were comparatively higher under AWD than CI in both aromatic rice cultivars. The levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2) and BADH2 gene were lower that together led to enhanced 2-AP contents in rice grains. Moreover, WMD irrigation improved yield and yield characters, while WSD irrigation reduced yield and quality traits of rice. Overall, up-regulation of P5C and Δ1-pyrroline and down-regulation of GABA under AWD treatments resulted in enhanced 2AP biosynthesis in both rice cultivars. Evaluation and adoption of AWD (within safe limits) at field level could be an alternative option to conventional flooded rice to get better yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gegen Bao
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Umair Ashraf
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Botany, University of Education, Lahore, Faisalabad-Campus, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Chunling Wang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center, Guangdong Institution of Microbiology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Longxin He
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoshan Wei
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Axiang Zheng
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhaowen Mo
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Ghosh P, Roychoudhury A. Differential levels of metabolites and enzymes related to aroma formation in aromatic indica rice varieties: comparison with non-aromatic varieties. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:25. [PMID: 29279818 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-1045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accounting for aroma production in different aromatic indica rice varieties based on variations in the levels of concerned metabolites and enzymes is poorly explored. The present investigation was, therefore, focused on unraveling the differential levels of metabolites and activities of enzymes related to aroma formation in eleven indigenous aromatic rice varieties, as compared with four non-aromatic varieties. The levels of metabolites such as proline (Pro) and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), and the activity of related enzymes such as proline dehydrogenase (PDH), Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) were comparatively higher in the aromatic varieties, with Kalonunia and Tulaipanji registering the highest Pro, Kalonunia the highest P5C content, Gobindobhog with the highest PDH activity, Gobindobhog and Tulaipanji with the highest P5CS, and Pusa Basmati-1 with the highest OAT activity. The levels of putrescine (Put) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were comparatively lower in aromatic varieties, with concomitant higher diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, especially in the varieties Gobindobhog and Tulaipanji. The betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2) enzyme activity was remarkably lesser in aromatic varieties, especially Radhunipagal and Gobindobhog. Though the metabolites such as glycine-betaine and higher polyamines such as spermidine and spermine showed no specific trend with respect to their quantitative level in either aromatic or non-aromatic varieties, they were notably lower in the aromatic varieties such as Gobindobhog, Kalonunia, and Tulaipanji, indicating a possibility of their involvement in aroma formation. Therefore, the levels of metabolites such as Pro, P5C and methylglyoxal (MG), and the activity of enzymes such as PDH, P5CS, OAT, and DAO were comparatively higher in the aromatic rice varieties than the non-aromatic ones, whereas the levels of Put, GABA, and BADH2 were lower. Overall, the present study showed that there exist variations in the accumulations of such metabolites as well as differential activity of enzymes controlling their production, which altogether regulate generation of aroma in aromatic varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal 700016 India
| | - Aryadeep Roychoudhury
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal 700016 India
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Dvorko MY, Shabalin DA, Schmidt EY, Ushakov IA, Trofimov BA. Synthesis of Uniquely Functionalized Pyrrolines from Hydroxypyrrolines. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Yu. Dvorko
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 1 Favorsky St. 664033 Irkutsk Russian Federation
| | - Dmitrii A. Shabalin
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 1 Favorsky St. 664033 Irkutsk Russian Federation
| | - Elena Yu. Schmidt
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 1 Favorsky St. 664033 Irkutsk Russian Federation
| | - Igor A. Ushakov
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 1 Favorsky St. 664033 Irkutsk Russian Federation
| | - Boris A. Trofimov
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 1 Favorsky St. 664033 Irkutsk Russian Federation
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Daygon VD, Calingacion M, Forster LC, Voss JJD, Schwartz BD, Ovenden B, Alonso DE, McCouch SR, Garson MJ, Fitzgerald MA. Metabolomics and genomics combine to unravel the pathway for the presence of fragrance in rice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8767. [PMID: 28821745 PMCID: PMC5562744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it was first characterised in 1983, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) has been considered to be the most important aroma compound in rice. In this study, we show four other amine heterocycles: 6-methyl, 5-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine (6M5OTP), 2-acetylpyrrole, pyrrole and 1-pyrroline, that correlate strongly with the production of 2AP, and are present in consistent proportions in a set of elite aromatic rice varieties from South East Asia and Australia as well as in a collection of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from indica Jasmine-type varieties, Australian long grain varieties (temperate japonica) and Basmati-type rice (Grp V). These compounds were detected through untargeted metabolite profiling by two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF-MS), and their identity were confirmed by comparison with authentic standards analysed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and High Resolution GC × GC-TOF-MS (GC × GC HRT-4D). Genome-wide association analysis indicates that all compounds co-localised with a single quantitative trait locus (QTL) that harbours the FGR gene responsible for the production of GABA. Together, these data provide new insights into the production of 2AP, and evidence for understanding the pathway leading to the accumulation of aroma in fragrant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venea Dara Daygon
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mariafe Calingacion
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Louise C Forster
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - James J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Brett D Schwartz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ben Ovenden
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Yanco Agricultural Institute, Yanco, NSW, 2703, Australia
| | - David E Alonso
- LECO Corporation Life Science and Chemical Analysis Centre, 1850 Hilltop Rd, Saint Joseph, MI, 49085, USA
| | - Susan R McCouch
- Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mary J Garson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Melissa A Fitzgerald
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Routray W, Rayaguru K. 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline: A key aroma component of aromatic rice and other food products. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2017.1347672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Winny Routray
- Marine Bioprocessing Unit, Centre of Aquaculture and Seafood Development, Marine Institute, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Kalpana Rayaguru
- Department of Agricultural Processing and Food Engineering, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
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Wei X, Handoko DD, Pather L, Methven L, Elmore JS. Evaluation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in foods, with an emphasis on rice flavour. Food Chem 2017; 232:531-544. [PMID: 28490108 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The popcorn-like aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) is a key contributor to the desirable aroma of fragrant rice and is also important in the aroma of other foods, such as pandan leaf, popcorn and Mediterranean sausage. It can be formed enzymatically in the rice grain as it grows and is also formed, as part of the Maillard reaction, when rice is heated. This review examines the formation of 2-AP in rice and other foods, particularly its formation during cooking, focusing on the importance of the Maillard reaction between reducing sugar breakdown products and 1-pyrroline derived from the amino acids proline and ornithine. The synthesis of 2-AP is discussed alongside the attempts that have been made to stabilise this relatively unstable compound. The analysis of 2-AP by instrumental techniques, particularly gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactometry, alongside the use of sensory studies, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wei
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Dody D Handoko
- Indonesian Centre for Rice Research, Cikampek, Sukamandi, Subang 41256, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Leela Pather
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Lisa Methven
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - J Stephen Elmore
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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50
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Attar U, Hinge V, Zanan R, Adhav R, Nadaf A. Identification of aroma volatiles and understanding 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthetic mechanism in aromatic mung bean ( Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 23:443-451. [PMID: 28461731 PMCID: PMC5391348 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-017-0414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mung bean having high food value and easily digestible proteins, is one of the socioeconomically important crop of India. Among the varied cultivars, Sona mung is having aroma and hence popularly cultivated in the pockets of Ganga river basin at Bhutnir char village of Malda District in the West Bengal state. In the present study, aroma volatiles with special reference to 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) were analyzed using HS-SPME-GCMS from Sona mung bean and compared with non-scented mung bean (PHULE M-9339). 26 volatiles in seeds of Sona mung and 20 in non-scented mung bean were identified, in which 3,7-dimethyl-6-octenal, (2E)-2-decen-1-ol, 2-ethyl-1-dodecanol and 3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one are first time reported. 0.19 ± 0.001 ppm 2AP was recorded in Sona mung seeds whereas it was not detected in non-scented mung bean. PCA analysis indicated that 2AP, octanal, 1 pentanol, decanal, phenylmethanol and 2-nonen-1-ol were the major contributors in the aroma of Sona mung bean. The significantly higher level proline, methylglyoxal and lower level of BADH2 transcript were detected in Sona mung than non-scented mung, suggesting similar 2AP biosynthesis mechanism in Sona mung bean as reported in scented rice, sorghum and soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usmangani Attar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Vidya Hinge
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Rahul Zanan
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Rahul Adhav
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Altafhusain Nadaf
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India
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