1
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Jin YH, Lee J, Kim J, Sohn JH. Palladium-Catalyzed/Copper-Mediated Decarbonylative Cross-Coupling of S-Pyrimidyl Thioesters for Biaryl Synthesis. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38940361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed/copper-mediated cross-coupling of S-pyrimidinyl thioesters with arylboronic acids to yield biaryls is described. The reaction is likely to proceed via cleavage of the S-C(O) bond and subsequent release of CO, rather than via cleavage of the S-C(pyrimidine) bond and release of SCO, as supported by the results of both experimental and computational studies. The investigation of the reaction scope with various S-pyrimidinyl thioesters and arylboronic acids showed that the reaction is significantly affected by the substituent of the thioester and the presence of a chelatable ortho substituent was found to increase reaction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hwa Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Sohn
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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2
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Ismiyev AI, Dotsenko VV, Aksenov NA, Aksenova IV, Magerramov AM. Synthesis and structure of new 2,4-dicyano-6-oxo-3-phenylbicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2,4-dicarboxylates. Russ Chem Bull 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-020-2982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Ismiyev AI, Shoaib M, Dotsenko VV, Ganbarov KG, Israilova AA, Magerramov AM. Synthesis and Biological Activity of 8-(Dialkylamino)-3-aryl-6-oxo-2,4-dicyanobicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2,4-dicarboxylic Acids Diethyl Esters. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363220080071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Usami K, Yamaguchi E, Tada N, Itoh A. Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of Phenanthridinones through Visible-Light-Driven Oxidative C-H Amidation. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Usami
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Eiji Yamaguchi
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Norihiro Tada
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Akichika Itoh
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
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6
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Ismiev AI, Dotsenko VV, Aksenov NA, Mamedova GZ, Magerramov AM. A New Synthetic Approach to Functionalized Bicyclo[3.2.1]octanes. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363218070289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Ratković A, Marinić Ž, Škorić I. Flow-photochemical synthesis of the functionalized benzobicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene skeleton. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Williams DA, Zaidi SA, Zhang Y. Synthesis and Characterization of 5-Hydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone (5-HPEC) and Its Analogues as Non-nitrogenous 5-HT2B Ligands. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1859-1867. [PMID: 26270954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) in numerous physiological functions is often attributed to the diversity of receptors with which it interacts. Ligands targeting serotonin receptor 2B (5-HT2B) have received renewed interest for their potential to help understand the role of 5-HT2B in migraines, drug abuse, neurodegenerative diseases, and irritable bowel syndrome. To date, most of the ligands targeting 5-HT2B have been nitrogen-containing compounds. The natural product 5-hydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone (5-HPEC, 5) has been shown previously to act as a non-nitrogenous antagonist for the 5-HT2B receptor (pKi = 5.6). This report describes further progress on the study of the structure-activity relationship of both naturally occurring and synthetic compounds bearing the 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone scaffold at the 5-HT2B receptor. The inhibitory activity of the newly synthesized compounds (at 10 μM) was tested against each of the 5-HT2 receptors. Following this assay, the binding affinity and antagonism of the most promising compounds were then evaluated at 5-HT2B. Among all the analogues, 5-hydroxy-2-(2-phenylpropyl)chromone (5-HPPC, 22h) emerged as a new lead compound, showing a 10-fold improvement in affinity (pKi = 6.6) over 5-HPEC with reasonable antagonist properties at 5-HT2B. Additionally, ligand docking studies have identified a putative binding pocket for 5-HPPC and have helped understand its improved affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight A Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University , 410 North 12th Street, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0613, United States
| | - Saheem A Zaidi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, BioTech One , Suite 205, 800 E. Leigh Street, P.O. Box 980540, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0540, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, BioTech One , Suite 205, 800 E. Leigh Street, P.O. Box 980540, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0540, United States
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9
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Claudius AK, Kankipati CS, Kilari RS, Hassan S, Guest K, Russell ST, Perry CJ, Stark LA, Nicholl ID. Identification of aspirin analogues that repress NF-κB signalling and demonstrate anti-proliferative activity towards colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1670-80. [PMID: 25109257 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that aspirin and related non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have potential as chemopreventative/therapeutic agents. However, these agents cannot be universally recommended for prevention purposes due to their potential side-effect profiles. Here, we compared the growth inhibitory and mechanistic activity of aspirin to two novel analogues, diaspirin (DiA) and fumaryl diaspirin (F-DiA). We found that the aspirin analogues inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells at significantly lower doses than aspirin. Similar to aspirin, we found that an early response to the analogues was a reduction in levels of cyclin D1 and stimulation of the NF-κB pathway. This stimulation was associated with a significant reduction in basal levels of NF-κB transcriptional activity, in keeping with previous data for aspirin. However, in contrast to aspirin, DiA and F-DiA activity was not associated with nucleolar accumulation of RelA. For all assays, F-DiA had a more rapid and significant effect than DiA, identifying this agent as particularly active against colorectal cancer. Using a syngeneic colorectal tumour model in mice, we found that, while both agents significantly inhibited tumour growth in vivo, this effect was particularly pronounced for F-DiA. These data identify two compounds that are active against colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. They also identify a potential mechanism of action of these agents and shed light on the chemical structures that may be important for the antitumour effects of aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Claudius
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre and MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Chandra S Kankipati
- The Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Rajagopal S Kilari
- The Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Sadiya Hassan
- The Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Kerry Guest
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Steven T Russell
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Chris J Perry
- The Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Lesley A Stark
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre and MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Iain D Nicholl
- The Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
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10
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Torun L, Madras BK, Meltzer PC. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of 3-biaryl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid methyl esters. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2762-72. [PMID: 22398259 PMCID: PMC3345971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stille cross coupling protocols were utilized for the synthesis of 3-(biaryl)-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid methyl esters, which furnished products in high yields where in some cases Suzuki coupling under the conditions utilized provided complex reaction mixture. Samarium iodide reduction of the resulting coupling products produced both of the 2β-carbomethoxy-3-biaryl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane diastereomers and the 2α-carbomethoxy-3-biaryl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane diastereomers. Among the series synthesized, the benzothiophene substituted compounds demonstrated significant binding profiles of inhibition of WIN 35,438 with 177-fold selectivity for DAT versus SERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokman Torun
- TUBITAK MAM Chemistry Institute P. K. 21 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey 41470
| | - Bertha K. Madras
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and New England Regional Primate Center, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
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11
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Design and optimization of new piperidines as renin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6286-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Corminboeuf O, Bezençon O, Remeň L, Grisostomi C, Richard-Bildstein S, Bur D, Prade L, Strickner P, Hess P, Fischli W, Steiner B, Treiber A. Piperidine-based renin inhibitors: upper chain optimization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6291-6. [PMID: 20843690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of the 4-position of recently described new 3,4-disubstituted piperidine-based renin inhibitors is reported herein. The synthesis and characterization of compounds leading to the discovery of 11 (ACT-178882, MK-1597), a renin inhibitor with a suitable profile for development is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Corminboeuf
- Drug Discovery Chemistry & Biochemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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13
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Voelker T, Xia H, Fandrick K, Johnson R, Janowsky A, Cashman JR. 2,5-Disubstituted tetrahydrofurans as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2047-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Atypical Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors that Provide Clues About Cocaine's Mechanism at the Dopamine Transporter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2008_027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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15
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Meltzer PC, Kryatova O, Pham-Huu DP, Donovan P, Janowsky A. The synthesis of bivalent 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-8-heterobicyclo[3.2.1]octanes as probes for proximal binding sites on the dopamine and serotonin transporters. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:1832-41. [PMID: 18053732 PMCID: PMC2323586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
3-Aryltropanes have been widely explored for potential medications for remediation of cocaine abuse. Research has focused predominantly on 8-azatropanes and it is now well recognized that these compounds can be designed to manifest varied selectivity and potency for inhibition of the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine uptake systems. We had reported that the 8-nitrogen atom present in the 3-aryltropanes is not essential for tropanes to bind to monoamine uptake systems. We demonstrated that compounds in which the amine had been exchanged for an ether or a thioether retained binding potency and selectivity. We have now designed bivalent compounds in which two tropane moieties are linked by an intervening chain. These 8-homo- and 8-heterotropane bivalent compounds allowed a search for adjacent tropane binding sites on the DAT as well as a further exploration of whether the binding sites for 8-azatropanes are the same as those for other 8-heterotropanes. A comparison of these compounds with their progenitor tropanes cast into doubt the existence of proximal binding sites on the DAT, and offered support for the existence of different binding sites for the 8-azatropanes compared with 8-oxa- and 8-thiatropanes. Indeed, 8-aza bivalent tropanes inhibited DAT with potency about 10-fold lower (DAT: IC50 = 31 nM) than their monovalent counterparts. Furthermore, bivalent ligands in which one or both of the tropanes was devoid of an amine suffered a further loss of inhibitory potency. We conclude that it is unlikely that there exist two tropane binding sites in close proximity to one another on either the DAT or SERT.
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16
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Boye SV, Ortega-Caballero F, Sinning S, Wiborg O, Jensen HH, Bols M. High dopamine transporter selectivity can be displayed by remarkably simple non-nitrogen containing inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6019-25. [PMID: 17869101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-cyclopent-1-enyl carboxylic acid esters and amides were prepared and tested for binding to the DAT, SERT, and NET. The achiral compounds were easily attained and found to inhibit DAT binding with K(i)-values ranging from 0.095 to 0.00003 mM. Among the compounds tested 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-cyclopent-1-enyl carboxylic acid 2-methylphenyl ester was found to be highly selective with SERT/DAT>7000; NET/DAT>1700, K(i)=60 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren V Boye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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17
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Petersen MD, Boye SV, Nielsen EH, Willumsen J, Sinning S, Wiborg O, Bols M. Synthesis, inhibition and binding of simple non-nitrogen inhibitors of monoamine transporters. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4159-74. [PMID: 17446076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of simple truncated analogues of phenyl tropanes, 2-arylcycloalk-1-enyl carboxylic acid methylesters, were prepared and investigated for their activity towards the dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. The compounds were prepared from cyclic ketoesters, which were converted to enolic triflates and reacted with arylboronates using the Suzuki coupling. For comparison the corresponding piperidines were also made and investigated. The new compounds inhibit monoamine-transporters with Ki values ranging from 0.1 to 1000 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Due Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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18
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Christensen HS, Boye SV, Thinggaard J, Sinning S, Wiborg O, Schiøtt B, Bols M. QSAR studies and pharmacophore identification for arylsubstituted cycloalkenecarboxylic acid methyl esters with affinity for the human dopamine transporter. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5262-74. [PMID: 17517511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 02/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Data from a series of 29 monoamine transport inhibitors were used to generate 2D and 3D QSAR models for their binding affinity to the human dopamine transporter (hDAT). Among the inhibitors were many non-nitrogen containing compounds. The 2D QSAR analysis resulted in the equation -logK(i)=4.00-3.93E(LUMO)-0.67E(HOMO)-3.24sigma(p), which predicted the importance of electron withdrawing groups in the aromatic moiety. However, the model failed to predict the observed poor binding of nitro-substituted compounds. In contrast, a derived 3D QSAR model was capable of predicting these more correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena S Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C, Denmark
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19
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Kim DI, Deutsch HM, Ye X, Schweri MM. Synthesis and pharmacology of site-specific cocaine abuse treatment agents: restricted rotation analogues of methylphenidate. J Med Chem 2007; 50:2718-31. [PMID: 17489581 DOI: 10.1021/jm061354p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of threo-1-aza-3 or 4-substituted-5-phenyl[4.4.0]decanes (quinolizidines), which were envisioned as restricted rotational analogues (RRAs) of methylphenidate (MP), was synthesized and tested for inhibitory potency against [(3)H]WIN35,428, [3H]citalopram, and [3H]nisoxetine binding to the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transporters, respectively. Two different synthetic schemes were used; a Wittig reaction or acylation (followed by an intramolecular condensation) was a key feature of each scheme. The unsubstituted RRA, threo(trans)-1-aza-5-phenyl[4.4.0]decane (12a), was equipotent to unconstrained threo-MP against [(3)H]WIN35,428 binding. The extra ring in these RRAs (which reduces the conformational freedom) and the orientation and polarity of substituents at the 4-position on this extra ring are of critical importance to the biological activity. Generally, the RRAs paralleled the corresponding unconstrained MP derivatives in binding affinity to the three transporters. The results suggest that the conformation of MP in which the carbonyl group of the methyl ester is H-bonded to the piperidinyl N-H may be the bioactive form of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deog-Il Kim
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
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20
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Pham-Huu DP, Deschamps JR, Liu S, Madras BK, Meltzer PC. Synthesis of 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes and their binding affinity for the dopamine and serotonin transporters. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:1067-82. [PMID: 17070057 PMCID: PMC1829488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is a potent stimulant of the central nervous system. Its reinforcing and stimulant properties have been associated with inhibition of the dopamine transporter (DAT) on presynaptic neurons. In the search for medications for cocaine abuse, we have prepared 2-carbomethoxy-3-aryl-8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octane analogues of cocaine. We report that this class of compounds provides potent and selective inhibitors of the DAT and SERT. The selectivity resulted from reduced activity at the SERT. The 3beta-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) analogue inhibits the DAT and SERT with a potency of IC(50)=5.7 nM and 8.0 nM, respectively. The 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2,3-unsaturated analogue inhibits the DAT potently (IC(50)=4.5 nM) and selectively (>800-fold vs SERT). Biological enantioselectivity of DAT inhibition was limited for both the 3-aryl-2,3-unsaturated and the 3alpha-aryl analogues (2-fold), but more robust (>10-fold) for the 3beta-aryl analogues. The (1R)-configuration provided the eutomers.
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21
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Cini N, Danieli E, Menchi G, Trabocchi A, Bottoncetti A, Raspanti S, Pupi A, Guarna A. 3-Aza-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes as new enantiopure heteroatom-rich tropane-like ligands of human dopamine transporter. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:5110-20. [PMID: 16678430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CNS diseases such as Parkinson, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are characterized by a significant alteration of dopamine transporter (DAT) density. Thus, the development of compounds that are able to selectively interact with DAT is of great interest. Herein we describe the design and synthesis of a new set of 3-aza-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes having a tropane-like structure with additional heteroatoms at positions 3 and 6. The compounds were evaluated for their in vitro receptor binding properties toward human dopamine (hDAT) and serotonin (hSERT) transporters using [3H]WIN35,428 and [3H]citalopram as specific radioligands, respectively. Biological assays revealed that some compounds having the N-3 atom substituted with aryl groups possess significant affinity and selectivity for monoamine transporters, and in particular, compound 5d displayed an IC50 of 21 nM toward DAT, and a good selectivity toward SERT (IC50=1042 nM). These results suggest that 3-aryl-3-aza-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes may represent a new class of DAT ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Cini
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Clinica, Unità di Medicina Nucleare, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50134 Firenze, Italy
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22
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Torun L, Liu S, Madras BK, Meltzer PC. Synthesis of 3-(4-heteroaryl-phenyl)-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid methyl esters. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.10.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Rhoden JB, Bouvet M, Izenwasser S, Wade D, Lomenzo SA, Trudell ML. Structure-activity studies of 3'-4'-dichloro-meperidine analogues at dopamine and serotonin transporters. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5623-34. [PMID: 15993612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationships of 3',4'-dichloro-meperidine were investigated at dopamine (DAT) and serotonin transporters (SERT). Large ester substituents and lipophilic groups at the 4-position favored molecular recognition at the SERT. The benzyl ester of 3',4'-dichloro-meperidine exhibited high potency and high selectivity for the SERT (DAT/SERT=760). Chemical modification of the ester group and N-substitution generally led to compounds with decreased DAT affinity. Only small esters and alkyl groups were tolerated at the 4-position of the meperidine ring system by the DAT. Overall, the meperidine analogues were generally more selective for the SERT than for the DAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill B Rhoden
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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24
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Ukairo OT, Bondi CD, Newman AH, Kulkarni SS, Kozikowski AP, Pan S, Surratt CK. Recognition of benztropine by the dopamine transporter (DAT) differs from that of the classical dopamine uptake inhibitors cocaine, methylphenidate, and mazindol as a function of a DAT transmembrane 1 aspartic acid residue. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 314:575-83. [PMID: 15879005 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.085829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of cocaine to the dopamine transporter (DAT) protein blocks synaptic dopamine clearance, triggering the psychoactive effects associated with the drug; the discrete drug-protein interactions, however, remain poorly understood. A longstanding postulate holds that cocaine inhibits DAT-mediated dopamine transport via competition with dopamine for formation of an ionic bond with the DAT transmembrane aspartic acid residue D79. In the present study, DAT mutations of this residue were generated and assayed for translocation of radiolabeled dopamine and binding of radiolabeled DAT inhibitors under identical conditions. When feasible, dopamine uptake inhibition potency and apparent binding affinity K(i) values were determined for structurally diverse DAT inhibitors. The glutamic acid substitution mutant (D79E) displayed values indistinguishable from wild-type DAT in both assays for the charge-neutral cocaine analog 8-oxa-norcocaine, a finding not supportive of the D79 "salt bridge" ligand-docking model. In addressing whether the D79 side chain contributes to the DAT binding sites of other portions of the cocaine pharmacophore, only inhibitors with modifications of the tropane ring C-3 substituent, i.e., benztropine and its analogs, displayed a substantially altered dopamine uptake inhibition potency as a function of the D79E mutation. A single conservative amino acid substitution thus differentiated structural requirements for benztropine function relative to those for all other classical DAT inhibitors. Distinguishing the precise mechanism of action of this DAT inhibitor with relatively low abuse liability from that of cocaine may be attainable using DAT mutagenesis and other structure-function studies, opening the door to rational design of therapeutic agents for cocaine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okechukwu T Ukairo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Mellon Hall, Room 453, 600 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
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25
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Meltzer PC, Pham-Huu DP, Madras BK. Synthesis of 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-enes and their binding affinity for the dopamine and serotonin transporters. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:6007-10. [PMID: 15546718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The reinforcing and stimulant properties of cocaine have been primarily associated with its propensity to bind to monoamine transport systems, in particular the dopamine transporter. Inhibition of the dopamine transporter then leads to an increase of synaptic dopamine with substantial pharmacological consequences. The search for medications for cocaine abuse has had a particular focus on tropane analogs of cocaine, and the interchange of nitrogen for oxygen in this class has led to potent and selective inhibitors of monoamine transport. Herein we report that 8-thiatrop-2-enes are highly potent and quite selective inhibitors of the dopamine transporter. The 3,4-dichlorophenyl-8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-ene (4f) is particularly potent (IC50=4.5 nM) and selective (800-fold) with respect to inhibition of the serotonin transporter.
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26
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Lomenzo SA, Rhoden JB, Izenwasser S, Wade D, Kopajtic T, Katz JL, Trudell ML. Synthesis and biological evaluation of meperidine analogues at monoamine transporters. J Med Chem 2005; 48:1336-43. [PMID: 15743177 DOI: 10.1021/jm0401614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of aryl-substituted meperidine analogues was synthesized, and the binding affinities were determined at the DAT, SERT, and NET as well as at mu-opioid receptors. Generally the analogues exhibited increased affinity for the DAT and SERT relative to meperidine but exhibited low binding affinity for the NET. The 2-naphthyl derivative 7f was the most potent ligand at the SERT (K(i) = 0.0072 muM) and was the most selective ligand for the SERT over the DAT (DAT/SERT = 158) and mu-opioid receptors (mu/SERT = 281). The 3,4-dichlorophenyl derivative 7e was the most potent ligand at the DAT (K(i) = 0.125 muM) and was the most selective ligand for the DAT over mu-opioid receptors (mu/DAT = 16.3) but remained slightly more selective for the SERT over the DAT(DAT/SERT = 6.68). Three compounds, the 3,4-dichlorophenyl derivative 7e and the 2-naphthyl analogues 6f and 7f, were identified that were more potent at the DAT than meperidine and that exhibited well-defined biphasic dopamine uptake inhibition similar to meperidine. However, none of the analogues tested produced locomotor effects or substituted for cocaine in drug discrimination studies, suggesting that the mu-opioid effects of these analogues may contribute to the poor efficacy observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Lomenzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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27
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Walter MW. Monoamine reuptake inhibitors: highlights of recent research developments. Drug Dev Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Högermeier J, Reissig HU, Brüdgam I, Hartl H. Nonaflates from 8-Oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-ones as Building Blocks for Diversity-Orientated Synthesis: Preparation, Heck-Couplings and Subsequent Diels-Alder Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200404194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Yuan H, Kozikowski AP, Petukhov PA. CoMFA Study of Piperidine Analogues of Cocaine at the Dopamine Transporter: Exploring the Binding Mode of the 3α-Substituent of the Piperidine Ring Using Pharmacophore-Based Flexible Alignment. J Med Chem 2004; 47:6137-43. [PMID: 15566285 DOI: 10.1021/jm049544s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 3D-QSAR CoMFA study of piperidine-based analogues of cocaine with flexible 3 alpha-substituents is described. A series of pharmacophore models were generated based on three representative compounds 1p, 2i, and 3c using the Genetic Algorithm Similarity Program (GASP) method. The flexible superposition of all studied compounds was performed for each pharmacophore model using the FlexS algorithm and the three-dimensional structure of 2i as a template. All sets of the overlaid structures with the top-ranked conformers were used for CoMFA modeling. Two best initial CoMFA models were selected and further optimized by identifying the best-fitting conformer of each compound. Compared with the initial models, the conventional correlation coefficients r(2) for the optimized models 1 and 2 were improved from 0.90 and 0.837 to 0.997 and 0.993, respectively. The leave-one-out cross-validated coefficients q(2) for the optimized models 1 and 2 were improved from 0.515 and 0.296 to 0.828 and 0.849, respectively. The results of the two CoMFA models suggest that both steric and electrostatic interactions play important roles in the binding of the 3 alpha-substituents of the piperidine-based analogues of cocaine. The contributions from steric and electrostatic fields for model 1 were 0.621 and 0.379, respectively. The contributions from steric and electrostatic fields for model 2 were 0.493 and 0.507, respectively. The two highly predictive CoMFA models indicate that the 3 alpha-substituent has two possible binding modes at the DAT. The CoMFA contour maps provide a visual representation of prospective binding modes of the 3 alpha-substituent of the piperidine-based analogues of cocaine and can be used to design novel DAT inhibitors that may be useful for the treatment of cocaine abuse and certain neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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30
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Miller J, Harris J, Miller A, Ullah G, Welsh G. Synthesis of 8-substituted bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6-carboxylic acids and anti-convulsant properties of the corresponding amides. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Abad A, Agulló C, Cuñat AC, de Alfonso I, Navarro I, Vera N. Synthesis of highly functionalised enantiopure bicyclo[3.2.1]- octane systems from carvone. Molecules 2004; 9:287-99. [PMID: 18007432 PMCID: PMC6147354 DOI: 10.3390/90500287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The commercially available monoterpene carvone has been efficiently converted into the tricyclo[3.2.1.0(2.7)]octane and bicyclo[3.2.1]octane systems characteristic of some biologically active compounds. The sequence used for this transformation involves as key features an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of a 5-vinyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene and a cyclopropane ring opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Abad
- Departamento de Química Orgánica. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100-Burjasot, (Valencia), Spain. Tel. (34) 96 3544509/3543038. Fax: (34) 96 3544328
| | - Consuelo Agulló
- Departamento de Química Orgánica. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100-Burjasot, (Valencia), Spain. Tel. (34) 96 3544509/3543038. Fax: (34) 96 3544328
| | - Ana C. Cuñat
- Departamento de Química Orgánica. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100-Burjasot, (Valencia), Spain. Tel. (34) 96 3544509/3543038. Fax: (34) 96 3544328
| | - Ignacio de Alfonso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100-Burjasot, (Valencia), Spain. Tel. (34) 96 3544509/3543038. Fax: (34) 96 3544328
| | - Ismael Navarro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100-Burjasot, (Valencia), Spain. Tel. (34) 96 3544509/3543038. Fax: (34) 96 3544328
| | - Noelia Vera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100-Burjasot, (Valencia), Spain. Tel. (34) 96 3544509/3543038. Fax: (34) 96 3544328
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32
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Nguyen G, Perlmutter P, Rose ML, Vounatsos F. A New Nucleophilic Addition/Ring-Closure Sequence. Enantioselective Synthesis of 3-Deoxy-8-oxatropanes. Org Lett 2004; 6:893-5. [PMID: 15012058 DOI: 10.1021/ol036404o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A study of new nucleophilic addition/ring-closure (NARC) sequences has resulted in the development of a stereoselective synthetic route to 3-deoxy-8-oxatropanes. The new sequences consisted of either a syn or anti aldol addition, employing an omega-alkenoyl sultam, followed by two-step bicyclic ring construction involving, consecutively, ring-closing metathesis and intramolecular oxymercuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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33
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Meltzer PC, McPhee M, Madras BK. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-Carbomethoxy-3-catechol-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:4133-7. [PMID: 14592523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine inhibits the dopamine transporter and the consequent elevation of dopamine is thought to contribute to the addictive properties of cocaine. Tropane analogues of cocaine, targeted to the dopamine transporter (DAT), are a significant focus of drug design for cocaine addiction medications. Herein, we report the function of the ortho hydroxy substituents in dopamine with respect to the azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane skeleton. The introduction of the o-dihydroxyl functionality led to reduced binding potency at monoamine transporters, rather than enhanced interaction with the DAT. It is therefore likely that the binding site for these compounds on the DAT is not the same as that for dopamine. Notwithstanding the moderate potency of the free catechols (>100 nM), 7 manifested stimulant activity with a duration of effect that exceeded 4 h in a rat locomotor activity assay. Compound 10, a diacetoxy prodrug for 7, substituted fully for cocaine in a rat drug-discrimination paradigm and is now undergoing further investigation as a potential medication for cocaine abuse.
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34
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Dutta AK, Zhang S, Kolhatkar R, Reith MEA. Dopamine transporter as target for drug development of cocaine dependence medications. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 479:93-106. [PMID: 14612141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Because much evidence implicates the dopamine transporter in the reinforcing effects of cocaine, development of potential medications for cocaine dependence has included the dopamine transporter as a target. The present overview covers progress in the drug development area regarding several classes of dopamine uptake inhibitors, with an emphasis on structure-activity relationships that enhance potency and selectivity at transporters for dopamine compared with those for serotonin or norepinephrine. The following categories of compounds are covered: tropane, benztropine, 1-[2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine (GBR), methylphenidate, mazindol, and phencyclidine analogs. Activity at transporters as well as on behavior is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloke K Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Wayne State University, 3128 Applebaun Hall, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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35
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Meltzer PC, Wang P, Blundell P, Madras BK. Synthesis and evaluation of dopamine and serotonin transporter inhibition by oxacyclic and carbacyclic analogues of methylphenidate. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1538-45. [PMID: 12672255 DOI: 10.1021/jm0205292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) binds stereoselectively and enantioselectively to the dopamine transporter (DAT) and inhibits dopamine reuptake with in vitro and in vivo potency similar to that of cocaine. Unlike cocaine, it manifests little, if any, tolerance or addiction liability. Since this compound has a substantial clinical history, it provides an excellent template from which to design potential medications for cocaine abuse. It has long been assumed that a nitrogen, such as exists in cocaine and methylphenidate, is essential for interaction with monoamine transporters. We previously demonstrated that an amine nitrogen in phenyltropane analogues of cocaine is not necessary for conferring high DAT binding affinity. We now report the synthesis of oxacyclic and carbacyclic analogues of methylphenidate, including the four enantiomerically pure isomers of 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(tetrahydropyran-2-yl)acetic acid methyl ester. The threo isomers are potent and selective inhibitors of the DAT. This is the first generalization of the principle that the presence of nitrogen is not a necessity for DAT inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Meltzer
- Organix Inc., 240 Salem Street, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, USA.
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36
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Kim DI, Schweri MM, Deutsch HM. Synthesis and pharmacology of site specific cocaine abuse treatment agents: 8-substituted isotropane (3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane) dopamine uptake inhibitors. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1456-64. [PMID: 12672245 DOI: 10.1021/jm020410t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of 8-substituted-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes (isotropanes) were synthesized and tested for inhibitor potency using [(3)H]WIN 35,428 binding at the dopamine (DA) transporter, [(3)H]citalopram binding at the serotonin (5-HT) transporter, and [(3)H]DA uptake assays. The synthesis started with a Mannich condensation of cyclopentanone, benzylamine, and fomaldehyde to afford N-benzyl-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-one (6). The 8-phenyl group was introduced by Grignard addition to ketone 6 or nucleophilic displacement via a triflate of the corresponding alcohol 7a. The 8beta-phenyl-8alpha-alcohols from Grignard addition generally have low affinity for the two transporters and do not effectively inhibit the uptake of [(3)H]DA. The 8beta-phenyl compound (14) without the hydroxyl group at C-8 was much more potent (22-fold) for [(3)H]WIN 35,428 binding inhibition than the corresponding 8beta-phenyl-8alpha-hydroxy compound (7a). The 8alpha-phenyl compound 8a was almost as potent as cocaine in binding to the DA transporter (IC(50) = 234 nM vs 159 nM for cocaine), whereas the C-8 epimer, compound 14, was somewhat less potent (IC(50) = 785 nM). The lower potency of 14 (beta-orientation of 8-phenyl group) as compared to 8a (alpha-orientation) was unexpected, based on modeling studies comparing the new compounds to WIN 35,065-2, an analogue of cocaine. The benzhydryl ethers at C-8 (17), analogous to the benztropines, had better selectivity than the corresponding phenyl compounds, 8a and 14, for the DA transporter as compared to the 5-HT transporter. The isotropane and benzisotropine analogues seem to bind in a manner that is more similar to that of the benztropine compounds 5 rather than those of cocaine and WIN 35,065-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deog-Il Kim
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332-0400, USA
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37
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Lewis D, Zhang Y, Prisinzano T, Dersch CM, Rothman RB, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. Further exploration of 1-[2-[Bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]piperazine (GBR 12909): role of N-aromatic, N-heteroaromatic, and 3-oxygenated N-phenylpropyl substituents on affinity for the dopamine and serotonin transporter. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1385-9. [PMID: 12657288 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-aromatic, N-heteroaromatic, and oxygenated N-phenylpropyl derivatives of 1-(2-benzhydryloxyethyl)-piperazine and 1-[2-[bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]piperazine, analogues of GBR 12909 (1a) and 12935 (1b), was synthesized and examined for their dopamine (DAT) and serotonin (SERT) transporter binding properties. One of these compounds, racemic 3-[4-(2-benzhydryloxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1-(3-fluorophenyl)-propan-1-ol (33), had DAT affinity as good as, or better than, GBR 12909 and 12935, and was more selective for DAT over SERT than the GBR compounds. Both trans- (43) and cis- (47) (+/-)-2-(4-[2-[bis-(4-fluorophenyl)-methoxy]ethyl]piperazin-1-ylmethyl)-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol had relatively good SERT selectivity and, as well, showed high affinity for SERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lewis
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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38
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Flippen-Anderson JL, George C, Deschamps JR. Molecular approaches to treatments for cocaine abuse. J Mol Struct 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(02)00532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Houlihan WJ, Ahmad UF, Koletar J, Kelly L, Brand L, Kopajtic TA. Benzo- and cyclohexanomazindol analogues as potential inhibitors of the cocaine binding site at the dopamine transporter. J Med Chem 2002; 45:4110-8. [PMID: 12213054 DOI: 10.1021/jm010301z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of mazindol (1), homomazindol (2), and bishomomazindol (3) derivatives with a benzo or cyclohexano ring fused at various sites were prepared as part of an SAR study to determine the effect of increased aliphatic and aromatic lipophilicity on selected in vitro assays used to identify potential cocaine-like and cocaine antagonism activity. Very good (IC(50) = 2-3 nM) inhibition of [(3)H] WIN 35,428 and [(125)I] RTI-55 binding on rat or guinea pig striatal membranes and HEK cells expressing cDNA for the human dopamine transporter (HEK-hDAT) was shown by the 8,9-benzomazindol 25 and 9,10-benzohomomazindol 28. All new compounds were weaker inhibitors of [(3)H] DA uptake in HEK-hDAT cells than 1 and 2. No improvement in the binding selectivity ratio (SERT/DAT and NET/DAT) was found when compared to 2. Compounds 25and 28 showed a considerable increase versus 1 in uptake/binding discrimination ratios at the DAT (311.0 and 182.1 vs 0.9), SERT (33.6 and 127.3 vs 1.9), and NET (7.3 and 10.0 vs 0.3).
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Houlihan
- Charles A. Dana Research Institute, Drew University, Hall of Sciences, Madison, NJ 07940, USA.
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40
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Houlihan WJ, Kelly L, Pankuch J, Koletar J, Brand L, Janowsky A, Kopajtic TA. Mazindol analogues as potential inhibitors of the cocaine binding site at the dopamine transporter. J Med Chem 2002; 45:4097-109. [PMID: 12213053 DOI: 10.1021/jm010302r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of mazindol (2) and homomazindol (3) analogues with a variety of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups in the pendant aryl group and the benzo ring C, as well as H, methoxy, and alkyl groups replacing the hydroxyl group were synthesized, and their binding affinities at the dopamine transporter (DAT) on rat or guinea pig striatal membranes were determined. Several active analogues were also evaluated for their ability to block uptake of DA, 5-HT, and NE and inhibit binding of [(125)I] RTI-55 at HEK-hDAT, HEK-hSERT, and HEK-hNET cells. Mazindane (26) was found to be a pro-drug, oxidizing (5-H --> 5-OH) to mazindol on rat striatal membranes and HEK-hDAT cells. The 4',7,8-trichloro analogue (38) of mazindol was the most potent and selective ligand for HEK-hDAT cells (DAT K(i) = 1.1 nM; SERT/DAT = 1283 and NET/DAT = 38). Experimental results strongly favor the cyclic or ol tautomers of 2 and 3 to bind more tightly at the DAT than the corresponding keto tautomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Houlihan
- Charles A. Dana Research Institute, Drew University, Hall of Sciences, Madison, NJ 07940, USA.
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41
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Bradley AL, Izenwasser S, Wade D, Klein-Stevens C, Zhu N, Trudell ML. Synthesis and dopamine transporter binding affinities of 3alpha-benzyl-8-(diarylmethoxyethyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2387-90. [PMID: 12161139 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3alpha-benzyl-8-(diarylmethoxyethyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes was synthesized and the binding affinities of the compounds were determined at the dopamine transporter. The unsubstituted analogue 7b (K(i)=98nM) was the most potent compound of the series with binding affinity three-times greater than cocaine and only 5-fold less than GBR-12909. The structure-activity data for 7a-f suggests that these compounds may be binding at the dopamine transporter in a similar fashion to GBR 12909.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Bradley
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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42
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Newman AH, Kulkarni S. Probes for the dopamine transporter: new leads toward a cocaine-abuse therapeutic--A focus on analogues of benztropine and rimcazole. Med Res Rev 2002; 22:429-64. [PMID: 12210554 DOI: 10.1002/med.10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to discover a cocaine-abuse pharmacotherapeutic, extensive investigation has been directed toward elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the reinforcing effects of this psychostimulant drug. The results of these studies have been consistent with the inhibition of dopamine uptake, at the dopamine transporter (DAT), which results in a rapid and excessive accumulation of extracellular dopamine in the synapse as being the mechanism primarily responsible for the locomotor stimulant actions of cocaine. Nevertheless, investigation of the serotonin (SERT) and norepinephrine (NET) transporters, as well as other receptor systems, with which cocaine either directly or indirectly interacts, has suggested that the DAT is not solely responsible for the reinforcing effects of cocaine. In an attempt to further elucidate the roles of these systems in the reinforcing effects of cocaine, selective molecular probes, in the form of drug molecules, have been designed, synthesized, and characterized. Many of these compounds bind potently and selectively to the DAT, block dopamine reuptake, and are behaviorally cocaine-like in animal models of psychostimulant abuse. However, there have been exceptions noted in several classes of dopamine uptake inhibitors that demonstrate behavioral profiles that are distinctive from cocaine. Structure-activity relationships between chemically diverse dopamine uptake inhibitors have suggested that different binding interactions, at the molecular level on the DAT, as well as divergent actions at the other monoamine transporters may be related to the differing pharmacological actions of these compounds, in vivo. These studies suggest that novel dopamine uptake inhibitors, which are structurally and pharmacologically distinct from cocaine, may be developed as potential cocaine-abuse therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse--Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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43
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Ananthan S, Saini SK, Khare R, Clayton SD, Dersch CM, Rothman RB. Identification of a novel partial inhibitor of dopamine transporter among 4-substituted 2-phenylquinazolines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2225-8. [PMID: 12127543 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to identify novel ligands for the dopamine transporter, a series of 4-substituted-2-phenylquinazolines were synthesized and evaluated. Among the compounds studied, 4-[(diphenylmethyl)amino]-2-phenylquinazoline (4 g) was identified as a novel partial inhibitor of [(125)I]RTI-55 binding to the dopamine transporter and a partial inhibitor of [(3)H]dopamine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Ananthan
- Organic Chemistry Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA.
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44
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Xu L, Izenwasser S, Katz JL, Kopajtic T, Klein-Stevens C, Zhu N, Lomenzo SA, Winfield L, Trudell ML. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-substituted 3beta-tolyltropane derivatives at dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transporters. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1203-10. [PMID: 11881989 DOI: 10.1021/jm010453u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of eight 2-substituted 3-tolyltropane derivatives were synthesized, and the in vitro and in vivo biological activities as dopamine uptake inhibitors were determined. From the in vitro structure-activity data, it is apparent that a tolyl group in the 2-position, independent of the stereochemical attachment to the tropane ring system, provided compounds (9-12, 14) that exhibit high-affinity binding at the dopamine transporter (DAT). Although a slight stereochemical preference in binding affinity at the DAT was observed for the 2beta-(R)-alcohol 10 over the 2beta-(S)-isomer 11, no significant differences in behavioral effects were observed. Furthermore, despite a relatively low potency of 10 for the inhibition of dopamine uptake compared to its affinity for the DAT, its behavioral profile did not vary significantly from cocaine. These data indicate that a behavioral characterization of compounds is a critical feature of efforts to discover pharmacological treatments for cocaine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA
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45
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Cao J, Husbands SM, Kopajtic T, Katz JL, Newman AH. [3-cis-3,5-Dimethyl-(1-piperazinyl)alkyl]-bis-(4'-fluorophenyl)amine analogues as novel probes for the dopamine transporter. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:3169-73. [PMID: 11720867 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a continuing effort to identify novel probes with which to study the dopamine transporter (DAT), we discovered that the sigma receptor antagonist, rimcazole, binds with moderate affinity (K(i)=224nM) to the DAT. The results from previous SAR studies suggested that substitution of the carbazole ring system of rimcazole with bis-(4'-fluorophenyl)amine might improve binding affinity and selectivity for the DAT. Thus, a novel series of [3-cis-3,5-dimethyl-(1-piperazinyl)alkyl]bis-(4'-fluorophenyl)amines were synthesized. The most potent compound in this series (9b) displaced [3H]WIN 35,428 binding in rat caudate-putamen (K(i)=17.6nM) with comparable affinity to GBR 12909. Despite high-affinity binding at DAT, and structural similarity to GBR 12909, preliminary studies suggest 9b behaves more like rimcazole than GBR 12909 and does not demonstrate cocaine-like psychostimulant behavior in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cao
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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46
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Goulet M, Miller GM, Bendor J, Liu S, Meltzer PC, Madras BK. Non-amines, drugs without an amine nitrogen, potently block serotonin transport: novel antidepressant candidates? Synapse 2001; 42:129-40. [PMID: 11746710 DOI: 10.1002/syn.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) is a principal site of action of therapeutic antidepressants in the brain. Without exception, these inhibitors of serotonin transport contain an amine nitrogen in their structure. We previously demonstrated that novel compounds without an amine nitrogen in their structure (non-amines), blocked dopamine transport in cells transfected with the human dopamine transporter. The present study investigated whether, in the absence of an amine nitrogen, certain non-amines bind selectively to the SERT and block the transport of serotonin. At 10 microM concentration, select non-amines displayed no, or little, affinity for 9 serotonin, 5 dopamine, 7 adrenergic, 5 muscarinic cholinergic, 3 opiate and histamine receptors. The affinities of non-amines for [(3)H]citalopram binding sites on the SERT and their potencies for blocking [(3)H]serotonin transport were measured in cloned human SERT stably or transiently expressed in HEK-293. Whether oxa- or carba-based, non-amines bound to [(3)H]citalopram-labeled sites and blocked [(3)H]serotonin transport in the low nanomolar range, at values equal to or higher than those of some conventional antidepressants. A non-amine, O-1809, was 99-fold more selective for the serotonin over the dopamine transporter. As substituents on the aromatic ring of non-amines confer high affinity for the SERT, we investigated the hypothesis that aromatic-aromatic interactions may contribute significantly to non-amine/transporter association. A SERT mutant was produced in which a highly conserved aromatic amino acid, phenylalanine 548, was replaced by an alanine (F548A). Although the affinities of several non-amines were unchanged in the mutant SERT, the affinity of imipramine was decreased, revealing possible differences in amine and non-amine binding domains on the SERT. The similar affinities of non-amines and conventional antidepressant drugs for the SERT support the view that an amine nitrogen is not essential for drugs to block serotonin transport with high affinity. Non-amines open avenues for developing a new generation of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goulet
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurochemistry, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, USA
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47
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Meltzer PC, Wang B, Chen Z, Blundell P, Jayaraman M, Gonzalez MD, George C, Madras BK. Synthesis of 6- and 7- hydroxy-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes and their binding affinity for the dopamine and serotonin transporters. J Med Chem 2001; 44:2619-35. [PMID: 11472216 DOI: 10.1021/jm0101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is a potent stimulant of the central nervous system. Its reinforcing and stimulant effects are related to its ability to inhibit the membrane bound dopamine transporter (DAT). Inhibition of the DAT causes an increase of dopamine in the synapse with a resultant activation of postsynaptic receptors. The rapid onset and short duration of action of cocaine contribute to its high addictive potential. Consequently, the design of tropane analogues of cocaine that display longer onset times on the DAT and extended duration of action is driven by the need to develop cocaine medication. This study extends the exploration of bridge hydroxylated azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes (tropanes). A series of 6- and 7-hydroxylated tropanes was prepared and evaluated biologically. Structure activity relationships lead to the following conclusions. Bridge hydroxylated tropanes retain biological enantioselectivity but display higher DAT versus SERT selectivity, particularly for the 3 alpha-aryl compounds as compared with the 3beta-aryl compounds, than the bridge unsubstituted analogues. The 7-hydroxyl compounds are more potent at the DAT than their 6-hydroxyl counterparts. The general SAR of the tropanes is maintained and the rank order of potencies based on substitution at the C3 position remains 3,4-dichloro > 2-naphthyl > 4-fluoro > phenyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Meltzer
- Organix Inc., 240 Salem Street, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, USA.
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48
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Tamiz AP, Bandyopadhyay BC, Zhang J, Flippen-Anderson JL, Zhang M, Wang CZ, Johnson KM, Tella S, Kozikowski AP. Pharmacological and behavioral analysis of the effects of some bivalent ligand-based monoamine reuptake inhibitors. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1615-22. [PMID: 11334571 DOI: 10.1021/jm000552s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel piperidine-based bivalent ligands were prepared in enantiomerically pure form and evaluated for their ability to inhibit reuptake of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and norepinephrine (NE) into rat brain nerve endings (synaptosomes). In this study, we have succeeded in using (1) the length of the linking chain connecting the two piperidine-based monomer units and (2) the absolute configuration of the piperidine monomer as a means to tailor activity and selectivity at the three monoamine transporters tested. In this series, the bivalent ligand 16, comprised of two (+)-trans-piperidine units linked by a pentamethylene spacer, exhibits a combination of high DA transporter (DAT) and 5-HT transporter (SERT) activity (K(i) = 39 nM and 7 nM, respectively). Piperidine 16 is capable of reducing cocaine's locomotor effects in mice while not having any effect on locomotion when tested alone. Additionally, compound 16 (1-10 mg/kg) does not substitute for cocaine in drug discrimination studies in rats. However, the analogous bivalent ligand 15 comprised of two (-)-trans-piperidine units, which is SERT selective, was less effective in antagonizing cocaine's locomotor stimulant activity. The piperidine-based bivalent inhibitors described herein constitute a new class of monoamine reuptake inhibitors that exhibit varying levels of monoamine transporter activity and selectivity, and these ligands may serve as lead candidates in the discovery of new therapeutics to treat a range of neurological disorders including cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Tamiz
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20007-2197, USA
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49
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Simoni D, Roberti M, Rondanin R, Baruchello R, Rossi M, Invidiata FP, Merighi S, Varani K, Gessi S, Borea PA, Marino S, Cavallini S, Bianchi C, Siniscalchi A. Effects of two-carbon bridge region methoxylation of benztropine: discovery of novel chiral ligands for the dopamine transporter. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:823-7. [PMID: 11277529 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
6-Methoxylated and 8-oxygenated benztropines were prepared and evaluated for their DAT and SERT activity (binding and uptake inhibition). Methoxylation at the two-carbon bridge of benztropine produced a novel class of potent and selective DAT ligands. An interesting enantioselectivity was also observed for this new class of chiral benztropines. The inactivity of the 8-oxygenated analogues seems to point out that, unlike cocaine and its analogues, interactions of benztropine ligands with DAT may be strongly governed by the nitrogen atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Simoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Italy.
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