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Bhagat K, Singh JV, Pagare PP, Kumar N, Sharma A, Kaur G, Kinarivala N, Gandu S, Singh H, Sharma S, Bedi PMS. Rational approaches for the design of various GABA modulators and their clinical progression. Mol Divers 2021; 25:551-601. [PMID: 32170466 PMCID: PMC8422677 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GABA (γ-amino butyric acid) is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Attenuation of GABAergic neurotransmission plays an important role in the etiology of several neurological disorders including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, migraine, Parkinson's disease, neuropathic pain, and depression. Increase in the GABAergic activity may be achieved through direct agonism at the GABAA receptors, inhibition of enzymatic breakdown of GABA, or by inhibition of the GABA transport proteins (GATs). These functionalities make GABA receptor modulators and GATs attractive drug targets in brain disorders associated with decreased GABA activity. There have been several reports of development of GABA modulators (GABA receptors, GABA transporters, and GABAergic enzyme inhibitors) in the past decade. Therefore, the focus of the present review is to provide an overview on various design strategies and synthetic approaches toward developing GABA modulators. Furthermore, mechanistic insights, structure-activity relationships, and molecular modeling inputs for the biologically active derivatives have also been discussed. Summary of the advances made over the past few years in the clinical translation and development of GABA receptor modulators is also provided. This compilation will be of great interest to the researchers working in the field of neuroscience. From the light of detailed literature, it can be concluded that numerous molecules have displayed significant results and their promising potential, clearly placing them ahead as potential future drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Bhagat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Jatinder V Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Piyusha P Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Gurinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Nihar Kinarivala
- Program in Chemical Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Srinivasa Gandu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Cell and Development Biology Graduate Program, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Harbinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
- Program in Chemical Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Preet Mohinder S Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
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Darroudi M, Ranjbar S, Esfandiar M, Khoshneviszadeh M, Hamzehloueian M, Khoshneviszadeh M, Sarrafi Y. Synthesis of Novel Triazole Incorporated Thiazolone Motifs Having Promising Antityrosinase Activity through Green Nanocatalyst CuI‐Fe
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(TMS‐EDTA). Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Darroudi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416 Iran
| | - Sara Ranjbar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Mohammad Esfandiar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416 Iran
| | - Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Yaghoub Sarrafi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416 Iran
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Molecular structure, spectral studies, NBO, HOMO–LUMO profile, MEP and Mulliken analysis of 3β,6β-dichloro-5α-hydroxy-5α–cholestane. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kasal A, Buděšínský M, Mareš P, Krištofíková Z, Leitão AJ, Sá e Melo ML, Silva MMC. Neurosteroids: Can a 2alpha,3alpha-epoxy ring make up for the 3alpha-hydroxyl group? Steroids 2016; 105:12-8. [PMID: 26631551 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Seven steroid epoxides were prepared from 5α-pregn-2-en-20-one and 5α-pregn-3-en-20-one and their side-chain derivatives. All compounds were tested in vitro for binding to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor, some of them also in vivo for anticonvulsant action. 2α,3α-Epoxy-5α-pregnan-20-one inhibited the TBPS binding to the GABAA receptor and showed a moderate anticonvulsant action in immature rats. In contrast, its 3α,4α-isomer was inactive. More polar epoxide derivatives, modified at the side chain were less active or inactive. Noteworthy, diol 20, the product of trans-diaxial opening of the 2α,3α-epoxide 4, was not able to inhibit the TBPS binding, showing that the activity of the epoxide is due to the compound itself and not to its hydrolytic product. The 3α-hydroxyl group is known to be essential for the GABAA receptor binding. Despite the shortness of in vivo effects which are probably due to metabolic inactivation of the products prepared, our results show that the 2α,3α-epoxy ring is another structural pattern with ability to bind the GABAAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kasal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Prague CZ16610, Czech Republic.
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Prague CZ16610, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mareš
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, CZ14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Zdena Krištofíková
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany CZ25067, Czech Republic
| | - Alcino J Leitão
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-508 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Luisa Sá e Melo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-508 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuel C Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-508 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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Szánti-Pintér E, Wouters J, Gömöry Á, Sághy É, Szőke É, Helyes Z, Kollár L, Skoda-Földes R. Synthesis of novel 13α-18-norandrostane-ferrocene conjugates via homogeneous catalytic methods and their investigation on TRPV1 receptor activation. Steroids 2015; 104:284-93. [PMID: 26519768 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
13α-Steroid-ferrocene derivatives were synthesized via two reaction pathways starting from an unnatural 16-keto-18-nor-13α-steroid. The unnatural steroid was converted to ferrocene derivatives via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition or palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation. 16-Azido- and 16-N-(prop-2-ynyl)-carboxamido-steroids were synthesized as starting materials for azide-alkyne cycloaddition with the appropriate ferrocene derivatives. Based on our earlier work, aminocarbonylation of 16-iodo-16-ene and 16-iodo-15-ene derivatives was studied with ferrocenylmethylamine. The new products were obtained in moderate to good yields and were characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR, IR and MS. The solid state structure of the starting material 13α-18-norandrostan-16-one and two carboxamide products were determined by X-ray crystallography. Evidences were provided that the N-propargyl-carboxamide compound as well as its ferrocenylmethyltriazole derivative are able to decrease the activation of TRPV1 receptor on TRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szánti-Pintér
- University of Pannonia, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Egyetem u. 10 (P.O. Box 158), H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Johan Wouters
- University of Namur, Department of Chemistry, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Ágnes Gömöry
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Sághy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Szentágothai Research Center, MTA-PTE Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6 (P.O. Box 266), H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Szőke
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Szentágothai Research Center, MTA-PTE Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6 (P.O. Box 266), H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Szentágothai Research Center, MTA-PTE Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6 (P.O. Box 266), H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Kollár
- University of Pécs, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and MTA-PTE Research Group for Selective Chemical Syntheses, Ifjúság u. 6 (P.O. Box 266), H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Rita Skoda-Földes
- University of Pannonia, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Egyetem u. 10 (P.O. Box 158), H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary.
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Kudova E, Chodounska H, Slavikova B, Budesinsky M, Nekardova M, Vyklicky V, Krausova B, Svehla P, Vyklicky L. A New Class of Potent N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Inhibitors: Sulfated Neuroactive Steroids with Lipophilic D-Ring Modifications. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5950-66. [PMID: 26171651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels that play a crucial role in excitatory synaptic transmission. However, the overactivation of NMDARs can lead to excitotoxic cell damage/death, and as such, they play a role in numerous neuropathological conditions. The activity of NMDARs is known to be influenced by a wide variety of allosteric modulators, including neurosteroids, which in turn makes them promising therapeutic targets. In this study, we describe a new class of neurosteroid analogues which possess structural modifications in the steroid D-ring region. These analogues were tested on recombinant GluN1/GluN2B receptors to evaluate the structure-activity relationship. Our results demonstrate that there is a strong correlation between this new structural feature and the in vitro activity, as all tested compounds were evaluated as more potent inhibitors of NMDA-induced currents (IC50 values varying from 90 nM to 5.4 μM) than the known endogeneous neurosteroid-pregnanolone sulfate (IC50 = 24.6 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kudova
- †Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Flemingovo nam 2, Prague 6-Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Chodounska
- †Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Flemingovo nam 2, Prague 6-Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Slavikova
- †Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Flemingovo nam 2, Prague 6-Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Milos Budesinsky
- †Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Flemingovo nam 2, Prague 6-Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Nekardova
- †Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Flemingovo nam 2, Prague 6-Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic.,§Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Ke Karlovu 3, Prague 2, 12116, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Vyklicky
- ‡Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, Prague 4, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Krausova
- ‡Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, Prague 4, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Svehla
- ‡Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, Prague 4, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Vyklicky
- ‡Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, Prague 4, 14220, Czech Republic
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Zolkowska D, Dhir A, Krishnan K, Covey DF, Rogawski MA. Anticonvulsant potencies of the enantiomers of the neurosteroids androsterone and etiocholanolone exceed those of the natural forms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3325-32. [PMID: 24705905 PMCID: PMC4134984 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Androsterone [(3α,5α)-3-hydroxyandrostan-17-one; 5α,3α-A] and its 5β-epimer etiocholanolone [(3α,5β)-3-hydroxyandrostan-17-one; 5β,3α-A)], the major excreted metabolites of testosterone, are neurosteroid positive modulators of GABAA receptors. Such neurosteroids typically show enantioselectivity in which the natural form is more potent than the corresponding unnatural enantiomer. For 5α,3α-A and 5β,3α-A, the unnatural enantiomers are more potent at GABAA receptors than the natural forms. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the anticonvulsant potencies and time courses of 5α,3α-A and 5β,3α-A with their enantiomers in mouse seizure models. METHODS Steroids were administered intraperitoneally to male NIH Swiss mice 15 min (or up to 6 h in time course experiments) prior to administration of an electrical stimulus in the 6-Hz or maximal electroshock (MES) seizure tests or the convulsant pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). RESULTS In the 6-Hz test, the ED50 values of ent-5α,3α-A was 5.0 mg/kg whereas the value for 5α,3α-A was 12.1 mg/kg; the corresponding values in the PTZ seizure test were 22.8 and 51.8 mg/kg. Neurosteroid GABAA receptor-positive allosteric modulators are generally weak in the MES seizure test and this was confirmed in the present study. However, the atypical relative potency relationship was maintained with ED50 values of 140 and 223 mg/kg for ent-5α,3α-A and 5α,3α-A, respectively. Similar relationships were obtained for the 5β-isomers, except that the enantioselectivity was accentuated. In the 6-Hz and PTZ tests, the ED50 values of ent-5β,3α-A were 11.8 and 20.4 mg/kg whereas the values for 5β,3α-A were 57.6 and 109.1 mg/kg. Protective activity in the 6-Hz test of ent-5α,3α-A persisted for somewhat longer (~5 h) than for 5α,3α-A (~4 h); protection by ent-5β,3α-A also persisted longer (~3 h) than for 5β,3α-A (~2 h). CONCLUSIONS The unnatural enantiomers of 17-keto androgen class neurosteroids have greater in vivo potency and a longer duration of action than their natural counterparts. The more prolonged duration of action of the unnatural enantiomers could reflect reduced susceptibility to metabolism. Unnatural enantiomers of androgen class neurosteroids could have therapeutic utility and may provide advantages over the corresponding natural isomers due to enhanced potency and improved pharmacokinetic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Zolkowska
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 20817
| | - Ashish Dhir
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 20817
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Douglas F. Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Michael A. Rogawski
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 20817
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Szánti-Pintér E, Csók Z, Berente Z, Kollár L, Skoda-Földes R. Synthesis of novel 13α-18-nor-16-carboxamido steroids via a palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation reaction. Steroids 2013; 78:1177-82. [PMID: 24012726 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
13α-18-nor-16-Carboxamido steroids were synthesized via a palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation reaction of the corresponding iodoalkenes. The starting material was an unnatural 13α-16-keto steroid, obtained by a Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement of a 16α,17α-epoxide in the presence of [BMIM][BF4]. The 13α-16-keto steroid was converted to a mixture of 16-iodo-16-ene and 16-iodo-15-ene derivatives in two steps by Barton's methodology. Aminocarbonylation of the steroidal alkenyl iodides was carried out using different primary and secondary amines as nucleophiles. The products, 16-carboxamido-16-ene and 16-carboxamido-15-ene derivatives, were obtained in good yields and were characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR, IR and MS. The reduction of the above two unsaturated carboxamides resulted in the same product, 17α-methyl-16α-carboxamido-androstane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szánti-Pintér
- University of Pannonia, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Egyetem u. 10, P.O. Box 158, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
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Slavíková B, Bujons J, Matyáš L, Vidal M, Babot Z, Krištofíková Z, Suñol C, Kasal A. Allopregnanolone and pregnanolone analogues modified in the C ring: synthesis and activity. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2323-36. [PMID: 23421641 DOI: 10.1021/jm3016365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
(25R)-3β-Hydroxy-5α-spirostan-12-one (hecogenin) and 11α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (11α-hydroxyprogesterone) were used as starting materials for the synthesis of a series of 11- and 12-substituted derivatives of 5ξ-pregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one and 3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one), the principal neurosteroid acting via γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These analogues were designed to study the structural requirements of the corresponding GABAA receptor. Their biological activity was measured by in vitro test with [(3)H]flunitrazepam as radioligand in which allopregnanolone and its active analogues stimulated the binding to the GABAA receptor. Analysis of the SAR data suggests dependence of the flunitrazepam binding activity on the hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance of the groups at the C-ring edge rather than on specific interactions between them and the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Slavíková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Zhang Z, Wang L, Bian X, Sun Q, Xu H, Wang C. First Synthesis of a C-Homosteroid from Pregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione. Helv Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bandyopadhyaya AK, Manion BD, Benz A, Taylor A, Rath NP, Evers AS, Zorumski CF, Mennerick S, Covey DF. Neurosteroid analogues. 15. A comparative study of the anesthetic and GABAergic actions of alphaxalone, Δ16-alphaxalone and their corresponding 17-carbonitrile analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6680-4. [PMID: 20875742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alphaxalone, a neuroactive steroid containing a 17β-acetyl group, has potent anesthetic activity in humans. This pharmacological activity is attributed to this steroid's enhancement of γ-amino butyric acid-mediated chloride currents at γ-amino butyric acid type A receptors. The conversion of alphaxalone into Δ(16)-alphaxalone produces an analogue that lacks anesthetic activity in humans and that has greatly diminished receptor actions. By contrast, the corresponding 17β-carbonitrile analogue of alphaxalone and the Δ(16)-17-carbonitrile analogue both have potent anesthetic and receptor actions. The differential effect of the Δ(16)-double bond on the actions of alphaxalone and the 17β-carbonitrile analogue is accounted for by a differential effect on the orientation of the 17-acetyl and 17-carbonitrile substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achintya K Bandyopadhyaya
- Department of Developmental Biology, Campus Box 8103, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Runyon SP, Orr M, Navarro HA, Kepler JA, Rogawski MA, Kaminski RM, Cook CE. 17beta-Nitro-5alpha-androstan-3alpha-ol and its 3beta-methyl derivative: neurosteroid analogs with potent anticonvulsant and anxiolytic activities. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 617:68-73. [PMID: 19577558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many 17-substituted androstan-3alpha-ol analogs act as positive allosteric modulators of GABA(A) receptors and exert anticonvulsant and anxiolytic-like activity actions in animal models. The endogenous neurosteroid allopregnanolone (17beta-acetyl; 1) is among the most potent of these. Here we demonstrate that 3alpha-hydroxy-17beta-nitro-5alpha-androstane (2b) and its 3beta-methyl analog (3alpha-hydroxy-3beta-methyl-17beta-nitro-5alpha-androstane; 2c) modulate GABA(A) receptors as assessed by [(35)S]t-butylbicyclo-phosphorothionate and [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding with potencies equivalent to or greater than 1. These compounds also had potencies equivalent to or greater than 1 in the pentylenetetrazol and 6Hz seizure models in the mouse. Furthermore, 2b exhibited anxiolytic-like activity in the elevated zero maze. The 3beta-hydroxy, 3alpha-desmethyl analog (2a) was devoid of activity on GABA(A) receptors in vitro but had moderate activity in the seizure models, possibly as a result of epimerization in vivo at the 3-position. This conclusion was supported by the lack of in vivo activity of the 3beta-hydroxy, 3alpha-methyl analog (2d), which is not expected to undergo epimerization. We conclude that nitro can serve as a bioisostere for acetyl at the 17beta-position of 5alpha-androstan-3alpha-ol, such that the nitro analog fully retains the bioactivity of the endogenous neurosteroid at GABA(A) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Runyon
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Scaglione JB, Jastrzebska I, Krishnan K, Li P, Akk G, Manion BD, Benz A, Taylor A, Rath NP, Evers AS, Zorumski CF, Mennerick S, Covey DF. Neurosteroid analogues. 14. Alternative ring system scaffolds: GABA modulatory and anesthetic actions of cyclopenta[b]phenanthrenes and cyclopenta[b]anthracenes. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1309-18. [PMID: 18275132 DOI: 10.1021/jm701128r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the structural features of binding sites for neuroactive steroids on gamma-aminobutryic acid type A (GABA A) receptors are still largely unknown, structure-activity studies have established a pharmacophore for potent enhancement of GABA A receptor function by neuroactive steroids. This pharmacophore emphasizes the importance of the position and stereochemistry of hydrogen-bonding groups on the steroid. However, the importance of the steroid ring system in mediating hydrophobic interactions with the GABA A receptor is unclear. We have taken the cyclopenta[ b]phenanthrene (tetracyclic compounds with a nonlinear ring system different from that of steroids) and cyclopenta[ b]anthracene (tetracyclic molecules with a linear 6-6-6-5 carbocyclic ring system) ring systems and properly substituted them to satisfy the pharmacophore requirements of the critical hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor groups found in neuroactive steroids. We have found these cyclopenta[ b]phenanthrene and cyclopenta[ b]anthracene analogues to have potent activity at the GABA A receptor, rivaling that of the most potent steroid modulators. Single-channel analysis of electrophysiological data indicates that similarly substituted analogues in the different ring systems affect the kinetic components of macroscopic currents in different ways. Mutations to the hydrogen bonding amino acids at the putative steroid binding site (alpha1Q241L mutation and alpha1N407A/Y410F double mutation) produce similar effects on macroscopic current amplitude by the different ring system analogues suggesting that the different kinetic effects are explained by the precise interactions of each analogue with the same binding site(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie B Scaglione
- Department of Molecular Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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16
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Wang C, Rath NP, Covey DF. Neurosteroid Analogues. 13. Synthetic methods for the preparation of 2beta-hydroxygonane derivatives as structural mimics of ent-3alpha-hydroxysteroid modulators of GABA(A) receptors. Tetrahedron 2007; 63:7977-7984. [PMID: 18698337 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many different 3alpha-hydroxysteroids in the androstane and pregnane steroid series enhance the actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at GABA type-A (GABA(A)) receptors in the mammalian central nervous system. Recent studies have shown that (3alpha,5alpha)-3-hydroxyandrostan-17-one (androsterone) is less active at these receptors than its enantiomer ent-androsterone. Further structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies are needed to explore the structural features of ent-androsterone that are important for its enhanced action at these receptors. Molecular modeling shows that 2beta-hydroxysteroids are similar in three-dimensional shape to the enantiomers of 3alpha-hydroxysteroids. The development of synthtetic methods to gain access to C(17)-substituted analogues of 2beta-hydroxygonanes for SAR studies is demonstrated with the synthesis of (2beta,5alpha,13beta,14beta)-2-hydroxygonan-17-one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunde Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8103, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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17
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Hosie AM, Wilkins ME, Smart TG. Neurosteroid binding sites on GABA(A) receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 116:7-19. [PMID: 17560657 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Controlling neuronal excitability is vitally important for maintaining a healthy central nervous system (CNS) and this relies on the activity of type A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA(A)) neurotransmitter receptors. Given this role, it is therefore important to understand how these receptors are regulated by endogenous modulators in the brain and determine where they bind to the receptor. One of the most potent groups of modulators is the neurosteroids which regulate the activity of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors. This level of regulation is thought to be physiologically important and its dysfunction may be relevant to numerous neurological conditions. The aim of this review is to summarise those studies that over the last 20 years have focussed upon finding the binding sites for neurosteroids on GABA(A) receptors. We consider the nature of steroid binding sites in other proteins where this has been determined at atomic resolution and how their generic features were mapped onto GABA(A) receptors to help locate 2 putative steroid binding sites. Altogether, the findings strongly suggest that neurosteroids do bind to discrete sites on the GABA(A) receptor and that these are located within the transmembrane domains of alpha and beta receptor subunits. The implications for neurosteroid binding to other inhibitory receptors such as glycine and GABA(C) receptors are also considered. Identifying neurosteroid binding sites may enable the precise pathophysiological role(s) of neurosteroids in the CNS to be established for the first time, as well as providing opportunities for the design of novel drug entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair M Hosie
- University College London, Department of Pharmacology, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT
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18
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Katona BW, Krishnan K, Cai ZY, Manion BD, Benz A, Taylor A, Evers AS, Zorumski CF, Mennerick S, Covey DF. Neurosteroid analogues. 12. Potent enhancement of GABA-mediated chloride currents at GABAA receptors by ent-androgens. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 43:107-13. [PMID: 17434649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Allopregnanolone (1) and pregnanolone (2), steroids containing a 17beta-acetyl group, are potent enhancers of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) action at GABAA receptors. Their effects are enantioselective with the non-naturally occurring enantiomers (ent-1 and ent-2) being less potent. Androsterone (3) and etiocholanolone (4), steroids with a C-17 carbonyl group, are weak enhancers of GABA action at GABAA receptors. Unexpectedly, their enantiomers (ent-3 and ent-4) have been found to have enhanced, not diminished, activity at GABAA receptors. Furthermore, the C-17 spiro-epoxide analogues (ent-5 and ent-6) of ent-3 and ent-4, respectively, have activities comparable to those of steroids 1 and 2. The results indicate that some ent-steroids are potent modulators of GABAA receptors and might have clinical potential as GABAergic drugs of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryson W Katona
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Wang C, Rath NP, Covey DF. Abnormal Beckmann fragmentation/ring closing metathesis route for preparation of 18-nor-Delta-androgens and their 18-nor-13,17-epoxide derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2006; 47:7837-7839. [PMID: 17440602 PMCID: PMC1852443 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of Delta(13,(17))-androgens and the structurally related 13,17-epoxides is described. The synthetic route involves cleavage of 17-ketosteroids by an abnormal Beckmann rearrangement, modification of the D-ring cleavage product to obtained an intermediate tricyclic diene and ring closing metathesis of the diene to the Delta(13,(17))-androgen. (3alpha,5alpha)-Androst-13(17)-en-3-ol and the derivative 13alpha,17alpha- and 13beta,17beta- epoxides were prepared by this route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunde Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nigam P. Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri St. Louis, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Douglas F. Covey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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20
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E-Ring extended estrone derivatives: introduction of 2-phenylcyclopentenone to the estrone D-ring via an intermolecular Pauson–Khand reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Suñol C, García DA, Bujons J, Kristofíková Z, Matyás L, Babot Z, Kasal A. Activity of B-nor analogues of neurosteroids on the GABA(A) receptor in primary neuronal cultures. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3225-34. [PMID: 16722640 DOI: 10.1021/jm060002f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A GABA(A) receptor study of several B-nor analogues of allopregnanolone and pregnanolone has been carried out. B-norallopregnanolone (i.e., 3alpha-hydroxy-7-nor-5alpha-pregnan-20-one) was found comparable to allopregnanolone when measured with labeled TBPS. Analogous results were obtained from their effect on neurons in culture: this time, both 3alpha-hydroxy-7-nor-5xi-pregnan-20-ones (5 and 6) were found to stimulate [3H]flunitrazepam binding and GABA-induced 36Cl- influx. These effects were inhibited by GABA(A) receptor antagonists. Other analogues carrying electronegative substituents (epoxides 9 and 10 and ketone 12) in the B ring were inactive. Similarly, B-normal ketones 17, and 18 and 6-azasteroids 20 and 21 were also inactive. B-Nor analogues 5 and 6 did not induce neurotoxicity at relevant concentrations. A computational analysis of active and inactive neurosteroid analogues allowed the proposal of a 3D pharmacophoric hypothesis of their interaction with the GABA(A) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Suñol
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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23
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Souli C, Avlonitis N, Calogeropoulou T, Tsotinis A, Maksay G, Bíró T, Politi A, Mavromoustakos T, Makriyannis A, Reis H, Papadopoulos M. Novel 17β-Substituted Conformationally Constrained Neurosteroids that Modulate GABAA Receptors. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5203-14. [PMID: 16078839 DOI: 10.1021/jm050271q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop a series of allopregnanolone analogues substituted by conformationally constrained 17beta side chains to obtain additional information about the structure-activity relationship of 5alpha-reduced steroids to modulate GABA(A) receptors. Specifically, we introduced alkynyl-substituted 17beta side chains in which the triple bond is either directly attached to the 17beta-position or to the 21-position of the steroid skeleton. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of C22 and C20 modification. The in vitro binding affinity for the GABA(A) receptor of the new analogues was measured by allosteric displacement of the specific binding of [(3)H]4'-ethynyl-4-n-propyl-bicycloorthobenzoate (EBOB) to GABA(A) receptors on synaptosomal membranes of rat cerebellum. An allosteric binding model that has been successfully applied to ionotropic glycine receptors was employed. The most active derivative is (20R)-17beta-(1-hydroxy-2,3-butadienyl)-5alpha-androstane-3-ol (20), which possesses low nanomolar potency to modulate cerebellar GABA(A) receptors and is 71 times more active than the control compound allopregnanolone. Theoretical conformational analysis was employed in an attempt to correlate the in vitro results with the active conformations of the most potent of the new analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charikleia Souli
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
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24
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Zhang JL, Che CM. Dichlororuthenium(IV) Complex ofmeso-Tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin: Active and Robust Catalyst for Highly Selective Oxidation of Arenes, Unsaturated Steroids, and Electron-Deficient Alkenes by Using 2,6-DichloropyridineN-Oxide. Chemistry 2005; 11:3899-914. [PMID: 15812875 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200401008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
[Ru(IV)(2,6-Cl2tpp)Cl2], prepared in 90 % yield from the reaction of [Ru(VI)(2,6-Cl2tpp)O2] with Me3SiCl and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography, is markedly superior to [Ru(IV)(tmp)Cl2], [Ru(IV)(ttp)Cl2], and [Ru(II)(por)(CO)] (por=2,6-Cl2tpp, F20-tpp, F28-tpp) as a catalyst for alkene epoxidation with 2,6-Cl2pyNO (2,6-Cl2tpp=meso-tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrinato dianion; tmp=meso-tetramesitylporphyrinato dianion; ttp=meso-tetrakis(p-tolyl)porphyrinato dianion; F20-tpp=meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinato dianion; F28-tpp=2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octafluoro-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinato dianion). The "[Ru(IV)(2,6-Cl2tpp)Cl2]+2,6-Cl2pyNO" protocol oxidized, under acid-free conditions, a wide variety of hydrocarbons including 1) cycloalkenes, conjugated enynes, electron-deficient alkenes (to afford epoxides), 2) arenes (to afford quinones), and 3) Delta5-unsaturated steroids, Delta4-3-ketosteroids, and estratetraene derivatives (to afford epoxide/ketone derivatives of steroids) in up to 99 % product yield within several hours with up to 100 % substrate conversion and excellent regio- or diastereoselectivity. Catalyst [Ru(IV)(2,6-Cl2tpp)Cl2] is remarkably active and robust toward the above oxidation reactions, and turnover numbers of up to 6.4x10(3), 2.0x10(4), and 1.6x10(4) were obtained for the oxidation of alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones, arenes, and Delta5-unsaturated steroids, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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25
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Banik BK, Banik I, Becker FF. Stereocontrolled synthesis of anticancer β-lactams via the Staudinger reaction. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:3611-22. [PMID: 15862989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stereocontrolled synthesis of novel beta-lactams using polyaromatic imines following the Staudinger reaction has been accomplished. The effects of domestic microwave irradiation on this type of reaction have been investigated. Formation of trans-beta-lactams has been explained through isomerization of the enolates formed during the reaction of acid chloride (equivalent) with imines in the presence of triethylamine. A donor-acceptor complex pathway is believed to be involved in the formation of cis-beta-lactams. The effect of a peri hydrogen has been found to be significant in controlling the stereochemistry of the resulting beta-lactams. SAR has identified beta-lactams with anticancer activity. The presence of an acetoxy group has proven obligatory for their anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimal K Banik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas-Pan American, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA.
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26
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Zeng CM, Manion BD, Benz A, Evers AS, Zorumski CF, Mennerick S, Covey DF. Neurosteroid analogues. 10. The effect of methyl group substitution at the C-6 and C-7 positions on the GABA modulatory and anesthetic actions of (3alpha,5alpha)- and (3alpha,5beta)-3-hydroxypregnan-20-one. J Med Chem 2005; 48:3051-9. [PMID: 15828844 DOI: 10.1021/jm049027+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The planar 5alpha-reduced steroid (3alpha,5alpha)-3-hydroxypregnan-20-one and the nonplanar 5beta-reduced steroid (3alpha,5beta)-3-hydroxypregnan-20-one act at GABA(A) receptors to induce general anesthesia. The structural features of the binding sites for these anesthetic steroids on GABA(A) receptors have not been determined. To determine how structural modifications at the steroid C-6 and C-7 positions effect the actions of these anesthetic steroids, an axial or equatorial methyl group was introduced at these positions. The analogues were evaluated (1) in [(35)S]-tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding experiments, (2) in electrophysiological experiments using rat alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2L) GABA(A) receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and (3) as tadpole anesthetics. The effects of methyl group substitution in the 5alpha- and 5beta-reduced series of compounds were strikingly similar. In both series, a 6beta-Me group gave compounds with actions similar to or greater than those of the parent steroids. A 6alpha-, 7beta- or 7alpha-Me substituent resulted in reduced potency for inhibition of radioligand binding, GABA(A) receptor modulation and tadpole anesthesia. Because of the similar effects of methyl group substitution in the two series of compounds and previous results from other studies showing that structural modifications in the steroid D ring/side chain region produce similar effects regardless of the stereochemistry of the A,B-ring fusion, we propose that either the 3alpha-hydroxyl groups of planar and nonplanar anesthetic steroids hydrogen bond to different amino acids on GABA(A) receptors or that this critical hydrogen bonding group interacts with membrane lipids instead of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-min Zeng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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27
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Banik BK, Becker FF, Banik I. Synthesis of anticancer β-lactams: mechanism of action. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:2523-8. [PMID: 15110834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2003] [Revised: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of the trans 1-N-chrysenyl and 1-N-phenanthrenyl 3-acetoxy-4-phenyl-2-azetidinones has been achieved. Microwave-assisted reaction has proved useful in the synthesis of these compounds. Cell growth inhibition study has indicated selective anticancer activity against two leukemia and colon carcinoma cell lines. A mechanistic correlation of their anticancer activity has been described. Striking G2 blockade that is clearly distinct in cell cycle analysis and demonstrated only in sensitive cell lines has been observed. They do not induce apoptosis in sensitive or resistant lines. They also do not inhibit topoisomerases. Ames test has shown they are nonmutagenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimal K Banik
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Pathology, Unit 89, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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28
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Jiang X, Manion BD, Benz A, Rath NP, Evers AS, Zorumski CF, Mennerick S, Covey DF. Neurosteroid Analogues. 9. Conformationally Constrained Pregnanes: Structure−Activity Studies of 13,24-Cyclo-18,21-dinorcholane Analogues of the GABA Modulatory and Anesthetic Steroids (3α,5α)- and (3α,5β)-3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one. J Med Chem 2003; 46:5334-48. [PMID: 14640542 DOI: 10.1021/jm030302m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hydrogen-bond-acceptor properties of the carbonyl moiety in the 17beta-acetyl group on the D-ring of the anesthetic steroids (3alpha,5alpha)- and (3alpha,5beta)-3-hydroxypregan-20-one form an important part of the anesthetic steroid pharmacophore. 13,24-Cyclo-18,21-dinorcholanes containing a ketone or conjugated ketone group at C-20, C-22, C-23, or C-24 were prepared as conformationally constrained analogues of these anesthetic steroids and were used to probe for alternate locations for the D-ring hydrogen-bond-accepting carbonyl group. The analogues were evaluated (1). in [(35)S]-tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding experiments, (2). in electrophysiological experiments using rat alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2L) GABA(A) receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and (3). as tadpole anesthetics. In the binding assay, the relative order of potencies for the analogues in the 5alpha- and 5beta-series is identical. For the ketones, the order is 24-one >or= 23-one > 20-one > 22-one. Likewise, for the enones, the order is delta(22)-24-one > delta(20(22))-23-one > delta(22)-20-one > delta(23)-22-one. Similar relative orders of potencies are also found in the other two bioassays. The activities of the 24-one and delta(22)-24-one compounds were expected to be very low, because the carbonyl group in these compounds is located over the steroid C-ring and oriented toward C-8. Instead, these compounds have the highest activities in their respective series, with the delta(22)-24-one compounds having activities comparable to those of the reference anesthetic steroids. The electrophysiology results obtained with the 24-oxo-cyclosteroids suggest that rat alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2L) GABA(A) receptors contain more than one donor for the hydrogen-bond-acceptor group of anesthetic steroids. The family of cyclosteroids should be useful for future structure-activity relationship studies of steroid modulation of other GABA(A) receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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29
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Wang C, Wang S, Xu Y, Hu Y, Hu H. Preparation of (5 alpha,13 alpha)-D-azasteroids as key precursors of a new family of potential GABAA receptor modulators. Steroids 2003; 68:677-83. [PMID: 12957673 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(03)00099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three groups of (5 alpha,13 alpha)-D-azasteroids, (5 alpha,13 alpha)-3-hydroxy-17a-aza-D-homoandrostans (12), (5 alpha,13 alpha)-3-hydroxy-17-aza-D-homoandrostans (15), and (5 alpha,13 alpha)-3-hydroxy-17-azaandrostans (17), were designed and synthesized as key precursors for the further preparation of a new family of potential GABAA receptor modulators from commercially available natural steroids (5 alpha)-3-hydroxyandrostane-17-ones (7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunde Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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30
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Losel RM, Falkenstein E, Feuring M, Schultz A, Tillmann HC, Rossol-Haseroth K, Wehling M. Nongenomic steroid action: controversies, questions, and answers. Physiol Rev 2003; 83:965-1016. [PMID: 12843413 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroids may exert their action in living cells by several ways: 1). the well-known genomic pathway, involving hormone binding to cytosolic (classic) receptors and subsequent modulation of gene expression followed by protein synthesis. 2). Alternatively, pathways are operating that do not act on the genome, therefore indicating nongenomic action. Although it is comparatively easy to confirm the nongenomic nature of a particular phenomenon observed, e.g., by using inhibitors of transcription or translation, considerable controversy exists about the identity of receptors that mediate these responses. Many different approaches have been employed to answer this question, including pharmacology, knock-out animals, and numerous biochemical studies. Evidence is presented for and against both the participation of classic receptors, or proteins closely related to them, as well as for the involvement of yet poorly understood, novel membrane steroid receptors. In addition, clinical implications for a wide array of nongenomic steroid actions are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf M Losel
- Institut für klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Veleiro AS, Rosenstein RE, Jaliffa CO, Grilli ML, Speroni F, Burton G. Synthesis and GABA(A) receptor activity of a 6,19-oxido analogue of pregnanolone. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:343-6. [PMID: 12565926 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)01019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
3 alpha-Hydroxy-6,19-oxidopregn-4-ene-20-one (4) was prepared in seven steps from pregnanolone acetate. At 0.1 microM concentration 4 significantly increased GABA induced (36)Cl(-) influx in hamster cerebral cortex synaptoneurosomes while at 20 mg/kg it decreased the percentage of hamsters showing seizures induced by 3-mercaptopropionic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana S Veleiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Di Chenna PH, Dauban P, Ghini A, Baggio R, Garland MT, Burton G, Dodd RH. PhINSes mediated aziridination of 11-pregnane derivatives: synthesis of an 11,12-aziridino analogue of neuroactive steroids. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pellicciari R, Marinozzi M, Camaioni E, del Carmen Nùnez M, Costantino G, Gasparini F, Giorgi G, Macchiarulo A, Subramanian N. Spiro[2.2]pentane as a dissymmetric scaffold for conformationally constrained analogues of glutamic acid: focus on racemic 1-aminospiro[2.2]pentyl-1,4-dicarboxylic acids. J Org Chem 2002; 67:5497-507. [PMID: 12153247 DOI: 10.1021/jo020138v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In search for novel conformationally constrained analogues of L-glutamic acid, a diastereodivergent synthesis of the four 1-aminospiro[2.2]pentyl-1,4-dicarboxylic acid racemic pairs is reported along with their stereochemical assignment, conformational analysis, and preliminary biological evaluation as potential glutamate (ionotropic and metabotropic) ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pellicciari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06123 Perugia Italy.
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Abstract
This review is based on a selection of research papers published mainly in the last decade and it describes various analytical aspects of separation and detection of neuroactive steroids in biological matrices.
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Lambert JJ, Harney SC, Belelli D, Peters JA. Neurosteroid modulation of recombinant and synaptic GABAA receptors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2002; 46:177-205. [PMID: 11599300 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(01)46063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Certain pregnane steroids are now established as potent, positive allosteric modulators of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor. These compounds are known to be synthesized in the periphery by endocrine glands, such as the ovaries and the adrenal glands, and can rapidly cross the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, such steroids could act as endogeneous modulators of the major inhibitory receptor in the mammalian central nervous system. However, the demonstration that certain neurons and glia can synthesize the pregnane steroids (i.e., neurosteroids) additionally suggests that they may serve a paracrine role by influencing GABAA-receptor function through their local release in the brain itself. Here, we demonstrate that these neurosteroids are highly selective and extremely potent modulators of the GABAA receptor. The subunit composition of the GABAA receptor may influence the actions of the neurosteroids, particularly when considering concentrations of these agents thought to occur physiologically, which may underlie their reported differential effects at certain inhibitory synapses. However, recent work suggests that the phosphorylation status of either the synaptic GABAA receptor or its associated proteins may also influence neurosteroid sensitivity; these findings are discussed. Upon administration, the neurosteroids exhibit clear behavioral effects, including sedation, anticonvulsant actions, and behaviors predictive of anxiolysis; when given at high doses, they induce general anesthesia. Numerous synthetic steroids have been synthesized in an attempt to therapeutically exploit these properties, and these data are reviewed in this chapter. However, targeting the brain enzymes that synthesize and metabolize the neurosteroids may offer a new approach to exploit this novel endocrine-paracrine neurotransmitter interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, DD1 9SY Scotland
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36
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Covey DF, Evers AS, Mennerick S, Zorumski CF, Purdy RH. Recent developments in structure-activity relationships for steroid modulators of GABA(A) receptors. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2001; 37:91-7. [PMID: 11744077 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic neurotransmission can be both positively and negatively modulated by steroids. The steroid effects are thought to be mediated by binding of steroids to specific sites on GABA(A) receptors. It appears that the receptor sites for positive and negative modulatory steroids are different. Thus far, the location and number of binding sites for steroids on these receptors have not been established. In this brief review, we concentrate largely on results from our own structure-activity studies. Novel analogues have been studied to further delineate the structural features required for compounds to modulate receptor function via steroid binding sites. Non-naturally occurring enantiomers of both positive and negative modulators have been studied to provide further evidence for the existence of specific steroid binding sites on the receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Covey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Box 8103, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Anderson A, Belelli D, Bennett DJ, Buchanan KI, Casula A, Cooke A, Feilden H, Gemmell DK, Hamilton NM, Hutchinson EJ, Lambert JJ, Maidment MS, McGuire R, McPhail P, Miller S, Muntoni A, Peters JA, Sansbury FH, Stevenson D, Sundaram H. Alpha-amino acid phenolic ester derivatives: novel water-soluble general anesthetic agents which allosterically modulate GABA(A) receptors. J Med Chem 2001; 44:3582-91. [PMID: 11606122 DOI: 10.1021/jm010903i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the search for a novel water-soluble general anesthetic agent the activity of an alpha-amino acid phenolic ester lead, identified from patent literature, was markedly improved. In addition to improving in vivo activity in mice, good in vitro activity at GABA(A) receptors was also conferred. Within the series of compounds good enantioselectivity for both in vitro and in vivo activity was found, supporting a protein-mediated mechanism of action for anesthesia involving allosteric modulation of GABA(A) receptors. alpha-Amino acid phenolic ester 19, as the hydrobromide salt Org 25435, was selected for clinical evaluation since it retained the best overall anesthetic profile coupled with improved stability and water solubility. In the clinic it proved to be an effective intravenous anesthetic in man with rapid onset of and recovery from anesthesia at doses of 3 and 4 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anderson
- Organon Research, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, Scotland, U.K
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