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Mishra K, Pradhan S, Akhtar MS, Yang WG, Kim SH, Lee YR. Catalytic synergy of Au@CeO 2–rGO nanohybrids for the reductive transformation of antibiotics and dyes. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00180a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Changes in morphology of Au@CeO2–rGO nanohybrids demonstrated synergistic effects of the ternary components for reductive transformation of antibiotics and dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Mishra
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan
- Republic of Korea
| | - Samjhana Pradhan
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan
- Republic of Korea
| | | | - Won-Guen Yang
- Analysis Research Division
- Daegu Center
- Korea Basic Science Institute
- Daegu 41566
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hong Kim
- Analysis Research Division
- Daegu Center
- Korea Basic Science Institute
- Daegu 41566
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan
- Republic of Korea
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2
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Mohan P, Hopfinger AJ, Baba M. Naphthalenesulphonic Acid Derivatives as Potential anti-HIV-1 Agents. Chemistry, Biology and Molecular Modelling of Their Inhibition of Reverse Transcriptase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029100200402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the naphthalenesulphonic acid series is most pronounced in the disulphonic acid series. In this class of compounds, N-acyl derivatives of 4-amino-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulphonic acid demonstrate significant anti-HIV activity at non-toxic doses. The most potent compounds in this group of agents are bis naphthalenedisulphonic acids. A bis derivative containing a decamethylene spacer demonstrated activity against HIV-1, HIV-2 giant cell formation and reverse transcriptase (RT). This compound also demonstrated an in vitro therapeutic index (ratio of 50% cytotoxic concentration to 50% inhibitory antiviral concentration) of 10.6. Molecular modelling analyses of this agent, suramin, and several suramin analogues were undertaken to explain the potent anti-HIV-1 RT activity. These studies were carried out using the molecular decomposition/recomposition strategy, conformational searching, energy minimization and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The bis naphthalenedisulphonic acid derivative compound 1, having a flexible decamethylene spacer, was shown to be able to mimic the helical twist of the B-DNA backbone as a low energy conformer state.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Mohan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Box 6998, Chicago, IL 60680, USA
| | - A. J. Hopfinger
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Box 6998, Chicago, IL 60680, USA
| | - M. Baba
- Department of Microbiology, Fukushima Medical College, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima 960-12, Japan
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3
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Ikeda S, Wong M, Mohan P, De Clercq E. Selective Inhibition of Myxovirus Replication by a Novel Series of Cholesterol-Naphthalenesulfonic Acid Hybrid Molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of hybrid molecules with cholesterol and naphthalenesulfonic acid have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against myxoviruses (respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], influenza A and B virus), Naphthalenesulfonic acids (compounds 1–3) and cholesterols (compounds 4 and 5) did not inhibit myxovirus-induced cytopathic-ity. However, hybrid molecules (compounds 6 and 7) proved active against RSV and influenza A virus but not influenza B virus. The antiviral effects of the hybrid compounds 6 and 7 were comparable to those of dextran sulfate. Mixtures of naphthalenesulfonic acid and cholesteryl chloroformate (compounds 1 and 5 molecules, corresponding to the hybrid molecule 6; and compounds 2 and 5, corresponding to the hybrid molecule 7) did not show antiviral activity. The mode of action of the cholesterol-linked naphthalenesulfonic acids can be attributed to inhibition of virus-cell fusion (influenza A virus) or inhibition of both virus-cell binding and fusion (RSV).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ikeda
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M.F. Wong
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois 60680, USA
| | - P. Mohan
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois 60680, USA
| | - E. De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Ojala WH, Ojala CR, Gleason WB. The X-ray Crystal Structure of the Sulfonated Azo Dye Congo Red, a Non-Peptidic Inhibitor of HIV-1 Protease which also Binds to Reverse Transcriptase and Amyloid Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029500600104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Congo Red is a sulfonated azo dye and widely used biological stain that has recently been the focus of intense interest because it has been shown to bind to proteins involved in viral recognition and replication. Congo Red also finds wide use as a histological stain for amyloid proteins of the type found in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in cattle and mink, and scrapie in sheep. Congo Red has been demonstrated to protect normal prion protein from being converted to the protease-resistant form, an important step in the pathology of the so-called ‘slow viral’ diseases. The range of biological molecules to which Congo Red binds makes it an important lead compound in drug development, for example in the development of new anti-HIV and anti-Alzheimer's therapeutic agents. In this report we present the first high-resolution structure of Congo Red: the low-temperature (173 K) X-ray crystal structure determination of its calcium salt. Two conformations of the molecule are found in the same crystal structure, one in which the central biphenyl group assumes a twisted (25°) conformation, and one in which the biphenyl group is planar and is located on a crystallo-graphic inversion centre. In both conformations the sulfonate groups are oriented anti with respect to the long molecular axis and assume eclipsed conformations with respect to the naphthalene rings. A comparison is made with a published structure [Turned, W.G., and Finch, J.T. (1992) J Mol Biol 227: 1205-1223] in which Congo Red is bound to porcine insulin, this complex serving as a model for amyloid binding. The results illustrate the conformational flexibility possessed by the biphenyl spacer, which allows the hydrophobic portion of the molecule to assume an optimum fit in the hydrophobic binding pockets of target proteins. A model is presented for the binding of Congo Red to the HIV protease in which the sulfonate groups interact with the side-chains of arginine residues. This proposed binding mode is consistent with the observed binding for other sulfonated aromatic inhibitors such as Evans Blue.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. H. Ojala
- Biomedical Engineering Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - C. R. Ojala
- Normandale Community College, Bloomington, MN 55431, USA
| | - W. B. Gleason
- Biomedical Engineering Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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5
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Baba M, Schols D, Mohan P, De Clercq E, Shigeta S. Inhibition of HIV-1-Induced Cytopathogenicity, Syncytium Formation, and Virus-Cell Binding by Naphthalenedisulphonic Acids through Interaction with the Viral Envelope gp120 Glycoprotein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029300400405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bis-naphthalenedisulphonic acid derivatives with a biphenyl spacer, 4,4′-[4,4′-biphenyldiylbis(sulphonyl-amino)]bis(5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulphonic acid) and 3,3′-[4,4′-biphenyldiylbis(sulphonyl-amino)]bis(1,5-naphthalenedisulphonic acid), have previously been reported as potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in cell culture. These compounds have also proved inhibitory to syncytium formation in cocultures of MOLT-4 cells with HIV-1-infected HUT-78 cells. They also inhibit the binding of HIV-1 virions to MT-4 cells as determined by a flow cytometric (FACS) method. Further studies on their mechanism of action by the FACS have revealed that the compounds inhibit the binding of anti-gp120 monoclonal antibody to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120. Binding of OKT4A/Leu3a monoclonal antibody to the cellular CD4 receptor is not affected by the compounds. These results suggest that the anti-HIV-1 activity of the naphthalenedisulphonic acid derivatives can be attributed to inhibition of the gp120-CD4 interaction through binding of the compounds to the viral gp120 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Baba
- Department of Microbiology, Fukushima Medical College, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima 960-12, Japan
| | - D. Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P. Mohan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Box 6998, Chicago, IL, 60680, USA
| | - E. De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S. Shigeta
- Department of Microbiology, Fukushima Medical College, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima 960-12, Japan
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6
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Pirrone V, Wigdahl B, Krebs FC. The rise and fall of polyanionic inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antiviral Res 2011; 90:168-82. [PMID: 21439325 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.03.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is an ordered, multistep process involving binding and entry, reverse transcription, integration, viral gene transcription, translation, processing, and finally assembly. Numerous therapeutic and preventive compounds, which are currently available for clinical use or are under preclinical and clinical development, act on at least one of these steps. Polyanionic HIV-1 inhibitors comprise a family of compounds that are generally considered entry inhibitors. The main mechanism of anti-HIV-1 activity associated with these compounds involves electrostatic interactions with HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 that ultimately prevent binding of the virus to target cells. A number of these compounds have been considered for systemic use and for use as microbicides, which are products designed to prevent sexual HIV-1 transmission. These compounds have been studied extensively using in vitro assays of activity, cytotoxicity, and mechanism of action, ex vivo models of HIV-1 transmission, and animal models of in vivo efficacy and toxicity. Three of these polyanionic compounds - cellulose sulfate, carrageenan, and PRO 2000 - were advanced into clinical trials of microbicide safety and efficacy. Although phase I and phase II clinical trials showed these compounds to be safe and well tolerated, none of the phase III trials provided any evidence that these compounds were effective against heterosexual HIV-1 transmission. Furthermore, clinical and in vitro results suggest enhancement of HIV-1 infection in the presence of polyanionic compounds. We discuss the preclinical development of polyanionic HIV-1 inhibitors, the clinical trials of polyanionic compounds used systemically and as topical vaginal microbicides, and the prospects for the future development of these compounds as inhibitors of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Pirrone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Sexually Transmitted Disease, Center for Molecular Therapeutics and Resistance, Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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7
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Cummins JE, Guarner J, Flowers L, Guenthner PC, Bartlett J, Morken T, Grohskopf LA, Paxton L, Dezzutti CS. Preclinical testing of candidate topical microbicides for anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity and tissue toxicity in a human cervical explant culture. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:1770-9. [PMID: 17353237 PMCID: PMC1855576 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01129-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A human cervical explant culture was utilized for the preclinical assessment of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity and tissue toxicity of formulated, candidate topical microbicides. Products tested included cellulose acetate 1,2-benzene dicarboxylate (CAP), a carrageenan-based product (PC-515), a naphthalene sulfonate polymer (PRO 2000), a lysine dendrimer (SPL7013), a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (UC781), and an antimicrobial peptide (D2A21), along with their placebos. Cervical explants were cultured overnight with HIV-1 with or without product, washed, and monitored for signs of HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 infection was determined by p24gag levels in the basolateral medium and by immunohistochemical analysis of the explant. Product toxicity was measured by the MTT [1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan] assay and histology. CAP, PRO 2000, SPL7013, and UC781 consistently prevented HIV-1 infection in all explants tested. PC-515 and D2A21 prevented HIV-1 infection in 50% or fewer of the explants tested. Placebos did not prevent infection in any of the explants tested. With the exception of PRO 2000 (4%), the MTT assay and histological analysis of the other products and placebos showed minimal toxicity to the epithelium and submucosa. Collectively, these data suggest that this culture system can be used for evaluating the safety and efficacy of topical microbicides designed for vaginal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Cummins
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Dezzutti CS, James VN, Ramos A, Sullivan ST, Siddig A, Bush TJ, Grohskopf LA, Paxton L, Subbarao S, Hart CE. In vitro comparison of topical microbicides for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:3834-44. [PMID: 15388443 PMCID: PMC521884 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.10.3834-3844.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A standardized protocol was used to compare cellular toxicities and anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activities of candidate microbicides formulated for human use. The microbicides evaluated were cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), Carraguard, K-Y plus nonoxynol-9 (KY-N9), PRO 2000 (0.5 and 4%), SPL7013 (5%), UC781 (0.1 and 1%), and Vena Gel, along with their accompanying placebos. Products were evaluated for toxicity on cervical and colorectal epithelial cell lines, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and macrophages (MPhi) by using an ATP release assay, and they were tested for their effect on transepithelial resistance (TER) of polarized epithelial monolayers. Anti-HIV-1 activity was evaluated in assays for transfer of infectious HIV-1 from epithelial cells to activated PBMCs and for PBMC and MPhi infection. CAP, Carraguard, PRO 2000, SPL7013, and UC781 along with their placebos were 20- to 50-fold less toxic than KY-N9 and Vena Gel. None of the nontoxic product concentrations disrupted the TER. Transfer of HIV-1(Ba-L) from epithelial cells to PBMCs and PBMC and MPhi infection with laboratory-adapted HIV-1(Ba-L) and HIV-1(LAI) isolates were inhibited by all products except Carraguard, KY-N9, and Vena Gel. KY-N9, Vena Gel, and Carraguard were not effective in blocking PBMC infection with primary HIV-1(A), HIV-1(C), and HIV-1(CRF01-AE) isolates. The concordance of these toxicity results with those previously reported indicates that our protocol may be useful for predicting toxicity in vivo. Moreover, our systematic anti-HIV-1 testing provides a rational basis for making better informed decisions about which products to consider for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene S Dezzutti
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., NE, Mailstop G19, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Halliday SM, Lackman-Smith C, Bader JP, Rice WG, Clanton DJ, Zalkow LH, Buckheit RW. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication by the sulfonated stilbene dye resobene. Antiviral Res 1996; 33:41-53. [PMID: 8955852 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(96)00994-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The anti-HIV sulfonated dye, resobene, was found to be a potent inhibitor of the attachment of HIV to target cells, the fusion of envelope- and CD4-expressing cells, and the cell-to-cell transmission of virus. Resobene inhibited the infection of phenotypically distinct, established human cell lines and fresh human peripheral blood lymphocytes and macrophages by laboratory-derived isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2), and a panel of biologically diverse primary clinical isolates, including syncytium-inducing and non-syncytium-inducing viruses and strains representative of the various virus clades found worldwide. The compound was also active against all drug-resistant virus isolates tested. Cell-based and biochemical mechanism of action studies demonstrated that the compound inhibits the attachment of infectious virus and fusion of virus-infected cells to uninfected target cells by binding to the cationic V3 loop of the envelope glycoprotein. Resobene effectively inhibited the infection of cell populations which do and do not express cell surface CD4. Resobene prevented infection of the cervical epithelial cell line ME180, suggesting the compound may effectively act as a topical microbicide to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Halliday
- Virology Research Group, Southern Research Institute, Frederick Research Center, MD 21701, USA
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10
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Soluble analogs of GalCer and suramin as potential inhibitors of HIV-1 infection: Key role of self-association. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02174018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Shuto S, Obara T, Saito Y, Andrei G, Snoeck R, De Clercq E, Matsuda A. New neplanocin analogues. 6. Synthesis and potent antiviral activity of 6'-homoneplanocin A1. J Med Chem 1996; 39:2392-9. [PMID: 8691433 DOI: 10.1021/jm950853f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and antiviral activities of 6'-homoneplanocin A (HNPA, 3) and its congeners having nucleobases other than adenine, such as 3-deazaadenine (4), guanine (5), thymine (6), and cytosine (7), were described. Starting from the known cyclopentenone derivative 8, the optically active (mesyloxy)cyclopentene derivative 15 was prepared, which was condensed with nucleobases then deprotected to give target compounds 3-7. Of these compounds, HNPA showed an antiviral activity spectrum that was comparable to, and an antiviral specificity that was higher than, that of neplanocin A. HNPA proved particularly active against human cytomegalovirus, vaccinia virus, parainfluenza virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and arenaviruses, which is compatible with an antiviral action targeted at S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. HNPA appears to be a promising candidate drug for the treatment of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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12
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Althaus IW, Chou KC, Lemay RJ, Franks KM, Deibel MR, Kezdy FJ, Resnick L, Busso ME, So AG, Downey KM, Romero DL, Thomas RC, Aristoff PA, Tarpley WG, Reusser F. The benzylthio-pyrimidine U-31,355, a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 51:743-50. [PMID: 8602869 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(95)02390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
U-31,355, or 4-amino-2-(benzylthio)-6-chloropyrimidine is an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) and possesses anti-HIV activity in HIV-1-infected lymphocytes grown in tissue culture. The compound acts as a specific inhibitor of the RNA-directed DNA polymerase function of HIV-1RT and does not impair the functions of the DNA-catalyzed DNA polymerase or the Rnase H of the enzyme. Kinetic studies were carried out to elucidate the mechanism of RT inhibition by U-31,355. The data were analyzed using Briggs-Haldane kinetics, assuming that the reaction is ordered in that the template:primer binds to the enzyme first, followed by the addition of dNTP, and that the polymerase is a processive enzyme. Based on these assumptions, a velocity equation was derived that allows the calculation of all the essential forward and backward rate constants for the reactions occurring between the enzyme, its substrates, and the inhibitor. The results obtained indicate that U-31,355 acts as a mixed inhibitor with respect to the template:primer and dNTP binding sites associated with the RNA-directed DNA polymerase domain of the enzyme. The inhibitor possessed a significantly higher binding affinity for the enzyme-substrate complexes, than for the free enzyme and consequently did not directly affect the functions of the substrate binding sites. Therefore, U-31,355 appears to impair an event occurring after the formation of the enzyme-substrate complexes, which involves either inhibition of the phosphoester bond formation or translocation of the enzyme relative to its template:primer following the formation of the ester bond. Moreover, the potency of U-31,355 depends on the base composition of the template:primer in that the inhibitor showed a much higher binding affinity for the enzyme-poly (rC):(dG)10 complexes than for the poly (rA):(dT)10 complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I W Althaus
- Upjohn Laboratories, Kalamazoo 49007-4940, MI USA
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Pauwels R, De Clercq E. Development of vaginal microbicides for the prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1996; 11:211-21. [PMID: 8603257 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199603010-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Various compounds could be considered to be vaginal microbicides, preventing heterosexual transmission of HIV (i.e. virucidal agents such as nonoxynol 9 and chlorhexidine) and antiviral agents interfering with either virus adsorption/fusion [polyanionic substances such as polysulfates (i.e. PVAS, PAVAS), polysulfonates, polycarboxylates, polyoxometalates and negatively charged albumins], or fusion/uncoating (bicyclams), or reverse transcription [dideoxynucleoside analogues, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates such as PMEA and PMPA, and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) such as TIBO, HEPT, and alpha-APA derivatives]. In particular, combination of two or more of these compounds seems to be an attractive approach to interrupt transmission of HIV at different stages of the infectious process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pauwels
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Kok SJ, Koster EHM, Gooijer C, Velthorst NH, Brinkman UAT, Zerbinati O. Separation of twenty-one naphthalene sulfonates by means of capillary electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240190208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Rusconi S, Moonis M, Merrill DP, Pallai PV, Neidhardt EA, Singh SK, Willis KJ, Osburne MS, Profy AT, Jenson JC, Hirsch MS. Naphthalene sulfonate polymers with CD4-blocking and anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activities. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:234-6. [PMID: 8787913 PMCID: PMC163090 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.1.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PIC 024-4 and PRO 2000 are naphthalene sulfonate polymers that bind to CD4 with nanomolar affinity and block binding of gp120. Both have activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in H9 cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and primary monocyte/macrophages, are synergistic with zidovudine, and do not inhibit tetanus toxoid-stimulated T-cell proliferation at anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rusconi
- Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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16
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Chang HC, Flanagan DR. Liposomal entrapment of suramin(II): interaction of suramin with phospholipids of various chain lengths. J Pharm Sci 1995; 84:1078-82. [PMID: 8537885 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600840909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that the entrapment of suramin in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC, C16) multilamellar liposomes ranged from 25% to 65% and the addition of 30-50 mol% cholesterol (CHL) greatly reduced entrapment. Entrapment of small molecules similar to suramin, disodium 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid (5.5%) and sodium 3-amino-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid (1.2%), were very low. In the present study, the entrapment and interaction of suramin with dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC, C12), dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC, C14), and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC, C18) liposomes was investigated. DLPC and DMPC showed 2-3-fold higher entrapment percentages (95.1% and 74.2%, respectively) than DPPC (37%). However, the entrapment with DSPC (29%) was about 25% lower than DPPC. Adding 50 mol% cholesterol greatly reduced suramin entrapment for all phospholipids. The entrapment of polysulfonated dyes such as Evans blue, Direct blue 1, or Trypan blue, which are structurally similar to suramin, was found to be in the same order of DLPC > DMPC > DPPC > DSPC. Differential scanning calorimetry of aqueous dispersions of DLPC and DMPC with suramin showed more apparent interaction than for DPPC and DSPC. These results suggest that a large portion of the associated suramin and other polysulfonated compounds results from binding to the surface of the phospholipid bilayer or intercalation into the liposomal bilayer. The phospholipid chain length effect on entrapment may be due to the lower net van der Waals interaction between hydrocarbon chains for shorter acyl chains which also increases the bilayer intermolecular spacing. Such effects could then increase the ability of suramin to interact with individual phospholipid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Chang
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Abstract
Depending on the stage of their intervention with the viral replicative cycle, human immunodeficiency virus inhibitors could be divided into the following groups: (i) adsorption inhibitors (i.e., CD4 constructs, polysulfates, polysulfonates, polycarboxylates, and polyoxometalates), (ii) fusion inhibitors (i.e., plant lectins, succinylated or aconitylated albumins, and betulinic acid derivatives), (iii) uncoating inhibitors (i.e., bicyclams), (iv) reverse transcription inhibitors acting either competitively with the substrate binding site (i.e., dideoxynucleoside analogs and acyclic nucleoside phosphonates) or allosterically with a nonsubstrate binding site (i.e., non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors), (v) integration inhibitors, (vi) DNA replication inhibitors, (vii) transcription inhibitors (i.e., antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and Tat antagonists), (viii) translation inhibitors (i.e., antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and ribozymes), (ix) maturation inhibitors (i.e., protease inhibitors, myristoylation inhibitors, and glycosylation inhibitors), and finally, (x) budding (assembly/release) inhibitors. Current knowledge, including the therapeutic potential, of these various inhibitors is discussed. In view of their potential clinical the utility, the problem of virus-drug resistance and possible strategies to circumvent this problem are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Abstract
The liposomal entrapment of suramin and similar compounds in phospholipid vesicles was examined. For dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes, entrapment percentages ranged from 25 to 65% with 3-25 mM phospholipid for aqueous solutions containing 0.07 mM of suramin. Incorporation of 30-50 mol % cholesterol (CHL) into DPPC liposomes reduced the percentage suramin entrapment. Addition of positively-charged stearylamine (5 mol %) to DPPC/CHL liposomes increased the entrapment from 2.3% to 30.3%. Entrapment was not affected by the incorporation of negatively-charged phosphatidylglycerol into DPPC/CHL liposomes. When the amount of suramin was increased from 0.07 to 0.7 mM, the entrapment percentage decreased from 37% to 11% when DPPC was held constant at 6 mM. The entrapment of 0.07 mM Evans blue, a molecule similar in structure to suramin, was 51.6% in DPPC liposomes for 6 mM phospholipid. The entrapment percentage, however, decreased by about 50% when incorporated into 7:3 (DPPC/CHL) liposomes. The liposomal entrapment of disodium 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid (5.5%) and sodium 3-amino-2,7-naphthalene-disulfonic acid (1.2%) was very low compared to that of suramin or Evans blue. Differential scanning calorimetry studies of suramin and an aqueous dispersion of DPPC showed an apparent interaction between them. These observations suggest that a significant portion of the entrapped suramin results from binding of suramin to the surface of or intercalation into the liposomal bilayer. Surface binding or intercalation into the phospholipid bilayer may be attributed to both ionic and hydrophobic interactions. The ionic interaction would arise from the suramin sulfonate groups associating with the cationic choline portion of the phospholipid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Chang
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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19
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Althaus IW, Chou JJ, Gonzales AJ, Deibel MR, Chou KC, Kezdy FJ, Romero DL, Thomas RC, Aristoff PA, Tarpley WG. Kinetic studies with the non-nucleoside human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor U-90152E. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 47:2017-28. [PMID: 7516658 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The bisheteroarylpiperazine U-90152E is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) and possesses excellent anti-HIV activity in HIV-1-infected lymphocytes grown in tissue culture. The compound inhibits both the RNA- and DNA-directed DNA polymerase functions of HIV-1 RT. Kinetic studies were carried out to elucidate the mechanism of RT inhibition by U-90152E. Michaelis-Menten kinetics, which are based on the establishment of a rapid equilibrium between the enzyme and its substrates, proved inadequate for the analysis of the experimental data. The data were thus analyzed using Briggs-Haldane kinetics, assuming that the reaction is ordered in that the template:primer binds to the enzyme first, followed by the addition of dNTP and that the polymerase is a processive enzyme. Based on these assumptions, a velocity equation was derived, which allows the calculation of all the essential forward and backward rate constants for the reactions occurring between the enzyme, its substrates and the inhibitor. The results obtained indicate that U-90152E acts exclusively as a mixed inhibitor with respect to the template: primer and dNTP binding sites for both the RNA- and DNA-directed DNA polymerase domains of the enzyme. The inhibitor shows a significantly higher binding affinity for the enzyme-substrate complexes than for the free enzyme and consequently does not directly impair the functions of the substrate binding sites. Therefore, U-90152E appears to impair an event occurring after the formation of the enzyme-substrate complexes, which involves either inhibition of the phosphoester bond formation or translocation of the enzyme relative to its template:primer following the formation of the ester bond.
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Althaus IW, Chou JJ, Gonzales AJ, LeMay RJ, Deibel MR, Chou KC, Kezdy FJ, Romero DL, Thomas RC, Aristoff PA. Steady-state kinetic studies with the polysulfonate U-9843, an HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor. EXPERIENTIA 1994; 50:23-8. [PMID: 7507441 DOI: 10.1007/bf01992044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The tetramer of ethylenesulfonic acid (U-9843) is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 RT* and possesses excellent antiviral activity at nontoxic doses in HIV-1 infected lymphocytes grown in tissue culture. Kinetic studies of the HIV-1 RT-catalyzed RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity were carried out in order to determine if the inhibitor interacts with the template primer or the deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) binding sites of the polymerase. Michaelis-Menten kinetics, which are based on the establishment of a rapid equilibrium between the enzyme and its substrates, proved inadequate for the analysis of the experimental data. The data were thus analyzed using steady-state Briggs-Haldane kinetics assuming that the template: primer binds to the enzyme first, followed by the binding of the dNTP and that the polymerase is a processive enzyme. Based on these assumptions, a velocity equation was derived which allows the calculation of all the specific forward and backward rate constants for the reactions occurring between the enzyme, its substrates and the inhibitor. The calculated rate constants are in agreement with this model and the results indicated that U-9843 acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to both the template:primer and dNTP binding sites. Hence, U-9843 exhibits the same binding affinity for the free enzyme as for the enzyme-substrate complexes and must inhibit the RT polymerase by interacting with a site distinct from the substrate binding sites. Thus, U-9843 appears to impair an event occurring after the formation of the enzyme-substrate complexes, which involves either an event leading up to the formation of the phosphoester bond, the formation of the ester bond itself or translocation of the enzyme relative to its template:primer following the formation of the ester bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nudelman
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Madelaine-Dupuich C, Azema J, Escoula B, Rico I, Lattes A. Analysis of N-acyl aminonaphthalene sulphonic acid derivatives with potential anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity by thin-layer chromatography and flame ionization detection. J Chromatogr A 1993; 653:178-80. [PMID: 8269052 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A method for checking the purity of N-acyl aminonaphthalene disulphonic acid derivatives was required for a systematic study of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of these agents. We describe the use of thin-layer chromatography and flame ionization detection for the separation of these compounds, which are difficult to analyse by conventional methods. All the samples were prepared in methanol solutions (1 microliter) containing 5 micrograms of aminonaphthalene derivative. These samples were applied to each type SIII Chromarod by a single injection and developed with pure methanol or a methanol-chloroform-ammonium hydroxide (35:55:10, v/v/v) solvent system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Madelaine-Dupuich
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UA CNRS 470, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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23
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Oesterle R, Jurkiewicz E, Lüke W, Nickel P, Hunsmann G, Jentsch KD. Chemical modifications of aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid derivatives increase effectivity and specificity of reverse transcriptase inhibition and change mode of action of reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase alpha inhibition. Antiviral Res 1993; 22:107-19. [PMID: 7506509 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibition and the specificity of 15 aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid derivatives were examined with RT of a simian immunodeficiency virus derived from an African green monkey (SIVagmTYO-7). The two compounds with the strongest RT inhibition (NF415) or the highest specificity (NF345), together with suramin, were evaluated against polymerase alpha-primase complex from calf thymus. We have also compared the kinetics of inhibition of the viral and the cellular polymerase by these three compounds. While RT inhibition followed a mixed competitive and non-competitive mechanism, inhibition of the DNA polymerase alpha was competitive for suramin and non-competitive for NF415 and NF345. Certain structural characteristics appeared to be common for specific RT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Oesterle
- German Primate Centre, Department of Virology and Immunology, Göttingen
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24
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Althaus IW, Chou JJ, Gonzales AJ, Deibel MR, Chou KC, Kezdy FJ, Romero DL, Palmer JR, Thomas RC, Aristoff PA. Kinetic studies with the non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor U-88204E. Biochemistry 1993; 32:6548-54. [PMID: 7687145 DOI: 10.1021/bi00077a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The bis(heteroaryl)piperazine U-88204E is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and possesses excellent anti-HIV activity in HIV-1-infected lymphocytes grown in tissue culture. Enzymatic kinetic studies of the RNA- and DNA-dependent DNA polymerases of RT were carried out in order to determine whether the inhibitor interacts directly with the template:primer or deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) binding sites of the polymerase. The experimental results were analyzed using steady-state or Briggs-Haldane kinetics, by assuming that the template:primer binds to the enzyme first followed by the dNTP and that the polymerase functions processively. The results of the analysis show that the inhibitor acts as a mixed to noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to both the template:primer and the dNTP binding sites. The potency of U-88204E on the RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity depends on the base composition of the template:primer. The Ki values for the poly(rC):(dG)10-directed reactions were at least 7 times lower than the ones for reactions directed by poly(rA):(dT)10. The inhibitor did not inhibit the RNase H function of HIV-1 RT nor did it impair the RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity of HIV-2 RT. These data thus demonstrate the unique specificity of U-88204E for HIV-1 RT.
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26
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28
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Madelaine-Dupuich C, Escoula B, Rico I, Lattes A. Synthesis of Potential Anti-AIDS Amphiphiles. A New Efficient Acylation of Amino-Naphthalene Disulfonic Acid Derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919308013292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Rideout D, Schinazi R, Pauza CD, Lovelace K, Chiang LC, Calogeropoulou T, McCarthy M, Elder JH. Derivatives of 4-amino-3,6-disulfonato-1,8-naphthalimide inhibit reverse transcriptase and suppress human and feline immunodeficiency virus expression in cultured cells. J Cell Biochem 1993; 51:446-57. [PMID: 7684385 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.2400510410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a series of 4-amino-3,6-disulfonato-1,8-naphthalimide (ADSN) derivatives in an attempt to create nontoxic compounds effective against lentivirus infections. The ADSN derivative Lucifer Yellow CH ([N-(hydra zinocarbonyl)amino]-4-amino-3,6-disulfonato-1,8-naphthalimid e) (LYCH) was chosen as a parent compound because of its low toxicity in vivo and in vitro and its tendency to accumulate in monocyte/macrophages, a major reservoir for lentiviruses in vivo. Several ADSN derivatives inhibited reverse transcriptases (RTs) from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Viral expression in HIV-infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was inhibited by noncytotoxic concentrations of two ADSN derivatives, designated A4 (biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxaldehyde, Lucifer Yellow CH monohydrazone; EC50 = 29 microM after 6 days) and H4 (biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxaldehyde, Lucifer Yellow CH dihydrazone; EC50 = 5.61 microM). A4 effectively suppressed the expression of FIV in infected Crandall feline kidney fibroblasts (CRFK) at 46.2 microM, reducing the RT levels by 97% after 19 days under conditions allowing direct cell-to-cell transmission of the virus. The viability of drug-treated FIV-infected CRFK cells increased significantly in the presence of A4 relative to the viability of untreated virus-infected cells. In contrast to A4 and H4, LYCH (which lacks the appended aromatic rings characteristic of A4 and H4) had no inhibitory effects on either virus and did not inhibit RT ex vivo. However, flow cytometry studies showed that both A4 and LYCH accumulate in two cell types that can support lentiviral infections: U937 human monocytic leukemic cells that have been induced to differentiate by using tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate, and CRFK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rideout
- Department of Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037
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30
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Baba M, Konno K, Shigeta S, Wickramasinghe A, Mohan P. Selective inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication by naphthalenedisulfonic acid derivatives. Antiviral Res 1993; 20:223-33. [PMID: 8385895 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90022-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Several naphthalenedisulfonic acid derivatives were found to be selective inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication in MRC-5 cells. Among the test compounds, the bis-naphthalenedisulfonic acid derivative having an hexamethylene spacer emerged as the most potent inhibitor of CMV replication. Its 50% antivirally effective concentration (EC50) for AD-169 strain was 12 microM, whereas the compound did not affect the growth of mock-infected MRC-5 cells at concentrations up to 500 microM. The naphthalenedisulfonic acid derivatives were also inhibitory to CMV clinical isolates. Virus yield reduction assay revealed that the compounds significantly reduced virus growth in CMV-infected MRC-5 cells. The bis-naphthalenedisulfonic acid derivatives with an hexamethylene spacer suppressed the expression of CMV-induced immediate early, and early antigens at a concentration of 20 microM, whereas the anti-CMV nucleoside ganciclovir did not do so even at the concentration that was 10-fold higher than its EC50 for CMV-induced plaque formation. Furthermore, naphthalenedisulfonic acid derivatives had to be present at the time of virus infection to exert their anti-CMV activity. These results suggest that the compounds are targeted at an early event in the virus replicative cycle, presumably, virus adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baba
- Department of Microbiology, Fukushima Medical College, Japan
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31
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Althaus I, Chou J, Gonzales A, Deibel M, Chou K, Kezdy F, Romero D, Aristoff P, Tarpley W, Reusser F. Steady-state kinetic studies with the non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor U-87201E. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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32
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Althaus IW, LeMay RJ, Gonzales AJ, Deibel MR, Sharma SK, Kezdy FJ, Resnick L, Busso ME, Aristoff PA, Reusser F. Enzymatic kinetic studies with the non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor U-9843. EXPERIENTIA 1992; 48:1127-32. [PMID: 1282106 DOI: 10.1007/bf01948005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The polymer of ethylenesulfonic acid (U-9843) is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 RT (reverse transcriptase) and the drug possesses excellent antiviral activity at nontoxic doses in HIV-infected lymphocytes grown in tissue culture. The drug also inhibits RTs isolated from other species such as AMV and MLV retroviruses. Enzymatic kinetic studies of the HIV-1 RT catalyzed RNA-directed DNA polymerase function, using synthetic template:primers, indicate that the drug acts generally noncompetitively with respect to the template:primer binding site but the specific inhibition patterns change somewhat depending on the drug concentration. The inhibitor acts noncompetitively with respect to the dNTP binding sites. Hence, the drug inhibits this RT polymerase function by interacting with a site distinct from the template:primer and dNTP binding sites. In addition, the inhibitor also impairs the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity of HIV-1 RT and the RNase H function. This indicates that the drug interacts with a target site essential for all three HIV RT functions addressed (RNA- and DNA-directed DNA polymerases, RNase H).
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Abstract
A simple synthesis of the sulfonated azo dye Quinobene (3) and its derivatives, as well as the results of their evaluation in anti-HIV screening have been described. Thus, reacting the diazonium salt of 4,4'-diaminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid with 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid yielded the readily isolable title compound. The lithium and tetramethylammonium salts of Quinobene and its complexes with Cu(II), Zn(II), Mg(II) were also prepared. In vitro tests showed considerable activity of these compounds against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gruszecka-Kowalik
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Schinazi
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA 30322
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35
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Mohan P, Schols D, Baba M, De Clercq E. Sulfonic acid polymers as a new class of human immunodeficiency virus inhibitors. Antiviral Res 1992; 18:139-50. [PMID: 1384428 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(92)90034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Four sulfonic acid polymers [poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid)(PSS), poly(anetholesulfonic acid)(PAS), poly(vinylsulfonic acid)(PVS), poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid)(PAMPS)] have been found to inhibit the cytopathicity of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in MT-4 cells at concentrations that are not toxic to the host cells. The sulfonic acid polymers also inhibited syncytium formation in co-cultures of MOLT-4 cells with HIV-1- or HIV-2-infected HUT-78 cells. They also inhibited binding of anti-gp120 mAb to HIV-1 gp120 and blocked adsorption of HIV-1 virions to MT-4 cells. PSS and PAS, but not PVS and PAMPS, interfered with the binding of OKT4A/Leu3a to the CD4 receptor. The anti-HIV activity of these polyanionic compounds can be ascribed to inhibition of the gp120-CD4 interaction. Sulfonic acid polymers represent a lead of anti-HIV compounds that warrant further evaluation of their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mohan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago 60680
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36
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Abstract
A myriad of chemical derivatives has been shown to inhibit in vitro replication of the AIDS virus at concentrations that are nontoxic to the host cells. The majority of these agents acts by either (i) inhibiting enzymes such as reverse transcriptase (RT), protease, or glucosidase, (ii) arresting expression of genes or gene products, or (iii) inhibiting viral processes such as giant cell (syncytia) formation or viral binding to the target cell. The nucleoside RT inhibitors are the most widely studied agents at both the preclinical and the clinical levels. Their inability to cure AIDS has stimulated the discovery of several novel nonnucleoside RT inhibitors, possessing varied structures and demonstrating activity at nanomolar concentrations. These agents demonstrate a unique mode of binding to RT and show a high specificity for HIV-1. Protease inhibitors, soluble CD4 derivatives, oligonucleotides, and many anionic derivatives also demonstrate potent anti-HIV-1 activities. These derivatives possess mechanisms of action different to the nucleosides and exhibit selectivity as exemplified by their high in vitro therapeutic indices. This article discusses the structural parameters that govern activity in these agents, the pros and cons regarding the development of these compounds as putative anti-AIDS agents, and the future promise of searching for newer agents directed at novel targets to inhibit the AIDS virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mohan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago 60680
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