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Lombardo L, Mirabile S, Gitto R, Cosentino G, Alcaro S, Dichiara M, Marrazzo A, Amata E, Ortuso F, De Luca L. Exploring Structural Requirements for Sigma-1 Receptor Linear Ligands: Experimental and Computational Approaches. J Chem Inf Model 2024. [PMID: 38940754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Sigma-1 receptor (S1R) is involved in a large array of biological functions due to its ability to interact with various proteins and ion channels. Crystal structures of human S1R revealed the trimeric organization for which each protomer comprises the ligand binding pocket. This study applied a multistep computational procedure to develop a pharmacophore model obtained from molecular dynamics simulations of available cocrystal structures of well-known S1R ligands. Apart from the well-established positive ionizable and hydrophobic features, the obtained model included an additional specific hydrophobic feature and different excluded volumes, thus increasing the selectivity of the model as well as a more detailed determination of the distance between two essential features. The obtained pharmacophore model passed the validation test by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of active and inactive S1R ligands. Finally, the pharmacophoric performance was experimentally investigated through the synthesis and binding assay of new 4-phenylpiperazine-based compounds. The most active new ligand 2-(3-methyl-1-piperidyl)-1-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethanone (3) showed an S1R affinity close to the reference compound haloperidol (Ki values of 4.8 and 2.6 nM, respectively). The proposed pharmacophore model can represent a useful tool to design and discover new potent S1R ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lombardo
- CHIBIOFARAM Department University of Messina, Viale F. d'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mirabile
- CHIBIOFARAM Department University of Messina, Viale F. d'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- CHIBIOFARAM Department University of Messina, Viale F. d'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Associazione CRISEA, Centro di Ricerca e Servizi Avanzati per l'Innovazione Rurale, Loc. Condoleo, I-88055 Belcastro, Italy
| | - Maria Dichiara
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Marrazzo
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuele Amata
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Ortuso
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Laura De Luca
- CHIBIOFARAM Department University of Messina, Viale F. d'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
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2
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Fallica AN, Pittalà V, Modica MN, Salerno L, Romeo G, Marrazzo A, Helal MA, Intagliata S. Recent Advances in the Development of Sigma Receptor Ligands as Cytotoxic Agents: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7926-7962. [PMID: 34076441 PMCID: PMC8279423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
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Since their discovery
as distinct receptor proteins, the specific
physiopathological role of sigma receptors (σRs) has been deeply
investigated. It has been reported that these proteins, classified
into two subtypes indicated as σ1 and σ2, might play a pivotal role in cancer growth, cell proliferation,
and tumor aggressiveness. As a result, the development of selective
σR ligands with potential antitumor properties attracted significant
attention as an emerging theme in cancer research. This perspective
deals with the recent advances of σR ligands as novel cytotoxic
agents, covering articles published between 2010 and 2020. An up-to-date
description of the medicinal chemistry of selective σ1R and σ2R ligands with antiproliferative and cytotoxic
activities has been provided, including major pharmacophore models
and comprehensive structure–activity relationships for each
main class of σR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino N Fallica
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Pittalà
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria N Modica
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Loredana Salerno
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Romeo
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Marrazzo
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Mohamed A Helal
- University of Science and Technology, Biomedical Sciences Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, sixth of October, Giza 12578, Egypt.,Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Sebastiano Intagliata
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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3
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Georgiadis MO, Karoutzou O, Foscolos AS, Papanastasiou I. Sigma Receptor (σR) Ligands with Antiproliferative and Anticancer Activity. Molecules 2017; 22:E1408. [PMID: 28841173 PMCID: PMC6151391 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sigma receptor (σR) ligands have proven to be useful as cancer diagnostics and anticancer therapeutics and their ligands have been developed as molecular probes in oncology. Moreover, various σR ligands generate cancer cell death in vitro and in vivo. These σR ligands have exhibited promising results against numerous human and rodent cancers and are investigated under preclinical and clinical study trials, indicating a new category of drugs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos-Orestis Georgiadis
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece.
| | - Olga Karoutzou
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece.
| | - Angeliki-Sofia Foscolos
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Papanastasiou
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece.
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4
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Manohar M, Banister SD, Beinat C, O'Brien-Brown J, Kassiou M. Recent Advances in the Development of Sigma-1 Receptor Ligands. Aust J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The existence of two distinct sigma (σ) receptor subtypes was established in the early 1990s. Sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors (S1Rs and S2Rs, respectively) were shown to possess distinct molecular size, anatomical distribution, and ligand discrimination. S2R is overexpressed in numerous human cancers, and has therapeutic potential for the imaging and treatment of certain tumours. In contrast, S1R is more broadly involved in a wide variety of central nervous system (CNS) diseases including motor disorders, memory deficits, depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, pain, drug addiction, and many more. Since the human S1R was cloned in 1996, numerous high affinity ligands with excellent selectivity for S1R have been developed. This review focuses on recent developments in the generation of structurally diverse S1R-selective ligands and novel therapeutic candidates targeting S1Rs.
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5
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Abstract
Sigma receptors (σ-1 and σ-2) are non-opioid proteins implicated in the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders and cancer. The σ-1 subtype is a chaperon protein widely distributed in the CNS and peripheral tissues. These receptors are involved in the modulation of K+- and Ca2+-dependent signaling cascades at the endoplasmic reticulum and modulation of neurotransmitter release. σ-1 receptors are emerging targets for the treatment of neurophychiatric diseases (schizophrenia and depression) and cocaine addiction. σ-2 receptors are lipid raft proteins. They are highly expressed on many tumor cells and hence considered potential targets for anticancer drugs. σ receptors bind to a diverse class of pharmacological compounds like cocaine, methamphetamine, benzomorphans like (±)-pentazocine, (±)-SKF-10,047 and endogenous neurosteroids and sphingolipids. In this review we focus on the early development of σ receptor-specific ligands and radiolabeling agents.
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6
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Musachio JL, Mathews WB, Ravert HT, Carroll FI, Dannals RF. Synthesis of a radiotracer for studying σ receptors in vivo using PET: (+)-N-[11C]-benzyl-N-normetazocine (1S, 5S,9S-(+)-cis-2-[11C]-2′-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-6,7-benzomorphan). J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580340107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Aalberg L, Andersson K, Bertler C, Borén H, Cole MD, Dahlén J, Finnon Y, Huizer H, Jalava K, Kaa E, Lock E, Lopes A, Poortman-van der Meer A, Sippola E. Development of a harmonised method for the profiling of amphetamines. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 149:219-29. [PMID: 15749364 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2003] [Revised: 05/15/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Reference material was synthesised for 21 substances that are frequently present as synthetic impurities, i.e. by-products, in illicitly produced amphetamine. Each of these substances is a typical by-product for at least one of the three approaches most often used to synthesise amphetamine, namely, the Leuckart, the reductive amination of benzyl methyl ketone, and the nitrostyrene routes. A large body of data on the substances was recorded, including the following: mass spectra, ultraviolet spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, infrared spectra in gas phase, and 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aalberg
- National Bureau of Investigation, P.O. Box 285, FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland
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8
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Guisado C, Waterhouse JE, Price WS, Jorgensen MR, Miller AD. The facile preparation of primary and secondary amines via an improved Fukuyama–Mitsunobu procedure. Application to the synthesis of a lung-targeted gene delivery agent. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:1049-57. [PMID: 15750648 DOI: 10.1039/b418168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient modification of the Fukuyama-Mitsunobu procedure has been developed whereby primary or secondary amines can be synthesized from alkyl alcohols and the corresponding nosyl-protected/activated amine. Most importantly, the use of the DTBAD and diphenylpyridinylphosphine, as Mitsunobu reagents, generates reaction by-products that can be easily removed, providing a remarkably clean product mixture. This improved technique was implemented in the synthesis of a complex lipopeptide designed to target alpha9beta1-integrin proteins predominant on upper airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Guisado
- IC-Vec Ltd., Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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9
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Tewari A, Hein M, Zapf A, Beller M. An easy three step synthesis of perfluoroalkylated amphetamines. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Maeda DY, Williams W, Kim WE, Thatcher LN, Bowen WD, Coop A. N-arylalkylpiperidines as high-affinity sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptor ligands: phenylpropylamines as potential leads for selective sigma-2 agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:497-500. [PMID: 11814827 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To delineate the differences between the structural requirements necessary for recognition at sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors, a range of phenethyl- and phenylpropylpiperidines were evaluated in binding assays. Phenethylpiperidines were found to favor sigma-1 receptors, whereas phenylpropylpiperidines tend to favor sigma-2 receptors. It appears that phenylpropylamine is a potential pharmacophore for selective sigma-2 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Y Maeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 North Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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11
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Beller M, Breindl C. Base-catalyzed amination of olefins: an example of an environmentally friendly synthesis of amines. CHEMOSPHERE 2001; 43:21-26. [PMID: 11233821 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The base-catalyzed amination of aromatic olefins is described as an environmentally friendly synthesis of various beta-arylethylamines. Primary and secondary aliphatic amines as well as aromatic amines react with styrene derivatives to give the corresponding beta-arylethylamines in high yield up to 99%. While aliphatic amines react with styrenes in the presence of n-BuLi as the pre-catalyst, anilines can be olefinated using KOtBu as the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beller
- Institut für Organische Katalyseforschung an der Universität Rostock e. V., Germany
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12
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Ablordeppey SY, Fischer JB, Glennon RA. Is a nitrogen atom an important pharmacophoric element in sigma ligand binding? Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:2105-11. [PMID: 11003156 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A lingering question in sigma receptor ligand development is whether a nitrogen atom serves as an important pharmacophoric element in binding affinity. To address this question, we have synthesized several phenylalkylpiperidines and phenylalkylpiperazines and demonstrated that removal of the N atom from a typical phenylalkylpiperidine led to little or no binding to sigma receptors. In addition, where two N atoms occur in a compound, such as with phenylalkylpiperazines, the N atom on the longer alkyl chain appears to be more important. Thus, based on this study, the N atom is an important pharmacophoric element in the binding of phenylalkylpiperidines and phenylalkylpiperazines to sigma receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Ablordeppey
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee 32307, USA.
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13
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Hartung CG, Breindl C, Tillack A, Beller M. A Base-Catalyzed Domino-Isomerization–Hydroamination Reaction—A New Synthetic Route to Amphetamines. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Ablordeppey SY, El-Ashmawy M, Fischer JB, Glennon RA. A CoMFA investigation of sigma receptor binding affinity: Reexamination of a spurious sigma ligand. Eur J Med Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(98)80021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Acteo MD, Bowman E, Butelman E, Englis JA, Harrish L, Jacobson AE, Mattson MV, Medzihradsky F, Patrick G, Rowlett JK, Smith CB, Winger G, Woods JH, Woolverton WL. Zipeprol: preclinical assessment of abuse potential. Drug Alcohol Depend 1996; 42:93-104. [PMID: 8889408 DOI: 10.1016/0376-8716(96)01267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Zipeprol was evaluated in a number of in vitro and in vivo assays predictive of stimulant, depressant, or opioid abuse potential. Zipeprol had affinity for mu and kappa opioid binding sites as well as sigma binding sites. However, it failed to exert opioid-like agonist actions in rodents, and did not attenuate withdrawal signs in morphine- or pentobarbital-dependent rats. Zipeprol did not substitute for either amphetamine or pentobarbital in drug discrimination assays in rhesus monkeys. On the other hand, it suppressed morphine withdrawal signs in rhesus monkeys in two assays, and it acted as a quadazocine-sensitive reinforcer in monkeys trained to self-inject alfentanil. Zipeprol also acted as a reinforcer in monkeys trained to self-inject methohexital. In a dose range of 10-18 mg/kg, zipeprol induced convulsions in monkeys. Zipeprol appears to have abuse potential and a novel spectrum of action involving both opioid and non-opioid effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Acteo
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0163, USA
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16
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Abstract
[3H](+)-Pentazocine binding has been characterized in the rat brain. It binds to a single population of binding sites with affinity of about 7 nM and density of 280 fmol/mg protein. [3H](+)-Pentazocine binding is not enriched in the crude synaptic membrane, being about 1/6 of what we found in the crude membrane preparation. The binding, like that for other sigma ligands, was enriched in the microsomal and nuclear fractions. The inhibition by haloperidol, proadifen and d-fenfluramine was the same in the crude synaptic membrane, nuclear and microsomal fractions, suggesting that [3H](+)-pentazocine binds to a homogeneous protein in the different subcellular fractions. Our pharmacological characterization using 45 different drugs suggests that the [3H](+)-pentazocine binding site in rat brain differs from other sigma ligands, like N-propyl-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine ([3H](+)-3PPP), N,N'-di(o-tolyl)guanidine ([3H]DTG) and (+)-N-allylnormetazocine ([3H](+)-SKF10,047). [3H](+)-Pentazocine binding in rat brain is inhibited by sigma compounds and some cytochrome P450 ligands, like proadifen and 1-[2-[bis(4-fluoro-phenyl) methoxy]ethyl]-4-[3-phenylpropyl] piperazine (GBR 12909), although with considerably lower potency than reported for other sigma ligands. Other inhibitors are some serotonin uptake blockers or their metabolites and phenylalkylamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cagnotto
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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17
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Glennon RA, Young R, Herndon JL. Antagonism of a (+)N-allylnormetazocine stimulus by (-)PPAP and several structurally related analogs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1993; 45:865-9. [PMID: 8105490 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(93)90133-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Employing rats trained to discriminate 5 mg/kg of the benzomorphan opioid (+)N-allylnormetazocine [(+)NANM] from vehicle, tests of stimulus generalization and antagonism were conducted to determine the influence of several potential sigma-receptor ligands. It has been previously suggested that the (+)NANM stimulus may involve concurrent action at sigma- and phencyclidine (PCP) receptors. Although the low-affinity sigma-antagonist rimcazole was without stimulus-attenuating effect, three novel sigma-ligands--(-)PPAP, CNS 3018, and CNS 3093 (ID50 doses = 3.2, 6.7, and 4.5 mg/kg, respectively)--antagonized the (+)NANM stimulus in a dose-related fashion. The nonselective serotonergic agent 1-(3-trifluoromethyl)phenylpiperazine (TFMPP) produced partial generalization in (+)NANM-trained animals whereas buspirone, a 5-hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) agonist, attenuated (to 27% drug-appropriate responding) the (+)NANM stimulus. Because the prototypic 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) failed to attenuate the (+)NANM stimulus at pharmacologically relevant doses, it seems unlikely that the (+)NANM stimulus involves a 5-HT1A mechanism. TFMPP and buspirone display modest affinity for sigma-receptors and this may account for the present findings with these agents. The present results neither establish a role for sigma involvement in the stimulus properties of (+)NANM nor eliminate a role for PCP receptors. They do, however, demonstrate that sigma-ligands with little to no affinity for PCP receptors are capable of antagonizing the (+)NANM stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Glennon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0540
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18
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Abou-Gharbia M, Ablordeppey SY, Glennon RA. Chapter 1. Sigma Receptors and their Ligands: The Sigma Enigma. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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19
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DeHaven-Hudkins DL, Hudkins RL. Binding of dexetimide and levetimide to [3H](+)pentazocine- and [3H]1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine-defined sigma recognition sites. Life Sci 1991; 49:PL135-9. [PMID: 1656155 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(91)90203-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The potent antimuscarinic benzetimide and its resolved stereoisomers dexetimide and levetimide were tested for their affinities at sigma sites labelled by [3H](+)pentazocine or [3H]1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine. Levetimide was a potent and stereoselective inhibitor of [3H](+)pentazocine binding, with a Ki of 2.2 nM, while dexetimide was nine-fold less potent (Ki = 19 nM). Dexetimide and levetimide potently inhibited [3H]DTG binding although without stereoselectivity (Ki values of 65 and 103 nM, respectively). Levetimide may be a useful tool with which to investigate sigma recognition sites and sigma subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L DeHaven-Hudkins
- Department of Enzymology and Receptor Biochemistry, Sterling Research Group, Malvern, PA 19355-1314
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20
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Abstract
The M1-selective muscarinic antagonists aprophen, caramiphen, carbetapentane, 2-DAEX, dicyclomine, hexahydrosiladifenidol, iodocaramiphen, nitrocaramiphen, oxybutynin and trihexyphenidyl potently inhibited binding to sigma sites in brain. Both basic ester and non-ester structural type compounds which exhibit affinity for the muscarinic receptor also demonstrated affinity for the sigma site, while the classical antimuscarinic agents atropine and QNB, and the tricyclic pirenzepine, were ineffective in binding to this site. We also observed a significant correlation between the Ki values for sigma compounds to inhibit [3H]pirenzepine binding and their IC50 values to inhibit carbachol-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover. These observations may aid in elucidating the relationship of sigma binding to inhibition of phosphoinositide turnover stimulated by cholinergic agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Hudkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0540
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