1
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Xue Y, Dong G. Deconstructive Synthesis of Bridged and Fused Rings via Transition-Metal-Catalyzed "Cut-and-Sew" Reactions of Benzocyclobutenones and Cyclobutanones. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2341-2354. [PMID: 35901263 PMCID: PMC9386905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bridged and fused rings are commonly found in biologically important molecules. Current tactics to construct these ring systems are primarily based on stepwise ring formation (i.e., making one ring first followed by making another) and cycloaddition reactions (e.g., Diels-Alder reaction). To seek a complementary and perhaps more unified ring-forming approach, a deconstructive strategy based on C-C bond activation of cyclic ketones has been conceived. The named "cut-and-sew" reaction uses cyclic ketones with a tethered unsaturated moiety as substrates, which involves oxidative addition of a transition metal into the ketone C-C bond followed by intramolecular insertion of the unsaturated unit. This strategy has proved successful to access diverse ring scaffolds that are nontrivial to construct otherwise.This Account offers a concise summary of our laboratory's systematic efforts in developing transition metal-catalyzed cut-and-sew reactions for the synthesis of bridged and fused rings over the past 10 years. In particular, we will focus on the reactions using readily available benzocyclobutenones and cyclobutanones. To date, the scope of the cut-and-sew reactions has been greatly expanded. First, diverse unsaturated moieties can serve as suitable coupling partners, such as alkenyl, alkynyl, allenyl, carbonyl, and iminyl groups. Second, a variety of reaction modes have been uncovered. In this account, (4 + 2), (4 + 2 - 1), and (4 + 1) cycloadditions that lead to a range of bridged or fused scaffolds will be summarized. Third, enantioselective transformations have been realized to efficiently construct chiral scaffolds, which are enabled by two strategies: enantio-determining migratory insertion and desymmetrization of cyclobutanones. Fourth, the synthetic applications have been demonstrated in streamlined total syntheses of a number of complex natural products. Compared to conventional synthetic logics, the cut-and-sew reaction allows the development of new bond-disconnecting strategies. Thus, the syntheses of (-)-cycloclavine, (-)-thebainone A, penicibilaenes, and the proposed cycloinumakiol are discussed in more detail.In addition to the narrative of the development of the cut-and-sew chemistry, this Account also aims to provide core guiding foundations and inspirations toward broader deconstructive synthetic applications through C-C bond cleavage. It is anticipated that more classes of cyclic compounds could serve as the substrates beyond benzocyclobutenones and cyclobutanones, and more diverse unsaturated moieties could be coupled. It can also be envisaged that more innovative utilization of this cut-and-sew strategy in complex organic syntheses will be revealed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Xue
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States,E-mail:
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2
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Torrens AA, Ly AL, Fong D, Adronov A. Rapid and Mild Cleavage of Aryl‐Alkyl Ethers to Liberate Phenols. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Darryl Fong
- McMaster University Chemistry and Chemical Biology CANADA
| | - Alex Adronov
- McMaster University Chemistry 1280 Main St. W. L8S 4M1 Hamilton CANADA
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3
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Wicks C, Hudlicky T, Rinner U. Morphine alkaloids: History, biology, and synthesis. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2021; 86:145-342. [PMID: 34565506 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides a short overview of the history of morphine since it's isolation by Sertürner in 1805. The biosynthesis of the title alkaloid as well as all total and formal syntheses of morphine and codeine published after 1996 are discussed in detail. The last section of this chapter provides a detailed overview of medicinally relevant derivatives of the title alkaloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wicks
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Tomas Hudlicky
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Uwe Rinner
- IMC Fachhochschule Krems/IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria.
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4
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Hou S, Prichina AY, Dong G. Deconstructive Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Morphine‐Family Alkaloid (−)‐Thebainone A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si‐Hua Hou
- Department of Chemistry University of Chicago Chicago Illinois 60637 USA)s
| | | | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry University of Chicago Chicago Illinois 60637 USA)s
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5
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Hou SH, Prichina AY, Dong G. Deconstructive Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Morphine-Family Alkaloid (-)-Thebainone A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13057-13064. [PMID: 33822455 PMCID: PMC8159902 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the development of a deconstructive strategy for the first asymmetric synthesis of (-)-thebainone A, capitalizing on an enantioselective C-C bond activation and a C-O bond cleavage reaction. The rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric "cut-and-sew" transformation between sterically hindered trisubstituted alkenes and benzocyclobutenones allowed efficient construction of the fused A/B/C rings and the quaternary center of the natural product. The newly optimized conditions show broad substrate scope and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99.5:0.5 er). Taking advantage of boron-mediated ether bond cleavage, we completed the synthesis of the morphine alkaloid (-)-thebainone A by two complementary routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hua Hou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA)s
| | - Adriana Y Prichina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA)s
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA)s
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6
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Mata G, Kalnmals CA. Total Synthesis in the Trost Laboratories: Selected Milestones From the Past Twenty Years. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mata
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc. 3928 Point Eden Way Hayward CA 94545 USA
| | - Christopher A. Kalnmals
- Crop Protection Discovery Corteva Agriscience 9330 Zionsville Road Indianapolis IN 46268 USA
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7
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Schmidhammer H, Erli F, Guerrieri E, Spetea M. Development of Diphenethylamines as Selective Kappa Opioid Receptor Ligands and Their Pharmacological Activities. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215092. [PMID: 33147885 PMCID: PMC7663249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the opioid receptors, the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) has been gaining substantial attention as a promising molecular target for the treatment of numerous human disorders, including pain, pruritus, affective disorders (i.e., depression and anxiety), drug addiction, and neurological diseases (i.e., epilepsy). Particularly, the knowledge that activation of the KOR, opposite to the mu opioid receptor (MOR), does not produce euphoria or leads to respiratory depression or overdose, has stimulated the interest in discovering ligands targeting the KOR as novel pharmacotherapeutics. However, the KOR mediates the negative side effects of dysphoria/aversion, sedation, and psychotomimesis, with the therapeutic promise of biased agonism (i.e., selective activation of beneficial over deleterious signaling pathways) for designing safer KOR therapeutics without the liabilities of conventional KOR agonists. In this review, the development of new KOR ligands from the class of diphenethylamines is presented. Specifically, we describe the design strategies, synthesis, and pharmacological activities of differently substituted diphenethylamines, where structure–activity relationships have been extensively studied. Ligands with distinct profiles as potent and selective agonists, G protein-biased agonists, and selective antagonists, and their potential use as therapeutic agents (i.e., pain treatment) and research tools are described.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemistry
- Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Ligands
- Pain/drug therapy
- Pain/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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8
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Makarova M, Endoma-Arias MAA, Dela Paz HE, Simionescu R, Hudlicky T. Chemoenzymatic Total Synthesis of ent-Oxycodone: Second-, Third-, and Fourth-Generation Strategies. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10883-10904. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Makarova
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Mary Ann A. Endoma-Arias
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Helen E. Dela Paz
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Razvan Simionescu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Tomas Hudlicky
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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9
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Enantioselective synthesis of cis-hydrobenzofurans bearing all-carbon quaternary stereocenters and application to total synthesis of (‒)-morphine. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2507. [PMID: 31175289 PMCID: PMC6555830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
(‒)-Morphine, which is selected as an essential medicine by World Health Organization, is widely applied in the treatment of the pain-related diseases. Due to its synthetically challenging molecular architecture and important clinical role, extensive synthetic studies of morphine-type alkaloids have been conducted. However, catalytic asymmetric total synthesis of (‒)-morphine remains a long-standing challenge. Here, we disclose an efficient enantioselective total synthesis of (‒)-morphine in a longest linear sequence of 16 steps. The key transformation features a highly enantioselective Robinson annulation enabled by our spiro-pyrrolidine catalyst to rapidly construct the densely functionalized cis-hydrodibenzofuran framework containing vicinal stereocenters with an all-carbon quaternary center. This asymmetric approach provides an alternative strategy for the synthesis of (‒)-morphine and its analogues. (‒)-Morphine is an essential medicine selected by the World Health Organization, however its catalytic asymmetric syntheses have been rarely reported. Here, the authors developed an intramolecular enantioselective Michael addition leading to (‒)-morphine in a longest linear sequence of 16 steps.
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10
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Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Phenol Bioisosteric Analogues of 3-Hydroxymorphinan. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2247. [PMID: 30783196 PMCID: PMC6381151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective agent 3-hydroxymorphinan (3-HM) is a well-documented and highly safe therapeutic intervention for the inflammatory-related effects of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the bioavailability of 3-HM is very low due to the rapid first-pass metabolism of the phenolic moiety. In the present study, we sought to improve the metabolic stability and overall pharmacokinetic profile of 3-HM. Based on an iterative design process that a suitably arranged heterocycle with an NH group would serve as the metabolically stable isostere of the phenolic group, we designed and synthesized two analogues of 3-HM. Benzimidazolone compound 8 (imidazolone-morphinan) was comparable in activity to 3-HM against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in microglial BV2 cells and in vivo animal experiments (MPTP-induced PD mouse model). Moreover, the in vitro study showed that imidazolone-morphinan was non-toxic to microglia, indicating its high safety. Considering the favourable and unique preclinical profiles, compound 8 was nominated as a candidate for further clinical development.
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11
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Devereaux AL, Mercer SL, Cunningham CW. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Morphine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2395-2407. [PMID: 29757600 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As the major psychoactive agent in opium and direct precursor for heroin, morphine is a historically critical molecule in chemical neuroscience. A structurally complex phenanthrene alkaloid produced by Papaver somniferum, morphine has fascinated chemists seeking to disentangle pharmacologically beneficial analgesic effects from addiction, tolerance, and dependence liabilities. In this review, we will detail the history of morphine, from the first extraction and isolation by Sertürner in 1804 to the illicit use of morphine and proliferation of opioid use and abuse disorders currently ravaging the United States. Morphine is a molecule of great cultural relevance, as the agent that single-handedly transformed our understanding of pharmacognosy, receptor dynamics, and substance abuse and dependence disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Devereaux
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, Wisconsin 53097, United States
| | - Susan L. Mercer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee 37204, United States
| | - Christopher W. Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, Wisconsin 53097, United States
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12
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Chambers SA, DeSousa JM, Huseman ED, Townsend SD. The DARK Side of Total Synthesis: Strategies and Tactics in Psychoactive Drug Production. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2307-2330. [PMID: 29342356 PMCID: PMC6205722 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humankind has used and abused psychoactive drugs for millennia. Formally, a psychoactive drug is any agent that alters cognition and mood. The term "psychotropic drug" is neutral and describes the entire class of substrates, licit and illicit, of interest to governmental drug policy. While these drugs are prescribed for issues ranging from pain management to anxiety, they are also used recreationally. In fact, the current opioid epidemic is the deadliest drug crisis in American history. While the topic is highly politicized with racial, gender, and socioeconomic elements, there is no denying the toll drug mis- and overuse is taking on this country. Overdose, fueled by opioids, is the leading cause of death for Americans under 50 years of age, killing ca. 64,000 people in 2016. From a chemistry standpoint, the question is in what ways, if any, did organic chemists contribute to this problem? In this targeted review, we provide brief historical accounts of the main classes of psychoactive drugs and discuss several foundational total syntheses that ultimately provide the groundwork for producing these molecules in academic, industrial, and clandestine settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schuyler A. Chambers
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jenna M. DeSousa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Eric D. Huseman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Steven D. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, 896 Preston Research Building, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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13
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Umihara H, Yokoshima S, Inoue M, Fukuyama T. Total Synthesis of (−)-Morphine. Chemistry 2017; 23:6993-6995. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotatsu Umihara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya; Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tohru Fukuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya; Aichi 464-8601 Japan
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14
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Healy JR, Bezawada P, Griggs NW, Devereaux AL, Matsumoto RR, Traynor JR, Coop A, Cunningham CW. Benzylideneoxymorphone: A new lead for development of bifunctional mu/delta opioid receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:666-669. [PMID: 28011222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Opioid analgesic tolerance remains a considerable drawback to chronic pain management. The finding that concomitant administration of delta opioid receptor (DOR) antagonists attenuates the development of tolerance to mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists has led to interest in producing bifunctional MOR agonist/DOR antagonist ligands. Herein, we present 7-benzylideneoxymorphone (6, UMB 246) displaying MOR partial agonist/DOR antagonist activity, representing a new lead for designing bifunctional MOR/DOR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Healy
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, 2036 Health Sciences North, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1170 Main Bldg., 132 S. 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Padmavani Bezawada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nicholas W Griggs
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1220A MSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andrea L Devereaux
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, 12800 N. Lake Shore Drive, Mequon, WI 53097, USA
| | - Rae R Matsumoto
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, 2036 Health Sciences North, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Touro University California College of Pharmacy, 1310 Club Drive, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - John R Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1220A MSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andrew Coop
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christopher W Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, 12800 N. Lake Shore Drive, Mequon, WI 53097, USA.
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15
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Chu S, Münster N, Balan T, Smith MD. A Cascade Strategy Enables a Total Synthesis of (±)-Morphine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Chu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Niels Münster
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Tudor Balan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Martin D. Smith
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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16
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Chu S, Münster N, Balan T, Smith MD. A Cascade Strategy Enables a Total Synthesis of (±)-Morphine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14306-14309. [PMID: 27735107 PMCID: PMC5129523 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Morphine has been a target for synthetic chemists since Robinson proposed its correct structure in 1925, resulting in a large number of total syntheses of morphine alkaloids. Here we report a total synthesis of (±)‐morphine that employs two key strategic cyclizations: 1) a diastereoselective light‐mediated cyclization of an O‐arylated butyrolactone to form a tricyclic cis‐fused benzofuran and 2) a cascade ene–yne–ene ring closing metathesis to forge the tetracyclic morphine core. This approach enables a short and stereoselective synthesis of morphine in an overall yield of 6.6 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Chu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Niels Münster
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Tudor Balan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Martin D Smith
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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18
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Li F, Cheng K, Antoline JFG, Iyer MR, Matyas GR, Torres OB, Jalah R, Beck Z, Alving CR, Parrish DA, Deschamps JR, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. Synthesis and immunological effects of heroin vaccines. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7211-32. [PMID: 24995943 PMCID: PMC4146676 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01053a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three haptens have been synthesized with linkers for attachment to carrier macromolecules at either the piperidino-nitrogen or via an introduced 3-amino group. Two of the haptens, with a 2-oxopropyl functionality at either C6, or at both the C3 and C6 positions on the 4,5-epoxymorphinan framework, as well as the third hapten (DiAmHap) with diamido moieties at both the C3 and C6 positions, should be much more stable in solution, or in vivo in a vaccine, than a hapten with an ester in one of those positions, as found in many heroin-based haptens. A "classical" opioid synthetic scheme enabled the formation of a 3-amino-4,5-epoxymorphinan which could not be obtained using palladium chemistry. Our vaccines are aimed at the reduction of the abuse of heroin and, as well, at the reduction of the effects of its predominant metabolites, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine. One of the haptens, DiAmHap, has given interesting results in a heroin vaccine and is clearly more suited for the purpose than the other two haptens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuying Li
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Furlan B, Časar Z, Šterk D, Fabris J. 3-Mercaptopropionic acid as a new reagent for the industrially applicable synthesis of highly pure O-desmethylvenlafaxine from venlafaxine. J Sulphur Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2014.964241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Borut Furlan
- Organic Synthesis Department, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, API Development, Kolodvorska 27, Mengeš 1234, Slovenia
| | - Zdenko Časar
- Organic Synthesis Department, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, API Development, Kolodvorska 27, Mengeš 1234, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- Sandoz GmbH, Global Portfolio Management API, Biochemiestrasse 10, Kundl 6250, Austria
| | - Damjan Šterk
- Organic Synthesis Department, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, API Development, Kolodvorska 27, Mengeš 1234, Slovenia
| | - Jan Fabris
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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20
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Healy JR, Bezawada P, Shim J, Jones JW, Kane MA, MacKerell AD, Coop A, Matsumoto RR. Synthesis, modeling, and pharmacological evaluation of UMB 425, a mixed μ agonist/δ antagonist opioid analgesic with reduced tolerance liabilities. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1256-66. [PMID: 23713721 DOI: 10.1021/cn4000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid narcotics are used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pain and primarily exert their analgesic effects through μ receptors. Although traditional μ agonists can cause undesired side effects, including tolerance, addition of δ antagonists can attenuate said side effects. Herein, we report 4a,9-dihydroxy-7a-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methyl-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1H-4,12-methanobenzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinolin-7(7aH)-one (UMB 425) a 5,14-bridged morphinan-based orvinol precursor synthesized from thebaine. Although UMB 425 lacks δ-specific motifs, conformationally sampled pharmacophore models for μ and δ receptors predict it to have efficacy similar to morphine at μ receptors and similar to naltrexone at δ receptors, due to the compound sampling conformations in which the hydroxyl moiety interacts with the receptors similar to orvinols. As predicted, UMB 425 exhibits a mixed μ agonist/δ antagonist profile as determined in receptor binding and [(35)S]GTPγS functional assays in CHO cells. In vivo studies in mice show that UMB 425 displays potent antinociception in the hot plate and tail-flick assays. The antinociceptive effects of UMB 425 are blocked by naloxone, but not by the κ-selective antagonist norbinaltorphimine. During a 6-day tolerance paradigm, UMB 425 maintains significantly greater antinociception compared to morphine. These studies thus indicate that, even in the absence of δ-specific motifs fused to the C-ring, UMB 425 has mixed μ agonist/δ antagonist properties in vitro that translate to reduced tolerance liabilities in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Healy
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United
States
| | - Padmavani Bezawada
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Jihyun Shim
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Jace W. Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Alexander D. MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Andrew Coop
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Rae R. Matsumoto
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United
States
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21
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Magnus P, Ghavimi B, Coe JW. Access to 7β-analogs of codeine with mixed μ/δ agonist activity via 6,7-α-epoxide opening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4870-4. [PMID: 23880538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Codeine 1 was converted into previously unknown 7β-methyl-7,8-dihydrocodeine/morphine derivatives such as 13 via classical diaxial opening of α-epoxide 3. Several analogs exhibited dual μ/δ-agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Magnus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712, United States
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22
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Li J, Liu GL, Zhao XH, Du JY, Qu H, Chu WD, Ding M, Jin CY, Wei MX, Fan CA. Formal Synthesis of (±)-Morphine. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:1105-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Hudlicky T, Machara A, Phillip Cox D. Synthesis of Nalbuphine from Oripavine via N-Demethylation of N-Cyclobutylmethyl Oripavine. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-11-s(p)32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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A facile and improved synthesis of desomorphine and its deuterium-labeled analogue. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-011-0635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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25
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Werner L, Machara A, Adams DR, Cox DP, Hudlicky T. Synthesis of Buprenorphine from Oripavine via N-Demethylation of Oripavine Quaternary Salts. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4628-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200567n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Werner
- Chemistry Department and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Ales Machara
- Chemistry Department and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - David R. Adams
- Chemistry Department and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - D. Phillip Cox
- Noramco, Inc., 503 Carr Road, Suite 200, Wilmington, Delaware 19809, United States
| | - Tomas Hudlicky
- Chemistry Department and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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26
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27
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Lie TS, Maat L, Beyerman HC. Synthesis of racemic and chiral codeine and morphine via the dihydrothebainones. (Chemistry of opium alkaloids, Part XI). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19790980612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Crabbendam PR, Maat L, Beyerman HC. Preparation of 6-demethoxythebaine from neopine and its Diels-Alder reaction with ethyl acrylate (Chemistry of opium alkaloids, Part XV). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19811000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Woudenberg RH, Maat L. Synthesis and biological activity of new etorphine analogues from 7-chloro-6-demethoxythebaine and 7-chloro-5β-methyl-6-demethoxythebaine (chemistry of opium alkaloids, part XXXVII). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19931120207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Beyerman HC, van Berkel J, Lie TS, Maat L, Wessels JCM, Bosman HH, Buurman E, Bijsterveld EJM, Sinnige HJM. Synthesis of racemic and optically active codeine and morphine via the N-formylnordihydrothebainones: (Chemistry of opium alkaloids, part X). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19780970504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Woudenberg RH, Lie TS, Maat L. Rigid etheno-bridged metopon analogues from Diels-Alder reaction of 5-methylthebaine. (Chemistry of opium alkaloids, Part XXXII). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19901090507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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33
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34
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Stork G, Yamashita A, Adams J, Schulte GR, Chesworth R, Miyazaki Y, Farmer JJ. Regiospecific and Stereoselective Syntheses of (±) Morphine, Codeine, and Thebaine via a Highly Stereocontrolled Intramolecular 4 + 2 Cycloaddition Leading to a Phenanthrofuran System. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:11402-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9038505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Stork
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ayako Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Julian Adams
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Gary R. Schulte
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - Yoji Miyazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jay J. Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
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35
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Seyedi SM, Jafari Z, Attaran N, Sadeghian H, Saberi MR, Riazi MM. Design, synthesis and SAR studies of 4-allyoxyaniline amides as potent 15-lipoxygensae inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1614-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 12/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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37
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Ganjali M, Norouzi P, Dinarvand R, Farrokhi R, Moosavi-movahedi A. Development of fast Fourier transformations with continuous cyclic voltammetry at an Au microelectrode and its application for the sub nano-molar monitoring of methyl morphine trace amounts. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Mercer SL, Cunningham CW, Eddington ND, Coop A. Opioids and efflux transporters. Part 3: P-glycoprotein substrate activity of 3-hydroxyl addition to meperidine analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3638-40. [PMID: 18499452 PMCID: PMC2492381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that many clinically employed opioid analgesics are substrates for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), suggesting that up-regulation of P-gp may contribute to the development of central tolerance to opioids. The studies herein focus on the development of SAR for P-gp substrate activity in the meperidine series of opioids. Addition of a 3-OH to meperidine and the ketone analog of meperidine yielding bemidone and ketobemidone, respectively, significantly increased P-gp substrate affinity. The results of this study have implications in the development of novel analgesics to be utilized as tools to study the contribution of P-gp on the development of central tolerance to opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Mercer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Room 543, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christopher W. Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Room 543, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Natalie D. Eddington
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Room 543, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Andrew Coop
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Room 543, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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39
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Cunningham CW, Mercer SL, Hassan HE, Traynor JR, Eddington ND, Coop A. Opioids and efflux transporters. Part 2: P-glycoprotein substrate activity of 3- and 6-substituted morphine analogs. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2316-20. [PMID: 18311899 DOI: 10.1021/jm701457j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Continuing our studies investigating opioids with reduced P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate activity, a series of known 3- and 6-hydroxy, -methoxy, and -desoxymorphine analogs was synthesized and analyzed for P-gp substrate activity and opioid binding affinity. 6-Desoxymorphine ( 7) showed high affinity for opioid receptors and did not induce P-gp-mediated ATP hydrolysis. Additionally, 7 demonstrated morphine-like antinociceptive potency in mice, indicating this compound as an ideal lead to further evaluate the role of P-gp in opioid analgesic tolerance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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40
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C. Rice K, Zezula J, E. Jacobson A. A Novel Divergent Synthesis of ortho-Hydroxy-E and -F Oxide-Bridged 5-Phenylmorphans. HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/com-07-11000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Abstract
[Structure: see text] The morphinan skeleton was effectively synthesized by an intramolecular Mannich-type reaction. Further transformation led to total synthesis of morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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42
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Nieland NP, Moynihan HA, Carrington S, Broadbear J, Woods JH, Traynor JR, Husbands SM, Lewis JW. Structural determinants of opioid activity in derivatives of 14-aminomorphinones: effect of substitution in the aromatic ring of cinnamoylaminomorphinones and codeinones. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5333-8. [PMID: 16913723 PMCID: PMC2443285 DOI: 10.1021/jm0604777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there has been substantial interest in the 14-aminodihydromorphinone derivatives methoclocinnamox (MC-CAM) and clocinnamox (C-CAM). To investigate the importance of the cinnamoyl ring substituent, a series of analogues have been prepared with chloro, methyl, and nitro substituents in the 2' and 4' positions. Despite some discrepancies between the in vitro and in vivo data, a clear SAR could be observed where the 2'-chloro and 2'-methyl ligands consistently displayed higher efficacy than their 4'-substituted analogues. The new series also followed the well-established SAR that 17-methyl ligands have greater efficacy at the mu opioid receptor than their 17-cyclopropylmethyl counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon Carrington
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | - James H. Woods
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - John R. Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stephen M. Husbands
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - John W. Lewis
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Corresponding author: John W. Lewis, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK, Tel: 44 (0)1225 383103, Fax: 44 (0)1225 386114, e-mail:
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43
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Xu YS, Zeng CC, Li XM, Zhong RG, Zeng Y. Design, Synthesis and Cu2+ Recognition ofβ-Diketoacid and Quinoxalone Derivatives Bearing Caffeoyl or Galloyl Moieties Linked by Arylamide as Potential HIV Integrase Inhibitors. CHINESE J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200690203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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Walker RB, Nelson WL. Synthesis of propanolamine side chain deuterated propranolol, propranolol-diol and 4-hydroxypropranol. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580140616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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45
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Row EC, Brown SA, Stachulski AV, Lennard MS. Synthesis of 8-geranyloxypsoralen analogues and their evaluation as inhibitors of CYP3A4. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3865-71. [PMID: 16481174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Furanocoumarins have been shown to inhibit CYP3A4 in vitro with varying degrees of potency. In this study, we report the effects of a series of novel furanocoumarins based on the naturally occurring derivative 8-geranylepoxypsoralen which has been shown to be a more potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 than its 5-position-substituted counterpart bergamottin. Compounds were designed, synthesised and tested for their ability to inhibit CYP3A4 activity in human liver microsomes using testosterone as the marker substrate. Both the saturated and unsaturated phenolic furanocoumarin derivatives were found to be inactive. However, the 8-alkyloxy-furanocoumarin analogues were shown to inhibit CYP3A4 activity in a dose dependent manner, with IC(50) values ranging from 0.78+/-0.11 to 3.93+/-0.53 microM. The reduced furan derivative dihydro-8-geranyloxypsoralen showed a 4-fold decrease in inhibitory potency, suggesting that the furan moiety plays a role in the interaction between these compounds and CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Row
- Academic Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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46
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Trost BM, Tang W, Toste FD. Divergent enantioselective synthesis of (-)-galanthamine and (-)-morphine. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 127:14785-803. [PMID: 16231933 DOI: 10.1021/ja054449+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient divergent synthetic strategy for the synthesis of the opiate and amaryllidaceae alkaloids emerges by employing a Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA) to set the stereochemistry. Three generations of syntheses of galanthamine are discussed in detail with particular focus on the scope of the palladium-catalyzed AAA reactions and intramolecular Heck reactions. The pivotal tricyclic intermediate is available in six steps from 2-bromovanillin and the monoester of methyl 6-hydroxycyclohexene-1-carboxylate. This intermediate requires only two steps to convert to (-)-galanthamine. Using a Heck vinylation, we found that the fourth ring of codeine/morphine could be formed. The final ring formation involves a novel visible light-promoted hydroamination. Thus, six steps are required to convert the pivotal tricyclic intermediate into codeine, which has been demethylated in high yield to morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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47
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Parker KA, Fokas D. Enantioselective Synthesis of (−)-Dihydrocodeinone: A Short Formal Synthesis of (−)-Morphine1,. J Org Chem 2005; 71:449-55. [PMID: 16408951 DOI: 10.1021/jo0513008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The radical cyclization approach to the morphine alkaloids has been applied in an asymmetric synthesis of (-)-dihydrocodeinone. A chiral cyclohexenol (R-32), from the CBS reduction of the enone, is the source of chirality. The first key step, tandem closure in which stereochemistry is controlled by geometric constraints, (-)-15b --> (+)-16, was followed by an unprecedented reductive hydroamination, completing the synthesis of (-)-dihydroisocodeine ((-)-17) in 13 steps from commercially available materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn A Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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48
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Shults E, Shakirov M, Tolstikov G, Kalinin V, Schmidhammer G. Thebaine Adducts with Maleimides. Synthesis and Transformations. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11178-005-0306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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49
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Zhang A, Csutoras C, Zong R, Neumeyer JL. Synthesis of 2-Fluoro-11-hydroxy-N-propylnoraporphine: A Potential Dopamine D2 Agonist. Org Lett 2005; 7:3239-42. [PMID: 16018630 DOI: 10.1021/ol051010d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text]. 2-Fluoro-11-hydroxy-N-propylnoraporphine 4 (2-F-11-OH-NPa) was synthesized from thebaine in 13 steps with an overall yield of 1.35%. The key steps included the Pd-catalyzed 3-dehydroxylation of 14-hydroxymorphine, S(N)2 substitution of Ts(-) by F(-), and CH(3)SO(2)OH-promoted rearrangement of the substituted morphinandiene. The dopamine binding affinity of this compound was also investigated on rat brain membranes, and as expected, this compound displayed high affinity and selectivity at the D(2) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Zhang
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA
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50
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Taber DF, Neubert TD, Schlecht MF. Chapter 11 The enantioselective synthesis of morphine. STRATEGIES AND TACTICS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6004(04)80034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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