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Cullia G, Tamborini L, Conti P, De Micheli C, Pinto A. Folates in Trypanosoma brucei
: Achievements and Opportunities. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2150-2158. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Cullia
- Institute of Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247; CNRS; University of Montpellier; ENSCM; Place Eugène Battaillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM); University of Milan; via Luigi Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM); University of Milan; via Luigi Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Carlo De Micheli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM); University of Milan; via Luigi Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences; University of Milan; via Giovanni Celoria 2 20133 Milano Italy
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Mendoza-Martínez C, Correa-Basurto J, Nieto-Meneses R, Márquez-Navarro A, Aguilar-Suárez R, Montero-Cortes MD, Nogueda-Torres B, Suárez-Contreras E, Galindo-Sevilla N, Rojas-Rojas Á, Rodriguez-Lezama A, Hernández-Luis F. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of quinazoline derivatives as anti-trypanosomatid and anti-plasmodial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 96:296-307. [PMID: 25899334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a set of quinazoline-2,4,6-triamine derivatives (1-9) as trypanocidal, antileishmanial and antiplasmodial agents are explained. The compounds were rationalized basing on docking studies of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR from Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania major and Plasmodium vivax) and pteridin reductase (PTR from T. cruzi and L. major) structures. All compounds were in vitro screened against both bloodstream trypomastigotes of T. cruzi (NINOA and INC-5 strains) and promatigotes of Leishmania mexicana (MHOM/BZ/61/M379 strain), and also for cytotoxicity using Vero cell line. Against T. cruzi, three compounds (5, 6 and 8) were the most effective showing a better activity profile than nifurtimox and benznidazole (reference drugs). Against L. mexicana, four compounds (5, 6, 8, and 9) exhibited the highest activity, even than glucantime (reference drug). In the cytotoxicity assay, protozoa were more susceptible than Vero cells. In vivo Plasmodium berghei assay (ANKA strain), the compounds 1, 5, 6 and 8 showed a more comparable activity than chloroquine and pyrimethamine (reference drugs) when they were administrated by the oral route. The antiprotozoal activity of these substances, endowed with redox properties, represented a good starting point for a medicinal chemistry program aiming for chemotherapy of Chagas' disease, leishmaniosis and malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Mendoza-Martínez
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Químicas, UNAM, México, DF 04510, Mexico; Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, UNAM, México, DF 04510, Mexico
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Bioinformática de la SEPI, IPN, México, DF 11340, Mexico
| | - Rocío Nieto-Meneses
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitología, IPN, México, DF 11340, Mexico
| | - Adrián Márquez-Navarro
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitología, IPN, México, DF 11340, Mexico
| | - Rocío Aguilar-Suárez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitología, IPN, México, DF 11340, Mexico
| | | | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitología, IPN, México, DF 11340, Mexico
| | - Erick Suárez-Contreras
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitología, IPN, México, DF 11340, Mexico
| | - Norma Galindo-Sevilla
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, México, DF 11000, Mexico
| | | | | | - Francisco Hernández-Luis
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Químicas, UNAM, México, DF 04510, Mexico; Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, UNAM, México, DF 04510, Mexico.
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3
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Antileishmanial activity of quinazoline derivatives: Synthesis, docking screens, molecular dynamic simulations and electrochemical studies. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 92:314-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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4
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Rojas-Aguirre Y, Hernández-Luis F, Mendoza-Martínez C, Sotomayor CP, Aguilar LF, Villena F, Castillo I, Hernández DJ, Suwalsky M. Effects of an antimalarial quinazoline derivative on human erythrocytes and on cell membrane molecular models. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1818:738-46. [PMID: 22155684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium, the parasite which causes malaria in humans multiplies in the liver and then infects circulating erythrocytes. Thus, the role of the erythrocyte cell membrane in antimalarial drug activity and resistance has key importance. The effects of the antiplasmodial N(6)-(4-methoxybenzyl)quinazoline-2,4,6-triamine (M4), and its inclusion complex (M4/HPβCD) with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) on human erythrocytes and on cell membrane molecular models are herein reported. This work evidences that M4/HPβCD interacts with red cells as follows: a) in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies on human erythrocytes induced shape changes at a 10μM concentration; b) in isolated unsealed human erythrocyte membranes (IUM) a concentration as low as 1μM induced sharp DPH fluorescence anisotropy decrease whereas increasing concentrations produced a monotonically decrease of DPH fluorescence lifetime at 37°C; c) X-ray diffraction studies showed that 200μM induced a complete structural perturbation of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayers whereas no significant effects were detected in dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) bilayers, classes of lipids present in the outer and inner monolayers of the human erythrocyte membrane, respectively; d) fluorescence spectroscopy data showed that increasing concentrations of the complex interacted with the deep hydrophobic core of DMPC large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) at 18°C. All these experiments are consistent with the insertion of M4/HPβCD in the outer monolayer of the human erythrocyte membrane; thus, it can be considered a promising and novel antimalarial agent.
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Gutteridge CE, Hoffman MM, Bhattacharjee AK, Milhous WK, Gerena L. In vitro efficacy of 7-benzylamino-1-isoquinolinamines against Plasmodium falciparum related to the efficacy of chalcones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:786-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Cavalli A, Lizzi F, Bongarzone S, Brun R, Luise Krauth-Siegel R, Bolognesi ML. Privileged structure-guided synthesis of quinazoline derivatives as inhibitors of trypanothione reductase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3031-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Li Q, Kozar MP, Shearer TW, Xie LH, Lin AJ, Smith KS, Si Y, Anova L, Zhang J, Milhous WK, Skillman DR. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and hydrolysis of oral pyrroloquinazolinediamines administered in single and multiple doses in rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:2898-904. [PMID: 17562804 PMCID: PMC1932520 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00932-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrroloquinazolinediamine (PQD) derivatives such as tetra-acetamide PQD (PQD-A4) and bis-ethylcarbamyl PQD (PQD-BE) were much safer (with therapeutic indices of 80 and 32, respectively) than their parent compound, PQD (therapeutic index, 10). Further evaluation of PQD-A4 and PQD-BE in single and multiple pharmacokinetic (PK) studies as well as corresponding toxicity studies was conducted with rats. PQD-A4 could be converted to two intermediate metabolites (monoacetamide PQD and bisacetamide PQD) first and then to the final metabolite, PQD, while PQD-BE was directly hydrolyzed to PQD without precursor and intermediate metabolites. Maximum tolerant doses showed that PQD-A4 and PQD-BE have only 1/12 and 1/6, respectively, of the toxicity of PQD after a single oral dose. Compared to the area under the concentration-time curve for PQD alone (2,965 ng.h/ml), values measured in animals treated with PQD-A4 and PQD-BE were one-third (1,047 ng.h/ml) and one-half (1,381 ng.h/ml) as high, respectively, after an equimolar dosage, suggesting that PQD was the only agent to induce the toxicity. Similar results were also shown in multiple treatments; PQD-A4 and PQD-BE generated two-fifths and three-fifths, respectively, of PQD concentrations, with 8.8-fold and 3.8-fold safety margins, respectively, over the parent drug. PK data indicated that the bioavailability of oral PQD-A4 was greatly limited at high dose levels, that PQD-A4 was slowly converted to PQD via a sequential three-step process of conversion, and that PQD-A4 was significantly less toxic than the one-step hydrolysis drug, PQD-BE. It was concluded that the slow and smaller release of PQD was the main reason for the reduction in toxicity and that the active intermediate metabolites can still maintain antimalarial potency. Therefore, the candidate with multiple-step hydrolysis of PQD could be developed as a safer potential agent for malaria treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20307-5100, USA.
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Schlitzer M. Malaria Chemotherapeutics Part I: History of Antimalarial Drug Development, Currently Used Therapeutics, and Drugs in Clinical Development. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:944-86. [PMID: 17530725 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since ancient times, humankind has had to struggle against the persistent onslaught of pathogenic microorganisms. Nowadays, malaria is still the most important infectious disease worldwide. Considerable success in gaining control over malaria was achieved in the 1950s and 60s through landscaping measures, vector control with the insecticide DDT, and the widespread administration of chloroquine, the most important antimalarial agent ever. In the late 1960s, the final victory over malaria was believed to be within reach. However, the parasites could not be eradicated because they developed resistance against the most widely used and affordable drugs of that time. Today, cases of malaria infections are on the rise and have reached record numbers. This review gives a short description of the malaria disease, briefly addresses the history of antimalarial drug development, and focuses on drugs currently available for malaria therapy. The present knowledge regarding their mode of action and the mechanisms of resistance are explained, as are the attempts made by numerous research groups to overcome the resistance problem within classes of existing drugs and in some novel classes. Finally, this review covers all classes of antimalarials for which at least one drug candidate is in clinical development. Antimalarial agents that are solely in early development stages will be addressed in a separate review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schlitzer
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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Gutteridge CE, Hoffman MM, Bhattacharjee AK, Gerena L. Synthesis and antimalarial activity of 7-benzylamino-1-isoquinolinamines. J Heterocycl Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570440319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chung MC, Ferreira EI, Santos JL, Giarolla J, Rando DG, Almeida AE, Bosquesi PL, Menegon RF, Blau L. Prodrugs for the treatment of neglected diseases. Molecules 2007; 13:616-77. [PMID: 18463559 PMCID: PMC6245083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13030616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, World Health Organization (WHO) and Medicins San Frontieres (MSF) proposed a classification of diseases as global, neglected and extremely neglected. Global diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular and mental (CNS) diseases represent the targets of the majority of the R&D efforts of pharmaceutical companies. Neglected diseases affect millions of people in the world yet existing drug therapy is limited and often inappropriate. Furthermore, extremely neglected diseases affect people living under miserable conditions who barely have access to the bare necessities for survival. Most of these diseases are excluded from the goals of the R&D programs in the pharmaceutical industry and therefore fall outside the pharmaceutical market. About 14 million people,mainly in developing countries, die each year from infectious diseases. From 1975 to 1999,1393 new drugs were approved yet only 1% were for the treatment of neglected diseases[3]. These numbers have not changed until now, so in those countries there is an urgent need for the design and synthesis of new drugs and in this area the prodrug approach is a very interesting field. It provides, among other effects, activity improvements and toxicity decreases for current and new drugs, improving market availability. It is worth noting that it is essential in drug design to save time and money, and prodrug approaches can be considered of high interest in this respect. The present review covers 20 years of research on the design of prodrugs for the treatment of neglected and extremely neglected diseases such as Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis), sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis), malaria, sickle cell disease, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Chin Chung
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- LAPEN – Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos em Endemias Tropicais, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas – USP/SP, R. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, B-13S, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil; E-mail:
| | - Jean Leandro Santos
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
- LAPEN – Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos em Endemias Tropicais, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas – USP/SP, R. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, B-13S, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil; E-mail:
| | - Jeanine Giarolla
- LAPEN – Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos em Endemias Tropicais, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas – USP/SP, R. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, B-13S, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil; E-mail:
| | - Daniela Gonçales Rando
- LAPEN – Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos em Endemias Tropicais, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas – USP/SP, R. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, B-13S, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil; E-mail:
| | - Adélia Emília Almeida
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Priscila Longhin Bosquesi
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Renato Farina Menegon
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Lorena Blau
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
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De La Fuente R, Sonawane ND, Arumainayagam D, Verkman AS. Small molecules with antimicrobial activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa identified by high-throughput screening. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:551-9. [PMID: 16981005 PMCID: PMC2014677 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE New antimicrobials are needed because of the emergence of organisms that are resistant to available antimicrobials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a high-throughput screening approach to identify antibacterials against two common disease-causing bacteria, and to determine the frequency, novelty, and potency of compounds with antibacterial activity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A high-throughput, turbidometric assay of bacterial growth in a 96-well plate format was used to screen a diverse collection of 150,000 small molecules for antibacterial activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The statistical Z'-factor for the assay was > or = 0.7. KEY RESULTS Screening for inhibition of E. coli growth gave a 'hit' rate (> 60% inhibition at 12.5 microM) of 0.025%, which was more than 5-fold reduced for P. aeruginosa. The most potent antibacterials (EC50 < 0.5 microM) were of the nitrofuran class followed by naphthalimide, salicylanilide, bipyridinium and quinoazolinediamine chemical classes. Screening of > 250 analogs of the most potent antibacterial classes established structure-activity data sets. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results validate and demonstrate the utility of a growth-based phenotype screen for rapid identification of small-molecule antibacterials. The favourable efficacy and structure-activity data for several of the antibacterial classes suggests their potential development for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- R De La Fuente
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - N D Sonawane
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D Arumainayagam
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
- Author for correspondence: http://www.ucsf.edu/verklab
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Xie LH, Li Q, Lin AJ, Smith K, Zhang J, Skillman DS. New potential antimalarial agents: therapeutic-index evaluation of pyrroloquinazolinediamine and its prodrugs in a rat model of severe malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:1649-55. [PMID: 16641431 PMCID: PMC1472225 DOI: 10.1128/aac.50.5.1649-1655.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetra-acetamide pyrroloquinazolinediamine (PQD-A4) and bis-ethylcarbamyl pyrroloquinazolinediamine (PQD-BE) are new derivatives of pyrroloquinazolinediamine (PQD) and are being investigated as potential chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of malaria. Comparative studies to assess the therapeutic indices of PQD-A4, PQD-BE, and PQD were conducted in Plasmodium berghei-infected rats following daily intragastric dosing for three consecutive days. Artesunate (AS), a standard drug for treatment of severe malaria, was used as a comparator. The minimum doses required to clear malaria parasitemia were 156 micromol/kg of body weight for AS and 2.4 micromol/kg for PQD, PQD-4A, and PQD-BE. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of AS was 625 micromol/kg, and its therapeutic index was calculated to be 4. The MTDs of PQD-A4, PQD-BE, and PQD were found to be 190, 77, and 24 micromol/kg, respectively, yielding therapeutic indices of 80, 32, and 10, respectively. Although PQD-A4 and PQD-BE are only half as potent as PQD based on their curative effects, the two new derivatives, PQD-4A and PQD-BE, are 8.0-fold and 3.2-fold safer, respectively, than their parent compound when they are dosed for three consecutive days. Oral PQD-A4 and PQD-BE are 44 to 70 times more potent on an mg basis than intravenous AS. As assessed from the therapeutic index over 3 days, PQD-A4, PQD-BE, and PQD administered orally are 20.0, 8.0, and 2.5 times safer than AS given intravenously. The results indicate that PQD-4A is a promising candidate for antimalarial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20307-5100, USA.
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Guan J, Zhang Q, O'Neil M, Obaldia N, Ager A, Gerena L, Lin AJ. Antimalarial activities of new pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinazoline-1,3-diamine derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 49:4928-33. [PMID: 16304154 PMCID: PMC1315943 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.12.4928-4933.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
WR227825 is an antimalarial pyrroloquinazolinediamine derivative with a high potency but a low therapeutic index. A series of carbamate, carboxamide, succinimide, and alkylamine derivatives of WR227825 were prepared to search for compounds with an improved therapeutic index. The new acetamides and imide showed potent cell growth inhibition against four clones of Plasmodium falciparum (D-6, RCS, W-2, and TM91C235), with a 50% inhibitory concentration of approximately 0.01 ng/ml, and were highly active against Plasmodium berghei, with 100% cure at doses from <0.1 mg/kg of body weight to 220 mg/kg. The carbamates and alkyl derivatives, however, showed weak activity against Plasmodium falciparum cell growth but were highly efficacious in tests against P. berghei by the Thompson test. The best compounds, bis-ethylcarbamate (compound 2a) and tetra-acetamide (3a) derivatives, further demonstrated high potency against the sporozoite Plasmodium yoelii in mice and P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in aotus monkeys. Against the AMRU-1 strain of P. vivax, which has four dihydrofolate reductase mutations and is highly resistant to antifolates, tetra-acetamide 3a cured the monkeys at doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg. Compound 2a cured only one out of two monkeys at 3 mg/kg. The results indicated that the new derivatives 2a and 3a not only have retained/improved the antimalarial efficacy of the parent compound WR227825 but also were less toxic to the animals used in the tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guan
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA
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Khabnadideh S, Pez D, Musso A, Brun R, Pérez LMR, González-Pacanowska D, Gilbert IH. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 2,4-diaminoquinazolines as inhibitors of trypanosomal and leishmanial dihydrofolate reductase. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2637-49. [PMID: 15755663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the design, synthesis and evaluation of a series of 2,4-diaminoquinazolines as inhibitors of leishmanial and trypanosomal dihydrofolate reductase. Compounds were designed by a generating virtual library of compounds and docking them into the enzyme active site. Following their synthesis, they were found to be potent and selective inhibitors of leishmanial dihydrofolate reductase. The compounds were also found to have potent activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, a causative organism of African trypanosomiasis and also against Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative organism of Chagas disease. There was significantly lower activity against Leishmania donovani, one of the causative organisms of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Khabnadideh
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, UK
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Gilbert IH. Inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase in Leishmania and trypanosomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1587:249-57. [PMID: 12084467 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(02)00088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan diseases leishmaniasis, Chagas' disease and African trypanosomiasis are major health problems in many countries, particularly developing countries, and there are few drugs available to treat these diseases. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors have been used successfully in the treatment of a number of other diseases such as cancer, malaria and bacterial infections; however they have not been used for the treatment of these diseases. This article summarises studies on leishmanial and trypanosomal DHFR inhibitor development and evaluation. Possible mechanisms of resistance to DHFR inhibitors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Gilbert
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, UK.
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el-Tombary AA, Ismail KA, Aboulwafa OM, Omar AM, el-Azzouni MZ, el-Mansoury ST. Novel triazolo[4,3-a]quinazolinone and bis-triazolo[4,3-a:4,3'-c]quinazolines: synthesis and antitoxoplasmosis effect. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 1999; 54:486-95. [PMID: 10486917 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(99)00038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several quinazoline derivatives containing substituted thiosemicarbazido and S-methylisothiosemicarbazido groups at the 2-position and at both the 2- and 4-positions have been synthesized. Treatment of the S-methylthiosemicarbazides with morpholine or diethylamine did not give the corresponding guanidines. Instead, they underwent cyclodesulfurization into the condensed ring systems, [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinazolinones and bis-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a:4'.3'-c]quinazolines. Evaluation of the products for antitoxoplasmosis effect by studying the ultrastructure morphology of the organisms using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated their efficacy in causing structural deformity of Toxoplasma gondii. Such a deformity plays an important role in obstructing the entry of the organisms into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A el-Tombary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Egypt
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Inhibition of human dihydrofolate reductase by 2,4-diaminoquinazolines bearing simple substituents on the aromatic ring. J Heterocycl Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570280832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tomažič A, Hynes JB, Gale GR, Freisheim JH. Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of 5-fluoro-5,8-dideazaisoaminopterin. J Heterocycl Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570270742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Singh SK, Govindan M, Hynes JB. Synthesis of 5-trifluoromethyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid and 5-trifluoromethyl-5,8-dideazaisofolic acid. J Heterocycl Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570270746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Berman JD, King M, Edwards N. Antileishmanial activities of 2,4-diaminoquinazoline putative dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33:1860-3. [PMID: 2610496 PMCID: PMC172777 DOI: 10.1128/aac.33.11.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
2,4-Diaminoquinazoline analogs of folate were assessed as antileishmanial agents and as dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. Against Leishmania major in human macrophages in vitro, two compounds with tertiary amines attached directly to the quinazoline ring were remarkably active. The 50% effective doses were in the picogram per milliliter range (12 to 91 pg/ml), and the in vitro therapeutic indices were approximately 10(5). These compounds were 1,000 times more active on an absolute basis and had a 100 times more favorable therapeutic index than any compound previously tested in this model. Antileishmanial activity was not correlated with activity against Leishmania mexicana promastigote reductase, which suggests that folate utilization in general, rather than reductase activity specifically, was being inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Berman
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20307
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Hynes JB, Pathak A, Panes CH, Okeke CC. Direct synthesis of 2,4-diaminoquinazolines from 2-fluorobenzonitriles. J Heterocycl Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570250425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Johne S. Search for pharmaceutically interesting quinazoline derivatives: efforts and results (1969-1980). PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1982; 26:259-341. [PMID: 6755558 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7111-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Roth B, Cheng CC. Recent progress in the medicinal chemistry of 2,4-diaminopyrimidines. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1982; 19:269-331. [PMID: 6129679 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Elslager EF, Jacob P, Johnson J, Werbel LM. Folate antagonists.16. Antimalarial and antibacterial effects of 2,4-diamino-6-[(heterocyclic)thio, sulfinyl, and sulfonyl]quinazolines. J Heterocycl Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570170127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bertino JR, Sawicki WL, Moroson BA, Cashmore AR, Elslager EF. 2,4-diamino-5-methyl-6-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyanilino)methyl]quinazoline (tmq), a potent non-classical folate antagonist inhibitor--I effect on dihydrofolate reductase and growth of rodent tumors in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 1979; 28:1983-7. [PMID: 454469 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yakhontov LN, Lieberman SS, Zhikhareva GP, Kuz'mina KK. Biologically active quinazoline derivatives — A patent review. Pharm Chem J 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00780814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Elslager EF. New perspectives on the chemotherapy of malaria, filariasis, and leprosy. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1974; 18:99-172. [PMID: 4616264 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7087-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Werbel LM, Curry A, Elslager EF, Hess C. Synthesis and antimalarial effects of 5,6-dichloro-2-[(4-||4-(diethylamino)-i-methylbutyl] amino||-6-methyl-2-pyrirnidinyl)amino] benzimidazole and related benzimidazoles and lH-imidazo[4,5-b] pyridines. J Heterocycl Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Elslager EF, Curry A, Werbel LM. Folate antagonists. 8. Synthesis and antimalarial effects of 2,4-Diamino-6-[(aryl and pyridyl)methyl]-6,7-dihydro-7-methyl-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-d] pyrimidines. J Heterocycl Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570090529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Elslager EF, Clarke J, Jacob P, Werbel LM, Willis JD. Folate antagonists. 7. Antimalarial, antibacterial, and antimetabolite effects of 2,4-Diamino-6-(benzyl and pyridylmethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d] pyrimidines. J Heterocycl Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570090528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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