1
|
Aggarwal S, Mortensen OV. Discovery and Development of Monoamine Transporter Ligands. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 30:101-129. [PMID: 36928847 PMCID: PMC10074400 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21054-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine transporters (MATs) are targets of a wide range of compounds that have been developed as therapeutic treatments for various neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders such as depression, ADHD, neuropathic pain, anxiety disorders, stimulant use disorders, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease. The MAT family is comprised of three main members - the dopamine transporter (DAT), the norepinephrine transporter (NET), and the serotonin transporter (SERT). These transporters are through reuptake responsible for the clearance of their respective monoamine substrates from the extracellular space. The determination of X-ray crystal structures of MATs and their homologues bound with various substrates and ligands has resulted in a surge of structure-function-based studies of MATs to understand the molecular basis of transport function and the mechanism of various ligands that ultimately result in their behavioral effects. This review focusses on recent examples of ligand-based structure-activity relationship studies trying to overcome some of the challenges associated with previously developed MAT inhibitors. These studies have led to the discovery of unique and novel structurally diverse MAT ligands including allosteric modulators. These novel molecular scaffolds serve as leads for designing more effective therapeutic interventions by modulating the activities of MATs and ultimately their associated neurotransmission and behavioral effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaili Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Ole Valente Mortensen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
|
3
|
Singular value decomposition analysis of the torsional angles of dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR 12909 analogs: effect of force field and charges. J Mol Model 2010; 17:1343-51. [PMID: 20839021 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analysis of large, flexible molecules, such as the dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR 12909 (1), is complicated by the fact that they can take on a wide range of closely-related conformations. The first step in the analysis is to classify the conformers into groups. Over 600 conformers each of a piperazine (2) and piperidine (3) analog of 1 were generated by random search conformational analysis using the Merck Molecular Force Field (MMFF94). Singular value decomposition (SVD) was used to group the conformers of 2 and 3 by the similarity of their non-ring torsional angles. SVD uncovered subtle differences in their conformer populations due to that fact that the conformers separate along different principal components, and ultimately to the fact that different torsional angles are the chief contributors to these components. The results were compared to our previous SVD analysis (Fiorentino, et al., Journal of Computational Chemistry, 2006, 27, 609-620) of conformer populations of 2 and 3 generated by the Tripos force field and Gasteiger-Hückel charges. Except for the dominant contribution of angle B3 to principal component 8 seen with both force fields, the angles which are chiefly responsible for the grouping of the conformers of 2 and 3 are different with both force fields. This illustrates that SVD is useful in identifying unique groupings of conformers in large data sets of flexible molecules-a first step in selecting representative conformers for 3D-QSAR modeling studies.
Collapse
|
4
|
Pandit D, Roosma W, Misra M, Gilbert KM, Skawinski WJ, Venanzi CA. Conformational analysis of piperazine and piperidine analogs of GBR 12909: stochastic approach to evaluating the effects of force fields and solvent. J Mol Model 2010; 17:181-200. [PMID: 20414792 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Analogs of the flexible dopamine reuptake inhibitor, GBR 12909 (1), may have potential utility in the treatment of cocaine abuse. As a first step in the 3D-QSAR modeling of the dopamine transporter (DAT)/serotonin transporter (SERT) selectivity of these compounds, we carried out conformational analyses of two analogs of 1: a piperazine (2) and a related piperidine (3). Ensembles of conformers consisting of local minima on the potential energy surface of the molecule were generated in the vacuum phase and in implicit solvent by random search conformational analysis using the Tripos and MMFF94 force fields. Some differences were noted in the conformer populations due to differences in the treatment of the tertiary amine nitrogen and ether oxygen atom types by the force fields. The force fields also differed in their descriptions of internal rotation around the C(sp³)-O(sp³) bond proximal to the bisphenyl moiety. Molecular orbital calculations at the HF/6-31G(d) and B3LYP/6-31G(d) levels of C-O internal rotation in model compound (5), designed to model the effect of the proximity of the bisphenyl group on C-O internal rotation, showed a broad region of low energy between -60° to 60° with minima at both -60° and 30° and a low rotational barrier at 0°, in closer agreement with the MMFF94 results than the Tripos results. Molecular mechanics calculations on model compound (6) showed that the MMFF94 force field was much more sensitive than the Tripos force field to the effects of the bisphenyl moiety on C-O internal rotation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepangi Pandit
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 King Blvd., Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Manning JR, Sexton T, Childers SR, Davies HM. 1-Naphthyl and 4-indolyl arylalkylamines as selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:58-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
6
|
Macdougall IJA, Griffith R. Pharmacophore design and database searching for selective monoamine neurotransmitter transporter ligands. J Mol Graph Model 2007; 26:1113-24. [PMID: 18023378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal monoamine transporters (MATs) are involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of mental health conditions such as depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance abuse and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Various structural classes of compounds have been synthesized and tested in vitro for activity against transporters of three monoamine signaling molecules: noradrenaline (NET); serotonin (SERT) and dopamine (DAT). We have developed and validated a number of pharmacophore models describing the interaction of two classes of compounds with each of these three MATs. These pharmacophores explain the selectivity of binding to the MATs for various compound classes and have been used to search in silico databases for novel, potentially selective ligands. These ligands, after confirmation of their activities, will provide tools for investigating the function of MATs as well as the potential for new therapeutic agents in mental health applications. The database searches also retrieved close analogues of known MAT ligands, further validating the approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain J A Macdougall
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gilbert KM, Boos TL, Dersch CM, Greiner E, Jacobson AE, Lewis D, Matecka D, Prisinzano TE, Zhang Y, Rothman RB, Rice KC, Venanzi CA. DAT/SERT selectivity of flexible GBR 12909 analogs modeled using 3D-QSAR methods. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:1146-59. [PMID: 17127069 PMCID: PMC2259226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR 12909 (1-{2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl}-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine, 1) and its analogs have been developed as tools to test the hypothesis that selective dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitors will be useful therapeutics for cocaine addiction. This 3D-QSAR study focuses on the effect of substitutions in the phenylpropyl region of 1. CoMFA and CoMSIA techniques were used to determine a predictive and stable model for the DAT/serotonin transporter (SERT) selectivity (represented by pK(i) (DAT/SERT)) of a set of flexible analogs of 1, most of which have eight rotatable bonds. In the absence of a rigid analog to use as a 3D-QSAR template, six conformational families of analogs were constructed from six pairs of piperazine and piperidine template conformers identified by hierarchical clustering as representative molecular conformations. Three models stable to y-value scrambling were identified after a comprehensive CoMFA and CoMSIA survey with Region Focusing. Test set correlation validation led to an acceptable model, with q(2)=0.508, standard error of prediction=0.601, two components, r(2)=0.685, standard error of estimate=0.481, F value=39, percent steric contribution=65, and percent electrostatic contribution=35. A CoMFA contour map identified areas of the molecule that affect pK(i) (DAT/SERT). This work outlines a protocol for deriving a stable and predictive model of the biological activity of a set of very flexible molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Gilbert
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Terrence L. Boos
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christina M. Dersch
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elisabeth Greiner
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arthur E. Jacobson
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Lewis
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dorota Matecka
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas E. Prisinzano
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard B. Rothman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carol A. Venanzi
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang S, Izenwasser S, Wade D, Xu L, Trudell ML. Synthesis of dopamine transporter selective 3-diarylmethoxymethyl-8-arylalkyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7943-52. [PMID: 16905323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of diarylmethoxymethyltropane-GBR hybrid analogues with all three possible stereochemical orientations at C3 were synthesized and evaluated at dopamine and serotonin transporters. The 3alpha derivatives were found to be the most potent compounds with the 3alpha-di(4-fluorophenyl)methoxymethyl-8-(3-phenylpropyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane 15b (Ki = 5 nM) being the most potent compound of the series. The corresponding 3-di(4-fluorophenyl)-methoxymethyl-8-(3-phenylpropyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-ene 12b (Ki = 12 nM) was slightly less potent than the 3alpha-analogue, while the 3beta-di(4-fluorophenyl)methoxymethyl-8-(3-phenylpropyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane 23b (Ki = 78 nM) exhibited only modest affinity for the dopamine transporter. Only the 3alpha-analogue 15b (SERT/DAT = 48) exhibited higher SERT/DAT selectivity than GBR 12909. These results indicate that the dopamine transporter can tolerate some variability in proximity of the benzhydryl ether to the basic nitrogen atom of the tropane without loss in potency. In addition, the structure-activity data for these tropane-GBR 12909 hybrid analogues support previous findings that the stereochemical and conformational effects imparted by unsaturation at C3 are important for dopamine transporter selectivity over the serotonin transporter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gilbert KM, Venanzi CA. Hierarchical clustering analysis of flexible GBR 12909 dialkyl piperazine and piperidine analogs. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2006; 20:209-25. [PMID: 16855855 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-006-9046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacophore modeling of large, drug-like molecules, such as the dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR 12909, is complicated by their flexibility. A comprehensive hierarchical clustering study of two GBR 12909 analogs was performed to identify representative conformers for input to three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of closely-related analogs. Two data sets of more than 700 conformers each produced by random search conformational analysis of a piperazine and a piperidine GBR 12909 analog were studied. Several clustering studies were carried out based on different feature sets that include the important pharmacophore elements. The distance maps, the plot of the effective number of clusters versus actual number of clusters, and the novel derived clustering statistic, percentage change in the effective number of clusters, were shown to be useful in determining the appropriate clustering level. Six clusters were chosen for each analog, each representing a different region of the torsional angle space that determines the relative orientation of the pharmacophore elements. Conformers of each cluster that are representative of these regions were identified and compared for each analog. This study illustrates the utility of using hierarchical clustering for the classification of conformers of highly flexible molecules in terms of the three-dimensional spatial orientation of key pharmacophore elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Gilbert
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fiorentino A, Pandit D, Gilbert KM, Misra M, Dios R, Venanzi CA. Singular value decomposition of torsional angles of analogs of the dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR 12909. J Comput Chem 2006; 27:609-20. [PMID: 16470669 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of large, flexible molecules, such as the dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR 12909 (1), is complicated by the fact that they can take on a wide range of closely related conformations. The first step in the analysis is to classify the conformers into groups. Here, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) was used to group conformations of GBR 12909 analogs by the similarity of their nonring torsional angles. The significance of the present work, the first application of SVD to the analysis of very flexible molecules, lies in the development of a novel scaling technique for circular data and in the grouping of molecular conformations using a technique that is independent of molecular alignment. Over 700 conformers each of a piperazine (2) and piperidine (3) analog of 1 were studied. Analysis of the score and loading plots showed that the conformers of 2 separate into three large groups due to torsional angles on the naphthalene side of the molecule, whereas those of 3 separate into nine groups due to torsional angles on the bisphenyl side of the molecule. These differences are due to nitrogen inversion at the unprotonated piperazinyl nitrogen of 2, which results in a different ensemble of conformers than those of 3, where no inversion is possible at the corresponding piperidinyl carbon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fiorentino
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Boos TL, Greiner E, Calhoun WJ, Prisinzano TE, Nightingale B, Dersch CM, Rothman RB, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. Structure-activity relationships of substituted N-benzyl piperidines in the GBR series: Synthesis of 4-(2-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy)ethyl)-1-(2-trifluoromethylbenzyl)piperidine, an allosteric modulator of the serotonin transporter. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3967-73. [PMID: 16563775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-(2-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy)ethyl)-(substituted benzyl) piperidines with substituents at the ortho and meta positions in the aromatic ring of the N-benzyl side chain were synthesized and their affinities and selectivities for the dopamine transporter (DAT), serotonin transporter (SERT), and norepinephrine transporter (NET) were determined. One analogue, 4-(2-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy)ethyl)-1-(2-trifluoromethylbenzyl)piperidine (the C(2)-trifluoromethyl substituted compound), has been found to act as an allosteric modulator of hSERT binding and function. It had little affinity for any of the transporters. Several compounds showed affinity for the DAT in the low nanomolar range and displayed a broad range of SERT/DAT selectivity ratios and very little affinity for the NET. The pharmacological tools provided by the availability of compounds with varying transporter affinity and selectivity could be used to obtain additional information about the properties a compound should have to act as a useful pharmacotherapeutic agent for cocaine addiction and help unravel the pharmacological mechanisms relevant to stimulant abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terrence L Boos
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Walter MW. Monoamine reuptake inhibitors: highlights of recent research developments. Drug Dev Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
13
|
Cao J, Kulkarni SS, Husbands SM, Bowen WD, Williams W, Kopajtic T, Katz JL, George C, Newman AH. Dual probes for the dopamine transporter and sigma1 receptors: novel piperazinyl alkyl-bis(4'-fluorophenyl)amine analogues as potential cocaine-abuse therapeutic agents. J Med Chem 2003; 46:2589-98. [PMID: 12801223 DOI: 10.1021/jm030008u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both dopamine uptake inhibitors and sigma(1) receptor antagonists have been implicated as potential pharmacotherapeutics for the treatment of cocaine abuse. While the dopamine uptake inhibitors may share with cocaine neurochemical mechanisms underlying reinforcing properties, sigma(1) antagonists have been shown to attenuate some behavioral actions and toxic side effects associated with cocaine overdose. Rimcazole, a sigma(1) receptor antagonist that binds to the DAT (K(i) = 224 nM), is not behaviorally cocaine-like and attenuates some of the behavioral actions of cocaine. To determine the roles of both DAT and sigma(1) receptors in the behavioral actions of rimcazole, a series of analogues was synthesized. Initial studies identified two analogues (1 and 4) that showed high to moderate affinities for both DAT and sigma(1) receptors and failed to show cocaine-like discriminative stimulus (DS) effects. A second series of bis(4'-fluorophenyl)amine analogues have now been prepared in which the most potent DAT compound, 19 (K(i) = 8.5 nM), was selective over serotonin transporter (SERT/DAT = 94), norepinephrine transporter (NET/DAT = 63), and sigma(1) receptor binding (sigma(1)/DAT = 44). In addition, two other analogues 10 and 17 showed superior selectivity for DAT over SERT (170- and 140-fold, respectively) and DAT over NET (219- and 190-fold, respectively) but were essentially equipotent at DAT and sigma(1) receptors (10; K(i) = 77 and 124 nM, respectively, 17; K(i) = 28 and 13 nM, respectively). CoMFA studies at both DAT and sigma(1) receptors were performed to examine structural requirements for optimal binding at these two targets as well as to assess differences between them. Behavioral evaluation of analogues with varying affinities for both DAT and sigma(1) receptors may provide a novel approach toward designing medications for cocaine abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjing Cao
- Medicinal Chemistry, NIDA-IRP, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Greiner E, Prisinzano T, Johnson EM, Dersch CM, Marcus J, Partilla JS, Rothman RB, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. Structure-activity relationship studies of highly selective inhibitors of the dopamine transporter: N-benzylpiperidine analogues of 1-[2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1465-9. [PMID: 12672246 DOI: 10.1021/jm020419v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-[2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl-1-benzylpiperidines were examined for their ability to bind to the dopamine transporter (DAT), the serotonin transporter (SERT), and the norepinephrine transporter (NET). Binding results indicated that the presence of an electron-withdrawing group in the C(4)-position of the N-benzyl group is beneficial for binding to the DAT. Several analogues have been identified with high affinity for the DAT, up to 500-fold selectivity over the SERT and about 170-fold selectivity over the NET in binding and uptake inhibition assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Greiner
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bradley AL, Izenwasser S, Wade D, Cararas S, Trudell ML. Synthesis of dopamine transporter selective 3-[2-(diarylmethoxyethylidene)]-8-alkylaryl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:629-32. [PMID: 12639545 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)01051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-[2-(diarylmethoxyethylidene)]-8-alkylaryl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes was synthesized and the binding affinities of the compounds were determined at the dopamine and serotonin transporters. The 8-phenylpropyl analogues 8a (K(i)=4.1 nM) and 8b (K(i)=3.7 nM) were the most potent compounds of the series with binding affinities 3 times greater than GBR-12909. In addition, 8a (SERT/DAT=327) was over 300-fold more selective for the dopamine transporter than the serotonin transporter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Bradley
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|