1
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Hanson RN, McCaskill E, Hua E, Tongcharoensirikul P, Dilis R, Silver JL, Coulther TA, Ondrechen MJ, Labaree D, Hochberg RB. Synthesis of benzoylbenzamide derivatives of 17α-E-vinyl estradiol and evaluation as ligands for the estrogen receptor-α ligand binding domain. Steroids 2019; 144:15-20. [PMID: 30738075 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series consisting of substituted benzoylbenzamide derivatives of 17α-E-vinyl estradiol 6a-i and 7a-d was prepared in good overall yields from the corresponding novel iodinated benzoylbenzamide precursors using Pd(0)-catalyzed Stille coupling. Biological evaluation using competitive binding assays indicated that all compounds were effective ligands for the ERα- and ERβ-LBD (RBA = 0.5-10.0% of estradiol). Most of the compounds expressed lower stimulatory (agonist) potency (RSA <0.2-0.5%) compared to their binding affinity, however, the meta-substituted isomer 6h demonstrated a level of efficacy (RSA = 5.7%) comparable to its affinity (RBA = 9.5%). Docking studies of 6b, 6h, and 6i with the 2YAT crystal structure suggested that higher affinity and efficacy of 6h are due to an effective set of interactions with exposed receptor sidechains not observed with the ortho- and para- isomers. In this binding model, the terminal ring of the ligand is exposed to the solvent space, which would explain both the small variation in RBA values and the narrow SAR for the diverse structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Emmett McCaskill
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Edward Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | | | - Robert Dilis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Jessa L Silver
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Timothy A Coulther
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Mary Jo Ondrechen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - David Labaree
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Richard B Hochberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
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2
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Adhikari S, Chetram MA, Woodrick J, Mitra PS, Manthena PV, Khatkar P, Dakshanamurthy S, Dixon M, Karmahapatra SK, Nuthalapati NK, Gupta S, Narasimhan G, Mazumder R, Loffredo CA, Üren A, Roy R. Germ line variants of human N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase show impaired DNA repair activity and facilitate 1,N6-ethenoadenine-induced mutations. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:4966-4980. [PMID: 25538240 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.627000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (hMPG) initiates base excision repair of a number of structurally diverse purine bases including 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine, hypoxanthine, and alkylation adducts in DNA. Genetic studies discovered at least eight validated non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) of the hMPG gene in human populations that result in specific single amino acid substitutions. In this study, we tested the functional consequences of these nsSNPs of hMPG. Our results showed that two specific arginine residues, Arg-141 and Arg-120, are important for the activity of hMPG as the germ line variants R120C and R141Q had reduced enzymatic activity in vitro as well as in mammalian cells. Expression of these two variants in mammalian cells lacking endogenous MPG also showed an increase in mutations and sensitivity to an alkylating agent compared with the WT hMPG. Real time binding experiments by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy suggested that these variants have substantial reduction in the equilibrium dissociation constant of binding (KD) of hMPG toward 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine-containing oligonucleotide (ϵA-DNA). Pre-steady-state kinetic studies showed that the substitutions at arginine residues affected the turnover of the enzyme significantly under multiple turnover condition. Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy further showed that both variants had significantly decreased nonspecific (undamaged) DNA binding. Molecular modeling suggested that R141Q substitution may have resulted in a direct loss of the salt bridge between ϵA-DNA and hMPG, whereas R120C substitution redistributed, at a distance, the interactions among residues in the catalytic pocket. Together our results suggest that individuals carrying R120C and R141Q MPG variants may be at risk for genomic instability and associated diseases as a consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Adhikari
- From the Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20057,; Cancer Research Program, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Mahandranauth A Chetram
- From the Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- From the Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Partha S Mitra
- From the Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Praveen V Manthena
- From the Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Pooja Khatkar
- From the Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Sivanesan Dakshanamurthy
- From the Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Monica Dixon
- From the Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Soumendra K Karmahapatra
- From the Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Nikhil K Nuthalapati
- From the Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Suhani Gupta
- From the Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Ganga Narasimhan
- From the Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Raja Mazumder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D. C. 20037
| | - Christopher A Loffredo
- From the Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Aykut Üren
- From the Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Rabindra Roy
- From the Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20057,.
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3
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Sedlák D, Eignerová B, Dračínský M, Janoušek Z, Bartůněk P, Kotora M. Synthesis and evaluation of 17α-(carboranylalkyl)estradiols as ligands for estrogen receptors α and β. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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4
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Yenugonda VM, Xiao Y, Levin ED, Rezvani AH, Tran T, Al-Muhtasib N, Sahibzada N, Xie T, Wells C, Slade S, Johnson JE, Dakshanamurthy S, Kong HS, Tomita Y, Liu Y, Paige M, Kellar KJ, Brown ML. Design, synthesis and discovery of picomolar selective α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8404-21. [PMID: 24047231 DOI: 10.1021/jm4008455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Developing novel and selective compounds that desensitize α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) could provide new effective treatments for nicotine addiction, as well as other disorders. Here we report a new class of nAChR ligands that display high selectivity and picomolar binding affinity for α4β2 nicotinic receptors. The novel compounds have Ki values in the range of 0.031-0.26 nM and properties that should make them good candidates as drugs acting in the CNS. The selected lead compound 1 (VMY-2-95) binds with high affinity and potently desensitizes α4β2 nAChRs. At a dose of 3 mg/kg, compound 1 significantly reduced rat nicotine self-administration. The overall results support further characterizations of compound 1 and its analogues in preclinical models of nicotine addiction and perhaps other disorders involving nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata M Yenugonda
- Center for Drug Discovery, Georgetown University Medical Center , 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Research Building, EP-07, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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Salvador JAR, Carvalho JFS, Neves MAC, Silvestre SM, Leitão AJ, Silva MMC, Sá e Melo ML. Anticancer steroids: linking natural and semi-synthetic compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:324-74. [PMID: 23151898 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20082a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroids, a widespread class of natural organic compounds occurring in animals, plants and fungi, have shown great therapeutic value for a broad array of pathologies. The present overview is focused on the anticancer activity of steroids, which is very representative of a rich structural molecular diversity and ability to interact with various biological targets and pathways. This review encompasses the most relevant discoveries on steroid anticancer drugs and leads through the last decade and comprises 668 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-508, Coimbra, Portugal.
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6
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Walls TH, Grindrod SC, Beraud D, Zhang L, Baheti AR, Dakshanamurthy S, Patel MK, Brown ML, MacArthur LH. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a fluorescent analog of phenytoin as a potential inhibitor of neuropathic pain and imaging agent. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5269-76. [PMID: 22863530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on a novel fluorescent analog of phenytoin as a potential inhibitor of neuropathic pain with potential use as an imaging agent. Compound 2 incorporated a heptyl side chain and dansyl moiety onto the parent compound phenytoin and produced greater displacement of BTX from sodium channels and greater functional blockade with greatly reduced toxicity. Compound 2 reduced mechano-allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain and was visualized ex vivo in sensory neuron axons with two-photon microscopy. These results suggest a promising strategy for developing novel sodium channel inhibitors with imaging capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Walls
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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7
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Hanson RN, Hua E, Hendricks JA, Labaree D, Hochberg RB. Synthesis and evaluation of 11β-(4-substituted phenyl) estradiol analogs: transition from estrogen receptor agonists to antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3768-80. [PMID: 22608920 PMCID: PMC3581310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As part of our program to develop estrogen receptor (ER) targeted imaging and therapeutic agents we chose to evaluate 11β-substituted estradiol analogs as a representative scaffold. Previous synthetic studies provided an entry into this class of compounds and other work indicated that 11β-(substituted aryl) estradiol analogs were potent antagonists of the ER. Little information existed about the specific structural features involved in the transition from agonism to antagonism for the 11β-aryl estradiol analogs or their potential as scaffolds for drug conjugation. METHODS We prepared and characterized a series of 11β-(4-Substituted phenyl) estradiol analogs using modifications of existing synthetic methods. The new compounds, as well as standard steroidal agonists and antagonists, were evaluated as competitive ligands for the ERβ-LBD. Functional assays used the induction of alkaline phosphatase in Ishikawa cells to determine potency of the compounds as ER agonists or antagonists. RESULTS The synthetic strategy successfully generated a series of compounds in which the 4-substituent was sequentially modified from hydroxyl to methoxy to azidoethoxy/N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy and eventually to a prototypical 1,4-naphthoquinone-containing moiety. The new compounds all retained high relative binding affinity (RBA) for the ERα-LBD, ranging from 13-83% that of estradiol. No subtype selectivity was observed. More importantly, the transition from agonist to antagonist activity occurs at the 4-methoxy stage where the compound is a mixed antagonist. More notably, antagonism appeared to be more dependent upon the size of the 11β-substituent than upon the nature of the terminal group CONCLUSIONS We have developed a synthetic strategy that provides facile access to potent 11β-(4-substituted phenyl) estradiol analogs. The resultant compounds retain high affinity for the ERα-LBD and, more importantly, demonstrate potent antagonist activity in cells. Large functionalities distal to the 11β-phenyl ring had little additional effect on either affinity or efficacy, suggesting the incorporation of diverse imaging or biologically active groups can be attached without significantly compromising the ER-binding capacity. Future studies are in progress to exploit the 11β-aryl estradiol analogs as potential drug delivery systems and imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-5000, USA.
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8
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Hanson RN, McCaskill E, Tongcharoensirikul P, Dilis R, Labaree D, Hochberg RB. Synthesis and evaluation of 17α-(dimethylphenyl)vinyl estradiols as probes of the estrogen receptor-α ligand binding domain. Steroids 2012; 77:471-6. [PMID: 22273809 PMCID: PMC3307546 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As part of our program to explore the influence of small structural modifications on the biological response of the estrogen receptor-α (ERα), we prepared and evaluated a series of mono-and di-substituted phenyl vinyl estradiols. The target compounds were prepared in 45-80% yields using the Stille coupling reaction and evaluated using competitive binding analysis with the ERα-ligand binding domain (hERα-LBD) and estrogenic activity (induction of alkaline phosphatase in Ishikawa cells). Results indicated that the 2,4- and 2,5-dimethyl derivatives, 5b and 5c, had the highest relative binding affinity (RBA=20.5 and 37.3%) and relative stimulatory activity (RSA=101.0% and 12.3%) of the di-methyl series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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9
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Shajahan AN, Dobbin ZC, Hickman FE, Dakshanamurthy S, Clarke R. Tyrosine-phosphorylated caveolin-1 (Tyr-14) increases sensitivity to paclitaxel by inhibiting BCL2 and BCLxL proteins via c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17682-17692. [PMID: 22433870 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.304022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel, an anti-microtubule agent, is an effective chemotherapeutic drug in breast cancer. Nonetheless, resistance to paclitaxel remains a major clinical challenge. The need to better understand the resistant phenotype and to find biomarkers that could predict tumor response to paclitaxel is evident. In estrogen receptor α-positive (ER(+)) breast cancer cells, phosphorylation of caveolin-1 (CAV1) on Tyr-14 facilitates mitochondrial apoptosis by increasing BCL2 phosphorylation in response to low dose paclitaxel (10 nM). However, two variants of CAV1 exist: the full-length form, CAV1α (wild-type CAV1 or wtCAV1), and a truncated form, CAV1β. Only wtCAV1 has the Tyr-14 region at the N terminus. The precise cellular functions of CAV1 variants are unknown. We now show that CAV1 variants play distinct roles in paclitaxel-mediated cell death/survival. CAV1β expression is increased in paclitaxel-resistant cells when compared with sensitive cells. Expression of CAV1β in sensitive cells significantly reduces their responsiveness to paclitaxel. These activities reflect an essential role for Tyr-14 phosphorylation because wtCAV1 expression, but not a phosphorylation-deficient mutant (Y14F), inactivates BCL2 and BCLxL through activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). MCF-7 cells that express Y14F are resistant to paclitaxel and are resensitized by co-treatment with ABT-737, a BH3-mimetic small molecule inhibitor. Using structural homology modeling, we propose that phosphorylation on Tyr-14 enables a favorable conformation for proteins to bind to the CAV1 scaffolding domain. Thus, we highlight novel roles for CAV1 variants in cell death; wtCAV1 promotes cell death, whereas CAV1β promotes cell survival by preventing inactivation of BCL2 and BCLxL via JNK in paclitaxel-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha N Shajahan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057.
| | - Zachary C Dobbin
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - F Edward Hickman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Sivanesan Dakshanamurthy
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Robert Clarke
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057
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10
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Hanson RN, Kirss R, McCaskill E, Hua E, Tongcharoensirikul P, Olmsted SL, Labaree D, Hochberg RB. Targeting the estrogen receptor with metal-carbonyl derivatives of estradiol. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1670-3. [PMID: 22277281 PMCID: PMC3274643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As part of our program to develop new probes for the estrogen receptor binding domain, we prepared and evaluated a novel 17α-(rhenium tricarbonyl bipyridyl) vinyl estradiol complex. Preparation of the final compound was achieved using the Stille coupling between the preformed brominated rhenium tricarbonyl bipyridine complex and the tributylstannyl vinyl estradiol. Competitive receptor binding assays and stimulatory assays demonstrated that the final complex retained affinity and efficacy comparable to the corresponding pyridyl vinyl estradiol analog, but lower than that of the phenyl vinyl estradiol analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115-5000, USA.
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11
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Olmsted SL, Tongcharoensirikul P, McCaskill E, Gandiaga K, Labaree D, Hochberg RB, Hanson RN. Synthesis and evaluation of 17α-E-20-(heteroaryl)norpregn-1,3,5(10),20 tetraene-3,17β-diols [17α-(heteroaryl)vinyl estradiols] as ligands for the estrogen receptor-α ligand binding domain (ERα-LBD). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:977-9. [PMID: 22178552 PMCID: PMC3259610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of 17α-(heteroaryl)vinyl estradiols was prepared to evaluate the influence of heteroatom on the affinity and efficacy of estrogenic ligands for the estrogen receptor-alpha ligand binding domain (ERα-LBD). The products demonstrated reduced binding affinity compared to the parent 17α-E-phenyl vinyl estradiol, but the binding was relatively independent of the heteroatom. The greatest influence of the heteroatom was evident in the efficacy of the compounds as the thienyl derivatives 2f,g were more potent than either the pyridyl 2b-d or pyrimidinyl 2e analogs. The results suggest that a subtle interplay of interactions between the ligands and the receptor influences the biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L. Olmsted
- Department of Chemistry, Augsburg College, 2211 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis. MN 55454
| | - Pakamas Tongcharoensirikul
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Emmett McCaskill
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Karla Gandiaga
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David Labaree
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Richard B. Hochberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Robert N. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
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12
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De Oliveira EO, Graf KM, Patel MK, Baheti A, Kong HS, MacArthur LH, Dakshanamurthy S, Wang K, Brown ML, Paige M. Synthesis and evaluation of hermitamides A and B as human voltage-gated sodium channel blockers. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4322-9. [PMID: 21683602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hermitamides A and B are lipopeptides isolated from a Papau New Guinea collection of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. We hypothesized that the hermitamides are ligands for the human voltage-gated sodium channel (hNa(V)) based on their structural similarity to the jamaicamides. Herein, we describe the nonracemic total synthesis of hermitamides A and B and their epimers. We report the ability of the hermitamides to displace [(3)H]-BTX at 10 μM more potently than phenytoin, a clinically used sodium channel blocker. We also present a potential binding mode for (S)-hermitamide B in the BTX-binding site and electrophysiology showing that these compounds are potent blockers of the hNav1.2 voltage-gated sodium channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu O De Oliveira
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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13
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Yenugonda VM, Deb TB, Grindrod SC, Dakshanamurthy S, Yang Y, Paige M, Brown ML. Fluorescent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors block the proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2714-25. [PMID: 21440449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are an emerging class of drugs for the treatment of cancers. CDK inhibitors are currently under evaluation in clinical trials as single agents and as sensitizers in combination with radiation therapy and chemotherapies. Drugs that target CDKs could have important inhibitory effects on cancer cell cycle progression, an extremely important mechanism in the control of cancer cell growth. Using rational drug design, we designed and synthesized fluorescent CDK inhibitors (VMY-1-101 and VMY-1-103) based on a purvalanol B scaffold. The new agents demonstrated more potent CDK inhibitory activity, enhanced induction of G2/M arrest and modest apoptosis as compared to purvalanol B. Intracellular imaging of the CDK inhibitor distribution was performed to reveal drug retention in the cytoplasm of treated breast cancer cells. In human breast cancer tissue, the compounds demonstrated increased binding as compared to the fluorophore. The new fluorescent CDK inhibitors showed undiminished activity in multidrug resistance (MDR) positive breast cancer cells, indicating that they are not a substrate for p-glycoprotein. Fluorescent CDK inhibitors offer potential as novel theranostic agents, combining therapeutic and diagnostic properties in the same molecule.
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14
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Manbeck GF, Brennessel WW, Stockland RA, Eisenberg R. Luminescent Au(I)/Cu(I) Alkynyl Clusters with an Ethynyl Steroid and Related Aliphatic Ligands: An Octanuclear Au4Cu4 Cluster and Luminescence Polymorphism in Au3Cu2 Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:12307-18. [DOI: 10.1021/ja103400e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F. Manbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837
| | - William W. Brennessel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837
| | - Robert A. Stockland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837
| | - Richard Eisenberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837
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15
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Hong YB, Kang HJ, Kim HJ, Rosen EM, Dakshanamurthy S, Rondanin R, Baruchello R, Grisolia G, Daniele S, Bae I. Inhibition of cell proliferation by a resveratrol analog in human pancreatic and breast cancer cells. Exp Mol Med 2009; 41:151-60. [PMID: 19293634 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.3.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol has been reported to possess cancer preventive properties. In this study, we analyzed anti-tumor activity of a newly synthesized resveratrol analog, cis-3,4',5-trimethoxy-3'-hydroxystilbene (hereafter called 11b) towards breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines. 11b treatments reduced the proliferation of human pancreatic and breast cancer cells, arrested cells in the G2/M phase, and increased the percentage of cells in the subG1/G0 fraction. The 11b treatments also increased the total levels of mitotic checkpoint proteins such as BubR1, Aurora B, Cyclin B, and phosphorylated histone H3. Mechanistically, 11b blocks microtubule polymerization in vitro and it disturbed microtubule networks in both pancreatic and breast cancer cell lines. Computational modeling of the 11b-tubulin interaction indicates that the dimethoxyphenyl group of 11b can bind to the colchicine binding site of tubulin. Our studies show that the 11b treatment effects occur at lower concentrations than similar effects associated with resveratrol treatments and that microtubules may be the primary target for the observed effects of 11b. These studies suggest that 11b should be further examined as a potentially potent clinical chemotherapeutic agent for treating pancreatic and breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bin Hong
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW Washington DC, 20057-1469, USA
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16
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Extracellular domain alterations impact surface expression of stimulatory natural killer cell receptor KIR2DS5. Immunogenetics 2008; 60:655-67. [PMID: 18682925 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-008-0322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the human killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, KIR2DL2, and KIR2DL3, a triad of amino acids in the D1 domain interact to stabilize protein structure. Substitution of any one of these residues caused significant loss of cell surface expression. Although KIR2DS4 and KIR2DS5, two homologous receptors, differ for this triad, flow cytometry analysis of NK and T cell lines transfected with stimulatory KIR genes KIR2DS4 (allele *001) and KIR2DS5 (allele *002) demonstrated cell surface expression. For KIR2DS5, restoration of the triad sequence increased surface expression. Further studies of the receptor encoded by KIR2DS5*002 showed both mature and immature protein isoforms upon gel electrophoresis coupled with surface biotinylation or deglycosylation. In contrast, the KIR2DS5*001 allelic product was not expressed on the cell surface of either NK or T cells and exhibited only a single immature isoform upon gel electrophoresis. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that absence of the KIR2DS5*001-encoded protein at the cell surface was imparted primarily by two amino acid polymorphisms in the D2 domain. Analysis using molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the substitution of a proline for a serine at residue 111 or the substitution of a serine for a phenylalanine at residue 164 caused destabilization of the domain structure and intracellular retention. A third polymorphism at residue 174 impacted the level of KIR2DS5 surface expression. This is the first description at a stimulatory KIR locus of the impact of specific amino acid variations on receptor maturation and the level of surface expression.
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17
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Nettles KW, Bruning JB, Gil G, O'Neill EE, Nowak J, Hughs A, Kim Y, DeSombre ER, Dilis R, Hanson RN, Joachimiak A, Greene GL. Structural plasticity in the oestrogen receptor ligand-binding domain. EMBO Rep 2007; 8:563-8. [PMID: 17468738 PMCID: PMC2002528 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid hormone receptors are characterized by binding to relatively rigid, inflexible endogenous steroid ligands. Other members of the nuclear receptor superfamily bind to conformationally flexible lipids and show a corresponding degree of elasticity in the ligand-binding pocket. Here, we report the X-ray crystal structure of the oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) bound to an oestradiol derivative with a prosthetic group, ortho- trifluoromethlyphenylvinyl, which binds in a novel extended pocket in the ligand-binding domain. Unlike ER antagonists with bulky side groups, this derivative is enclosed in the ligand-binding pocket, and acts as a potent agonist. This work shows that steroid hormone receptors can interact with a wider array of pharmacophores than previously thought through structural plasticity in the ligand-binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida
33458, USA
- Tel: +1 561 306 7566; Fax: +1 561 799 8805; E-mail:
| | - John B Bruning
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida
33458, USA
| | - German Gil
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida
33458, USA
| | - Erin E O'Neill
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois
60637, USA
| | - Jason Nowak
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida
33458, USA
| | - Alun Hughs
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois
60637, USA
| | - Younchang Kim
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700, S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois
60439, USA
| | - Eugene R DeSombre
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois
60637, USA
| | - Robert Dilis
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts
02115-5000, USA
| | - Robert N Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts
02115-5000, USA
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700, S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois
60439, USA
| | - Geoffrey L Greene
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois
60637, USA
- Tel: +1 773 702 6964; Fax: +1 773 834 9029; E-mail:
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18
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VandenBussche CJ, Dakshanamurthy S, Posch PE, Hurley CK. A single polymorphism disrupts the killer Ig-like receptor 2DL2/2DL3 D1 domain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:5347-57. [PMID: 17015720 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms found in the killer Ig-like receptor (KIR), two domains, long cytoplasmic tail 2/3 (KIR2DL2/3) locus are responsible for the differential binding of KIR2DL2/3 allelic products with their HLA-C ligands and have been associated with the resolution of hepatitis C infection. In our study, a KIR CD3zeta fusion-binding assay did not detect any interaction between the KIR2DL2*004 extracellular domain and several putative KIR2DL2/3 ligands. To determine the amino acid polymorphism(s) responsible for the KIR2DL2*004 phenotype, we mutated the polymorphic residues of full-length KIR and expressed them in human Jurkat cells. Flow cytometry analysis failed to detect the surface expression of receptors containing a threonine at position 41 (T41), a polymorphism specific to KIR2DL2*004. Confocal microscopy showed that receptors containing T41 were retained inside the cell and had a perinuclear localization, possibly indicating that their extracellular domain was misfolded. Most KIR2DL2/3 alleles possess an arginine at position 41 (R41), and we predicted through molecular modeling and demonstrated by mutagenesis that R41 most likely interacts with the nearby residues Y77 and D47. Interaction between these residues would maintain C strand contact with the C' and F strands of the D1 domain beta-sheet. Furthermore, R41 and Y77 are conserved in the C and F strand amino acid alignments of Ig-like superfamily members, and may therefore be necessary for the structural integrity of other immune response proteins. Our data indicate that the extracellular T41 polymorphism encoded by the KIR2DL2*004 allele most likely results in misfolding of the D1 domain and complete intracellular retention of the receptor.
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19
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Hanson RN, Tongcharoensirikul P, Dilis R, Hughes A, Desombre ER. Synthesis and Evaluation of Isomeric (17α,20E)-11β-Methoxy-21-(trifluoromethylphenyl)-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10),20-tetraene-3,17β-diols as ERα-Hormone Binding Domain Ligands: Effect of the Methoxy Group on Receptor Binding and Uterotrophic Growth. J Med Chem 2007; 50:472-9. [PMID: 17266199 DOI: 10.1021/jm060940f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study we have introduced the 11beta-methoxy group, a substituent known to increase in vivo potency in other steroidal estrogens, into the (17alpha,20E)-21-(trifluoromethylphenyl)-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10),20-tetraene-3,17beta-diols: (trifluoromethylphenyl)vinyl estradiols. Receptor binding, using the ERalpha-HBD, indicated that the 11beta-methoxy group had little effect on the relative binding affinity of the target compounds compared to the corresponding 11beta-unsubstituted analogs, however, the 11beta-methoxy derivatives were significantly more potent in stimulating uterotrophic growth in immature female rats. Molecular modeling studies suggest that while the 11beta-methoxy group does not contribute significantly to the overall binding energy of the ligand-ERalpha-HBD complex, it stabilizes residues associated with the coregulator protein binding site. Such effects would influence the dynamics of subsequent events, such as transcription and biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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20
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Stockland RA, Kohler MC, Guzei IA, Kastner ME, Bawiec JA, Labaree DC, Hochberg RB. Organometallic Complexes Containing 17-Ethynyl-17β-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one and Related Ethynyl Steroids. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om051064r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Stockland
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,
Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837,
Molecular Structure Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin 53706, and
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Comprehensive Cancer
Center,
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Mark C. Kohler
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,
Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837,
Molecular Structure Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin 53706, and
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Comprehensive Cancer
Center,
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,
Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837,
Molecular Structure Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin 53706, and
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Comprehensive Cancer
Center,
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Margaret E. Kastner
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,
Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837,
Molecular Structure Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin 53706, and
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Comprehensive Cancer
Center,
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - John A. Bawiec
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,
Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837,
Molecular Structure Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin 53706, and
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Comprehensive Cancer
Center,
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - David C. Labaree
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,
Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837,
Molecular Structure Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin 53706, and
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Comprehensive Cancer
Center,
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Richard B. Hochberg
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,
Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837,
Molecular Structure Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin 53706, and
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Comprehensive Cancer
Center,
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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21
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22
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Hanson RN, Friel CJ, Dilis R, Hughes A, DeSombre ER. Synthesis and Evaluation of (17α,20Z)-21-(4-Substituted-phenyl)-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10),20-tetraene-3,17β-diols as Ligands for the Estrogen Receptor-α Hormone Binding Domain: Comparison with 20E-Isomers. J Med Chem 2005; 48:4300-11. [PMID: 15974584 DOI: 10.1021/jm040157s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of our ongoing program to develop probes for the hormone binding domain of the estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha), we prepared and evaluated a series of 17alpha,Z-(4-substituted-phenyl)vinyl estradiol derivatives. The results indicated that the relative binding affinities (RBAs) at 25 degrees C for the new compounds were significant (RBA = 9-57) although less than that of estradiol (RBA = 100) or of the parent unsubstituted phenylvinyl estradiol (RBA = 66). All of the Z-compounds were full agonists in the uterotrophic assay, indicating that the ligands formed estrogen-like complexes with the estrogen receptor-alpha hormone binding domain (ERalpha-HBD). Comparison of corresponding Z- and E-4-substituted phenylvinyl ligands complexed with the ERalpha-HBD indicated small but significant differences in binding modes that may account for the differing trends seen in the structure-activity relationships for the two series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.
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23
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Abstract
This article reviews the progress in the chemistry of the steroids that was published between January and December 2003. The reactions and partial synthesis of estrogens, androgens, pregnanes, cholic acid derivatives, cholestanes and vitamin D analogues are covered. There are 152 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, UK
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA.
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25
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Maltais R, Tremblay MR, Ciobanu LC, Poirier D. Steroids and Combinatorial Chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 6:443-56. [PMID: 15244402 DOI: 10.1021/cc030118m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René Maltais
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Pavillon CHUL and Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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26
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Mobley JA, L'Esperance JO, Wu M, Friel CJ, Hanson RH, Ho SM. The novel estrogen 17α-20 Z-21-[(4-amino)phenyl]-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10),20-tetraene-3,17β-diol induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines at nanomolar concentrations in vitro. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.587.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the number one cause of noncutaneous cancer, with 220,900 new cases predicted for the year 2003 alone. Of the more promising classes of compounds studied thus far for the treatment of prostate cancer, estrogens of various types have consistently exhibited antitumor activities both in vitro and in vivo. For this reason, we have synthesized and screened a library of unique 17α/11β modified 17β-estradiol (E2) analogues designed for estrogen receptor β (ER-β) specificity and a potential for cytotoxic activity directed toward prostate cancer cells. From this library, the novel compound 17α-20Z-21-[(4-amino)phenyl]-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10),20-tetraene-3,17β-diol (APVE2) was identified as the primary lead, found to induce a high level (>90%) of cell death through an apoptotic mechanism, with an EC50 of 1.4, 2.7, and 16 nm in the LNCaP, PC3, and DU145 cell lines, respectively. APVE2 was found to bind to ER-β, albeit weakly, with an EC50 of 250 nm and a binding activity of 6.2% relative to E2, nearly two orders of magnitude less than the concentration required to induce apoptosis. APVE2 bound preferentially to ER-β by 7-fold over ER-α, and did not induce growth in the MCF-7 cell line, thus indicating that it is not a classical ER agonist. Furthermore, the cytotoxic actions of APVE2 were not reversed by co-treatment with a 50-fold excess E2. In summary, a novel 17 modified estrogen APVE2 was identified as a lead compound, capable of inducing apoptosis in three prostate cancer cell lines at low nanomolar concentrations, through a mechanism inconsistent with an ER-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Mobley
- 1Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts and
| | - James O. L'Esperance
- 1Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts and
| | - Mengchu Wu
- 1Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts and
| | - Carolyn J. Friel
- 2Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert H. Hanson
- 2Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- 1Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts and
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