1
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Mokrov GV. Multitargeting in cardioprotection: An example of biaromatic compounds. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300196. [PMID: 37345968 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
A multitarget drug design approach is actively developing in modern medicinal chemistry and pharmacology, especially with regard to multifactorial diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. A detailed study of many well-known drugs developed within the single-target approach also often reveals additional mechanisms of their real pharmacological action. One of the multitarget drug design approaches can be the identification of the basic pharmacophore models corresponding to a wide range of the required target ligands. Among such models in the group of cardioprotectors is the linked biaromatic system. This review develops the concept of a "basic pharmacophore" using the biaromatic pharmacophore of cardioprotectors as an example. It presents an analysis of possible biological targets for compounds corresponding to the biaromatic pharmacophore and an analysis of the spectrum of biological targets for the five most known and most studied cardioprotective drugs corresponding to this model, and their involvement in the biological effects of these drugs.
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2
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Wong TS, Li G, Li S, Gao W, Chen G, Gan S, Zhang M, Li H, Wu S, Du Y. G protein-coupled receptors in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:177. [PMID: 37137892 PMCID: PMC10154768 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are multifactorial disorders with diverse aetiological factors. Identifying treatment targets is challenging because the diseases are resulting from heterogeneous biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Nevertheless, the increasing understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) opens a new possibility in drug discovery. Harnessing our knowledge of molecular mechanisms and structural information of GPCRs will be advantageous for developing effective drugs. This review provides an overview of the role of GPCRs in various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Besides, we highlight the emerging opportunities of novel GPCR targets and address recent progress in GPCR drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thian-Sze Wong
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Gan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Manzhan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China.
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China.
| | - Song Wu
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Urology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 518116, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Juza R, Musilek K, Mezeiova E, Soukup O, Korabecny J. Recent advances in dopamine D 2 receptor ligands in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:55-211. [PMID: 36111795 DOI: 10.1002/med.21923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is a biologically active amine synthesized in the central and peripheral nervous system. This biogenic monoamine acts by activating five types of dopamine receptors (D1-5 Rs), which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family. Antagonists and partial agonists of D2 Rs are used to treat schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety. The typical pharmacophore with high D2 R affinity comprises four main areas, namely aromatic moiety, cyclic amine, central linker and aromatic/heteroaromatic lipophilic fragment. From the literature reviewed herein, we can conclude that 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl), 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-, 4-(benzo[b]thiophen-4-yl)-1-substituted piperazine, and 4-(6-fluorobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)piperidine moieties are critical for high D2 R affinity. Four to six atoms chains are optimal for D2 R affinity with 4-butoxyl as the most pronounced one. The bicyclic aromatic/heteroaromatic systems are most frequently occurring as lipophilic appendages to retain high D2 R affinity. In this review, we provide a thorough overview of the therapeutic potential of D2 R modulators in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders. In addition, this review summarizes current knowledge about these diseases, with a focus on the dopaminergic pathway underlying these pathologies. Major attention is paid to the structure, function, and pharmacology of novel D2 R ligands, which have been developed in the last decade (2010-2021), and belong to the 1,4-disubstituted aromatic cyclic amine group. Due to the abundance of data, allosteric D2 R ligands and D2 R modulators from patents are not discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Juza
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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4
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Kumar B, Kumar N, Thakur A, Kumar V, Kumar R, Kumar V. A Review on the Arylpiperazine Derivatives as Potential Therapeutics for the Treatment of Various Neurological Disorders. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:729-751. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220117104038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract:
Neurological disorders are disease conditions related to the neurons and central nervous system (CNS). Any kind of structural, electrical, biochemical and functional abnormalities in neurons can lead to various types of disorders like Alzheimer’s disease (AD), depression, Parkinson’s disease (PD), epilepsy, stroke, etc. Currently available medicines are symptomatic and do not treat the disease state. Thus, novel CNS active agents with the potential of complete treatment of an illness are highly desired. A range of small organic molecules are being explored as potential drug candidates for the cure of different neurological disorders. In this context, arylpiperazine has been found to be a versatile scaffold and indispensable pharmacophore in many CNS active agents. A number of molecules with arylpiperazine nucleus have been developed as potent leads for the treatment of AD, PD, depression and other disorders. The arylpiperazine nucleus can be optionally substituted at different chemical structures and offer flexibility for the synthesis of large number of derivatives. In the current review article, we have explored the role of various arylpiperazine containing scaffolds against different neurological disorders, including AD, PD, and depression. The structure-activity relationship studies were conducted for recognizing potent lead compounds. This review article may provide important clues on the structural requirements for the design and synthesis of effective molecules as curative agents for different neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India-151401
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India-151401
| | - Amandeep Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India-151401
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India-151401
| | | | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India-151401
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5
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Gienger M, Hübner H, Löber S, König B, Gmeiner P. Structure-based development of caged dopamine D 2/D 3 receptor antagonists. Sci Rep 2020; 10:829. [PMID: 31965029 PMCID: PMC6972920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter of great physiological relevance. Disorders in dopaminergic signal transduction are associated with psychiatric and neurological pathologies such as Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia and substance abuse. Therefore, a detailed understanding of dopaminergic neurotransmission may provide access to novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these diseases. Caged compounds with photoremovable groups represent molecular tools to investigate a biological target with high spatiotemporal resolution. Based on the crystal structure of the D3 receptor in complex with eticlopride, we have developed caged D2/D3 receptor ligands by rational design. We initially found that eticlopride, a widely used D2/D3 receptor antagonist, was photolabile and therefore is not suitable for caging. Subtle structural modification of the pharmacophore led us to the photostable antagonist dechloroeticlopride, which was chemically transformed into caged ligands. Among those, the 2-nitrobenzyl derivative 4 (MG307) showed excellent photochemical stability, pharmacological behavior and decaging properties when interacting with dopamine receptor-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Gienger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Löber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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6
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Marciniec K, Kurczab R, Książek M, Bębenek E, Chrobak E, Satała G, Bojarski AJ, Kusz J, Zajdel P. Structural determinants influencing halogen bonding: a case study on azinesulfonamide analogs of aripiprazole as 5-HT 1A, 5-HT 7, and D 2 receptor ligands. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:55. [PMID: 29748774 PMCID: PMC5945563 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of azinesulfonamide derivatives of long-chain arylpiperazines with variable-length alkylene spacers between sulfonamide and 4-arylpiperazine moiety is designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated. In vitro methods are used to determine their affinity for serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT6, 5-HT7, and dopamine D2 receptors. X-ray analysis, two-dimensional NMR conformational studies, and docking into the 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptor models are then conducted to investigate the conformational preferences of selected serotonin receptor ligands in different environments. The bent conformation of tetramethylene derivatives is found in a solid state, in dimethyl sulfoxide, and as a global energy minimum during conformational analysis in a simulated water environment. Furthermore, ligand geometry in top-scored complexes is also bent, with one torsion angle in the spacer (τ2) in synclinal conformation. Molecular docking studies indicate the role of halogen bonding in complexes of the most potent ligands and target receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Marciniec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, 4 Jagiellońska Street, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Rafał Kurczab
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Książek
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 4 Uniwersytecka Street, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Bębenek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, 4 Jagiellońska Street, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Elwira Chrobak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, 4 Jagiellońska Street, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joachim Kusz
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 4 Uniwersytecka Street, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paweł Zajdel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
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7
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Stößel A, Brox R, Purkayastha N, Hübner H, Hocke C, Prante O, Gmeiner P. Development of molecular tools based on the dopamine D 3 receptor ligand FAUC 329 showing inhibiting effects on drug and food maintained behavior. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3491-3499. [PMID: 28495386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptor-mediated networks have been associated with a wide range of neuropsychiatric diseases, drug addiction and food maintained behavior, which makes D3 a highly promising biological target. The previously described dopamine D3 receptor ligand FAUC 329 (1) showed protective effects against dopamine depletion in a MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. We used the radioligand [18F]2, a [18F]fluoroethoxy substituted analog of the lead compound 1 as a molecular tool for visualization of D3-rich brain regions including the islands of Calleja. Furthermore, structural modifications are reported leading to the pyrimidylpiperazine derivatives 3 and 9 displaying superior subtype selectivity and preference over serotonergic receptors. Evaluation of the lead compound 1 on cocaine-seeking behavior in non-human primates showed a substantial reduction in cocaine self-administration behavior and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Stößel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstraβe 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regine Brox
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstraβe 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nirupam Purkayastha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstraβe 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstraβe 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carsten Hocke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ulmenweg 18, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ulmenweg 18, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstraβe 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany.
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8
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Chen XW, Sun YY, Fu L, Li JQ. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of novel N -( trans -4-(2-(4-(benzo[ d ]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)cyclohexyl)amides as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:332-353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Salmas RE, Yurtsever M, Durdagi S. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs at the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) elucidates their inhibition mechanism. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:738-754. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1159986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mine Yurtsever
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Stucchi M, Gmeiner P, Huebner H, Rainoldi G, Sacchetti A, Silvani A, Lesma G. Multicomponent Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Piperazine-Based Dopamine Receptor Ligand Library. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:882-7. [PMID: 26288260 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 1,4-disubstituted piperazine-based compounds were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as dopamine D2/D3 receptor ligands. The synthesis relies on the key multicomponent split-Ugi reaction, assessing its great potential in generating chemical diversity around the piperazine core. With the aim of evaluating the effect of such diversity on the dopamine receptor affinity, a small library of compounds was prepared, applying post-Ugi transformations. Ligand stimulated binding assays indicated that some compounds show a significant affinity, with K i values up to 53 nM for the D2 receptor. Molecular docking studies with the D2 and D3 receptor homology models were also performed on selected compounds. They highlighted key interactions at the indole head and at the piperazine moiety, which resulted in good agreement with the known pharmacophore models, thus helping to explain the observed structure-activity relationship data. Molecular insights from this study could enable a rational improvement of the split-Ugi primary scaffold, toward more selective ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Stucchi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Universit degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Huebner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Giulia Rainoldi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Universit degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sacchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ing. Chimica “Giulio
Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Silvani
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Universit degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giordano Lesma
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Universit degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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11
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Ananthan S, Saini SK, Zhou G, Hobrath JV, Padmalayam I, Zhai L, Bostwick JR, Antonio T, Reith MEA, McDowell S, Cho E, McAleer L, Taylor M, Luedtke RR. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of a series of [4-(4-carboxamidobutyl)]-1-arylpiperazines: insights into structural features contributing to dopamine D3 versus D2 receptor subtype selectivity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7042-60. [PMID: 25126833 PMCID: PMC4148173 DOI: 10.1021/jm500801r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Antagonist and partial agonist modulators
of the dopamine D3 receptor
(D3R) have emerged as promising therapeutics for the treatment of
substance abuse and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, development
of druglike lead compounds with selectivity for the D3 receptor has
been challenging because of the high sequence homology between the
D3R and the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). In this effort, we synthesized
a series of acylaminobutylpiperazines incorporating aza-aromatic units
and evaluated their binding and functional activities at the D3 and
D2 receptors. Docking studies and results from evaluations against
a set of chimeric and mutant receptors suggest that interactions at
the extracellular end of TM7 contribute to the D3R versus D2R selectivity
of these ligands. Molecular insights from this study could potentially
enable rational design of potent and selective D3R ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Ananthan
- Organic Chemistry Department, Southern Research Institute , Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
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12
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Lacivita E, De Giorgio P, Colabufo NA, Berardi F, Perrone R, Niso M, Leopoldo M. Design, synthesis, lipophilic properties, and binding affinities of potential ligands in positron emission tomography (PET) for visualization of brain dopamine D4 receptors. Chem Biodivers 2014; 11:299-310. [PMID: 24591318 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of compounds structurally related to the high-affinity dopamine D4 receptor ligand N-{2-[4-(3-cyanopyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}-3-methoxybenzamide (1e). All compounds were specifically designed as potential PET radioligands for brain D4 receptor visualization, having lipophilicity within a range for brain uptake and weak non-specific binding (0.75<cLogP<3.15) and bearing a substituent for easy access to labeling with the positron emitter isotope (11) C or (18) F. The best compound of the series, N-{2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}-6-fluoropyridine-3-carboxamide (7a), displayed excellent selectivity over D2 and D3 receptors (>100-fold), but its D4 receptor affinity was suboptimal for imaging of brain D4 receptors (Ki =30 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, IT-70125, Bari, (phone +39 080 544 2798; fax +39 080 544 2231)
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13
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Quinoline- and isoquinoline-sulfonamide analogs of aripiprazole: novel antipsychotic agents? Future Med Chem 2014; 6:57-75. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of typical antipsychotics over six decades ago signaled an important milestone in psychiatry. However, second-generation antipsychotics ameliorated the positive symptoms of schizophrenia but displayed limited effectiveness for the negative and cognitive symptoms. In addition, while the newer antipsychotics produced fewer motor side effects, the atypical antipsychotics still induced weight gain and endocrinopathies. In recent years, a third generation of antipsychotics was identified. Aripiprazole was the first approved drug acting as a D2 partial agonist/functionally selective ligand. This review presents the state of the development of novel antipsychotic dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic agents, supported by an overview of the compounds evaluated under advanced preclinical and clinical development (e.g., cariprazine and brexpiprazole). In line with the recent trends in the development of modern atypical antipsychotics, we present our strategic development of long-chain arylpiperazine-derived quinoline- and isoquinoline-sulfonamide displaying a multireceptor binding profile and partial D2 receptor agonism.
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14
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Ye N, Neumeyer JL, Baldessarini RJ, Zhen X, Zhang A. Update 1 of: Recent Progress in Development of Dopamine Receptor Subtype-Selective Agents: Potential Therapeutics for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Chem Rev 2013; 113:PR123-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - John L. Neumeyer
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory,
McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | | | - Xuechu Zhen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China 215123
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
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15
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Li A, Mishra Y, Malik M, Wang Q, Li S, Taylor M, Reichert DE, Luedtke RR, Mach RH. Evaluation of N-phenyl homopiperazine analogs as potential dopamine D3 receptor selective ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2988-98. [PMID: 23618707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-(2-methoxyphenyl)homopiperazine analogs was prepared and their affinities for dopamine D2, D3, and D4 receptors were measured using competitive radioligand binding assays. Several ligands exhibited high binding affinity and selectivity for the D3 dopamine receptor compared to the D2 receptor subtype. Compounds 11a, 11b, 11c, 11f, 11j and 11k had K(i) values ranging from 0.7 to 3.9 nM for the D3 receptor with 30- to 170-fold selectivity for the D3 versus D2 receptor. Calculated logP values (logP=2.6-3.6) are within the desired range for passive transport across the blood-brain barrier. When the binding and the intrinsic efficacy of these phenylhomopiperazines was compared to those of previously published phenylpiperazine analogues, it was found that (a) affinity at D2 and D3 dopamine receptors generally decreased, (b) the D3 receptor binding selectivity (D2:D3 K(i) value ratio) decreased and, (c) the intrinsic efficacy, measured using a forskolin-dependent adenylyl cyclase inhibition assay, generally increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixiao Li
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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16
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Chen J, Levant B, Wang S. High-affinity and selective dopamine D₃ receptor full agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5612-7. [PMID: 22871578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have designed, synthesized and evaluated a series of new compounds with the goal to identify potent and selective D(3) ligands. The two most potent and selective new D(3) ligands are compounds 38 and 52, which bind to the D(3) receptors with a K(i) value of <nM and display a selectivity of 450-494 times over the D(2) receptors and >10,000 times over the D(1) receptors. Both 38 and 52 are full agonists with high potency at the D(3) receptor in a D(3) functional assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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17
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Chartoire A, Frogneux X, Nolan SP. An Efficient Palladium-NHC (NHC=N-Heterocyclic Carbene) and Aryl Amination Pre-Catalyst: [Pd(IPr*)(cinnamyl)Cl]. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Newman AH, Beuming T, Banala AK, Donthamsetti P, Pongetti K, LaBounty A, Levy B, Cao J, Michino M, Luedtke RR, Javitch JA, Shi L. Molecular determinants of selectivity and efficacy at the dopamine D3 receptor. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6689-99. [PMID: 22632094 DOI: 10.1021/jm300482h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) has been implicated in substance abuse and other neuropsychiatric disorders. The high sequence homology between the D3R and D2R, especially within the orthosteric binding site (OBS) that binds dopamine, has made the development of D3R-selective compounds challenging. Here, we deconstruct into pharmacophoric elements a series of D3R-selective substituted-4-phenylpiperazine compounds and use computational simulations and binding and activation studies to dissect the structural bases for D3R selectivity and efficacy. We find that selectivity arises from divergent interactions within a second binding pocket (SBP) separate from the OBS, whereas efficacy depends on the binding mode in the OBS. Our findings reveal structural features of the receptor that are critical to selectivity and efficacy that can be used to design highly D3R-selective ligands with targeted efficacies. These findings are generalizable to other GPCRs in which the SBP can be targeted by bitopic or allosteric ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
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19
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Koroleva EV, Gusak KN, Ignatovich ZV, Ermolinskaya AL. Synthesis of new amides of the N-methylpiperazine series. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428011100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Zajdel P, Marciniec K, Maślankiewicz A, Paluchowska MH, Satała G, Partyka A, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Wróbel D, Wesołowska A, Duszyńska B, Bojarski AJ, Pawłowski M. Arene- and quinoline-sulfonamides as novel 5-HT7 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6750-9. [PMID: 22001327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Zajdel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
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21
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Mao QQ, Huang Z, Ip SP, Xian YF, Che CT. Role of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(1B) receptors in the antidepressant-like effect of piperine in the forced swim test. Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:181-184. [PMID: 21964383 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have showed that treating mice with piperine significantly decreased the immobility time of the animals in the forced swim test and tail suspension test, which was related to up-regulation of serotonin (5-HT) level in the brain. The purpose of this study is to explore the contribution of 5-HT receptors in the antidepressant-like effect of piperine. The results showed that pre-treating mice with methiothepin (a non-selective 5-HT receptor antagonist, 0.1mg/kg, intraperitoneally), 4-(2'-methoxy-phenyl)-1-[2'-(n-2″-pyridinyl)-p-iodobenzamino-]ethyl-piperazine (a selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist, 1mg/kg, subcutaneously) or 1-(2-(1-pyrrolyl)-phenoxy)-3-isopropylamino-2-propanol (a 5-HT(1B) receptor antagonist, 2.5mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was found to abolish the anti-immobility effect of piperine (10mg/kg, intraperitoneally) in the forced swim test. On the other hand, a sub-effective dose of piperine (1mg/kg, intraperitoneally) produced a synergistic antidepressant-like effect with (+)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (a 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist, 1mg/kg, intraperitoneally) or anpirtoline (a 5-HT(1B) receptor agonist, 0.25mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Taken together, these results suggest that the antidepressant-like effect of piperine in the mouse forced swim test may be mediated, at least in part, by the activation of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(1B) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qiu Mao
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong; College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang, China
| | - Siu-Po Ip
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.
| | - Yan-Fang Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Tao Che
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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22
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Synthesis, computational studies and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of 2–[4-(aryl substituted) piperazin-1-yl] N, N-diphenylacetamides as potential antipsychotics. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:4753-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Cai J. N-(4-{4-[2-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl}butyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide dihydrate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:o125. [PMID: 21522636 PMCID: PMC3050331 DOI: 10.1107/s160053681005155x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C20H24F3N3O2S·2H2O, a dopamine D3 ligand, the piperazine ring adopts a chair conformation while the piperazine and benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 47.71 (6)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by intermolecular N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In the molecular structure, the F atoms of the trifluoromethyl group are disordered over two sites with occupancies of 0.69 (11) and 0.31 (11).
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24
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Zhao Y, Lu X, Yang CY, Huang Z, Fu W, Hou T, Zhang J. Computational modeling toward understanding agonist binding on dopamine 3. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 50:1633-43. [PMID: 20695484 DOI: 10.1021/ci1002119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine 3 (D3) receptor is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of nervous system disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and current research interests primarily focus on the discovery/design of potent D3 agonists. Herein, a well-designed computational protocol, which combines pharmacophore identification, homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, was employed to understand the agonist binding on D3 aiming to provide insights into the development of novel potent D3 agonists. We (1) identified the chemical features required in effective D3 agonists by pharmacophore modeling based upon 18 known diverse D3 agonists; (2) constructed the three-dimensional (3D) structure of D3 based on homology modeling and the pharmacophore hypothesis; (3) identified the binding modes of the agonists to D3 by the correlation between the predicted binding free energies and the experimental values; and (4) investigated the induced fit of D3 upon agonist binding through MD simulations. The pharmacophore models of the D3 agonists and the 3D structure of D3 can be used for either ligand- or receptor-based drug design. Furthermore, the MD simulations further give the insight that the long and flexible EL2 acts as a "door" for agonist binding, and the "ionic lock" at the bottom of TM3 and TM6 is essential to transduce the activation signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxue Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
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25
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Löber S, Hübner H, Tschammer N, Gmeiner P. Recent advances in the search for D3- and D4-selective drugs: probes, models and candidates. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:148-57. [PMID: 21232805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D(2)-like receptors (including D(2), D(3) and D(4)) belong to the 'rhodopsin-like' family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which represent the largest group of targets for bioactive molecules. Due to their high sequence similarity, the design of subtype-selective ligands requires rational and effective strategies. The general formula of 1,4-disubstituted aromatic piperidines and piperazines (1,4-DAPs) was extracted from classical dopaminergic drugs. The biological properties of this compound family are encoded by an aromatic head group that controls intrinsic activity, an amine moiety and a lipophilic appendage. D(3)- and D(4)-selective molecular probes and drug candidates were generated from the general formula of 1,4-DAP. Formal structural rearrangement led to investigational drugs beyond the 1,4-DAP structure. The very recent publication of the X-ray crystal structure of D(3) should facilitate efficient discovery of unprecedented chemotypes. However, the development of D(3)-selective agonists, functionally selective ligands and the exploitation of homo- and heteromers remain challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Löber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Lacivita E, De Giorgio P, Lee IT, Rodeheaver SI, Weiss BA, Fracasso C, Caccia S, Berardi F, Perrone R, Zhang MR, Maeda J, Higuchi M, Suhara T, Schetz JA, Leopoldo M. Design, synthesis, radiolabeling, and in vivo evaluation of carbon-11 labeled N-[2-[4-(3-cyanopyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl]-3-methoxybenzamide, a potential positron emission tomography tracer for the dopamine D(4) receptors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7344-55. [PMID: 20873719 DOI: 10.1021/jm100925m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of physicochemical and pharmacological properties of D(4) dopamine receptor ligands related to N-[2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl]-3-methoxybenzamide (2). Structural features were incorporated to increase affinity for the target receptor, to improve selectivity over D(2) and σ(1) receptors, to enable labeling with carbon-11 or fluorine-18, and to adjust lipophilicity within the range considered optimal for brain penetration and low nonspecific binding. Compounds 7 and 13 showed the overall best characteristics: nanomolar affinity for the D(4) receptor, >100-fold selectivity over D(2) and D(3) dopamine receptors, 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), and 5-HT(2C) serotonin receptors and σ(1) receptors, and log P = 2.37-2.55. Following intraperitoneal administration in mice, both compounds rapidly entered the central nervous system. The methoxy of N-[2-[4-(3-cyanopyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl]-3-methoxybenzamide (7) was radiolabeled with carbon-11 and subjected to PET analysis in non-human primate. [(11)C]7 time-dependently accumulated to saturation in the posterior eye in the region of the retina, a tissue containing a high density of D(4) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università degli Studi di Bari A Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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27
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Jean M, Renault J, Levoin N, Danvy D, Calmels T, Berrebi-Bertrand I, Robert P, Schwartz J, Lecomte J, Uriac P, Capet M. Synthesis and evaluation of amides surrogates of dopamine D3 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5376-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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McCormick PN, Kapur S, Graff-Guerrero A, Raymond R, Nobrega JN, Wilson AA. The antipsychotics olanzapine, risperidone, clozapine, and haloperidol are D2-selective ex vivo but not in vitro. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:1826-35. [PMID: 20410873 PMCID: PMC3055486 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In a recent human [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO positron emission tomography study, olanzapine, clozapine, and risperidone occupied D2 receptors in striatum (STR), but, despite their similar in vitro D2 and D3 affinities, failed to occupy D3 receptors in globus pallidus. This study had two aims: (1) to characterize the regional D2/D3 pharmacology of in vitro and ex vivo [(3)H]-(+)-PHNO binding sites in rat brain and (2) to compare, using [(3)H]-(+)-PHNO autoradiography, the ex vivo and in vitro pharmacology of olanzapine, clozapine, risperidone, and haloperidol. Using the D3-selective drug SB277011, we found that ex vivo and in vitro [(3)H]-(+)-PHNO binding in STR is exclusively due to D2, whereas that in cerebellar lobes 9 and 10 is exclusively due to D3. Surprisingly, the D3 contribution to [(3)H]-(+)-PHNO binding in the islands of Calleja, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, and nucleus accumbens was greater ex vivo than in vitro. Ex vivo, systemically administered olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol, at doses occupying approximately 80% D2, did not occupy D3 receptors. Clozapine, which also occupied approximately 80% of D2 receptors ex vivo, occupied a smaller percentage of D3 receptors than predicted by its in vitro pharmacology. Across brain regions, ex vivo occupancy by antipsychotics was inversely related to the D3 contribution to [(3)H]-(+)-PHNO binding. In contrast, in vitro occupancy was similar across brain regions, independent of the regional D3 contribution. These data indicate that at clinically relevant doses, olanzapine, clozapine, risperidone, and haloperidol are D2-selective ex vivo. This unforeseen finding suggests that their clinical effects cannot be attributed to D3 receptor blockade.
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29
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Hocke C, Maschauer S, Hübner H, Löber S, Utz W, Kuwert T, Gmeiner P, Prante O. A Series of 18F-Labelled Pyridinylphenyl Amides as Subtype-Selective Radioligands for the Dopamine D3 Receptor. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:941-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Huber D, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. 1,1′-Disubstituted Ferrocenes as Molecular Hinges in Mono- and Bivalent Dopamine Receptor Ligands. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6860-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901120h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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31
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Ignatovich ZV, Kadutskii AP, Koroleva EV, Baranovskii AV, Gusak KN. Reductive transformations of Schiff bases in the synthesis of functionally substituted heteroaromatic amines. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428009070148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Parallel synthesis of potent dopaminergic N-phenyltriazole carboxamides applying a novel click chemistry based phenol linker. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5482-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Colabufo NA, Berardi F, Perrone R, Rapposelli S, Digiacomo M, Vanni M, Balsamo A. 2-[(3-Methoxyphenylethyl)phenoxy]-Based ABCB1 Inhibitors: Effect of Different Basic Side-Chains on Their Biological Properties. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7602-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800928j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Antonio Colabufo
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Universitá degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Berardi
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Universitá degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Perrone
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Universitá degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Universitá degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Digiacomo
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Universitá degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Michael Vanni
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Universitá degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Aldo Balsamo
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Universitá degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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34
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Jean M, Renault J, Camelin JC, Levoin N, Danvy D, Stark H, Capet M, Uriac P. A solid phase parallel synthesis of diverse amides as dopamine D3 receptor ligands. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 23:588-92. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360701830023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Jean
- UPRES EA 4090, Substances lichéniques et photoprotection, Faculté des Sciences Biologiques et Médicales, Université de Rennes I2, Avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Jacques Renault
- UPRES EA 4090, Substances lichéniques et photoprotection, Faculté des Sciences Biologiques et Médicales, Université de Rennes I2, Avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Claude Camelin
- Bioprojet-Biotech4 rue du Chesnay Beauregard BP 96205, 35762 Saint-Grégoire, France
| | - Nicolas Levoin
- Bioprojet-Biotech4 rue du Chesnay Beauregard BP 96205, 35762 Saint-Grégoire, France
| | - Denis Danvy
- Bioprojet-Biotech4 rue du Chesnay Beauregard BP 96205, 35762 Saint-Grégoire, France
| | - Holger Stark
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitaet Biozentrum, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marc Capet
- Bioprojet-Biotech4 rue du Chesnay Beauregard BP 96205, 35762 Saint-Grégoire, France
| | - Philippe Uriac
- UPRES EA 4090, Substances lichéniques et photoprotection, Faculté des Sciences Biologiques et Médicales, Université de Rennes I2, Avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
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35
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Chen J, Collins GT, Zhang J, Yang CY, Levant B, Woods J, Wang S. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of potent and selective ligands for the dopamine 3 (D3) receptor with a novel in vivo behavioral profile. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5905-8. [PMID: 18785726 DOI: 10.1021/jm800471h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of compounds structurally related to pramipexole were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as ligands for the dopamine 3 (D3) receptor. Compound 12 has a K(i) value of 0.41 nM to D3 and a selectivity of >30000- and 800-fold over the D1-like and D2 receptors, respectively. Our in vivo functional assays showed that this compound is a partial agonist at the D3 receptor with no detectable activity at the D2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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36
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Hocke C, Prante O, Salama I, Hübner H, Löber S, Kuwert T, Gmeiner P. 18F-Labeled FAUC 346 and BP 897 derivatives as subtype-selective potential PET radioligands for the dopamine D3 receptor. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:788-93. [PMID: 18306190 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances of neutrotransmission at the dopamine D3 receptor are related to several neuropsychiatric diseases and in particular to drug addiction. Herein, we report the computer-assisted prediction of D3 selectivities of new fluoroalkoxy-substituted receptor ligands by means of 3D-QSAR analysis. As close analogues of the D3-selective lead compound FAUC 346 and BP 879, the (19)F-substituted test compounds 4 a-d were synthesized and evaluated. In vitro investigation of their binding characteristics in transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells led to excellent K(i) values between 0.12 and 0.69 nM at the dopamine D3 subtype. The benzothiophene-substituted carboxamide 4 a (K(i)=0.12 nM) displayed 133 and 283-fold selectivity over the structurally related D2(Long) and D4 subtypes, respectively. Mitogenesis assays showed the behavior of partial agonists. Based on these data, we synthesized the [(18)F]fluoroethoxy-substituted radioligands [(18)F]4 a-d. The N-[4-[4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl]-2-carboxamides 3 a-d were prepared and labeled with 2-[(18)F]fluoroethyltosylate in a two-step procedure. Optimization of the (18)F-labeling conditions led to radiochemical yields between 24 and 65 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Hocke
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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37
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Subnanomolar dopamine D3 receptor antagonism coupled to moderate D2 affinity results in favourable antipsychotic-like activity in rodent models: I. neurochemical characterisation of RG-15. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2008; 378:515-28. [PMID: 18551280 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-008-0308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RG-15 (trans-N-[4-[2-[4-(3-cyano-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazine-1-yl]-ethyl]-cyclohexyl]-3-pyridinesulfonic amide dihydrochloride) displayed subnanomolar affinity to human and rat dopamine D3 receptors (pKi 10.49 and 9.42, respectively) and nanomolar affinity to human and rat D2 receptors (pKi 8.23 and 7.62, respectively). No apparent interactions were found with the other 44 receptors and four channel sites tested in this study. RG-15 inhibited dopamine-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding in membranes from rat striatum, in murine A9 cells expressing human D2L receptors and in CHO cells expressing human D3 receptors (IC50 values were 21.2, 36.7 and 7.2 nM, respectively). In these tests RG-15 showed the highest affinity toward D3 receptors when compared to amisulpride, haloperidol and SB-277011. RG-15, similar to haloperidol and amisulpride, dose-dependently inhibited in vivo [3H]raclopride binding in mouse striatum, enhanced dopamine turnover and synthesis rate in mouse and rat striatum and olfactory tubercle. SB-277011 did not change [3H]raclopride binding in mouse striatum nor biosynthesis or turnover rates in either region in mice or rats. RG-15 and haloperidol, but not SB-277011, antagonised dopamine synthesis inhibition induced by the D3/D2 full agonist 7-OH-DPAT in GBL-treated mice. RG-15, but not SB-277011, elevated plasma prolactin levels. In vitro receptor binding and functional experiments demonstrated that RG-15 had an antagonist profile on both D3 and D2 receptors. with high selectivity for dopamine D3 receptors over D2 receptors. However, in vivo, its neurochemical actions were similar to those of D2 receptor antagonists. Neurochemical comparison of RG-15 with antagonists having a different affinity and selectivity toward D3 and D2 receptors indicate that D3 receptors have little, if any, role in the control of presynaptic dopamine biosynthesis/release in dopaminergic terminal regions.
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38
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Ignatovich ZV, Gusak KN, Chernikhova TV, Kozlov NG, Koroleva EV. Interaction of secondary amines with aromatic aldehydes-efficient method for synthesis of the functionalized heterocyclic amines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-007-0238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Sasse BC, Mach UR, Leppaenen J, Calmels T, Stark H. Hybrid approach for the design of highly affine and selective dopamine D3 receptor ligands using privileged scaffolds of biogenic amine GPCR ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7258-73. [PMID: 17826096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of compounds containing privileged scaffolds of the known histamine H(1) receptor antagonists cetirizine, mianserin, ketotifen, loratadine, and bamipine were synthesized for further optimization as ligands for the related biogenic amine binding dopamine D(3) receptor. A pharmacological screening was carried out at dopamine D(2) and D(3) receptors. In the preliminary testing various ligands have shown moderate to high affinities for dopamine D(3)receptors, for example, N-(4-{4-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]piperidin-1-yl}butylnaphthalen-2-carboxamide (19a) (hD(3)K(i)=0.3 nM; hD(2)K(i)=703 nM), leading to a selectivity ratio of 2343.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta C Sasse
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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40
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Ignatovich ZV, Gusak KN, Kozlov NG, Koroleva EV. Amination of functionally substituted benzaldehydes in the presence of sodium tetrahydroborate: New preparation method for benzylamines. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428007100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Leopoldo M, Lacivita E, Passafiume E, Contino M, Colabufo NA, Berardi F, Perrone R. 4-[ω-[4-Arylpiperazin-1-yl]alkoxy]phenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Derivatives: Fluorescent High-Affinity Dopamine D3Receptor Ligands as Potential Probes for Receptor Visualization. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5043-7. [PMID: 17850060 DOI: 10.1021/jm070721+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen long-chain arylpiperazines bearing the fluorescent moiety 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine were synthesized as fluorescent dopamine D3 receptors ligands (385 nM < Ki < 0.72 nM). The most potent D3 compounds 15a and 19a (Ki = 1.6 and 0.72 nM, respectively) showed good Stokes shift and high quantum yield in ethanol (Phi = 0.74 and 0.66, respectively). In the first attempt, 15a was unable to visualize D3 receptors expressed in CHO cells by epifluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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42
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Boeckler F, Gmeiner P. Dopamine D3 receptor ligands—Recent advances in the control of subtype selectivity and intrinsic activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:871-87. [PMID: 17274946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Various pharmacological studies have implicated the dopamine D(3) receptor as an interesting therapeutic target in the treatment of different neurological disorders. Because of these putative therapeutic applications, D(3) receptor ligands with diverse intrinsic activities have been an active field of research in recent years. Separation of purely D(3)-mediated drug effects from effects produced by interactions with similar biogenic amine receptors allows to verify the therapeutic impact of D(3) receptors and to reduce possible side-effects caused by "promiscuous" receptor interactions. The requirement to gain control of receptor selectivity and in particular subtype selectivity has been a challenging task in rational drug discovery for quite a few years. In this review, recently developed structural classes of D(3) ligands are discussed, which cover a broad spectrum of intrinsic activities and show interesting selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Boeckler
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
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43
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Zhang A, Neumeyer JL, Baldessarini RJ. Recent progress in development of dopamine receptor subtype-selective agents: potential therapeutics for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Chem Rev 2007; 107:274-302. [PMID: 17212477 DOI: 10.1021/cr050263h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Zhang
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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44
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Boeckler F, Gmeiner P. The structural evolution of dopamine D3 receptor ligands: structure-activity relationships and selected neuropharmacological aspects. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 112:281-333. [PMID: 16905195 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
"Evolution consists largely of molecular tinkering."-Following the famous concept of the molecular geneticist and medicine Nobel laureate François Jacob, in this review we describe the structural evolution of dopamine D3 receptor ligands from the natural agonist dopamine (DA) to highly potent and subtype selective new agents by bioisosteric tinkering with well-established and privileged or novel and fancy chemical functionalities and scaffolds. Some of the more than 200 ligands presented herein have already achieved therapeutic or scientific value up to now, some will most likely achieve it in the future. Hence, great importance is not only attached to the relationship between structure and activity of the ligands, but also to their utility as pharmacological tools in animal models or as therapeutics in patients with neurological diseases or other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Boeckler
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
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45
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Kuhnast B, Valette H, Besret L, Demphel S, Coulon C, Ottaviani M, Guillermier M, Bottlaender M, Dollé F. Synthesis and radiolabeling of N-[4-[4-(2-[11C]methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl]benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide — a potential radiotracer for D3 receptor imaging with PET. Nucl Med Biol 2006; 33:785-95. [PMID: 16934697 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
FAUC346 (N-[4-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl]benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide), an in vitro D(3)-selective ligand, and its normethyl derivative have been synthesized from commercially available 1-(2-substituted-phenyl)piperazines. FAUC346 has been labeled using [(11)C]methyl triflate in acetone containing aqueous NaOH (5 Eq) at -10 degrees C for 1 min, purified on semipreparative reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and formulated as an intravenous injectable solution using a Sep-Pak Plus C(18) device. Up to 5.5 GBq of [(11)C]FAUC346 (N-[4-[4-(2-[methyl-(11)C]methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl]benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide), with a specific radioactivity of 45-75 GBq/micromol, could be obtained in 30-35 min, including HPLC purification and formulation starting from 44.4 GBq of [(11)C]carbon dioxide. Preliminary pharmacological evaluation of [(11)C]FAUC346 in rat brain clearly demonstrated in vivo selectivity for D(3) receptors and the absence of radiolabeled metabolite within the brain. These encouraging results, however, could not be confirmed in nonhuman primates; therefore, this radioligand does not appear to have the required pharmacological profile for a positron emission tomography probe for imaging D(3) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Kuhnast
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, SHFJ/CEA/DSV, 4 place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
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46
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Schlotter K, Boeckler F, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. Fancy bioisosteres: novel paracyclophane derivatives as super-affinity dopamine D3 receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3628-35. [PMID: 16759104 DOI: 10.1021/jm060138d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The exploration of the chemical diversity space depends on the discovery of novel bioisosteric elements. As a continuation of our project on bilayered arene surrogates, we herein report on [2.2]paracyclophane-derived dopamine D3 receptor antagonists of type 4 and 6. For the most promising test compound 6a, bearing a 2-methoxyphenyl substituent, a stereocontrolled preparation was performed when the planar chirality of enantiomers (R)-6a (FAUC 418) and (S)-6a caused a considerable differentiation of D3 binding, which is indicated by K(i) values of 0.19 and 3.0 nM, respectively. Functional experiments showed D3 antagonist properties for the paracyclophane derivatives of type 6. To elucidate putative bioactive low-energy conformations, DFT-based studies including the calculation of diagnostic magnetic shielding properties were performed. An 89% increase in volume for the [2.2]paracyclophane moiety compared to that of the monolayered benzofurane of lead compound 3b indicates higher plasticity of GPCR binding regions than usually expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schlotter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
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47
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Leopoldo M, Lacivita E, Colabufo NA, Berardi F, Perrone R. Synthesis and binding profile of constrained analogues of N-[4-(4-arylpiperazin-1-yl)butyl]-3-methoxybenzamides, a class of potent dopamine D3 receptor ligands. J Pharm Pharmacol 2006; 58:209-18. [PMID: 16451749 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.2.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported on a series of N-[4-(4-arylpiperazin-1-yl)butyl]-3-methoxybenzamides, endowed with high affinity for dopamine D(3) receptors, but lacking of selectivity over D(4), D(2), 5-HT(1A), and alpha(1)-receptors. To improve the D(3)-receptor affinity and selectivity, without causing a considerable increasing in the lipophilicity, the flexible butyl linker was replaced by a more conformationally constrained cyclohexyl linker. The new cis- and trans-N-[4-(4-aryl-1-piperazinyl)cyclohexyl]-3-methoxybenzamides (Aryl= 2,3-di-Cl-Ph, 2-CH(3)O-Ph, 4-Cl-Ph, 2,3-di-CH(3)-Ph) were tested in-vitro for their binding affinity for D(3), D(4), D(2), 5-HT(1A), and alpha(1)-receptors. The trans- derivatives were found to be more potent at D(3) receptor than the corresponding cis- isomers, but less potent than the opened counterparts. This reflected negatively on the selectivity over the other studied receptors. Derivative trans-N-{4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]cyclohexyl}-3-methoxybenzamide (trans-7) showed high D(3)-receptor affinity (K(i)=0.18 nM) and a relevant selectivity over D(4), D(2), 5-HT(1A), and alpha(1)-receptors (>200-fold). This compound was characterized as a full agonist at D(3) receptor when tested in the Eu-GTP binding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Leopoldo
- Università degli Studi di Bari, Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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48
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Leopoldo M, Lacivita E, De Giorgio P, Colabufo NA, Niso M, Berardi F, Perrone R. Design, synthesis, and binding affinities of potential positron emission tomography (PET) ligands for visualization of brain dopamine D3 receptors. J Med Chem 2006; 49:358-65. [PMID: 16392820 DOI: 10.1021/jm050734s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We here report the synthesis of compounds structurally related to the high-affinity dopamine D(3) receptor ligand N-[4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl]-7-methoxy-2-benzofurancarboxamide (1). All compounds were specifically designed as potential PET radioligands for brain D(3) receptors visualization, having lipophilicity within a range for high brain uptake and weak nonspecific binding (2 < ClogP < 3.5) and bearing a methoxy substituent for easy access to labeling with the positron emitter isotope (11)C. N-[4-[4-(5-methoxy-2-benzisoxazolyl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl]-4-(4-morpholinyl)benzamide (22), N-[4-[4-(5-methoxy-2-benzisoxazolyl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl]-4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzamide (23), and N-[4-[4-(5-methoxy-2-benzisoxazolyl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl]-5-(2-furanyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (24) displayed good D(3) receptor affinities (K(i) values 38.0, 22.6, and 21.3 nM, respectively) and were selective over D(2) receptor. Moreover, compounds 22-24 were able to permeate the Caco-2 cell monolayer, differently from compound 1. Although the goal to identify potential PET radioligands with subnanomolar affinities for D(3) receptor was not achieved, the proposed strategy could be a starting point for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Leopoldo
- Università degli Studi di Bari, Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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49
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Leopoldo M, Lacivita E, Colabufo NA, Contino M, Berardi F, Perrone R. First structure-activity relationship study on dopamine D3 receptor agents with N-[4-(4-arylpiperazin-1-yl)butyl]arylcarboxamide structure. J Med Chem 2006; 48:7919-22. [PMID: 16335915 DOI: 10.1021/jm050729o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structure-affinity relationships of N-[4-(4-arylpiperazin-1-yl)butyl]arylcarboxamides as D3 receptor ligands have been well characterized but not structure-activity relationships. In a first attempt to clarify this issue, seven 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine derivatives and their 2-methoxyphenyl counterparts were prepared by varying the arylcarboxamide moiety. They were tested for D3 receptor binding affinities and in the Eu-GTP binding assay in order to evaluate their intrinsic activity. We have found that the intrinsic activity strongly depended on the nature of the arylcarboxamide moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Leopoldo
- Università degli Studi di Bari, Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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50
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Loaiza PR, Löber S, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. Click Chemistry on Solid Phase: Parallel Synthesis of N-Benzyltriazole Carboxamides as Super-Potent G-Protein Coupled Receptor Ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:252-61. [PMID: 16529521 DOI: 10.1021/cc050127q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The click chemistry-based backbone amide linker 1 was employed for an efficient and practical parallel synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole carboxamides when 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition was exploited for both the construction of a compound library and the functionalization of the resin. A three-step solid-phase-supported sequence included reductive amination by N-phenylpiperazinyl-substituted alkylamines, N-acylation by alkynoic acids, and azide-alkyne [3 + 2] cycloaddition. In most cases, cleavage under acidic conditions yielded the final products in excellent purities. A focused library of 60 target compounds was screened for G-protein coupled receptor binding employing eight biogenic amine receptors. Radioligand displacement experiments indicated a number of hit compounds revealing excellent receptor recognition when the methyl-substituted N-benzyltriazoles 29, 40, and 42 exhibited superior affinities for the alpha1 subtype (K(i) = 0.056-0.058 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Rodriguez Loaiza
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fisher Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
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