1
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Paradela LS, Wall RJ, Carvalho S, Chemi G, Corpas-Lopez V, Moynihan E, Bello D, Patterson S, Güther MLS, Fairlamb AH, Ferguson MAJ, Zuccotto F, Martin J, Gilbert IH, Wyllie S. Multiple unbiased approaches identify oxidosqualene cyclase as the molecular target of a promising anti-leishmanial. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:711-721.e8. [PMID: 33691122 PMCID: PMC8153249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic screening identified a benzothiophene compound with activity against Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Using multiple orthogonal approaches, oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), a key enzyme of sterol biosynthesis, was identified as the target of this racemic compound and its enantiomers. Whole genome sequencing and screening of a genome-wide overexpression library confirmed that OSC gene amplification is associated with resistance to compound 1. Introduction of an ectopic copy of the OSC gene into wild-type cells reduced susceptibility to these compounds confirming the role of this enzyme in resistance. Biochemical analyses demonstrated the accumulation of the substrate of OSC and depletion of its product in compound (S)-1-treated-promastigotes and cell-free membrane preparations, respectively. Thermal proteome profiling confirmed that compound (S)-1 binds directly to OSC. Finally, modeling and docking studies identified key interactions between compound (S)-1 and the LdOSC active site. Strategies to improve the potency for this promising anti-leishmanial are proposed. Genetics and chemo-proteomics identify the target of a promising anti-leishmanial Biochemical assays confirm the direct inhibition of oxidosqualene cyclase in cells Docking and modeling studies identify key interactions between compound and target Strategies to improve the potency of this benzothiophene are proposed
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana S Paradela
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Richard J Wall
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Giulia Chemi
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Victoriano Corpas-Lopez
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Eoin Moynihan
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Davide Bello
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Stephen Patterson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Maria Lucia S Güther
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Michael A J Ferguson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Fabio Zuccotto
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Julio Martin
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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2
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A monodomain class II terpene cyclase assembles complex isoprenoid scaffolds. Nat Chem 2020; 12:968-972. [PMID: 32778689 PMCID: PMC7613056 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Class II terpene cyclases, such as oxidosqualene and squalene-hopene cyclases, catalyze some of the most complex polycyclization reactions. They minimally exhibit a β,γ-didomain architecture that has been evolutionarily repurposed in a wide range of terpene-processing enzymes and likely resulted from a fusion of unidentified monodomain proteins. Although single domain class I terpene cyclases have already been identified, single domain class II terpene cyclases have not been previously reported. Here we report high-resolution X-ray structures of a monodomain class II cyclase, merosterolic acid synthase (MstE). With a minimalistic β-domain architecture, this cyanobacterial enzyme is able to construct four rings in cytotoxic meroterpenoids with a sterol-like topology. The structures with bound substrate, product, and inhibitor provide detailed snapshots of a cyclization mechanism largely governed by residues located in a noncanonical enzyme region. Our results complement the few known class II cyclase crystal structures, while also indicating that archaic monodomain cyclases might have already catalyzed complex reaction cascades.
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Welander PV. Deciphering the evolutionary history of microbial cyclic triterpenoids. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 140:270-278. [PMID: 31071437 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic triterpenoids are a class of lipids that have fascinated chemists, biologist, and geologist alike for many years. These molecules have diverse physiological roles in a variety of bacterial and eukaryotic organisms and a shared evolutionary ancestry that is reflected in the elegant biochemistry required for their synthesis. Cyclic triterpenoids are also quite recalcitrant and are preserved in sedimentary rocks where they are utilized as "molecular fossils" or biomarkers that can physically link microbial taxa and their metabolisms to a specific time or event in Earth's history. However, a proper interpretation of cyclic triterpenoid biosignatures requires a robust understanding of their function in extant organisms and in the evolutionary history of their biosynthetic pathways. Here, I review two potential cyclic triterpenoid evolutionary scenarios and the recent genetic and biochemical studies that are providing experimental evidence to distinguish between these hypotheses. The study of cyclic triterpenoids will continue to provide a wealth of information that can significantly impact the interpretation of lipid biosignatures in the rock record and provides a compelling model of how two natural repositories of evolutionary history available on Earth, the geologic record in sedimentary rocks and the molecular record in living organisms, can be linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula V Welander
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Rm 140, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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4
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Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Studies on Selective Synthesis of α-Amyrin and β-Amyrin by Oxidosqualene Cyclases from Ilex Asprella. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143469. [PMID: 31311103 PMCID: PMC6678101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyrins are the immediate precursors of many pharmaceutically important pentacyclic triterpenoids. Although various amyrin synthases have been identified, little is known about the relationship between protein structures and the constituent and content of the products. IaAS1 and IaAS2 identified from Ilex asprella in our previous work belong to multifunctional oxidosqualene cyclases and can produce α-amyrin and β-amyrin at different ratios. More than 80% of total production of IaAS1 is α-amyrin; while IaAS2 mainly produces β-amyrin with a yield of 95%. Here, we present a molecular modeling approach to explore the underlying mechanism for selective synthesis. The structures of IaAS1 and IaAS2 were constructed by homology modeling, and were evaluated by Ramachandran Plot and Verify 3D program. The enzyme-product conformations generated by molecular docking indicated that ASP484 residue plays an important role in the catalytic process; and TRP611 residue of IaAS2 had interaction with β-amyrin through π–σ interaction. MM/GBSA binding free energy calculations and free energy decomposition after 50 ns molecular dynamics simulations were performed. The binding affinity between the main product and corresponding enzyme was higher than that of the by-product. Conserved amino acid residues such as TRP257; TYR259; PHE47; TRP534; TRP612; and TYR728 for IaAS1 (TRP257; TYR259; PHE473; TRP533; TRP611; and TYR727 for IaAS2) had strong interactions with both products. GLN450 and LYS372 had negative contribution to binding affinity between α-amyrin or β-amyrin and IaAS1. LYS372 and ARG261 had strong repulsive effects for the binding of α-amyrin with IaAS2. The importance of Lys372 and TRP612 of IaAS1, and Lys372 and TRP611 of IaAS2, for synthesizing amyrins were confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. The different patterns of residue–product interactions is the cause for the difference in the yields of two products.
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5
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Byler KG, Setzer WN. Protein Targets of Frankincense: A Reverse Docking Analysis of Terpenoids from Boswellia Oleo-Gum Resins. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5030096. [PMID: 30200355 PMCID: PMC6163972 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Frankincense, the oleo-gum resin of Boswellia trees, has been used in traditional medicine since ancient times. Frankincense has been used to treat wounds and skin infections, inflammatory diseases, dementia, and various other conditions. However, in many cases, the biomolecular targets for frankincense components are not well established. Methods: In this work, we have carried out a reverse docking study of Boswellia diterpenoids and triterpenoids with a library of 16034 potential druggable target proteins. Results:Boswellia diterpenoids showed selective docking to acetylcholinesterase, several bacterial target proteins, and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Boswellia triterpenoids targeted the cancer-relevant proteins (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, tankyrase, and folate receptor β), inflammation-relevant proteins (phospholipase A2, epoxide hydrolase, and fibroblast collagenase), and the diabetes target 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Conclusions: The preferential docking of Boswellia terpenoids is consistent with the traditional uses and the established biological activities of frankincense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall G Byler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 102, Lehi, UT 84043, USA.
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6
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Tani O, Akutsu Y, Ito S, Suzuki T, Tateishi Y, Yamaguchi T, Niimi T, Namatame I, Chiba Y, Sakashita H, Kubota T, Yanagi T, Mizukami S, Hirayama K, Furukawa K, Yamasaki K. NMR Biochemical Assay for Oxidosqualene Cyclase: Evaluation of Inhibitor Activities on Trypanosoma cruzi and Human Enzymes. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5047-5053. [PMID: 29771525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), a membrane-associated protein, is a key enzyme of sterol biosynthesis. Here we report a novel assay for OSC, involving reaction in aqueous solution, NMR quantification in organic solvent, and factor analysis of spectra. We evaluated one known and three novel inhibitors on OSC of Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasite causative of Chagas disease, and compared their effects on human OSC for selectivity. Among them, one novel inhibitor showed a significant parasiticidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Tani
- Biomedical Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba 305-8566 , Japan
| | - Yukie Akutsu
- Biomedical Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba 305-8566 , Japan
| | - Shinji Ito
- Drug Discovery Research , Astellas Pharma Inc. , 21 Miyukigaoka , Tsukuba 305-8585 , Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Drug Discovery Research , Astellas Pharma Inc. , 21 Miyukigaoka , Tsukuba 305-8585 , Japan
| | - Yukihiro Tateishi
- Drug Discovery Research , Astellas Pharma Inc. , 21 Miyukigaoka , Tsukuba 305-8585 , Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamaguchi
- Drug Discovery Research , Astellas Pharma Inc. , 21 Miyukigaoka , Tsukuba 305-8585 , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Niimi
- Drug Discovery Research , Astellas Pharma Inc. , 21 Miyukigaoka , Tsukuba 305-8585 , Japan
| | - Ichiji Namatame
- Drug Discovery Research , Astellas Pharma Inc. , 21 Miyukigaoka , Tsukuba 305-8585 , Japan
| | - Yasunori Chiba
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Umezono , Tsukuba 305-8568 , Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakashita
- Biomedical Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba 305-8566 , Japan
| | - Tomomi Kubota
- Biomedical Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba 305-8566 , Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yanagi
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine , Nagasaki University , 1-12-4 Sakamoto , Nagasaki 852-8523 , Japan
| | - Shusaku Mizukami
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine , Nagasaki University , 1-12-4 Sakamoto , Nagasaki 852-8523 , Japan
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine , Nagasaki University , 1-12-4 Sakamoto , Nagasaki 852-8523 , Japan
| | - Koji Furukawa
- Biomedical Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba 305-8566 , Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamasaki
- Biomedical Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba 305-8566 , Japan
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7
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Chen D, Xu F, Zhang P, Deng J, Sun H, Wen X, Liu J. Practical Synthesis of α-Amyrin, β-Amyrin, and Lupeol: The Potential Natural Inhibitors of Human Oxidosqualene Cyclase. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [PMID: 29027714 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A practical synthesis of α-amyrin (1), β-amyrin (2), and lupeol (3) was accomplished in total yields of 32, 42, and 40% starting from easily available ursolic acid (4), oleanolic acid (5), and betulin (6), respectively. Remarkably, these three natural pentacyclic triterpenes exhibited potential inhibitory activity against human oxidosqualene cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengguo Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoan Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Keller M, Wolfgardt A, Müller C, Wilcken R, Böckler FM, Oliaro-Bosso S, Ferrante T, Balliano G, Bracher F. Arylpiperidines as a new class of oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 109:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Chen N, Zhou J, Li J, Xu J, Wu R. Concerted Cyclization of Lanosterol C-Ring and D-Ring Under Human Oxidosqualene Cyclase Catalysis: An ab Initio QM/MM MD Study. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:1109-20. [PMID: 26580186 DOI: 10.1021/ct400949b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanhao Chen
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jiabo Li
- Schrödinger, LLC., 120 West 45th Street,
17th Floor, New York, New York, 10036 United States
| | - Jun Xu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Ruibo Wu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
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10
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Lange S, Keller M, Müller C, Oliaro-Bosso S, Balliano G, Bracher F. Aminopropylindenes derived from Grundmann's ketone as a novel chemotype of oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:758-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Moorthy NSHN, Cerqueira NMFSA, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Combined ligand and structure based binding mode analysis of oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43670e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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12
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Mahadevi AS, Sastry GN. Cation-π interaction: its role and relevance in chemistry, biology, and material science. Chem Rev 2012; 113:2100-38. [PMID: 23145968 DOI: 10.1021/cr300222d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Subha Mahadevi
- Molecular Modeling Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 607, Andhra Pradesh, India
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13
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Staedler D, Chapuis-Bernasconi C, Dehmlow H, Fischer H, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Aebi JD. Cytotoxic Effects of Combination of Oxidosqualene Cyclase Inhibitors with Atorvastatin in Human Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4990-5002. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300256z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Staedler
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Chapuis-Bernasconi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henrietta Dehmlow
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceutical Division, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Holger Fischer
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceutical Division, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johannes D. Aebi
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceutical Division, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Watanabe T, Kurata I, Umezawa Y, Takahashi Y, Akamatsu Y. Inhibitors of human 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) discovered by virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:231-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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15
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Nawaz M, Ullah I, Abid OUR, Villinger A, Langer P. Synthesis of 2′,4-Diarylbenzophenones through Site-Selective Suzuki-Miyaura Reactions of Bis(triflates) of 2′,4-Dihydroxybenzophenones. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Grinter SZ, Liang Y, Huang SY, Hyder SM, Zou X. An inverse docking approach for identifying new potential anti-cancer targets. J Mol Graph Model 2011; 29:795-9. [PMID: 21315634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Inverse docking is a relatively new technique that has been used to identify potential receptor targets of small molecules. Our docking software package MDock is well suited for such an application as it is both computationally efficient, yet simultaneously shows adequate results in binding affinity predictions and enrichment tests. As a validation study, we present the first stage results of an inverse-docking study which seeks to identify potential direct targets of PRIMA-1. PRIMA-1 is well known for its ability to restore mutant p53's tumor suppressor function, leading to apoptosis in several types of cancer cells. For this reason, we believe that potential direct targets of PRIMA-1 identified in silico should be experimentally screened for their ability to inhibit cancer cell growth. The highest-ranked human protein of our PRIMA-1 docking results is oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), which is part of the cholesterol synthetic pathway. The results of two followup experiments which treat OSC as a possible anti-cancer target are promising. We show that both PRIMA-1 and Ro 48-8071, a known potent OSC inhibitor, significantly reduce the viability of BT-474 and T47-D breast cancer cells relative to normal mammary cells. In addition, like PRIMA-1, we find that Ro 48-8071 results in increased binding of p53 to DNA in BT-474 cells (which express mutant p53). For the first time, Ro 48-8071 is shown as a potent agent in killing human breast cancer cells. The potential of OSC as a new target for developing anticancer therapies is worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Z Grinter
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
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17
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Watanabe T, Umezawa Y, Takahashi Y, Akamatsu Y. Novel pyrrole- and 1,2,3-triazole-based 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5807-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Oliaro-Bosso S, Taramino S, Viola F, Tagliapietra S, Ermondi G, Cravotto G, Balliano G. Umbelliferone aminoalkyl derivatives as inhibitors of human oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 24:589-98. [PMID: 18830877 DOI: 10.1080/14756360802318688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and murine lanosterol synthases (EC 5.4.99.7) were studied as targets of a series of umbelliferone aminoalkyl derivatives previously tested as inhibitors of oxidosqualene cyclases from other eukaryotes. Tests were carried out on cell cultures of human keratinocytes and mouse 3T3 fibroblasts incubated with radiolabeled acetate, and on homogenates prepared from yeast cells expressing human lanosterol synthase, incubated with radiolabeled oxidosqualene. In cell cultures of both human keratinocytes and mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, the observed inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis was selective for oxidosqualene cyclase. The most active compounds bear an allylmethylamino chain in position-7 of the coumarin ring. The inhibition was critically dependent on the position and length of the inhibitor side chain, as well as on the type of aminoalkyl group inserted at the end of the same chain. Molecular docking analyses, carried out to clarify details of inhibitors/enzyme interactions, proved useful to explain the observed differences in inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Oliaro-Bosso
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
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19
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Cholesterol synthesis inhibitor U18666A and the role of sterol metabolism and trafficking in numerous pathophysiological processes. Lipids 2009; 44:477-87. [PMID: 19440746 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The multiple actions of U18666A have enabled major discoveries in lipid research and contributed to understanding the pathophysiology of multiple diseases. This review describes these advances and the utility of U18666A as a tool in lipid research. Harry Rudney's recognition that U18666A inhibited oxidosqualene cyclase led him to discover a pathway for formation of polar sterols that he proved to be important regulators of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Laura Liscum's recognition that U18666A inhibited the egress of cholesterol from late endosomes and lysosomes led to greatly improved perspective on the major pathways of intracellular cholesterol trafficking. The inhibition of cholesterol trafficking by U18666A mimicked the loss of functional Niemann-Pick type C protein responsible for NPC disease and thus provided a model for this disorder. U18666A subsequently became a tool for assessing the importance of molecular trafficking through the lysosomal pathway in other conditions such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and prion infections. U18666A also provided animal models for two important disorders: petite mal (absence) epilepsy and cataracts. This was the first chronic model of absence epilepsy. U18666A is also being used to address the role of oxidative stress in apoptosis. How can one molecule have so many effects? Perhaps because of its structure as an amphipathic cationic amine it can interact and inhibit diverse proteins. Restricting the availability of cholesterol for membrane formation through inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and intracellular trafficking could also be a mechanism for broadly affecting many processes. Another possibility is that through intercalation into membrane U18666A can alter membrane order and therefore the function of resident proteins. The similarity of the effects of natural and enantiomeric U18666A on cells and the capacity of intercalated U18666A to increase membrane order are arguments in favor of this possibility.
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GRIND-based 3D-QSAR to predict inhibitory activity for similar enzymes, OSC and SHC. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:1462-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Eddine AN, von Kries JP, Podust MV, Warrier T, Kaufmann SHE, Podust LM. X-ray structure of 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone mimicking sterol substrate in the active site of sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51). J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15152-9. [PMID: 18367444 PMCID: PMC2397474 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801145200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A universal step in the biosynthesis of membrane sterols and steroid hormones is the oxidative removal of the 14alpha-methyl group from sterol precursors by sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51). This enzyme is a primary target in treatment of fungal infections in organisms ranging from humans to plants, and development of more potent and selective CYP51 inhibitors is an important biological objective. Our continuing interest in structural aspects of substrate and inhibitor recognition in CYP51 led us to determine (to a resolution of 1.95A) the structure of CYP51 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CYP51(Mt)) co-crystallized with 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP), a small organic molecule previously identified among top type I binding hits in a library screened against CYP51(Mt). The newly determined CYP51(Mt)-DHBP structure is the most complete to date and is an improved template for three-dimensional modeling of CYP51 enzymes from fungal and prokaryotic pathogens. The structure demonstrates the induction of conformational fit of the flexible protein regions and the interactions of conserved Phe-89 essential for both fungal drug resistance and catalytic function, which were obscure in the previously characterized CYP51(Mt)-estriol complex. DHBP represents a benzophenone scaffold binding in the CYP51 active site via a type I mechanism, suggesting (i) a possible new class of CYP51 inhibitors targeting flexible regions, (ii) an alternative catalytic function for bacterial CYP51 enzymes, and (iii) a potential for hydroxybenzophenones, widely distributed in the environment, to interfere with sterol biosynthesis. Finally, we show the inhibition of M. tuberculosis growth by DHBP in a mouse macrophage model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nasser Eddine
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Jens P. von Kries
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Mikhail V. Podust
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Thulasi Warrier
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Larissa M. Podust
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
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22
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Schwab F, van Gunsteren WF, Zagrovic B. Computational study of the mechanism and the relative free energies of binding of anticholesteremic inhibitors to squalene-hopene cyclase. Biochemistry 2008; 47:2945-51. [PMID: 18247576 DOI: 10.1021/bi702067h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prokaryotic monotopic membrane protein squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC) is homologous to a human enzyme responsible for cholesterol formation. Using molecular dynamics in explicit water, a single monomer of SHC was simulated using the GROMOS 45A3 force field, once in complex with an inhibitor and once in an uncomplexed form. The protein exhibits significant stability on the level of secondary and tertiary structure even outside of its native membrane environment. Analysis of the fluctuations of the complexed and the uncomplexed SHC confirms the previously made suggestions for the ligand entrance channel and reveals some of its novel dynamical features that might be of functional importance. To examine the potential of computationally designing SHC ligands and study their thermodynamics of binding, the relative free energies of binding of a series of structurally similar anticholesteremic inhibitors of SHC were calculated using single-step perturbation (SSP) and thermodynamic integration (TI) techniques. While neither technique succeeds in quantitatively matching the relatively small experimental values, TI qualitatively reproduces the relative order of the experimental affinities, but SSP does not. Detailed comparisons and potential reasons for this are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Schwab
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
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23
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Podust LM, von Kries JP, Eddine AN, Kim Y, Yermalitskaya LV, Kuehne R, Ouellet H, Warrier T, Alteköster M, Lee JS, Rademann J, Oschkinat H, Kaufmann SHE, Waterman MR. Small-molecule scaffolds for CYP51 inhibitors identified by high-throughput screening and defined by X-ray crystallography. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:3915-23. [PMID: 17846131 PMCID: PMC2151439 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00311-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51), a major checkpoint in membrane sterol biosynthesis, is a key target for fungal antibiotic therapy. We sought small organic molecules for lead candidate CYP51 inhibitors. The changes in CYP51 spectral properties following ligand binding make CYP51 a convenient target for high-throughput screening technologies. These changes are characteristic of either substrate binding (type I) or inhibitor binding (type II) in the active site. We screened a library of 20,000 organic molecules against Mycobacterium tuberculosis CYP51 (CYP51(Mt)), examined the top type I and type II binding hits for their inhibitory effects on M. tuberculosis in broth culture, and analyzed them spectrally for their ability to discriminate between CYP51(Mt) and two reference M. tuberculosis CYP proteins, CYP130 and CYP125. We determined the binding mode for one of the top type II hits, alpha-ethyl-N-4-pyridinyl-benzeneacetamide (EPBA), by solving the X-ray structure of the CYP51(Mt)-EPBA complex to a resolution of 1.53 A. EPBA binds coordinately to the heme iron in the CYP51(Mt) active site through a lone pair of nitrogen electrons and also through hydrogen bonds with residues H259 and Y76, which are invariable in the CYP51 family, and hydrophobic interactions in a phylum- and/or substrate-specific cavity of CYP51. We also identified a second compound with structural and binding properties similar to those of EPBA, 2-(benzo[d]-2,1,3-thiadiazole-4-sulfonyl)-2-amino-2-phenyl-N-(pyridinyl-4)-acetamide (BSPPA). The congruence between the geometries of EPBA and BSPPA and the CYP51 binding site singles out EPBA and BSPPA as lead candidate CYP51 inhibitors with optimization potential for efficient discrimination between host and pathogen enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa M Podust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, 600 16th St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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24
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Caron G, Ermondi G. Influence of Conformation on GRIND-Based Three-Dimensional Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationship (3D-QSAR). J Med Chem 2007; 50:5039-42. [PMID: 17760433 DOI: 10.1021/jm0704651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To address the dependence of GRIND-based 3D-QSAR on data set flexibility, we investigate a series of oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) inhibitors. The results indicate that statistical models are determined independently of the data set but that despite identification of the same outliers and the acceptable test set prediction, not all models show good predictive correlation coefficient (q2). Moreover, the best model was obtained using a data set of the lowest energy conformers generated by a conformational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Caron
- CASMedChem Laboratory, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria, 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
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25
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Lodeiro S, Xiong Q, Wilson WK, Kolesnikova MD, Onak CS, Matsuda SPT. An Oxidosqualene Cyclase Makes Numerous Products by Diverse Mechanisms: A Challenge to Prevailing Concepts of Triterpene Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:11213-22. [PMID: 17705488 DOI: 10.1021/ja073133u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana encodes 13 oxidosqualene cyclases, 9 of which have been characterized by heterologous expression in yeast. Here we describe another cyclase, baruol synthase (BARS1), which makes baruol (90%) and 22 minor products (0.02-3% each). This represents as many triterpenes as have been reported for all other Arabidopsis cyclases combined. By accessing an extraordinary repertoire of mechanistic pathways, BARS1 makes numerous skeletal types and deprotonates the carbocation intermediates at 14 different sites around rings A, B, C, D, and E. This undercurrent of structural and mechanistic diversity in a superficially accurate enzyme is incompatible with prevailing concepts of triterpene biosynthesis, which posit tight control over the mechanistic pathway through cation-pi interactions, with a single proton acceptor in a hydrophobic active site. Our findings suggest that mechanistic diversity is the default for triterpene biosynthesis and that product accuracy results from exclusion of alternative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lodeiro
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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26
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Oliaro-Bosso S, Viola F, Taramino S, Tagliapietra S, Barge A, Cravotto G, Balliano G. Inhibitory Effect of Umbelliferone Aminoalkyl Derivatives on Oxidosqualene Cyclases fromS. cerevisiae,T. cruzi,P. carinii,H. sapiens, andA. thaliana: a Structure–Activity Study. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:226-33. [PMID: 17154325 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Eighteen coumarin derivatives were tested as inhibitors of oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Trypanosoma cruzi, Pneumocystis carinii, Homo sapiens, and Arabidopsis thaliana, all expressed in an OSC-defective strain of S. cerevisiae.35 All the compounds have an aminoalkyl chain bound to an aromatic nucleus; unconventional synthetic procedures (microwave- and ultrasound-promoted reactions) were successfully used to prepare some of them. The most interesting structure-dependent difference in inhibitory activities was observed with an N-oxide group replacement of the tertiary amino group at the end of the side chain. An interesting species specificity also emerged: T. cruzi OSC was the least sensitive enzyme; P. carinii and A. thaliana OSCs were the most sensitive. The remarkable activities of three compounds on the T. cruzi enzyme and of five of them on the P. carinii enzyme suggest the present series as a promising compound family for the development of novel antiparasitic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Oliaro-Bosso
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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27
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Oliaro-Bosso S, Schulz-Gasch T, Balliano G, Viola F. Access of the substrate to the active site of yeast oxidosqualene cyclase: an inhibition and site-directed mutagenesis approach. Chembiochem 2006; 6:2221-8. [PMID: 16235265 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A structural model of Saccharomyces cerevisiae oxidosqualene cyclase (SceOSC) suggests that some residues of the conserved sequence Pro-Ala-Glu-Val-Phe-Gly (residues 524-529) belong to a channel constriction that gives access to the active-site cavity. Starting from the SceOSC C457D mutant, which lacks the cysteine residue next to the catalytic Asp456 residue Cys457 has been replaced but Asp456 is still there, we prepared two further mutants where the wild-type residues Ala525 and Glu526 were individually replaced by cysteine. These mutants, especially E526C, were very sensitive to the thiol-reacting agent dodecyl-maleimide. Moreover, both the specific activity and the thermal stability of E526C were severely reduced. A similar decrease of the enzyme functionality was obtained by replacing Glu526 with alanine, while substitution with the conservative residues aspartate or glutamine did not alter catalytic activity. Molecular modeling of the yeast wild-type OSC and mutants on the template structure of human OSC confirms that the channel constriction is an important aspect of the protein structure and suggests a critical structural role for Glu526.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Oliaro-Bosso
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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28
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Abstract
Stereoisomeric bicyclic tert-alcohols afforded identical ring-expansion products via cationic anti-Markovnikov rearrangement from perpendicular tert-cations into identical six-membered ring secondary cations by the treatment with TiCl4. These results provide evidence that the reaction takes place by the cationic stepwise mechanism. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugio Nishizawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
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29
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Schärer K, Morgenthaler M, Paulini R, Obst-Sander U, Banner DW, Schlatter D, Benz J, Stihle M, Diederich F. Quantification of cation-pi interactions in protein-ligand complexes: crystal-structure analysis of Factor Xa bound to a quaternary ammonium ion ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:4400-4. [PMID: 15952226 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar Schärer
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Hönggerberg, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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30
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Wendt KU. Enzyme mechanisms for triterpene cyclization: new pieces of the puzzle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:3966-71. [PMID: 15929157 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Ulrich Wendt
- Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH, Industrial Park Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany.
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31
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Benaim G, Sanders JM, Garcia-Marchán Y, Colina C, Lira R, Caldera AR, Payares G, Sanoja C, Burgos JM, Leon-Rossell A, Concepcion JL, Schijman AG, Levin M, Oldfield E, Urbina JA. Amiodarone Has Intrinsic Anti-TrypanosomacruziActivity and Acts Synergistically with Posaconazole†. J Med Chem 2006; 49:892-9. [PMID: 16451055 DOI: 10.1021/jm050691f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is no effective treatment for the prevalent chronic form of Chagas' disease in Latin America. Its causative agent, the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, has an essential requirement for ergosterol, and ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors, such as the antifungal drug posaconazole, have potent trypanocidal activity. The antiarrhythmic compound amiodarone, frequently prescribed for the symptomatic treatment of Chagas' disease patients, has also recently been shown to have antifungal activity. We now show here for the first time that amiodarone has direct activity against T. cruzi, both in vitro and in vivo, and that it acts synergistically with posaconazole. We found that amiodarone, in addition to disrupting the parasites' Ca(2+) homeostasis, also blocks ergosterol biosynthesis, and that posaconazole also affects Ca(2+) homeostasis. These results provide logical explanations for the synergistic activity of amiodarone with azoles against T. cruzi and open up the possibility of novel, combination therapy approaches to the treatment of Chagas' disease using currently approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Benaim
- Laboratorio Química Biológica and Laboratorio de Permeabilidad Iónica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 21927, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
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32
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Cenedella RJ, Sexton PS, Krishnan K, Covey DF. Comparison of effects of U18666A and enantiomeric U18666A on sterol synthesis and induction of apoptosis. Lipids 2005; 40:635-40. [PMID: 16149744 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1426-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of animals or cells with the amphipathic tertiary amine U18666A {3beta-[2-(diethylamino) ethoxy]androst-5-en-17-one} provides models for several human diseases (e.g., cataracts, Niemann-Pick disease, and epilepsy). Although U18666A can inhibit several enzymes in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, we hypothesized that induction of these varied conditions was due to physical effects of the amine rather than to inhibition of specific proteins. To test this possibility we compared the capacity of U18666A and its enantiomer, ent-U18666A, to inhibit net sterol synthesis and induce apoptosis in cultured bovine lens epithelial cells. Nonenantiospecific actions dependent on the physical properties of these mirror image molecules would be identical, but effects dependent upon enantiospecific interactions would be different for the enantiomers. At the same concentrations, both forms of the compound equally inhibited sterol synthesis and induced apoptosis. These observations supported a generalized mechanism of enzyme inhibition such as perturbation of the microenvironment of endoplasmic enzymes and alteration of membrane order, perhaps of the mitochondrial membrane, to explain induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Cenedella
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kirksville, Missouri 63501, USA.
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33
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Access of the substrate to the active site of squalene and oxidosqualene cyclases: comparative inhibition, site-directed mutagenesis and homology-modelling studies. Biochem Soc Trans 2005. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0331202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Substrate access to the active-site cavity of squalene-hopene cyclase from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarious and lanosterol synthase [OSC (oxidosqualene cyclase)] from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied by an inhibition, mutagenesis and homology-modelling approach. Crystal structure and homology modelling indicate that both enzymes possess a narrow constriction that separates an entrance lipophilic channel from the active-site cavity. The role of the constriction as a mobile gate that permits substrate passage was investigated by experiments in which critically located Cys residues, either present in native protein or inserted by site-directed mutagenesis, were labelled with specifically designed thiol-reacting molecules. Some amino acid residues of the yeast enzyme, selected on the basis of sequence alignment and a homology model, were individually replaced by residues bearing side chains of different lengths, charges or hydrophobicities. In some of these mutants, substitution severely reduced enzymatic activity and thermal stability. Homology modelling revealed that in these mutants some critical stabilizing interactions could no longer occur. The possible critical role of entrance channel and constriction in specific substrate recognition by eukaryotic OSC is discussed.
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34
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Quantifizierung von Kation-π-Wechselwirkungen in Protein-Ligand-Komplexen: Kristallstrukturanalyse eines Komplexes von Faktor Xa und einem quartären Ammonium-Ion-Liganden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Enzymatische Triterpen-Cyclisierung: neue Mosaikbausteine vervollständigen das Bild. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Cravotto G, Balliano G, Tagliapietra S, Palmisano G, Penoni A. Umbelliferone aminoalkyl derivatives, a new class of squalene-hopene cyclase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2004; 39:917-24. [PMID: 15501540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis is described of several aminoalkyl derivatives of coumarin, obtained in good yields under microwave or high-intensity ultrasound irradiation. These compounds proved uniformly active as inhibitors of squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC) from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius. Their design stemmed from our recent finding that the umbelliferone nucleus acquires inhibitory properties towards SHC when functionalized with a suitable chain such as the omega-epoxyfarnesyl group. Under our experimental conditions the most active ones, such as 7-(4'-allylmethylamino-but-2-ynyloxy)chromen-2-one (IC(50) 0.75 mM), approached the potency of anticholesteremic drug Ro 48-8071 (IC(50) 0.35 mM), an effective inhibitor of both squalene- and oxidosqualene-cyclases (OSC). Tests are in progress to determine their efficacy on different eukaryotic OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dip. to di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, via Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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37
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Oliaro-Bosso S, Viola F, Matsuda S, Cravotto G, Tagliapietra S, Balliano G. Umbelliferone aminoalkyl derivatives as inhibitors of oxidosqualene cyclases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Tripanosoma cruzi, and Pneumocystis carinii. Lipids 2004; 39:1007-12. [PMID: 15691023 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of umbelliferone aminoalkyl derivatives, previously studied as inhibitors of squalene-hopene cyclase, were tested as inhibitors of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) and OSC from Trypanosoma cruzi and Pneumocystis carinii expressed in yeast. Enzymes from these pathogens were included in this study to provide a preliminary screening for antiparasitic activity. Tests were carried out both on cell homogenates incubated with radiolabeled oxidosqualene and on spheroplasts incubated with radiolabeled acetate. Derivatives bearing a methylallylamino group were the most effective on all of the three enzymes. The P. carinii enzyme was the most susceptible to the action of the inhibitors, with IC50 values for almost all of them ranging from 0.1 to 1 microM. The T. cruzi enzyme was appreciably inhibited (IC50 4-5 microM) only by derivatives bearing a methylallylaminoalkyl flexible chain. Results identify a particularly promising new family of OSC inhibitors, for the development of novel antiparasitic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Oliaro-Bosso
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
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38
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Ruf A, Müller F, D'Arcy B, Stihle M, Kusznir E, Handschin C, Morand OH, Thoma R. The monotopic membrane protein human oxidosqualene cyclase is active as monomer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 315:247-54. [PMID: 14766201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The monotopic integral membrane protein 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) catalyzes the formation of lanosterol the first sterol precursor of cholesterol in mammals. Therefore, it is an important target for the development of new hypocholesterolemic drugs. Here, we report the overexpression and purification of functional human OSC (hOSC) in Pichia pastoris. The obtained IC(50) for the reference inhibitor Ro 48-8071 is nearly identical for the recombinant hOSC compared to OSC from human liver microsomes. The correlation of analytical ultracentrifugation data and activity measurements showed the highest enzymatic activity for the monomeric hOSC indicating that this would be the natural form. Furthermore, these data helped us to identify the detergent for a successful crystallization of the protein. The availability of this active recombinant human membrane protein is a very important step on the way to a more detailed functional and structural characterization of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Ruf
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Research Discovery, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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39
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Cravotto G, Balliano G, Robaldo B, Oliaro-Bosso S, Chimichi S, Boccalini M. Farnesyloxycoumarins, a new class of squalene-hopene cyclase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1931-4. [PMID: 15050630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Revised: 01/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A few naturally occurring prenyl- and prenyloxycoumarins and several new related synthetic derivatives were evaluated as inhibitors of squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC), a useful model enzyme, to predict their interactions with oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC). Umbelliprenin-10',11'-monoepoxide (IC(50) 2.5 microM) and the corresponding 6',7'-10',11' diepoxide (IC(50) 1.5 microM) were the most active enzyme inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, via Giuria 9, I-10125 Turin, Italy
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40
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Reinert DJ, Balliano G, Schulz GE. Conversion of Squalene to the Pentacarbocyclic Hopene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 11:121-6. [PMID: 15113001 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2003.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2003] [Accepted: 11/06/2003] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The membrane protein squalene-hopene cyclase was cocrystallized with 2-azasqualene and analyzed by X-ray diffraction to 2.13 A resolution. The conformation of this close analog was clearly established, and it agreed with the common textbook presentation. The bound squalene undergoes only small conformational changes during the formation of rings A through D, thus requiring no intermediate. However, ring E formation is hindered by an entropic barrier, which may explain its absence in the steroids. The structure analysis revealed a mobile region between the active center cavity and the membrane, which may melt, opening a passage for squalene and hopene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J Reinert
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Albertstr. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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41
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Rajamani R, Gao J. Balancing kinetic and thermodynamic control: the mechanism of carbocation cyclization by squalene cyclase. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:12768-81. [PMID: 14558824 DOI: 10.1021/ja0371799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations with a combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) potential have been carried out to investigate the squalene-to-hopene carbocation cyclization mechanism in squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC). The present study is based on free energy simulations by constructing the free energy surface for the cyclization steps along the reaction pathway. The picture that emerges for the carbocation cyclization cascade is a delicate balance of thermodynamic and kinetic control that ultimately favors the formation of the final hopanoids carbon skeleton. A key finding is that the five- to six-membered ring expansion process is not a viable reaction pathway for either C- or D-ring formation in the cyclization reaction. The only significant intermediate is the A/B-bicyclic cyclohexyl cation (III), from which two asynchronous concerted reaction pathways lead to, respectively, the 6,6,6,5-tetracyclic carbon skeleton and the 6,6,6,6,5-pentacyclic hopanoids. Experimentally, these two products are observed to have 1% and 99% yields, respectively, in the wild-type enzyme. We conclude that the product distribution in the wild-type enzyme is dictated by kinetic control of these two reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Rajamani
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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42
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Dehmlow H, Aebi JD, Jolidon S, Ji YH, von der Mark EM, Himber J, Morand OH. Synthesis and structure-activity studies of novel orally active non-terpenoic 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2003; 46:3354-70. [PMID: 12852766 DOI: 10.1021/jm021120f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New orally active non-terpenoic inhibitors of human 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (hOSC) are reported. The starting point for the optimization process was a set of compounds derived from a fungicide project, which in addition to showing high affinity for OSC from Candida albicans showed also high affinity for human OSC. Common structural elements of these inhibitors are an amine residue and an electrophilic carbonyl C atom embedded in a benzophenone system, which are at a distance of about 10.7 A. Considering that the keto moiety is in a potentially labile position, modifications of the substitution pattern at the benzophenone as well as annelated heteroaryl systems were explored. Our approach combined testing of the compounds first for increased binding affinity and for increased stability in vitro. Most promising compounds were then evaluated for their efficacy in lowering plasma total cholesterol (TC) and plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in hyperlipidemic hamsters. In this respect, the most promising compounds are the benzophenone derivative 1.fumarate and the benzo[d]isothiazol 24.fumarate, which lowered TC by 40% and 33%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta Dehmlow
- Pharmaceuticals Division, Preclinical Research, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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