1
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Shao DW, Zhao LJ, Sun JF. Synthesis and clinical application of representative small-molecule dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116464. [PMID: 38704940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels, which can cause many diseases, including osteoporosis, fractures, arthritis, and foot complications. The inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), an enzyme involved in glucose metabolism regulation, are essential for managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The inhibition of DPP-4 has become a promising treatment approach for T2DM because it can increase levels of active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), leading to improved insulin secretion in response to glucose and reduced release of glucagon. The review commences by elucidating the role of DPP-4 in glucose homeostasis and its significance in T2DM pathophysiology. Furthermore, it presents the mechanism of action, preclinical pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and toxicity profiles of small-molecule DPP-4 inhibitors across various clinical stages. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the synthesis and clinical application of DPP-4 inhibitors, serving as an invaluable resource for researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical professionals interested in diabetes therapeutics and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wei Shao
- First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Henan Province, Shangqiu, 476100, China.
| | - Li-Jie Zhao
- The Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States.
| | - Jin-Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, College of Pharmacy, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China; Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Dey PK, Dutta R, Ray M, Jakkula P, Banerjee S, Qureshi IA, Gayen S, Amin SA. Fragment-based QSAR study to explore the structural requirements of DPP-4 inhibitors: a stepping stone towards better type 2 diabetes mellitus management. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 35:483-504. [PMID: 38904353 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2024.2366886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors belong to a prominent group of pharmaceutical agents that are used in the governance of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). They exert their antidiabetic effects by inhibiting the incretin hormones like glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide which, play a pivotal role in the regulation of blood glucose homoeostasis in our body. DPP-4 inhibitors have emerged as an important class of oral antidiabetic drugs for the treatment of T2DM. Surprisingly, only a few 2D-QSAR studies have been reported on DPP-4 inhibitors. Here, fragment-based QSAR (Laplacian-modified Bayesian modelling and Recursive partitioning (RP) approaches have been utilized on a dataset of 108 DPP-4 inhibitors to achieve a deeper understanding of the association among their molecular structures. The Bayesian analysis demonstrated satisfactory ROC values for the training as well as the test sets. Meanwhile, the RP analysis resulted in decision tree 3 with 2 leaves (Tree 3: 2 leaves). This present study is an effort to get an insight into the pivotal fragments modulating DPP-4 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Dey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, JIS University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - R Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, JIS University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - M Ray
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, JIS University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - P Jakkula
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, JIS University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - I A Qureshi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S Gayen
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - S A Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, JIS University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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3
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Carpio LE, Olivares M, Benítez-Paez A, Serrano-Candelas E, Barigye SJ, Sanz Y, Gozalbes R. Comparative Binding Study of Gliptins to Bacterial DPP4-like Enzymes for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5744. [PMID: 38891933 PMCID: PMC11171585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of the gut microbiota and its interplay with host metabolic health, particularly in the context of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management, is garnering increasing attention. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, commonly known as gliptins, constitute a class of drugs extensively used in T2DM treatment. However, their potential interactions with gut microbiota remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed computational methodologies to investigate the binding affinities of various gliptins to DPP4-like homologs produced by intestinal bacteria. The 3D structures of DPP4 homologs from gut microbiota species, including Segatella copri, Phocaeicola vulgatus, Bacteroides uniformis, Parabacteroides merdae, and Alistipes sp., were predicted using computational modeling techniques. Subsequently, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted for 200 ns to ensure the stability of the predicted structures. Stable structures were then utilized to predict the binding interactions with known gliptins through molecular docking algorithms. Our results revealed binding similarities of gliptins toward bacterial DPP4 homologs compared to human DPP4. Specifically, certain gliptins exhibited similar binding scores to bacterial DPP4 homologs as they did with human DPP4, suggesting a potential interaction of these drugs with gut microbiota. These findings could help in understanding the interplay between gliptins and gut microbiota DPP4 homologs, considering the intricate relationship between the host metabolism and microbial communities in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureano E. Carpio
- ProtoQSAR SL, CEEI (Centro Europeo de Empresas Innovadoras), Parque Tecnológico de Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (L.E.C.); (E.S.-C.)
- MolDrug AI Systems SL, 46018 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Olivares
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.O.); (A.B.-P.); (Y.S.)
| | - Alfonso Benítez-Paez
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.O.); (A.B.-P.); (Y.S.)
| | - Eva Serrano-Candelas
- ProtoQSAR SL, CEEI (Centro Europeo de Empresas Innovadoras), Parque Tecnológico de Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (L.E.C.); (E.S.-C.)
| | | | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.O.); (A.B.-P.); (Y.S.)
| | - Rafael Gozalbes
- ProtoQSAR SL, CEEI (Centro Europeo de Empresas Innovadoras), Parque Tecnológico de Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (L.E.C.); (E.S.-C.)
- MolDrug AI Systems SL, 46018 Valencia, Spain
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4
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Jaros SW, Florek M, Bażanów B, Panek J, Krogul-Sobczak A, Oliveira MC, Król J, Śliwińska-Hill U, Nesterov DS, Kirillov AM, Smoleński P. Silver Coordination Polymers Driven by Adamantoid Blocks for Advanced Antiviral and Antibacterial Biomaterials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:13411-13421. [PMID: 38456838 PMCID: PMC10958451 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The development of sustainable biomaterials and surfaces to prevent the accumulation and proliferation of viruses and bacteria is highly demanded in healthcare areas. This study describes the assembly and full characterization of two new bioactive silver(I) coordination polymers (CPs) formulated as [Ag(aca)(μ-PTA)]n·5nH2O (1) and [Ag2(μ-ada)(μ3-PTA)2]n·4nH2O (2). These products were generated by exploiting a heteroleptic approach based on the use of two different adamantoid building blocks, namely 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) and 1-adamantanecarboxylic (Haca) or 1,3-adamantanedicarboxylic (H2ada) acids, resulting in the assembly of 1D (1) and 3D (2). Antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties of the obtained compounds were investigated in detail, followed by their incorporation as bioactive dopants (1 wt %) into hybrid biopolymers based on acid-hydrolyzed starch polymer (AHSP). The resulting materials, formulated as 1@AHSP and 2@AHSP, also featured (i) an exceptional antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 and human adenovirus (HAd-5) and (ii) a remarkable antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Docking experiments, interaction with human serum albumin, mass spectrometry, and antioxidation studies provided insights into the mechanism of antimicrobial action. By reporting these new silver CPs driven by adamantoid building blocks and the derived starch-based materials, this study endows a facile approach to access biopolymers and interfaces capable of preventing and reducing the proliferation of a broad spectrum of different microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina W. Jaros
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Florek
- Department
of Veterinary Microbiology, Wrocław
University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Barbara Bażanów
- Department
of Veterinary Microbiology, Wrocław
University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Panek
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - M. Conceição Oliveira
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento
de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jarosław Król
- Department
of Veterinary Microbiology, Wrocław
University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Urszula Śliwińska-Hill
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Chemical Sciences, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-566 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dmytro S. Nesterov
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento
de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexander M. Kirillov
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento
de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Piotr Smoleński
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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5
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Janin YL. On the origins of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:81-118. [PMID: 38283212 PMCID: PMC10809347 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00493g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to address the world-wide health challenge caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the 3CL protease/SARS-CoV-2 main protease (SARS-CoV-2-Mpro) coded by its nsp5 gene became one of the biochemical targets for the design of antiviral drugs. In less than 3 years of research, 4 inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2-Mpro have actually been authorized for COVID-19 treatment (nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir, leritrelvir and simnotrelvir) and more such as EDP-235, FB-2001 and STI-1558/Olgotrelvir or five undisclosed compounds (CDI-988, ASC11, ALG-097558, QLS1128 and H-10517) are undergoing clinical trials. This review is an attempt to picture this quite unprecedented medicinal chemistry feat and provide insights on how these cysteine protease inhibitors were discovered. Since many series of covalent SARS-CoV-2-Mpro inhibitors owe some of their origins to previous work on other proteases, we first provided a description of various inhibitors of cysteine-bearing human caspase-1 or cathepsin K, as well as inhibitors of serine proteases such as human dipeptidyl peptidase-4 or the hepatitis C protein complex NS3/4A. This is then followed by a description of the results of the approaches adopted (repurposing, structure-based and high throughput screening) to discover coronavirus main protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves L Janin
- Structure et Instabilité des Génomes (StrInG), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, INSERM, CNRS, Alliance Sorbonne Université 75005 Paris France
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6
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Benramdane S, De Loose J, Filippi N, Espadinha M, Beyens O, Rymenant YV, Dirkx L, Bozdag M, Feijens PB, Augustyns K, Caljon G, De Winter H, De Meester I, Van der Veken P. Highly Selective Inhibitors of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 9 (DPP9) Derived from the Clinically Used DPP4-Inhibitor Vildagliptin. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12717-12738. [PMID: 37721854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is a proline-selective serine protease that plays a key role in NLRP1- and CARD8-mediated inflammatory cell death (pyroptosis). No selective inhibitors have hitherto been reported for the enzyme: all published molecules have grossly comparable affinities for DPP8 and 9 because of the highly similar architecture of these enzymes' active sites. Selective DPP9 inhibitors would be highly instrumental to address unanswered research questions on the enzyme's role in pyroptosis, and they could also be investigated as therapeutics for acute myeloid leukemias. Compounds presented in this manuscript (42 and 47) combine low nanomolar DPP9 affinities with unprecedented DPP9-to-DPP8 selectivity indices up to 175 and selectivity indices >1000 toward all other proline-selective proteases. To rationalize experimentally obtained data, a molecular dynamics study was performed. We also provide in vivo pharmacokinetics data for compound 42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siham Benramdane
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Joni De Loose
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Nicolò Filippi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Margarida Espadinha
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Olivier Beyens
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Yentl Van Rymenant
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Laura Dirkx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Murat Bozdag
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Pim-Bart Feijens
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hans De Winter
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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7
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Li Q, Deng X, Xu YJ, Dong L. Development of Long-Acting Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: Structural Evolution and Long-Acting Determinants. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11593-11631. [PMID: 37647598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Considerable effort has been made to achieve less frequent dosing in the development of DPP-4 inhibitors. Enthusiasm for long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors is based on the promise that such agents with less frequent dosing regimens are associated with improved patient adherence, but the rational design of long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors remains a major challenge. In this Perspective, the development of long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors is comprehensively summarized to highlight the evolution of initial lead compounds on the path toward developing long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors over nearly three decades. The determinants for long duration of action are then examined, including the nature of the target, potency, binding kinetics, crystal structures, selectivity, and preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. More importantly, several possible approaches for the rational design of long-acting drugs are discussed. We hope that this information will facilitate the design and development of safer and more effective long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors and other oral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Lin Dong
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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8
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Mathur V, Alam O, Siddiqui N, Jha M, Manaithiya A, Bawa S, Sharma N, Alshehri S, Alam P, Shakeel F. Insight into Structure Activity Relationship of DPP-4 Inhibitors for Development of Antidiabetic Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:5860. [PMID: 37570832 PMCID: PMC10420935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This article sheds light on the various scaffolds that can be used in the designing and development of novel synthetic compounds to create DPP-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review highlights a variety of scaffolds with high DPP-4 inhibition activity, such as pyrazolopyrimidine, tetrahydro pyridopyrimidine, uracil-based benzoic acid and esters, triazole-based, fluorophenyl-based, glycinamide, glycolamide, β-carbonyl 1,2,4-triazole, and quinazoline motifs. The article further explains that the potential of the compounds can be increased by substituting atoms such as fluorine, chlorine, and bromine. Docking of existing drugs like sitagliptin, saxagliptin, and vildagliptin was done using Maestro 12.5, and the interaction with specific residues was studied to gain a better understanding of the active sites of DPP-4. The structural activities of the various scaffolds against DPP-4 were further illustrated by their inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. Additionally, various synthesis schemes were developed to make several commercially available DPP4 inhibitors such as vildagliptin, sitagliptin and omarigliptin. In conclusion, the use of halogenated scaffolds for the development of DPP-4 inhibitors is likely to be an area of increasing interest in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Mathur
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (V.M.); (N.S.); (M.J.); (A.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Ozair Alam
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (V.M.); (N.S.); (M.J.); (A.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Nadeem Siddiqui
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (V.M.); (N.S.); (M.J.); (A.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Mukund Jha
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (V.M.); (N.S.); (M.J.); (A.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Ajay Manaithiya
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (V.M.); (N.S.); (M.J.); (A.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Sandhya Bawa
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (V.M.); (N.S.); (M.J.); (A.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Division of Bioinformatics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prawez Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
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9
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Shah M, Jan MS, Sadiq A, Khan S, Rashid U. SAR and lead optimization of (Z)-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-3-(2-morpholinoacetyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione as a potential multi-target antidiabetic agent. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115591. [PMID: 37393789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
In case of metabolic disorder like Diabetes mellitus (DM), a number of key enzymes are abnormally expressed and hence they might be excellent targets for antidiabetic drug design. Multi-target design strategy has recently attracted great attention to treat challenging diseases. We have previously reported a vanillin-thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrid 3 as multitarget inhibitor of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, PTP-1B and DPP-4. The reported compound predominantly exhibited good in-vitro DPP-4 inhibition only. Current research describes the goal to optimize an early lead compound. The efforts were focused on enhancing the capability of manipulating multiple pathways at the same time for the treatment of diabetes. The central 5-benzylidinethiazolidine-2,4-dione for Lead compound (Z)-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-3-(2-morpholinoacetyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (Z-HMMTD) was left unchanged. While East and West moieties were altered by the introduction of different building blocks conceived by using a number of rounds of predictive docking studies performed on X-ray crystal structures of four target enzymes. This systematic SAR led to the syntheses of new potent multi-target antidiabetic compounds 47-49 and 55-57 with many fold increase in the in-vitro potency compared to Z-HMMTD. The potent compounds showed good in-vitro and in-vivo safety profile. Compound 56 emerged excellent as glucose-uptake promotor via hemi diaphragm of the rat. Moreover, the compounds demonstrated antidiabetic activity in STZ-induced diabetic animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shah
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed Jan
- Department of Pharmacy, Bacha Khan University, 24420, Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, 18000, Chakdara, KP, Pakistan
| | - Sara Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Umer Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
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10
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Selvarajan R, Subramanian R. A Peptide in a Pill - Oral Semaglutide in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:1709-1720. [PMID: 37312901 PMCID: PMC10259523 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s385196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
T2DM (type 2 diabetes mellitus) is a chronic and progressive illness with high morbidity and death rates. Oral semaglutide (Rybelsus®) is a combination of semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA), and sodium N- (8- [2-hydroxybenzoyl] amino) caprylate (SNAC), an absorption enhancer that facilitates semaglutide absorption across the gastric epithelium in a concentration-dependent manner. This family of drugs apart from glucose lowering effects causes significant weight loss with lower risk of hypoglycemia, and some of them have been linked to a significant reduced major adverse cardiovascular events. GLP-1 RAs may assist persons with T2DM and chronic kidney disease (CKD), a major microvascular consequence of T2DM, in ways other than lowering blood sugar. Several large clinical studies, the bulk of which are cardiovascular outcome trials, show that GLP-1 RA treatment is safe and tolerated for persons with T2DM and impaired renal function and that it may potentially have renoprotective characteristics. This article focuses on the advances of oral GLP1-RA and describes the key milestones and predicted advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Selvarajan
- Department of Diabetes and Research Kaveri Healthcare, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rashmi Subramanian
- Department of Research and Development, Kaveri Healthcare, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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11
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Selvarajan R, Subramanian R. A Peptide in a Pill – Oral Semaglutide in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; Volume 16:1709-1720. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s385196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
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12
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Saini K, Sharma S, Khan Y. DPP-4 inhibitors for treating T2DM - hype or hope? an analysis based on the current literature. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1130625. [PMID: 37287751 PMCID: PMC10242023 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1130625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
DPP-4 inhibition is an interesting line of therapy for treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and is based on promoting the incretin effect. Here, the authors have presented a brief appraisal of DPP-4 inhibitors, their modes of action, and the clinical efficiency of currently available drugs based on DPP-4 inhibitors. The safety profiles as well as future directions including their potential application in improving COVID-19 patient outcomes have also been discussed in detail. This review also highlights the existing queries and evidence gaps in DPP-4 inhibitor research. Authors have concluded that the excitement surrounding DPP-4 inhibitors is justified because in addition to controlling blood glucose level, they are good at managing risk factors associated with diabetes.
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13
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Isin EM. Unusual Biotransformation Reactions of Drugs and Drug Candidates. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:413-426. [PMID: 36653118 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed assessment of the fate of drugs in nonclinical test species and humans is essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines in patients. In this context, biotransformation of drugs and drug candidates has been an area of keen interest over many decades in the pharmaceutical industry as well as academia. Although many of the enzymes and biotransformation pathways involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and more specifically drugs have been well characterized, each drug molecule is unique and constitutes specific challenges for the biotransformation scientist. In this mini-review written for the special issue on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary celebration of Drug Metabolism and Disposition and to celebrate contributions of F. Peter Guengerich, one of the pioneers of the drug metabolism field, recently reported "unusual" biotransformation reactions are presented. Scientific and technological advances in the "toolbox" of the biotransformation scientists are summarized. As the pharmaceutical industry continues to explore therapeutic modalities different from the traditional small molecule drugs, the new challenges confronting the biotransformation scientist as well as future opportunities are discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: For the biotransformation scientists, it is essential to share and be aware of unexpected biotransformation reactions so that they can increase their confidence in predicting metabolites of drugs in humans to ensure the safety and efficacy of these metabolites before the medicines reach large numbers of patients. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent observations of "unusual" metabolites so that the scientists working in the area of drug metabolism can strengthen their readiness in expecting the unexpected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre M Isin
- Translational Medicine, Servier, 25/27 Rue Eugène Vignat, 45000, Orléans, France
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14
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Harada K, Takashima M, Kitaguchi T, Tsuboi T. F-actin determines the time-dependent shift in docking dynamics of glucagon-like peptide-1 granules upon stimulation of secretion. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:657-671. [PMID: 36694275 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although exocytosis can be categorized into several forms based on docking dynamics, temporal regulatory mechanisms of the exocytotic forms are unclear. We explored the dynamics of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) exocytosis in murine GLUTag cells (GLP-1-secreting enteroendocrine L-cells) upon stimulation with deoxycholic acid (DCA) or high K+ to elucidate the mechanisms regulating the balance between the different types of exocytotic forms (pre-docked with the plasma membrane before stimulation; docked after stimulation and subsequently fused; or rapidly recruited and fused after stimulation, without stable docking). GLP-1 exocytosis showed a biphasic pattern, and we found that most exocytosis was from the pre-docked granules with the plasma membrane before stimulation, or granules rapidly fused to the plasma membrane without docking after stimulation. In contrast, granules docked with the plasma membrane after stimuli and eventually fused were predominant thereafter. Inhibition of actin polymerization suppressed exocytosis of the pre-docked granules. These results suggest that the docking dynamics of GLP-1 granules shows a time-dependent biphasic shift, which is determined by interaction with F-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Harada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maoko Takashima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kitaguchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuboi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Pashenko AE, Gaidai A, Hryhoriev N, Volovenko O, Levandovskiy I, Maksymenko O, Volochnyuk DM, Ryabukhin SV. Scale-Up Synthesis of 1-Methyladamantane and Its Functionalization as a Key Point for Promising Antiviral Agents. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Pashenko
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska Street, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska Street, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alexandr Gaidai
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska Street, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska Street, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
- National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, 37 Peremohy Avenue, 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nazar Hryhoriev
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska Street, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
- National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, 37 Peremohy Avenue, 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Igor Levandovskiy
- National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, 37 Peremohy Avenue, 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olga Maksymenko
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska Street, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy M. Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska Street, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska Street, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergey V. Ryabukhin
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska Street, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska Street, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
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16
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Brewitz L, Dumjahn L, Zhao Y, Owen CD, Laidlaw SM, Malla TR, Nguyen D, Lukacik P, Salah E, Crawshaw AD, Warren AJ, Trincao J, Strain-Damerell C, Carroll MW, Walsh MA, Schofield CJ. Alkyne Derivatives of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors Including Nirmatrelvir Inhibit by Reacting Covalently with the Nucleophilic Cysteine. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2663-2680. [PMID: 36757959 PMCID: PMC9924091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Nirmatrelvir (PF-07321332) is a nitrile-bearing small-molecule inhibitor that, in combination with ritonavir, is used to treat infections by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Nirmatrelvir interrupts the viral life cycle by inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), which is essential for processing viral polyproteins into functional nonstructural proteins. We report studies which reveal that derivatives of nirmatrelvir and other Mpro inhibitors with a nonactivated terminal alkyne group positioned similarly to the electrophilic nitrile of nirmatrelvir can efficiently inhibit isolated Mpro and SARS-CoV-2 replication in cells. Mass spectrometric and crystallographic evidence shows that the alkyne derivatives inhibit Mpro by apparent irreversible covalent reactions with the active site cysteine (Cys145), while the analogous nitriles react reversibly. The results highlight the potential for irreversible covalent inhibition of Mpro and other nucleophilic cysteine proteases by alkynes, which, in contrast to nitriles, can be functionalized at their terminal position to optimize inhibition and selectivity, as well as pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Brewitz
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford
Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Dumjahn
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford
Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford
Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - C. David Owen
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- Research
Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, United
Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. Laidlaw
- Wellcome
Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Tika R. Malla
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford
Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Wellcome
Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Petra Lukacik
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- Research
Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, United
Kingdom
| | - Eidarus Salah
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford
Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Adam D. Crawshaw
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Anna J. Warren
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Trincao
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Strain-Damerell
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- Research
Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, United
Kingdom
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- Wellcome
Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Martin A. Walsh
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- Research
Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, United
Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford
Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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17
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Bonatto V, Lameiro RF, Rocho FR, Lameira J, Leitão A, Montanari CA. Nitriles: an attractive approach to the development of covalent inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:201-217. [PMID: 36846367 PMCID: PMC9945868 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00204c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitriles have broad applications in medicinal chemistry, with more than 60 small molecule drugs on the market containing the cyano functional group. In addition to the well-known noncovalent interactions that nitriles can perform with macromolecular targets, they are also known to improve drug candidates' pharmacokinetic profiles. Moreover, the cyano group can be used as an electrophilic warhead to covalently bind an inhibitor to a target of interest, forming a covalent adduct, a strategy that can present benefits over noncovalent inhibitors. This approach has gained much notoriety in recent years, mainly with diabetes and COVID-19-approved drugs. Nevertheless, the application of nitriles in covalent ligands is not restricted to it being the reactive center, as it can also be employed to convert irreversible inhibitors into reversible ones, a promising strategy for kinase inhibition and protein degradation. In this review, we introduce and discuss the roles of the cyano group in covalent inhibitors, how to tune its reactivity and the possibility of achieving selectivity only by replacing the warhead. Finally, we provide an overview of nitrile-based covalent compounds in approved drugs and inhibitors recently described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Bonatto
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400 13566-590 São Carlos/SP Brazil
| | - Rafael F Lameiro
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400 13566-590 São Carlos/SP Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Rocho
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400 13566-590 São Carlos/SP Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400 13566-590 São Carlos/SP Brazil
- Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Pará Rua Augusto Correa S/N Belém PA Brazil
| | - Andrei Leitão
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400 13566-590 São Carlos/SP Brazil
| | - Carlos A Montanari
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400 13566-590 São Carlos/SP Brazil
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18
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Ivleva EA, Zaborskaya MS, Shiryaev VA, Klimochkin YN. One pot synthesis of bridgehead amino alcohols from diamantoid hydrocarbons. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2023.2177173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Ivleva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russian Federation
| | - Maria S. Zaborskaya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim A. Shiryaev
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri N. Klimochkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russian Federation
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19
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Oxygen transfer reaction of haloalkyl amides catalyzed by phenylboronic acid. Commun Chem 2023; 6:29. [PMID: 36765132 PMCID: PMC9918490 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrile derivatives are important building blocks in organic synthesis. Herein, we report the serendipitous discovery of an oxygen transfer reaction that produces hydroxyalkyl nitriles from the sequential dehydration and hydrolysis of haloalkyl amides. Product yields of up to 91% were achieved, and the phenylboronic acid was recovered as triphenylboroxine. The triphenylboroxine was reused as a catalyst without any loss of catalytic activity. A probable catalytic pathway was proposed based on control experiments and DFT calculations.
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20
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Abkar Aras M, Moshtaghi Zonouz A. Synthesis of novel adamantane-containing dihydropyrimidines utilizing Biginelli condensation reaction. J Sulphur Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2023.2166348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Abkar Aras
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adeleh Moshtaghi Zonouz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
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21
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Proline based rationally designed peptide esters against dipeptidyl peptidase-4: Highly potent anti-diabetic agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 76:129018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Dos Santos AM, Oliveira ARS, da Costa CHS, Kenny PW, Montanari CA, Varela JDJG, Lameira J. Assessment of Reversibility for Covalent Cysteine Protease Inhibitors Using Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Free Energy Surfaces. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:4083-4094. [PMID: 36044342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) potentials to investigate the reaction mechanism for covalent inhibition of cathepsin K and assess the reversibility of inhibition. The computed free energy profiles suggest that a nucleophilic attack by the catalytic cysteine on the inhibitor warhead and proton transfer from the catalytic histidine occur in a concerted manner. The results indicate that the reaction is more strongly exergonic for the alkyne-based inhibitors, which bind irreversibly to cathepsin K, than for the nitrile-based inhibitor odanacatib, which binds reversibly. Gas-phase energies were also calculated for the addition of methanethiol to structural prototypes for a number of warheads of interest in cysteine protease inhibitor design in order to assess electrophilicity. The approaches presented in this study are particularly applicable to assessment of novel warheads, and computed transition state geometries can be incorporated into molecular models for covalent docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto M Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa S/N, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil.,Laboratório de Química Quântica Computacional, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65080 401 São Luis, MA, Brazil
| | - Amanda Ruslana Santana Oliveira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa S/N, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Clauber H S da Costa
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa S/N, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Peter W Kenny
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Montanari
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaldyr de Jesus G Varela
- Laboratório de Química Quântica Computacional, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65080 401 São Luis, MA, Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa S/N, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
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23
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Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP4) on COVID-19 Physiopathology. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10082026. [PMID: 36009573 PMCID: PMC9406088 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10082026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DPP4/CD26 is a single-pass transmembrane protein with multiple functions on glycemic control, cell migration and proliferation, and the immune system, among others. It has recently acquired an especial relevance due to the possibility to act as a receptor or co-receptor for SARS-CoV-2, as it has been already demonstrated for other coronaviruses. In this review, we analyze the evidence for the role of DPP4 on COVID-19 risk and clinical outcome, and its contribution to COVID-19 physiopathology. Due to the pathogenetic links between COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus and the hyperinflammatory response, with the hallmark cytokine storm developed very often during the disease, we dive deep into the functions of DPP4 on carbohydrate metabolism and immune system regulation. We show that the broad spectrum of functions regulated by DPP4 is performed both as a protease enzyme, as well as an interacting partner of other molecules on the cell surface. In addition, we provide an update of the DPP4 inhibitors approved by the EMA and/or the FDA, together with the newfangled approval of generic drugs (in 2021 and 2022). This review will also cover the effects of DPP4 inhibitors (i.e., gliptins) on the progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection, showing the role of DPP4 in this disturbing disease.
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24
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Mamedov VA, Mamedova VL, Syakaev VV, Voronina JK, Mahrous EM, Khikmatova GZ, Korshin DE, Shamsutdinova LR, Rizvanov IK. Synthesis of 3-benzylquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones and 4-formyl-3-benzyl-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones from 3-aryloxirane-2-carboxamides via 5-arylidene-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-oxazolidin-4-ones. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Guo Z, Kong F, Xie N, Chen Z, Hu J, Chen X. Mechanistic Study on the Effect of Renal Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics of Vildagliptin and its Carboxylic Acid Metabolite. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2147-2162. [PMID: 35790618 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify the mechanism of renal impairment leading to different degrees of increased plasma exposure to dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor vildagliptin and its major metabolite, M20.7. METHODS The 5/6 nephrectomized (5/6 Nx) rat model, to simulate chronic renal failure (CRF) patients, combined with kidney slices and transporter studies in vitro were used to assess this pharmacokinetic differences. RESULTS After intragastric administration to 5/6 Nx rats, vildagliptin showed increased plasma levels by 45.8%, and M20.7 by 7.51 times, which was similar to patients with severe renal impairment. The recovery rate of M20.7 in urine and feces increased by less than 20%, showing limited effect of renal impairment on vildagliptin metabolism. In vitro studies found M20.7 to be the substrate for organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3). However, the active uptake of M20.7 in renal slices showed no difference between the 5/6 Nx and normal rats. In OAT3 overexpressed cells, the protein-bound uremic toxins, 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF), hippuric acid (HA) and indoxyl sulfate (IS), which accumulate in CRF patients, inhibited M20.7 uptake with IC50 values of 5.75, 29.0 and 69.5 μM respectively, far lower than plasma concentrations in CRF patients, and showed a mixed inhibition type. CONCLUSIONS The large increase in plasma exposure of M20.7 could be attributed to the accumulation of uremic toxins in CRF patients, which inhibited OAT3 activity and blocked renal excretion of M20.7, while vildagliptin, with high permeability, showed a slight increase in plasma exposure due to reduced glomerular filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitao Guo
- School of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road BaoShan District, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fandi Kong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ningjie Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhendong Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiafeng Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- School of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road BaoShan District, Shanghai, 200444, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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26
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Benramdane S, De Loose J, Beyens O, Van Rymenant Y, Vliegen G, Augustyns K, De Winter H, De Meester I, Van der Veken P. Vildagliptin‐Derived Dipeptidyl Peptidase 9 (DPP9) Inhibitors: Identification of a DPP8/9‐Specific Lead. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200097. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siham Benramdane
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Joni De Loose
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Olivier Beyens
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Yentl Van Rymenant
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Gwendolyn Vliegen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Hans De Winter
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Pieter Van der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Antwerp Belgium
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Yin R, Xu Y, Wang X, Yang L, Zhao D. Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors in Antidiabetic Treatment. Molecules 2022; 27:3055. [PMID: 35630534 PMCID: PMC9147686 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, important changes have occurred in the field of diabetes treatment. The focus of the treatment of diabetic patients has shifted from the control of blood glucose itself to the overall management of risk factors, while adjusting blood glucose goals according to individualization. In addition, regulators need to approve new antidiabetic drugs which have been tested for cardiovascular safety. Thus, the newest class of drugs has been shown to reduce major adverse cardiovascular events, including sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) and some glucagon like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1) analog. As such, they have a prominent place in the hyperglycemia treatment algorithms. In recent years, the role of DPP4 inhibitors (DPP4i) has been modified. DPP4i have a favorable safety profile and anti-inflammatory profile, do not cause hypoglycemia or weight gain, and do not require dose escalation. In addition, it can also be applied to some types of chronic kidney disease patients and elderly patients with diabetes. Overall, DPP4i, as a class of safe oral hypoglycemic agents, have a role in the management of diabetic patients, and there is extensive experience in their use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Center for Endocrine Metabolic and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China; (R.Y.); (Y.X.); (X.W.); (L.Y.)
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28
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Huang W, Zhang L, Li Z. Advances in computer-aided drug design for type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:461-472. [PMID: 35254188 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2047644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The number of diabetic patients is increasing, posing a heavy social and economic burden worldwide. Traditional drug development technology is time-consuming and costly, and the emergence of computer-aided drug design (CADD) has changed this situation. This study reviews the applications of CADD in diabetic drug designing. AREAS COVERED In this article, the authors focus on the advance in CADD in diabetic drug design by elaborating the discovery, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DDP-IV), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 (SGLT-2), and glucokinase (GK). Some drug discovery of these targets is related to CADD strategies. EXPERT OPINION There is no doubt that CADD has contributed to the discovery of novel anti-diabetic agents. However, there are still many limitations and challenges, such as lack of co-crystal complex, dynamic simulations, water, and metal ion treatment. In the near future, artificial intelligence (AI) may be a promising strategy to accelerate drug discovery and reduce costs by identifying candidates. Moreover, AlphaFold, a deep learning model that predicts the 3D structure of proteins, represents a considerable advancement in the structural prediction of proteins, especially in the absence of homologous templates for protein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiu Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Nonnhoff J, Gröger H. Process Development of the Copper(II)-Catalyzed Dehydration of a Chiral Aldoxime and Rational Selection of the Co-Substrate. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202100230. [PMID: 34889532 PMCID: PMC8734112 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The access towards chiral nitriles remains crucial in the synthesis of several pharmaceuticals. One approach is based on metal-catalyzed dehydration of chiral aldoximes, which are generated from chiral pool-derived aldehydes as substrates, and the use of a cheap and readily available nitrile as co-substrate and water acceptor. Dehydration of N-acyl α-amino aldoximes such as N-Boc-l-prolinal oxime catalyzed by copper(II) acetate provides access to the corresponding N-acyl α-amino nitriles, which are substructures of the pharmaceuticals Vildagliptin and Saxagliptin. In this work, a detailed investigation of the formation of the amide as a by-product at higher substrate loadings is performed. The amide formation depends on the electronic properties of the nitrile co-substrate. We could identify an acceptor nitrile which completely suppressed amide formation at high substrate loadings of 0.5 m even when being used with only 2 equivalents. In detail, utilization of trichloroacetonitrile as such an acceptor nitrile enabled the synthesis of N-Boc-cyanopyrrolidine in a high yield of 92 % and with full retention of the absolute configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Nonnhoff
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and BiotechnologyFaculty of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and BiotechnologyFaculty of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
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30
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Shindo N, Ojida A. Recent progress in covalent warheads for in vivo targeting of endogenous proteins. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 47:116386. [PMID: 34509863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Covalent drugs exert potent and durable activity by chemical modification of the endogenous target protein in vivo. To maximize the pharmacological efficacy while alleviating the risk of toxicity due to nonspecific off-target reactions, current covalent drug discovery focuses on the development of targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs), wherein a reactive group (warhead) is strategically incorporated onto a reversible ligand of the target protein to facilitate specific covalent engagement. Various aspects of warheads, such as intrinsic reactivity, chemoselectivity, mode of reaction, and reversibility of the covalent engagement, would affect the target selectivity of TCIs. Although TCIs clinically approved to date largely rely on Michael acceptor-type electrophiles for cysteine targeting, a wide array of novel warheads have been devised and tested in TCI development in recent years. In this short review, we provide an overview of recent progress in chemistry for selective covalent targeting of proteins and their applications in TCI designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Shindo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akio Ojida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku Fukuoka, Japan.
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31
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Gumieniczek A, Berecka-Rycerz A, Fornal E, Żyżyńska-Granica B, Granica S. Comprehensive Insight into Chemical Stability of Important Antidiabetic Drug Vildagliptin Using Chromatography (LC-UV and UHPLC-DAD-MS) and Spectroscopy (Mid-IR and NIR with PCA). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185632. [PMID: 34577104 PMCID: PMC8472283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During forced degradation, the intrinsic stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) could be determined and possible impurities that would occur during the shelf life of the drug substance or the drug product could be estimated. Vildagliptin belongs to relatively new oral antidiabetic drugs named gliptins, inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) and prolonging the activities of the endogenous incretin hormones. At the same time, some gliptins were shown as prone to degradation under specific pH and temperature conditions, as well as in the presence of some reactive excipients. Thus, forced degradation of vildagliptin was performed at high temperature in extreme pH and oxidative conditions. Then, selective LC-UV was used for quantitative determination of non-degraded vildagliptin in the presence of its degradation products and for degradation kinetics. Finally, identification of degradation products of vildagliptin was performed using an UHPLC-DAD-MS with positive ESI. Stability of vildagliptin was also examined in the presence of pharmaceutical excipients, using mid-IR and NIR with principal component analysis (PCA). At 70 °C almost complete disintegration of vildagliptin occurred in acidic, basic, and oxidative media. What is more, high degradation of vildagliptin following the pseudo first-order kinetics was observed at room temperature with calculated k values 4.76 × 10−4 s−1, 3.11 × 10−4 s−1, and 1.73 × 10−4 s−1 for oxidative, basic and acidic conditions, respectively. Next, new degradation products of vildagliptin were detected using UHPLC-DAD-MS and their molecular structures were proposed. Three degradants were formed under basic and acidic conditions, and were identified as [(3-hydroxytricyclo- [3.3.1.13,7]decan-1-yl)amino]acetic acid, 1-{[(3-hydroxytricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan-1-yl)amino]acetyl}-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid and its O-methyl ester. The fourth degradant was formed in basic, acidic, and oxidative conditions, and was identified as 1-{[(3-hydroxytricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]-decan-1-yl)amino]acetyl}pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide. When stability of vildagliptin was examined in the presence of four excipients under high temperature and humidity, a visible impact of lactose, mannitol, magnesium stearate, and polyvinylpirrolidone was observed, affecting-NH- and CO groups of the drug. The obtained results (kinetic parameters, interactions with excipients) may serve pharmaceutical industry to prevent chemical changes in final pharmaceutical products containing vildagliptin. Other results (e.g., identification of new degradation products) may serve as a starting point for qualifying new degradants of vildagliptin as it is related to substances in pharmacopoeias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gumieniczek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+48-814-487-380; Fax:+48-814-487-381
| | - Anna Berecka-Rycerz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Emilia Fornal
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Barbara Żyżyńska-Granica
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
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Osman DA, Macías MA, Al-Wahaibi LH, Al-Shaalan NH, Zondagh LS, Joubert J, Garcia-Granda S, El-Emam AA. Structural Insights and Docking Analysis of Adamantane-Linked 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives as Potential 11β-HSD1 Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:5335. [PMID: 34500764 PMCID: PMC8433897 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The solid-state structural analysis and docking studies of three adamantane-linked 1,2,4-triazole derivatives are presented. Crystal structure analyses revealed that compound 2 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group, while compounds 1 and 3 crystallize in the same monoclinic P21/c space group. Since the only difference between them is the para substitution on the aryl group, the electronic nature of these NO2 and halogen groups seems to have no influence over the formation of the solid. However, a probable correlation with the size of the groups is not discarded due to the similar intermolecular disposition between the NO2/Cl substituted molecules. Despite the similarities, CE-B3LYP energy model calculations show that pairwise interaction energies vary between them, and therefore the total packing energy is affected. HOMO-LUMO calculated energies show that the NO2 group influences the reactivity properties characterizing the molecule as soft and with the best disposition to accept electrons. Further, in silico studies predicted that the compounds might be able to inhibit the 11β-HSD1 enzyme, which is implicated in obesity and diabetes. Self- and cross-docking experiments revealed that a number of non-native 11β-HSD1 inhibitors were able to accurately dock within the 11β-HSD1 X-ray structure 4C7J. The molecular docking of the adamantane-linked 1,2,4-triazoles have similar predicted binding affinity scores compared to the 4C7J native ligand 4YQ. However, they were unable to form interactions with key active site residues. Based on these docking results, a series of potentially improved compounds were designed using computer aided drug design tools. The docking results of the new compounds showed similar predicted 11β-HSD1 binding affinity scores as well as interactions to a known potent 11β-HSD1 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa A. Osman
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Oviedo University-CINN, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (D.A.O.); (S.G.-G.)
| | - Mario A. Macías
- Crystallography and Chemistry of Materials, CrisQuimMat, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia;
| | - Lamya H. Al-Wahaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nora H. Al-Shaalan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Luke S. Zondagh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (L.S.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Jacques Joubert
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (L.S.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Santiago Garcia-Granda
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Oviedo University-CINN, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (D.A.O.); (S.G.-G.)
| | - Ali A. El-Emam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Sagandira CR, Khasipo AZ, Sagandira MB, Watts P. An overview of the synthetic routes to essential oral anti-diabetes drugs. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sharma M, Agrawal SS. Bioequivalence study of different brands of vildagliptin in healthy human subjects. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Vildagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor used to treat diabetes mellitus. No bioequivalence study data have been published for the Indian population comparing bioequivalence of vildagliptin brands Galvus, Zomelis, and Jalra. This study aimed to evaluate the bioequivalence between three brands of vildagliptin 50 mg tablet (test 1, Zomelis; test 2, Jalra; and reference, Galvus) and to compare these test formulations with the reference formulation to meet the regulatory requirements of bioequivalence of CDSCO, India. The study was conducted in the clinical research center of the college after enrolling 12 healthy volunteers. This study was a single-dose, randomized, open-label, balanced, three treatment, three period, under fasting condition in 12 adult healthy volunteers. After overnight fasting, the subjects received a single dose of either of any three brands of the vildagliptin tablet (T1—test 1; T2—test 2; and R—reference). The washout period was 7 days. Randomization was in the way of T1T2R in the first period, T2T1R in the second period, and RT1T2 in the third period. Blood samples were collected, after that drug concentration in the plasma was measured with the help of HPLC. Outcome measures 90% confidence interval of the geometric mean ratios (test/reference) for the LnCmax, LnAUC0-t, and LnAUC0-∞ was calculated.
Results
The AUC0-t was 1390.03, 1401.50, and 1409.37 ng h/ml for the T1, T2, and R, respectively. Cmax was 287.89, 287.41, and 285.17 ng/ml for the T1, T2, and R, respectively. AUC0-∞ was 1452.03, 1467.59, and 1473.53 ng h/ml for the T1, T2, and R, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters between the T1, T2, and R. The geometric mean ratios for T1/R for LnCmax, LnAUC0-t, and LnAUC0-∞ were 1.0014 (90% CI, 1.0002–1.0026), 0.9992 (90% CI, 0.9971–1.0013), and 0.9994 (90% CI, 0.9973–1.0016), respectively. For the T2/R, geometric mean ratios for LnCmax, LnAUC0-t, and LnAUC0-∞ were 1.0003 (90% CI, 0.9992–1.0013), 0.9988 (90% CI, 0.9969–1.0008), and 0.9985 (90% CI, 0.9961–1.0010), respectively.
Conclusion
In this single-dose study involving Indian healthy volunteers under fasting conditions, the three brands of vildagliptin (Zomelis, Jalra, and Galvus) were bioequivalent as per the bioequivalence criterion of CDSCO, India.
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Tomovic K, Ilic BS, Smelcerovic A. Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of Cocrystallized Gliptin-like Pyrrolidine, Trifluorophenyl, and Pyrimidine-2,4-Dione Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9639-9648. [PMID: 34190540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Approved and potent reported dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors with gliptin-like structures are classified here according to their structures and mechanisms of the inhibition in three groups: (i) those with pyrrolidine or analogs as P1 fragment with α-aminoacyl linker, (ii) structures with trifluorophenyl moiety or analogs as P1 fragment with β-aminobutanoyl linker, and (iii) DPP-4 inhibitors with pyrimidine-2,4-dione or analogs as P1' fragment. The structure-activity relationship analysis was performed for those whose cocrystallized structures with the enzyme were published. While inhibitors with pyrrolidine and trifluorophenyl moiety or analogs as P1 fragment bind in a similar way in S1, S2 and S2 extensive domains of the enzyme, the binding mode of pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivatives/analogs differs with additional interactions in S1' and S2' pockets. Three general schemes of fragmented gliptins and gliptin-like structures with the enzyme and protein-ligand interaction fingerprints were made, which might be useful in the creation of DPP-4 inhibitor's design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Tomovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Budimir S Ilic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Andrija Smelcerovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia
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Sun F, Wang T, Cheng GJ, Fang X. Enantioselective Nickel-Catalyzed Hydrocyanative Desymmetrization of Norbornene Derivatives. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Gui-Juan Cheng
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518172, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Development, School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Xianjie Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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Abouelkheir M. Evaluation of Dual Inhibitory Effect of Anagliptin, Ramipril, and Lisinopril on Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and DPP-4 Activities. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:582-588. [PMID: 34077352 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210601104117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously tested two angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and two dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors for dual enzyme inhibitory effect. Only two DPP-4 inhibitors, linagliptin and sitagliptin, were able to inhibit ACE. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we investigated if other inhibitors of ACE or DPP-4 could simultaneously inhibit the activities of both DPP-4 and ACE. METHODS Forty Sprague Dawley rats were used. The control group received saline only. The other three groups were treated with anagliptin, ramipril, or lisinopril. Two different doses were tested, separated with a 6-day drug-free interval. Angiotensin II (ang II) levels, the activities of ACE, and DPP-4 were measured from blood samples at baseline and days 1, 10, and 14. After the oral glucose challenge, levels of the active form of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were measured. RESULTS Regardless of the dose, anagliptin did not show any inhibitory effect on the activity of ACE or ang II levels. For ramipril and lisinopril, only a high dose of lisinopril was able to produce a modest reduction of the DPP-4 activity, but it was not enough to inhibit the inactivation of GLP-1. CONCLUSION It seems that while most ACE inhibitors cannot affect DPP-4 activity, inhibitors of DPP-4 vary in their effect on ACE activity. The selection of DPP-4 inhibitors under different clinical situations should take into account the action of these drugs on ACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abouelkheir
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
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DBPR108, a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor with antihyperglycemic activity. Life Sci 2021; 278:119574. [PMID: 33961850 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a valid molecular drug target from which its inhibitors have been developed as medicines for treating diabetes. The present study evaluated a new synthetic DPP-4-specific inhibitor of small molecule DBPR108 for pharmacology and pharmacokinetic profiles. MAIN METHODS DBPR108 of various doses was orally administered to rats, diabetic mice, and dogs and the systemic circulating DPP-4 activities in the animals were measured to demonstrate the pharmacological mechanisms of action via DPP-4 inhibition. Upon an oral administration of DBPR108, the serum active GLP-1 and insulin levels of the rats challenged with an oral glucose ingestion were measured. Oral glucose tolerance test in diet-induced obese mice was performed to examine if DBPR108 increases the glucose tolerability in animals. KEY FINDINGS Orally administered DBPR108 inhibited the systemic plasma DPP-4 activities in rats, dogs and diabetic mice in a dose-dependent manner. DBPR108 caused elevated serum levels of active GLP-1 and insulin in the rats. DBPR108 dose-dependently increased the glucose tolerability in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and, furthermore, DIO mice treated with DBPR108 (0.1 mg/kg) in combination with metformin (50 or 100 mg/kg) showed a prominently strong increase in the glucose tolerability. SIGNIFICANCE DBPR108 is a novel DPP-4-selective inhibitor of small molecule that demonstrated potent in vivo pharmacological effects and good safety profiles in animals. DBPR108 is now a drug candidate being further developed in the clinical studies as therapeutics for treating diabetes.
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Kim HR, Tagirasa R, Yoo E. Covalent Small Molecule Immunomodulators Targeting the Protease Active Site. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5291-5322. [PMID: 33904753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the immune system utilize multiple proteases to regulate cell functions and orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses. Dysregulated protease activities are implicated in many immune-related disorders; thus, protease inhibitors have been actively investigated for pharmaceutical development. Although historically considered challenging with concerns about toxicity, compounds that covalently modify the protease active site represent an important class of agents, emerging not only as chemical probes but also as approved drugs. Here, we provide an overview of technologies useful for the study of proteases with the focus on recent advances in chemoproteomic methods and screening platforms. By highlighting covalent inhibitors that have been designed to target immunomodulatory proteases, we identify opportunities for the development of small molecule immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Rae Kim
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Ravichandra Tagirasa
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Euna Yoo
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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Gudipati RK, Braun K, Gypas F, Hess D, Schreier J, Carl SH, Ketting RF, Großhans H. Protease-mediated processing of Argonaute proteins controls small RNA association. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2388-2402.e8. [PMID: 33852894 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Small RNA pathways defend the germlines of animals against selfish genetic elements, yet pathway activities need to be contained to prevent silencing of self genes. Here, we reveal a proteolytic mechanism that controls endogenous small interfering (22G) RNA activity in the Caenorhabditis elegans germline to protect genome integrity and maintain fertility. We find that DPF-3, a P-granule-localized N-terminal dipeptidase orthologous to mammalian dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 8/9, processes the unusually proline-rich N termini of WAGO-1 and WAGO-3 Argonaute (Ago) proteins. Without DPF-3 activity, these WAGO proteins lose their proper complement of 22G RNAs. Desilencing of repeat-containing and transposon-derived transcripts, DNA damage, and acute sterility ensue. These phenotypes are recapitulated when WAGO-1 and WAGO-3 are rendered resistant to DPF-3-mediated processing, identifying them as critical substrates of DPF-3. We conclude that N-terminal processing of Ago proteins regulates their activity and promotes silencing of selfish genetic elements by ensuring Ago association with appropriate small RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Kanth Gudipati
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel 4058, Switzerland.
| | - Kathrin Braun
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Foivos Gypas
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hess
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Jan Schreier
- Biology of Non-coding RNA, Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany; International PhD Programme on Gene Regulation, Epigenetics & Genome Stability, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah H Carl
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - René F Ketting
- Biology of Non-coding RNA, Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Helge Großhans
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel 4058, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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41
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Wassel MMS, Ammar YA, Elhag Ali GAM, Belal A, Mehany ABM, Ragab A. Development of adamantane scaffold containing 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives: Design, synthesis, anti-proliferative activity and molecular docking study targeting EGFR. Bioorg Chem 2021; 110:104794. [PMID: 33735711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 1,3,4-thiadiazolo-adamantane derivatives were synthesized through molecular hybridization approach, then used as starting material to synthesize chloro and cyano acetamide-thiadiazole derivatives 2, 3. The newly designed compounds 1-3 were treated with different reagents to design 5-adamantyl thiadiazole derivatives 4-17 and evaluate their in vitro anti-proliferative activity against three cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HepG-2 and A549). Doxorubicin was used as a positive control. The most promising compounds 5, 6, 10a, 10b, 14b, 14c, and 17 showed up-regulation for BAX and down-regulation of Bcl-2, these findings proved their role as hopeful apoptotic inducers. In addition, the inhibitory activity against both wild EGFRWT and mutant EGFRL858R-TK for these derivatives revealed that compounds 5, 14c, and 17 have IC50 value ranging from 85 nM to 71.5 nM against wild EGFRWT and 37.85-41.19 nM against the mutant type, Lapatinib was used as a reference standard with IC50 values of 31.8 nM and 39.53 nM, respectively. The most potent derivatives were subjected to further evaluation against double mutant EGFR L858R/T790M and showed good IC50 values between (0.27-0.78 nM) compared to Lapatinib (0.18 nM) and Erlotinib (0.21 nM). Among them, thiazolo-thiadiazole adamantane derivative 17 exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity to the EGFR. Molecular docking studies were performed inside the active site of EGFR (1M17), and binding energy scores ranged between (-19.19 to -22.07 Kcal/mol) compared to Erlotinib (-19.10 Kcal/mol). Furthermore, oral bioavailability beside some pharmacokinetics properties of these derivatives were also investigated in this research work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M S Wassel
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousry A Ammar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Gameel A M Elhag Ali
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Ahmed B M Mehany
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ragab
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884 Cairo, Egypt.
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42
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Yoon H, Sung JH, Song MJ. Effects of the Antidiabetic Drugs Evogliptin and Sitagliptin on the Immune Function of CD26/DPP4 in Th1 Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:154-165. [PMID: 33148870 PMCID: PMC7921863 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether the antidiabetic drugs dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors such as evogliptin and sitagliptin affect the membrane DPP4 (mDPP4) enzymatic activity and immune function of T helper1 (Th1) cells in terms of cytokine expression and cell profiles. The mDPP4 enzymatic activity, cytokine expression, and cell profiles, including cell counts, cell viability, DNA synthesis, and apoptosis, were measured in pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-activated CD4+CD26+ H9 Th1 cells with or without the DPP4 inhibitors, evogliptin and sitagliptin. PWM treatment alone strongly stimulated the expression of mDPP4 and cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, IL-13, and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in the CD4+CD26+ H9 Th1 cells. Evogliptin or sitagliptin treatment potently inhibited mDPP4 activity in a dose-dependent manner but did not affect either the cytokine profile or cell viability in PWM-activated CD4+CD26+ H9 Th1 cells. These results suggest that, following immune stimulation, Th1 cell signaling pathways for cytokine expression function normally after treatment with evogliptin or sitagliptin, which efficiently inhibit mDPP4 enzymatic activity in Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunyee Yoon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Protein Immunology Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03082, Republic of Kore
| | - Ji Hyun Sung
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03082, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Jung Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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43
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Deacon CF. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:642-653. [PMID: 32929230 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0399-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4i) have been available for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus since 2006. Although they are a diverse group, DPP4i are all small, orally available molecules that interact with the catalytic site of DPP4 without disturbing any of its other known functions, including its effects on the immune system. DPP4i have no intrinsic glucose-lowering activity, so their efficacy as anti-diabetic agents is related directly to their ability to inhibit DPP4 activity and is mediated through the effects of the substrates they protect. Of these, the incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1, is probably the most important. As the effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 are glucose-dependent, the risk of hypoglycaemia with DPP4i is low. Class effects, which are directly related to the mechanism of action, are common to all DPP4i; these include their overall good safety profile and tolerability, as well as their efficacy in improving glycaemic control, but also, potentially, a small increased risk of acute pancreatitis. Compound-specific effects are those related to their differing chemistries and/or pharmacokinetic profiles. These compound-specific effects could affect the way in which individual DPP4i are used therapeutically and potentially explain off-target adverse effects, such as hospitalization for heart failure, which is seen only with one DPP4i. Overall, DPP4i have a favourable therapeutic profile and are safe and effective in the majority of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn F Deacon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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44
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Upadhyay J, Gajjar A, Suhagia BN. Combined Ligand-Based and Structure-Based Virtual Screening Approach for Identification of New Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2020; 16:426-436. [PMID: 30255759 DOI: 10.2174/1570163815666180926111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP 4) enzyme cleaves an incretin-based glucoregulatory hormone Glucagon Like Peptide -1 from N-terminal where penultimate amino acid is either alanine or proline. Several DPP 4 inhibitors, "gliptins", are approved for the management of Type 2 Diabetes or are under clinical trial. In the present study, combined pharmacophore and docking-based virtual screening protocol were used for the identification of new hits from the Specs Database, which would inhibit DPP 4. METHODS The entire computational studies were performed using the Discovery Studio v. 4.1 software package, Pipeline Pilot v. 9.2 (Accelrys Inc.) and FRED v. 2.2.5 (OpenEye Scientific Software). Common feature pharmacophore model was generated from known DPP 4 inhibitors and validated by Receiver Operating curve analysis and GH-scoring method. Database search of Specs commercial database was performed using validated pharmacophore. Hits obtained from pharmacophore search were further docked into the binding site of DPP 4. Based on the analysis of docked poses of hits, 10 compounds were selected for in- vitro DPP 4 enzyme inhibition assay. RESULTS Based on docking studies, virtual hits were predicted to form interaction with essential amino acid residues of DPP 4 and have an almost similar binding orientation as that of the reference molecule. Three compounds having Specs database ID- AN-465/42837213, AP-064/42049348 and AN- 465/43369427 were found to inhibit DPP 4 enzyme moderately. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates a successful utilization of in-silico tools in the identification of new DPP 4 inhibitor, which can serve as a starting point for the development of novel DPP 4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagatkumar Upadhyay
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
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45
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Ferrazza Alves Giordani C, Campanharo S, Ribeiro Wingert N, Maronesi Bueno L, Wittckind Manoel J, Virginia Garcia C, Maria Volpato N, Dineck Iop G, de Azevedo Mello P, Marlon de Moraes Flores E, Eva Scherman Schapoval E, Steppe M. UPLC-ESI/Q-TOF MS/MS Method for Determination of Vildagliptin and its Organic Impurities. J Chromatogr Sci 2020; 58:718-725. [PMID: 32705127 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Vildagliptin (VLG) corresponds to a drug used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. This disease requires continuous treatment, and so the control of impurities present in it is important to assure the quality of this drug. Thus, it is necessary to use sensitive and selective detection techniques and the ultra-performance liquid chromatography is a better option compared with high-performance liquid chromatography because it enhances the separation efficiency with a shorter analysis time and an increased resolution. This research analysis was accomplished by using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, and the quantification was performed by using an extracted ion from the VLG drug and its main organic impurities of synthesis. During the validation process, following international standards, the method proved to be linear for the tree substances (R2 = 0.997-0.998) and the analysis of variance showed a non-significant linearity deviation (P > 0.05). Three critical factors were selected to evaluate method robustness with a full factorial experimental design, and the changes in the parameters were found to be not significant for the quantification of VLG and its impurities. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of impurities in VLG was precise, accurate and robust proving to be effective for analysis in the pharmaceutical industry and to improve the quality, safety and effectiveness of the new drug developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Campanharo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
| | - Nathalie Ribeiro Wingert
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
| | - Lívia Maronesi Bueno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
| | - Joanna Wittckind Manoel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
| | - Cássia Virginia Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
| | - Nadia Maria Volpato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Steppe
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
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46
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Weigel WK, Dang HT, Yang HB, Martin DBC. Synthesis of amino-diamondoid pharmacophores via photocatalytic C-H aminoalkylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9699-9702. [PMID: 32699866 PMCID: PMC7442722 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02804e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a direct C-H aminoalkylation reaction using two light-activated H-atom transfer catalyst systems that enable the introduction of protected amines to native adamantane scaffolds with C-C bond formation. The scope of adamantane and imine reaction partners is broad and deprotection provides versatile amine and amino acid building blocks. Using readily available chiral imines, the enantioselective synthesis of the saxagliptin core and rimantadine derivatives is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Weigel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA and Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
| | - Hoang T Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA and Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
| | - Hai-Bin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - David B C Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA and Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Biao Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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48
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Zhang C, Ye F, Wang J, He P, Lei M, Huang L, Huang A, Tang P, Lin H, Liao Y, Liang Y, Ni J, Yan P. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of a Series of Novel Super Long-Acting DPP-4 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7108-7126. [PMID: 32452679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a novel series of trifluoromethyl-substituted tetrahydropyran derivatives were rationally designed and synthesized as potent DPP-4 inhibitors with significantly improved duration time of action over current commercially available DPP-4 inhibitors. The incorporation of the trifluoromethyl group on the 6-position of the tetrahydropyran ring of omarigliptin with the configuration of (2R,3S,5R,6S) not only significantly improves the overall pharmacokinetic profiles in mice but also maintains comparable DPP-4 inhibition activities. Further preclinical development of compound 2 exhibited its extraordinary efficacy in vivo and good safety profile. Clinical studies of compound 2 (Haisco HSK7653) are now ongoing in China, which revealed that inhibitor 2 could serve as an efficient candidate with a once-biweekly therapeutic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Company Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Company Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Company Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ping He
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Company Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Company Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Longbin Huang
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Company Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Anbang Huang
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Company Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Pingming Tang
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Company Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hongjun Lin
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Company Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuting Liao
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Company Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Company Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jia Ni
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Company Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Pangke Yan
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Company Ltd., 136 Baili Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu 611130, China
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49
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Wang W, Cao X, Xiao W, Shi X, Zuo X, Liu L, Chang W, Li J. Stereospecific Synthesis of cis-2,5-Disubstituted Pyrrolidines via N,O-Acetals Formed by Hydroamination Cyclization–Hydroalkoxylation of Homopropargylic Sulfonamides in HFIP. J Org Chem 2020; 85:7045-7059. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Zuo
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Weixing Chang
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Weijin Road 94#, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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50
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Gröger H, Asano Y. Cyanide-Free Enantioselective Catalytic Strategies for the Synthesis of Chiral Nitriles. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6243-6251. [PMID: 32250626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of enantioselective syntheses of nitriles gained increasing interest due to, e.g., an increasing demand for chiral nitriles for drug synthesis. Complementing existing routes, recently catalytic processes enabling an enantioselective formation of the chiral nitrile moiety without the need to utilize cyanide were accomplished. It is noteworthy that these processes are complementary to each other as they are based on different types of substrates, catalytic methods (utilizing chemo- and biocatalysts), and stereochemical reaction concepts (asymmetric synthesis versus resolution).
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Gröger
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.,Biotechnology Research Center, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Asano
- Biotechnology Research Center, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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