1
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Liu Y, Li J, Zhu HJ. Regulation of carboxylesterases and its impact on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: an up-to-date review. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024; 20:377-397. [PMID: 38706437 PMCID: PMC11151177 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2348491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) and carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) are among the most abundant hydrolases in humans, catalyzing the metabolism of numerous clinically important medications, such as methylphenidate and clopidogrel. The large interindividual variability in the expression and activity of CES1 and CES2 affects the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of substrate drugs. AREAS COVERED This review provides an up-to-date overview of CES expression and activity regulations and examines their impact on the PK and PD of CES substrate drugs. The literature search was conducted on PubMed from inception to January 2024. EXPERT OPINION Current research revealed modest associations of CES genetic polymorphisms with drug exposure and response. Beyond genomic polymorphisms, transcriptional and posttranslational regulations can also significantly affect CES expression and activity and consequently alter PK and PD. Recent advances in plasma biomarkers of drug-metabolizing enzymes encourage the research of plasma protein and metabolite biomarkers for CES1 and CES2, which could lead to the establishment of precision pharmacotherapy regimens for drugs metabolized by CESs. Moreover, our understanding of tissue-specific expression and substrate selectivity of CES1 and CES2 has shed light on improving the design of CES1- and CES2-activated prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jiapeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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2
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Fukazawa N, Nishimura T, Orii K, Noguchi S, Tomi M. Conversion of Olmesartan to Olmesartan Medoxomil, A Prodrug that Improves Intestinal Absorption, Confers Substrate Recognition by OATP2B1. Pharm Res 2024; 41:849-861. [PMID: 38485855 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Olmesartan medoxomil (olmesartan-MX), an ester-type prodrug of the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) olmesartan, is predominantly anionic at intestinal pH. Human organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) is expressed in the small intestine and is involved in the absorption of various acidic drugs. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that OATP2B1-mediated uptake contributes to the enhanced intestinal absorption of olmesartan-MX, even though olmesartan itself is not a substrate of OATP2B1. METHODS Tetracycline-inducible human OATP2B1- and rat Oatp2b1-overexpressing HEK 293 cell lines (hOATP2B1/T-REx-293 and rOatp2b1/T-REx-293, respectively) were established to characterize OATP2B1-mediated uptake. Rat jejunal permeability was measured using Ussing chambers. ARBs were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Significant olmesartan-MX uptake was observed in hOATP2B1/T-REx-293 and rOatp2b1/T-REx-293 cells, whereas olmesartan uptake was undetectable or much lower than olmesartan-MX uptake, respectively. Furthermore, olmesartan-MX exhibited several-fold higher uptake in Caco-2 cells and greater permeability in rat jejunum compared to olmesartan. Olmesartan-MX uptake in hOATP2B1/T-REx-293 cells and in Caco-2 cells was significantly decreased by OATP2B1 substrates/inhibitors such as 1 mM estrone-3-sulfate, 100 µM rifamycin SV, and 100 µM fluvastatin. Rat Oatp2b1-mediated uptake and rat jejunal permeability of olmesartan-MX were significantly decreased by 50 µM naringin, an OATP2B1 inhibitor. Oral administration of olmesartan-MX with 50 µM naringin to rats significantly reduced the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of olmesartan to 76.9%. CONCLUSION Olmesartan-MX is a substrate for OATP2B1, and the naringin-sensitive transport system contributes to the improved intestinal absorption of olmesartan-MX compared with its parent drug, olmesartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Fukazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishimura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Orii
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saki Noguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tomi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan.
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3
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Lu P, Leslie F, Wang H, Sodhi A, Choi CY, Pekosz A, Cui H, Jia H. Discovery, validation, and prodrug design of an ACE2 activator for treating bacterial infection-induced lung inflammation. J Control Release 2023; 364:1-11. [PMID: 37858626 PMCID: PMC10872764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Exacerbated inflammatory responses can be detrimental and pose fatal threats to the host, as exemplified by the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in millions of fatalities. Developing novel drugs to combat the damaging effects of inflammation is essential for both preventive measures and therapeutic interventions. Accumulating evidence suggests that Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) possesses the ability to optimize inflammatory responses. However, the clinical applicability of this potential is limited due to the lack of dependable ACE2 activators. In this study, we conducted a screening of an FDA-approved drug library and successfully identified a novel ACE2 activator, termed H4. The activator demonstrated the capability to mitigate lung inflammation caused by bacterial lung infections, effectively modulating neutrophil infiltration. Importantly, to improve the clinical applicability of the poorly water-soluble H4, we developed a prodrug variant with significantly enhanced water solubility while maintaining a similar level of efficacy as H4 in attenuating inflammatory responses in the lungs of mice exposed to bacterial infections. This finding highlights the potential of formulated H4 as a promising candidate for the treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases, including lung-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lu
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Faith Leslie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for NanoBiotechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Anjali Sodhi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chang-Yong Choi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for NanoBiotechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Hongpeng Jia
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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4
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Chai X, Meng Y, Ge W, Wang J, Li F, Wang XJ, Wang X. A novel synthesized prodrug of gemcitabine based on oxygen-free radical sensitivity inhibited the growth of lung cancer cells. J Biomed Res 2023; 37:355-366. [PMID: 37705111 PMCID: PMC10541775 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.37.20230022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we introduced the H 2O 2-sensitive thiazolidinone moiety at the 4th amino group of gemcitabine (GEM) to synthesize a new target compound named GEM-ZZQ, and then we confirmed its chemical structure by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We further confirmed that GEM-ZZQ had a good chemical stability in different pH solutions in vitro and that it could be activated by H 2O 2 to release GEM. Pharmacodynamic studies revealed that the growth inhibition of human normal epithelial cells was weaker by GEM-ZZQ than by GEM treatment and that the inhibition of various lung cancer cell lines by GEM-ZZQ was similar to that of GEM. For the lung cancer cell lines that are resistant to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting inhibitor osimertinib, GEM-ZZQ showed less growth inhibition than GEM; however, GEM-ZZQ in combination with cisplatin showed better synergistic effects than GEM in the low-dose groups. In summary, we provided a new anti-cancer compound GEM-ZZQ for treating lung cancer by modifying the GEM structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Chai
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yuting Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xue Jun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xuerong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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5
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Xiao ZP, Liao M, Huang XJ, Wang YT, Lan XC, Wang XY, Li XT. Design, synthesis and evaluation of a series of potential prodrugs of a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1162216. [PMID: 36969836 PMCID: PMC10031131 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1162216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BTK has become a particularly attractive therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases and B-cell malignancies, making BTK inhibitors a valuable and important therapeutic option. We present the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a series of prodrugs of a BTK inhibitor with an insoluble 2,5-diaminopyrimidine structure. Tails containing different solubilizing groups were added to the parent molecule via an ester linkage. Prodrug 5a showed good aqueous solubility and could be efficiently converted to the parent in a human plasma stability study. The rational prodrug design was supported by molecular studies and a dramatically reduced BTK kinase-inhibitory potential. Taken together, the chemical, biological, and molecular studies suggest that prodrug derivatization of the 2,5-diaminopyrimidine scaffold could be a potential strategy for advancing this series of BTK inhibitors into the therapeutic arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Peng Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue-Juan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Tong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Cui Lan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue-Ying Wang
- BayRay Innovative Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi-Tao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xi-Tao Li,
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6
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Zhang H, Liu C, Zhu D, Zhang Q, Li J. Medicinal Chemistry Strategies for the Development of Inhibitors Disrupting β-Catenin's Interactions with Its Nuclear Partners. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1-31. [PMID: 36583662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is strongly associated with various aspects of cancer, including tumor initiation, proliferation, and metastasis as well as antitumor immunity, and presents a promising opportunity for cancer therapy. Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation increases nuclear dephosphorylated β-catenin levels, resulting in β-catenin binding to TCF and additional cotranscription factors, such as BCL9, CBP, and p300. Therefore, directly disrupting β-catenin's interactions with these nuclear partners holds promise for the effective and selective suppression of the aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Herein, we summarize recent advances in biochemical techniques and medicinal chemistry strategies used to identify potent peptide-based and small-molecule inhibitors that directly disrupt β-catenin's interactions with its nuclear binding partners. We discuss the challenges involved in developing drug-like inhibitors that target the interactions of β-catenin and its nuclear binding partner into therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.,Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chenglong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Di Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Qingwei Zhang
- Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianqi Li
- Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
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7
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Zhang L, Cheng Y, Liu YG, Chen X, Liu H. Anticancer Effect of Chlorambucil Enhanced by Chiral Phthalidyl Promoiety. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201025. [PMID: 36427041 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phthalidyl promoiety has been used in several drugs, but they were all marketed in racemic form. The pharmaceutical effects of each enantiomer have not been clearly demonstrated. In this project, an anticancer chemotherapy drug, chlorambucil, was modified as enantiopure phthalidyl prodrugs. The enantiomers, together with phthalidyl unit and their racemic mixture, were then subject to the in vivo bioactivity tests against B16F10 melanoma cells. It was found that proper chirality within the promoiety had noticeably better in vivo pharmacological effects than the parent drug, the enantiomer and racemic mixture. This merit perhaps could be extended from the phthalidyl prodrugs to other chirality containing prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yisa Cheng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, and Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Guo Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, and Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xingkuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
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8
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Arshad N, Jawaid S, Hashim J, Ullah I, Gul S, Aziz A, Wadood A, Khan A. Highly potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of 3,5-disubstituted tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine thiones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 79:129068. [PMID: 36395994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Four series of tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thiones (series A and B including two novel enantiopure isomers), tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-6-thiones (series C) and N-3 ester derivatives of tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-6-thiones (series D) were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-oxidant activities. These THTT analogues specially series D were first time examined for their in vitro anti-inflammatory, in vivo analgesic and anti-oxidant activities. Among them lipophilic compounds (series B and D) were found to be highly active for anti-inflammatory evaluation with IC50 values between 5.1-16.9 and 4.1-32.4 μM, respectively when compared with the standard drug ibuprofen IC50 = 11.2 μM. The structure-activity relationship exposed the importance of lipophilic substituents especially ester and n-propyl group for inhibition of inflammation. The molecular docking studies demonstrated that all the active analogues of THTT have notable binding relations with Arg120 of the active sites of COX-1 enzyme either through CS moiety of the THTT nucleus or with COO attached at N-3 of THTT nucleus. In vivo analgesic activity of the selected THTT compounds 14, 17, 18, 19 (series B) and 28 (series D) were also carried out by acetic acid-induced writhing procedure. The compound 28 showed significant anti-nociceptive/analgesic activity at the oral dose of 5 mg/kg body weight with the percent protection (32.05 %) when compared with standard indomethacin at 10 mg/kg (48.83 %). Additionally, these compounds demonstrated the moderate level of antioxidant potential with IC50 values in the range of 60.9 to 93.6 μM (standard butylated hyroxyanisole; IC50 = 44.2 μM). These results indicated that this class of heterocyclic compounds may be a template specially to design better anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuzhat Arshad
- Department of Chemistry, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Shumaila Jawaid
- Department of Chemistry, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Hashim
- Department of Chemistry, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat 28420, Pakistan.
| | - Irfan Ullah
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Somia Gul
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Aziz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Alamzeb Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven CT-06511, United States
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9
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Odell LR, Robertson MJ, Young KA, McGeachie AB, Quan A, Robinson PJ, McCluskey A. Prodrugs of the Archetypal Dynamin Inhibitor Bis-T-22. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200400. [PMID: 36351775 PMCID: PMC10947042 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Bis-T series of compounds comprise some of the most potent inhibitors of dynamin GTPase activity yet reported, e. g., (2E,2'E)-N,N'-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis(2-cyano-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylamide) (2), Bis-T-22. The catechol moieties are believed to limit cell permeability, rendering these compounds largely inactive in cells. To solve this problem, a prodrug strategy was envisaged and eight ester analogues were synthesised. The shortest and bulkiest esters (acetate and butyl/tert-butyl) were found to be insoluble under physiological conditions, whilst the remaining five were soluble and stable under these conditions. These five were analysed for plasma stability and half-lives ranged from ∼2.3 min (propionic ester 4), increasing with size and bulk, to greater than 24 hr (dimethyl carbamate 10). Similar profiles where observed with the rate of formation of Bis-T-22 with half-lives ranging from ∼25 mins (propionic ester 4). Propionic ester 4 was chosen to undergo further testing and was found to inhibit endocytosis in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 ∼8 μM, suggesting this compound is able to effectively cross the cell membrane where it is rapidly hydrolysed to the desired Bis-T-22 parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R. Odell
- The University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
- Present address: Department of Medicinal ChemistryUppsala UniversityBox 57475123UppsalaSweden
| | - Mark J Robertson
- The University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
- Present address: Chemistry, College of Science & EngineeringJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQLD 4814Australia
| | - Kelly A Young
- The University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
| | - Andrew B. McGeachie
- Cell Signalling UnitChildren's Medical Research InstituteThe University of Sydney214 Hawkesbury RoadWestmeadNSW 2145Australia
| | - Annie Quan
- Cell Signalling UnitChildren's Medical Research InstituteThe University of Sydney214 Hawkesbury RoadWestmeadNSW 2145Australia
| | - Phillip J. Robinson
- Cell Signalling UnitChildren's Medical Research InstituteThe University of Sydney214 Hawkesbury RoadWestmeadNSW 2145Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- The University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
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10
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Zhao Y, Yao Q, Chen J, Zhang R, Song J, Gao Y. Intracellular fluorogenic supramolecular assemblies for self-reporting bioorthogonal prodrug activation. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:5662-5668. [PMID: 35996984 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00972b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A visual drug delivery system (DDS) is urgently needed for precision medicine. DDS-mediated bioorthogonal prodrug activation strategies have demonstrated remarkable advantages in enlarging a therapeutic index via the alleviation of adverse drug reactions. However, the events of bioorthogonal prodrug activation remain inaccessible. Here, we construct a self-reporting bioorthogonal prodrug activation system using fluorescence emission to interpret prodrug activation events. In designed reactive oxygen species (ROS)-instructed supramolecular assemblies, the bioorthogonal reaction handle of tetrazine carries a dual role as fluorescence quencher and prodrug activator. The subsequent inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction simultaneously liberates fluorescence and active drugs, which form a linear relationship. Differentiated by their cellular redox status, ROS-instructed supramolecular assemblies form selectively in both tumor cells and cell spheroids. Upon prodrug treatment, the brightness of fluorescence reflects the liberation of active drugs, which further correlates with the cell survival rate. Therefore, a fluorescence-based visualizable DDS (VDDS) for bioorthogonal prodrug activation is demonstrated, which should be useful to elucidate the multi-step processes in drug delivery and determine prodrug activation efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Qingxin Yao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jiali Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Ruijia Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jialei Song
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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11
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Feng M, Madegard L, Riomet M, Louis M, Champagne PA, Pieters G, Audisio D, Taran F. Selective chlorination of iminosydnones for fast release of amide, sulfonamide and urea-containing drugs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8500-8503. [PMID: 35797662 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02784d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a methodology for iminosydnone chlorination and we demonstrate the high beneficial effect of this modification on the reactivity of these mesoionic dipoles in strain-promoted cycloaddition reactions. Exploiting their reaction with cyclooctynes, we used these new iminosydnones for bioorthogonal release of amide, urea and sulfonamide containing drugs. Notably, drugs containing a terminal amide function were released for the first time with good kinetic constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Feng
- CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Léa Madegard
- CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Margaux Riomet
- CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Manon Louis
- CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Grégory Pieters
- CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Davide Audisio
- CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Frédéric Taran
- CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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12
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Synthesis and Evaluation of Anti-HIV Activity of Mono- and Di-Substituted Phosphonamidate Conjugates of Tenofovir. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144447. [PMID: 35889320 PMCID: PMC9316519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of nucleoside and nucleotide analogs as antiviral agents requires phosphorylation by endogenous enzymes. Phosphate-substituted analogs have low bioavailability due to the presence of ionizable negatively-charged groups. To circumvent these limitations, several prodrug approaches have been proposed. Herein, we hypothesized that the conjugation or combination of the lipophilic amide bond with nucleotide-based tenofovir (TFV) (1) could improve the anti-HIV activity. During the current study, the hydroxyl group of phosphonates in TFV was conjugated with the amino group of L-alanine, L-leucine, L-valine, and glycine amino acids and other long fatty ester hydrocarbon chains to synthesize 43 derivatives. Several classes of derivatives were synthesized. The synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, IR, UV, and mass spectrometry. In addition, several of the synthesized compounds were evaluated as racemic mixtures for anti-HIV activity in vitro in a single round infection assay using TZM-bl cells at 100 ng/mL. TFV (1) was used as a positive control and inhibited HIV infection by 35%. Among all the evaluated compounds, the disubstituted heptanolyl ester alanine phosphonamidate with naphthol oleate (69), pentanolyl ester alanine phosphonamidate with phenol oleate (62), and butanolyl ester alanine phosphonamidate with naphthol oleate (87) ester conjugates of TFV were more potent than parent drug TFV with 79.0%, 76.5%, 71.5% inhibition, respectively, at 100 ng/mL. Furthermore, two fatty acyl amide conjugates of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) were synthesized and evaluated for comparative studies with TAF and TFV conjugates. Tetradecanoyl TAF conjugate 95 inhibited HIV infection by 99.6% at 100 ng/mL and showed comparable activity to TAF (97–99% inhibition) at 10–100 ng/mL but was more potent than TAF when compared at molar concentration.
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13
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Okamoto T, Kishimoto S, Watanabe K. Isolation of Natural Prodrug-Like Metabolite by Simulating Human Prodrug Activation in Filamentous Fungus. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:304-308. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Okamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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14
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Synthesis, structural elucidation and reaction optimization studies of a novel prodrug of Atovaquone. J CHEM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-022-02029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Paclitaxel Drug Delivery Systems: Focus on Nanocrystals' Surface Modifications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040658. [PMID: 35215570 PMCID: PMC8875890 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is a chemotherapeutic agent that belongs to the taxane family and which was approved to treat various kinds of cancers including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Several delivery systems for PTX have been developed to enhance its solubility and pharmacological properties involving liposomes, nanoparticles, microparticles, micelles, cosolvent methods, and the complexation with cyclodextrins and other materials that are summarized in this article. Specifically, this review discusses deeply the developed paclitaxel nanocrystal formulations. As PTX is a hydrophobic drug with inferior water solubility properties, which are improved a lot by nanocrystal formulation. Based on that, many studies employed nano-crystallization techniques not only to improve the oral delivery of PTX, but IV, intraperitoneal (IP), and local and intertumoral delivery systems were also developed. Additionally, superior and interesting properties of PTX NCs were achieved by performing additional modifications to the NCs, such as stabilization with surfactants and coating with polymers. This review summarizes these delivery systems by shedding light on their route of administration, the methods used in the preparation and modifications, the in vitro or in vivo models used, and the advantages obtained based on the developed formulations.
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16
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Sonju JJ, Dahal A, Singh SS, Gu X, Johnson WD, Muthumula CMR, Meyer SA, Jois SD. A pH-sensitive liposome formulation of a peptidomimetic-Dox conjugate for targeting HER2 + cancer. Int J Pharm 2022; 612:121364. [PMID: 34896567 PMCID: PMC8751737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment faces the challenge of selective delivery of the cytotoxic drug to the desired site of action to minimize undesired side effects. The liposomal formulation containing targeting ligand conjugated cytotoxic drug can be an effective approach to specifically deliver chemotherapeutic drugs to cancer cells that overexpress a particular cell surface receptor. This research focuses on the in vitro and in vivo studies of a peptidomimetic ligand attached doxorubicin for the HER2 positive lung and breast cancer cells transported by a pH-dependent liposomal formulation system for the enhancement of targeted anticancer treatment. The selected pH-sensitive liposome formulation showed effective pH-dependent delivery of peptidomimetic-doxorubicin conjugate at lower pH conditions mimicking tumor microenvironment (pH-6.5) compared to normal physiological conditions (pH 7.4), leading to the improvement of cell uptake. In vivo results revealed the site-specific delivery of the formulation and enhanced antitumor activity with reduced toxicity compared to the free doxorubicin (Free Dox). The results suggested that the targeting ligand conjugated cytotoxic drug with the pH-sensitive liposomal formulation is a promising approach to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafrin Jobayer Sonju
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201
| | - Achyut Dahal
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201
| | - Sitanshu S. Singh
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - William D. Johnson
- Biostatistics Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Chandra Mohan Reddy Muthumula
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201
| | - Sharon A Meyer
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201
| | - Seetharama D. Jois
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Seetharama D. Jois, Professor of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe LA 71201 USA Tel: 318-342-1993; Fax: 318-342-1737;
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17
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Fundamental considerations in drug design. COMPUTER AIDED DRUG DESIGN (CADD): FROM LIGAND-BASED METHODS TO STRUCTURE-BASED APPROACHES 2022:17-55. [PMCID: PMC9212230 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90608-1.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The drug discovery paradigm has been very time-consuming, challenging, and expensive; however, the disease conditions originating from bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungus and other microorganisms are steadily shooting up. For instance, COVID-19 is the latest viral infection that affects millions of people and the world’s economy very severely. Therefore, the quest for discovery of novel and potent drug compounds against deadly pathogens is crucial at the moment. Despite a lot of drawbacks in drug discovery and development and its pertaining technology, the advancement must be taken into account so the time duration and cost would be minimized. In this chapter, basic principles in drug design and discovery have been discussed together with advances in drug development.
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18
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Han S, Mei L, Quach T, Porter C, Trevaskis N. Lipophilic Conjugates of Drugs: A Tool to Improve Drug Pharmacokinetic and Therapeutic Profiles. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1497-1518. [PMID: 34463935 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic conjugates (LCs) of small molecule drugs have been used widely in clinical and pre-clinical studies to achieve a number of pharmacokinetic and therapeutic benefits. For example, lipophilic derivatives of drugs are employed in several long acting injectable products to provide sustained drug exposure for hormone replacement therapy and to treat conditions such as neuropsychiatric diseases. LCs can also be used to modulate drug metabolism, and to enhance drug permeation across membranes, either by increasing lipophilicity to enhance passive diffusion or by increasing protein-mediated active transport. Furthermore, such conjugation strategies have been employed to promote drug association with endogenous macromolecular carriers (e.g. albumin and lipoproteins), and this in turn results in altered drug distribution and pharmacokinetic profiles, where the changes can be 'general' (e.g. prolonged plasma half-life) or 'specific' (e.g. enhanced delivery to specific tissues in parallel with the macromolecular carriers). Another utility of LCs is to enhance the encapsulation of drugs within engineered nanoscale drug delivery systems, in order to best take advantage of the targeting and pharmacokinetic benefits of nanomedicines. The current review provides a summary of the mechanisms by which lipophilic conjugates, including in combination with delivery vehicles, can be used to control drug delivery, distribution and therapeutic profiles. The article is structured into sections which highlight a specific benefit of LCs and then demonstrate this benefit with case studies. The review attempts to provide a toolbox to assist researchers to design and optimise drug candidates, including consideration of drug-formulation compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Suzhou Institute of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Lianghe Mei
- Suzhou Institute of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Tim Quach
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- PureTech Health, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Chris Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Natalie Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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19
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Yu Y, Wang L, Han J, Wang A, Chu L, Xi X, Kan R, Sha C, Sun K. Synthesis and Characterization of a Series of Temozolomide Esters and Its Anti-glioma Study. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3431-3438. [PMID: 34147518 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Temozolomide is a first-line therapeutic drug for glioblastoma (GBM), and it has a low solubility, short biological half-life, and resistance to drug limits in clinical applications. Therefore, it is necessary to find more effective anti-tumor drugs to overcome drug resistance and enhance its anti-glioma activity. We therefore used n-butanol, n-hexanol, n-octanol, 1-dodecanol and 1-hexadecanol to synthesize a series of temozolomide ester compounds (TMZEs) and then investigated their physicochemical properties and anti-glioma efficacy. Our results showed that TMZEs had a higher lipophilicity compared to TMZ and could stably exist in plasma and brain homogenates. TMZEs had significantly increased cytotoxicity and cellular uptake in C6 glioma cells as chain lengths increased. Additionally, the IC50 of TMZ-16E towards TMZ-resistant cells (T98G) was 85.9-fold lower than that of TMZ (p < 0.001), and Western blot results demonstrated that TMZ-16E could significantly reduce the expression of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT). The in vivo anti-glioma efficacy of TMZ-16E were then investigated in orthotopic and subcutaneous GBM models. TMZ-16E prolonged the survival time to 35 days in orthotopic glioma bearing rats, which was 1.94-fold longer than the survival time of rats treated with TMZ, and TMZ-16E increased tumor cell apoptosis based on TUNEL staining. Moreover, TMZ-16E (50 mg/kg) noticeably slowed the growth of T98G subcutaneous tumors by down-modulating MGMT expression in subcutaneous GBM-bearing mice, indicating that TMZ-16E could effectively reverse drug resistance. In conclusion, TMZEs improved the lipophilicity and stability of these drugs. Especially, TMZ-16E could reverse drug resistance and improve therapeutic effects of TMZ, which has clinical application potential for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Liangxiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Junping Han
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China.
| | - Liuxiang Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Xinran Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Ronglin Kan
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Chunjie Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Long-Acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Kaoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
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20
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Nguyen A, Böttger R, Li SD. Recent trends in bioresponsive linker technologies of Prodrug-Based Self-Assembling nanomaterials. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120955. [PMID: 34130143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs are designed to improve pharmaceutical properties of potent compounds and represent a central approach in drug development. The success of the prodrug strategy relies on incorporation of a reversible linkage facilitating controlled release of the parent drug. While prodrug approaches enhance pharmacokinetic properties over their parent drug, they still face challenges in absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADMET). Conjugating a drug to a carrier molecule such as a polymer can create an amphiphile that self-assembles into nanoparticles. These nanoparticles display prolonged blood circulation and passive targeting ability. Furthermore, the drug release can be tailored using a variety of linkers between the parent drug and the carrier molecule. In this review, we introduce the concept of self-assembling prodrugs and summarize different approaches for controlling the drug release with a focus on the linker technology. We also summarize recent clinical trials, discuss the emerging challenges, and provide our perspective on the utility and future potential of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Roland Böttger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shyh-Dar Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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21
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Chi YH, Yeh TK, Ke YY, Lin WH, Tsai CH, Wang WP, Chen YT, Su YC, Wang PC, Chen YF, Wu ZW, Yeh JY, Hung MC, Wu MH, Wang JY, Chen CP, Song JS, Shih C, Chen CT, Chang CP. Discovery and Synthesis of a Pyrimidine-Based Aurora Kinase Inhibitor to Reduce Levels of MYC Oncoproteins. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7312-7330. [PMID: 34009981 PMCID: PMC8279414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The A-type Aurora kinase is upregulated in many human cancers, and it stabilizes MYC-family oncoproteins, which have long been considered an undruggable target. Here, we describe the design and synthesis of a series of pyrimidine-based derivatives able to inhibit Aurora A kinase activity and reduce levels of cMYC and MYCN. Through structure-based drug design of a small molecule that induces the DFG-out conformation of Aurora A kinase, lead compound 13 was identified, which potently (IC50 < 200 nM) inhibited the proliferation of high-MYC expressing small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines. Pharmacokinetic optimization of 13 by prodrug strategies resulted in orally bioavailable 25, which demonstrated an 8-fold higher oral AUC (F = 62.3%). Pharmacodynamic studies of 25 showed it to effectively reduce cMYC protein levels, leading to >80% tumor regression of NCI-H446 SCLC xenograft tumors in mice. These results support the potential of 25 for the treatment of MYC-amplified cancers including SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Chi
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Kuang Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yu Ke
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsing Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Tsai
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ping Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Su
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chen Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Fu Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Zhong-Wei Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yu Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chun Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Mine-Hsine Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ya Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chuan Shih
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ping Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
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22
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Baroud M, Lepeltier E, Thepot S, El-Makhour Y, Duval O. The evolution of nucleosidic analogues: self-assembly of prodrugs into nanoparticles for cancer drug delivery. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2157-2179. [PMID: 36133769 PMCID: PMC9418958 DOI: 10.1039/d0na01084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs are essential tools in our limited arsenal in the fight against cancer. However, these structures face severe drawbacks such as rapid plasma degradation or hydrophilicity, limiting their clinical application. Here, different aspects of nucleoside and nucleotide analogs have been exposed, while providing their shortcomings. Aiming to improve their fate in the body and combating their drawbacks, two different approaches have been discussed, the prodrug and nanocarrier technologies. Finally, a novel approach called "PUFAylation" based on both the prodrug and nanocarrier technologies has been introduced, promising to be the supreme method to create a novel nucleoside or nucleotide analog based formulation, with enhanced efficacy and highly reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Baroud
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles, MINT, UNIV Angers, UMR INSERM 1066, UMR CNRS 6021 Angers France
| | - Elise Lepeltier
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles, MINT, UNIV Angers, UMR INSERM 1066, UMR CNRS 6021 Angers France
| | - Sylvain Thepot
- University Hospital of Angers, Hematology 49933 Angers France
- Université d'Angers, Inserm, CRCINA 49000 Angers France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire 'Grand Ouest Against Leukemia' (FHU GOAL) France
| | - Yolla El-Makhour
- Environmental Health Research Lab (EHRL), Faculty of Sciences V, Lebanese University Nabatieh Lebanon
| | - Olivier Duval
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles, MINT, UNIV Angers, UMR INSERM 1066, UMR CNRS 6021 Angers France
- University Hospital of Angers, Hematology 49933 Angers France
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23
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Walsh DJ, Livinghouse T, Durling GM, Arnold AD, Brasier W, Berry L, Goeres DM, Stewart PS. Novel phenolic antimicrobials enhanced activity of iminodiacetate prodrugs against biofilm and planktonic bacteria. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 97:134-147. [PMID: 32844569 PMCID: PMC7821224 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs are pharmacologically attenuated derivatives of drugs that undergo bioconversion into the active compound once reaching the targeted site, thereby maximizing their efficiency. This strategy has been implemented in pharmaceuticals to overcome obstacles related to absorption, distribution, and metabolism, as well as with intracellular dyes to ensure concentration within cells. In this study, we provide the first examples of a prodrug strategy that can be applied to simple phenolic antimicrobials to increase their potency against mature biofilms. The addition of (acetoxy)methyl iminodiacetate groups increases the otherwise modest potency of simple phenols. Biofilm-forming bacteria exhibit a heightened tolerance toward antimicrobial agents, thereby accentuating the need for new antibiotics as well as those, which incorporate novel delivery strategies to enhance activity toward biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica J. Walsh
- Chemistry and BiochemistryMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
- Center for Biofilm EngineeringMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Tom Livinghouse
- Chemistry and BiochemistryMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Greg M. Durling
- Chemistry and BiochemistryMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Adrienne D. Arnold
- Center for Biofilm EngineeringMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
- Microbiology and ImmunologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Whitney Brasier
- Center for Biofilm EngineeringMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Luke Berry
- Chemistry and BiochemistryMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Darla M. Goeres
- Center for Biofilm EngineeringMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
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24
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Hashim J, Arshad N, Yaseen M, Khan R, Iqbal T, Zehra Hamid S, Kanwal A, Safi I, Ullah I. 3,5-Disubstituted Tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-thiones Ester Derivatives and Their Antimicrobial Evaluation. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-14402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Delivery of ionizable hydrophilic drugs based on pharmaceutical formulation of ion pairs and ionic liquids. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 156:203-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Markovic M, Ben-Shabat S, Dahan A. Prodrugs for Improved Drug Delivery: Lessons Learned from Recently Developed and Marketed Products. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111031. [PMID: 33137942 PMCID: PMC7692606 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodrugs are bioreversible, inactive drug derivatives, which have the ability to convert into a parent drug in the body. In the past, prodrugs were used as a last option; however, nowadays, prodrugs are considered already in the early stages of drug development. Optimal prodrug needs to have effective absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) features to be chemically stable, to be selective towards the particular site in the body, and to have appropriate safety. Traditional prodrug approach aims to improve physicochemical/biopharmaceutical drug properties; modern prodrugs also include cellular and molecular parameters to accomplish desired drug effect and site-specificity. Here, we present recently investigated prodrugs, their pharmaceutical and clinical advantages, and challenges facing the overall prodrug development. Given examples illustrate that prodrugs can accomplish appropriate solubility, increase permeability, provide site-specific targeting (i.e., to organs, tissues, enzymes, or transporters), overcome rapid drug metabolism, decrease toxicity, or provide better patient compliance, all with the aim to provide optimal drug therapy and outcome. Overall, the prodrug approach is a powerful tool to decrease the time/costs of developing new drug entities and improve overall drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arik Dahan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-8-6479483; Fax: +972-8-6479303
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Ren C, Liu H, Lv F, Zhao W, Gao S, Yang X, Jin Y, Tan Y, Zhang J, Liang XJ, Li Z. Prodrug-Based Nanoreactors with Tumor-Specific In Situ Activation for Multisynergistic Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:34667-34677. [PMID: 32610896 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Efficient drug delivery into tumor cells while bypassing many biological barriers is still a challenge for cancer therapy. By taking advantage of the palladium (Pd)-mediated in situ activation of a prodrug and the glucose oxidase (GOD)-based β-d-glucose oxidation reaction, we developed a multisynergistic cancer therapeutic platform that combined doxorubicin (DOX)-induced chemotherapy with GOD-mediated cancer-orchestrated oxidation therapy and cancer starvation therapy. In the present work, we first synthesized DOX prodrugs (pDOXs) and temporarily assembled them with β-cyclodextrins to reduce their toxic side effects. Then, a nanoreactor was constructed by synthesizing Pd0 nanoparticles in situ within the pores of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for the conversion of pDOX into the active anticancer drug. Furthermore, GOD was introduced to decrease the pH of the tumor microenvironment and induce cancer-orchestrated oxidation/starvation therapy by catalyzing β-d-glucose oxidation to form hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and gluconic acid. Our study provides a new strategy that employs a cascade chemical reaction to achieve combined orchestrated oxidation/starvation/chemotherapy for the synergistic killing of cancer cells and the suppression of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Ren
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Huifang Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Fangfang Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Wencong Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xinjian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- College of Basic Medical Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yanli Tan
- College of Basic Medical Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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Sidletskaya K, Vitkina T, Denisenko Y. The Role of Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2020; 15:1481-1493. [PMID: 32606656 PMCID: PMC7320879 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s249131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The determination of immune mechanisms of inflammation in the disease presents an important challenge for fundamental medical research. According to modern views, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), among which TLR2 and TLR4 play a key role, are one of the essential components of inflammatory process in COPD. This review focuses on following aspects: the role of TLR2 and TLR4 in the initiation of inflammatory process in COPD; the mechanisms of influence of various exogenous factors (cigarette smoke, suspended particulate matter, and bacteria) on the expression of TLR2 and TLR4; the contribution of these TLRs to the T-helper (Th) immune response development in COPD, in particular to the Th17 immune response, which contributes to the progression of the disease and therapeutic implications of TLR2 and TLR4 in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Sidletskaya
- Vladivostok Branch of Federal State Budgetary Science Institution "Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration" - Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Tatyana Vitkina
- Vladivostok Branch of Federal State Budgetary Science Institution "Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration" - Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Yulia Denisenko
- Vladivostok Branch of Federal State Budgetary Science Institution "Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration" - Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Vladivostok, Russia
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Prodrugs of PKC modulators show enhanced HIV latency reversal and an expanded therapeutic window. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10688-10698. [PMID: 32371485 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919408117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS is a pandemic disease caused by HIV that affects 37 million people worldwide. Current antiretroviral therapy slows disease progression but does not eliminate latently infected cells, which resupply active virus, thus necessitating lifelong treatment with associated compliance, cost, and chemoexposure issues. Latency-reversing agents (LRAs) activate these cells, allowing for their potential clearance, thus presenting a strategy to eradicate the infection. Protein kinase C (PKC) modulators-including prostratin, ingenol esters, bryostatin, and their analogs-are potent LRAs in various stages of development for several clinical indications. While LRAs are promising, a major challenge associated with their clinical use is sustaining therapeutically meaningful levels of the active agent while minimizing side effects. Here we describe a strategy to address this problem based on LRA prodrugs, designed for controllable release of the active LRA after a single injection. As intended, these prodrugs exhibit comparable or superior in vitro activity relative to the parent compounds. Selected compounds induced higher in vivo expression of CD69, an activation biomarker, and, by releasing free agent over time, significantly improved tolerability when compared to the parent LRAs. More generally, selected prodrugs of PKC modulators avoid the bolus toxicities of the parent drug and exhibit greater efficacy and expanded tolerability, thereby addressing a longstanding objective for many clinical applications.
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Strydom N, Kaur G, Dziwornu GA, Okombo J, Wiesner L, Chibale K. Pharmacokinetics and Organ Distribution of C-3 Alkyl Esters as Potential Antimycobacterial Prodrugs of Fusidic Acid. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:459-466. [PMID: 32011859 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fusidic acid (FA) has previously been shown to be rapidly metabolized in rodents to its C-3 epimer, which has significantly lower antimycobacterial activity relative to FA. This was in part hypothesized to account for FA's lack of in vivo efficacy in a mouse model of tuberculosis despite potent in vitro antimycobacterial activity. In the current work, we hypothesized that C-3 alkyl ester prodrugs of FA would deliver higher levels of the drug and prevent the rapid metabolism observed upon administration of FA in its original form. Pharmacokinetic analysis of FA and its 3-ketofusidic acid metabolite as well as novel C-3 alkyl ester prodrugs of FA revealed that FA has low exposure in mice due to rapid metabolism to a species-specific metabolite, 3-epifusidic acid. The C-3 alkyl ester prodrugs showed improved absorption and tissue distribution in pharmacokinetic and organ distribution experiments. These results support the original objective of the FA C-3 ester prodrugs to improve drug concentrations and tissue distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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31
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Nishiya Y, Suzuki E, Ishizuka T, Kazui M, Sakurai H, Nakai D. Identification of non-P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of new drugs: Their significance in drug interaction evaluation and prodrug disposition. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:45-55. [PMID: 31926835 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Nishiya
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Eiko Suzuki
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishizuka
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Kazui
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Sakurai
- General Administration Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakai
- Biomarker & Translational Research Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
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Sivakumar PM, Peimanfard S, Zarrabi A, Khosravi A, Islami M. Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosystems as Drug Carriers for Cancer Therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 20:1327-1339. [PMID: 31490765 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190906160359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cyclodextrins have been of great interest as excellent candidates for fabricating versatile nano-drug delivery systems due to their commercial availability, easy functionalization, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility and safety. The possibility of reversible inclusion complex formation between cyclodextrins and various guest molecules in association with versatile exclusive properties of cyclodextrins offer a route towards the fabrication of highly sophisticated nanostructures with enormous potential for cancer treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS The current review discusses important recent advances in the fabrication and development of cyclodextrin-based nanostructures for cancer therapy. Firstly, the formation of inclusion complexes between cyclodextrin derivatives and anticancer compounds, as well as their application, are summarized. Secondly, the cyclodextrins -based nanosystems including cyclodextrin-containing polymers, cyclodextrin-based supramolecular necklaces, which consist of polyrotaxanes and polypseudorotaxanes and cyclodextrin based hydrogels accompanied by their applications in cancer treatment are highlighted. In the end, the future perspective of this field is discussed. CONCLUSION Numerous investigations in this area pave the way for the flourishing of the next generation of nano-therapeutics towards enhanced cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponnurengam M Sivakumar
- Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Shohreh Peimanfard
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research & Application Center (SUNUM), Orta Mh. Üniversite Cd. No: 27/1
- 34956 Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arezoo Khosravi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Matin Islami
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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33
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Sanches BM, Ferreira EI. Is prodrug design an approach to increase water solubility? Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Toll-Like Receptors and Relevant Emerging Therapeutics with Reference to Delivery Methods. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090441. [PMID: 31480568 PMCID: PMC6781272 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The built-in innate immunity in the human body combats various diseases and their causative agents. One of the components of this system is Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes and/or endogenous molecules. Nonetheless, under certain conditions, these TLRs become hypofunctional or hyperfunctional, thus leading to a disease-like condition because their normal activity is compromised. In this regard, various small-molecule drugs and recombinant therapeutic proteins have been developed to treat the relevant diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn’s disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and allergy. Some drugs for these diseases have been clinically approved; however, their efficacy can be enhanced by conventional or targeted drug delivery systems. Certain delivery vehicles such as liposomes, hydrogels, nanoparticles, dendrimers, or cyclodextrins can be employed to enhance the targeted drug delivery. This review summarizes the TLR signaling pathway, associated diseases and their treatments, and the ways to efficiently deliver the drugs to a target site.
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Di L. The Impact of Carboxylesterases in Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:91-102. [PMID: 30129408 PMCID: PMC6635651 DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666180821094502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carboxylesterases (CES) play a critical role in catalyzing hydrolysis of esters, amides, carbamates and thioesters, as well as bioconverting prodrugs and soft drugs. The unique tissue distribution of CES enzymes provides great opportunities to design prodrugs or soft drugs for tissue targeting. Marked species differences in CES tissue distribution and catalytic activity are particularly challenging in human translation. METHODS Review and summarization of CES fundamentals and applications in drug discovery and development. RESULTS Human CES1 is one of the most highly expressed drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver, while human intestine only expresses CES2. CES enzymes have moderate to high inter-individual variability and exhibit low to no expression in the fetus, but increase substantially during the first few months of life. The CES genes are highly polymorphic and some CES genetic variants show significant influence on metabolism and clinical outcome of certain drugs. Monkeys appear to be more predictive of human pharmacokinetics for CES substrates than other species. Low risk of clinical drug-drug interaction is anticipated for CES, although they should not be overlooked, particularly interaction with alcohols. CES enzymes are moderately inducible through a number of transcription factors and can be repressed by inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Although significant advances have been made in our understanding of CESs, in vitro - in vivo extrapolation of clearance is still in its infancy and further exploration is needed. In vitro and in vivo tools are continuously being developed to characterize CES substrates and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, CT 06354, United States
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36
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Soni D, Bade AN, Gautam N, Herskovitz J, Ibrahim IM, Smith N, Wojtkiewicz MS, Dyavar Shetty BL, Alnouti Y, McMillan J, Gendelman HE, Edagwa BJ. Synthesis of a long acting nanoformulated emtricitabine ProTide. Biomaterials 2019; 222:119441. [PMID: 31472458 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has revolutionized treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection, regimen adherence, viral mutations, drug toxicities and access stigma and fatigue are treatment limitations. These have led to new opportunities for the development of long acting (LA) ART including implantable devices and chemical drug modifications. Herein, medicinal and formulation chemistry were used to develop LA prodrug nanoformulations of emtricitabine (FTC). A potent lipophilic FTC phosphoramidate prodrug (M2FTC) was synthesized then encapsulated into a poloxamer surfactant (NM2FTC). These modifications extended the biology, apparent drug half-life and antiretroviral activities of the formulations. NM2FTC demonstrated a >30-fold increase in macrophage and CD4+ T cell drug uptake with efficient conversion to triphosphates (FTC-TP). Intracellular FTC-TP protected macrophages against an HIV-1 challenge for 30 days. A single intramuscular injection of NM2FTC, at 45 mg/kg native drug equivalents, into Sprague Dawley rats resulted in sustained prodrug levels in blood, liver, spleen and lymph nodes and FTC-TP in lymph node and spleen cells at one month. In contrast, native FTC-TPs was present for one day. These results are an advance in the transformation of FTC into a LA agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruvkumar Soni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Aditya N Bade
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Nagsen Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Nathan Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Melinda S Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Bhagya Laxmi Dyavar Shetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - JoEllyn McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Benson J Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Liu Y, Chen Q, Mou C, Pan L, Duan X, Chen X, Chen H, Zhao Y, Lu Y, Jin Z, Chi YR. Catalytic asymmetric acetalization of carboxylic acids for access to chiral phthalidyl ester prodrugs. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1675. [PMID: 30975988 PMCID: PMC6459872 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are common moieties in medicines. They can be converted to phthalidyl esters as prodrugs. Unfortunately, phthalidyl esters are now mostly prepared in racemic forms. This is not desirable because the two enantiomers of phthalidyl esters likely have different pharmacological effects. Here we address the synthetic challenges in enantioselective modification of carboxylic acids via asymmetric acetalizations. The key reaction step involves asymmetric addition of a carboxylic acid to the catalyst-bound intermediate. This addition step enantioselectively constructs a chiral acetal unit that lead to optically enriched phthalidyl esters. A broad range of carboxylic acids react effectively under mild and transition metal-free conditions. Preliminary bioactivity studies show that the two enantiomers of chlorambucil phthalidyl esters exhibit different anti-cancer activities to inhibit the growth of Hela cells. Our catalytic strategy of asymmetric acetalizations of carboxylic acids shall benefit future development of chiral phthalidyl ester prodrugs and related molecules. Phthalidyl esters, commonly used prodrug moieties, are mostly prepared as a racemate. Here, the authors report an N-heterocylcic carbene-catalysed enantioselective acetalization of carboxylic acids and dialdehydes to give phthalidyl esters in high yields with good enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingguo Liu
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Qiao Chen
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Chengli Mou
- School of Pharmacy, Guiyang University of Chinese Medicine, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Lutai Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Guiyang University of Chinese Medicine, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Duan
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xingkuan Chen
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Hongzhong Chen
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yunpeng Lu
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhichao Jin
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore. .,Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Selective auxin agonists induce specific AUX/IAA protein degradation to modulate plant development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:6463-6472. [PMID: 30850516 PMCID: PMC6442611 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809037116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin phytohormones control most aspects of plant development through a complex and interconnected signaling network. In the presence of auxin, AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (AUX/IAA) transcriptional repressors are targeted for degradation by the SKP1-CULLIN1-F-BOX (SCF) ubiquitin-protein ligases containing TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESISTANT 1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (TIR1/AFB). CULLIN1-neddylation is required for SCFTIR1/AFB functionality, as exemplified by mutants deficient in the NEDD8-activating enzyme subunit AUXIN-RESISTANT 1 (AXR1). Here, we report a chemical biology screen that identifies small molecules requiring AXR1 to modulate plant development. We selected four molecules of interest, RubNeddin 1 to 4 (RN1 to -4), among which RN3 and RN4 trigger selective auxin responses at transcriptional, biochemical, and morphological levels. This selective activity is explained by their ability to consistently promote the interaction between TIR1 and a specific subset of AUX/IAA proteins, stimulating the degradation of particular AUX/IAA combinations. Finally, we performed a genetic screen using RN4, the RN with the greatest potential for dissecting auxin perception, which revealed that the chromatin remodeling ATPase BRAHMA is implicated in auxin-mediated apical hook development. These results demonstrate the power of selective auxin agonists to dissect auxin perception for plant developmental functions, as well as offering opportunities to discover new molecular players involved in auxin responses.
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Markovic M, Ben-Shabat S, Keinan S, Aponick A, Zimmermann EM, Dahan A. Prospects and Challenges of Phospholipid-Based Prodrugs. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040210. [PMID: 30388756 PMCID: PMC6321354 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the prodrug approach is used already at the early stages of drug development. Lipidic prodrug approach is a growing field for improving a number of drug properties/delivery/therapy aspects, and can offer solutions for various unmet needs. This approach includes drug moiety bound to the lipid carrier, which can be triglyceride, fatty acids, steroid, or phospholipid (PL). The focus of this article is PL-based prodrugs, which includes a PL carrier covalently bound to the active drug moiety. An overview of relevant physiological lipid processing pathways and absorption barriers is provided, followed by drug delivery/therapeutic application of PL-drug conjugates, as well as computational modeling techniques, and a modern bioinformatics tool that can aid in the optimization of PL conjugates. PL-based prodrugs have increased lipophilicity comparing to the parent drug, and can therefore significantly improve the pharmacokinetic profile and overall bioavailability of the parent drug, join the endogenous lipid processing pathways and therefore accomplish drug targeting, e.g., by lymphatic transport, drug release at specific target site(s), or passing the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, an exciting gateway for treating inflammatory diseases and cancer is presented, by utilizing the PL sn-2 position in the prodrug design, aiming for PLA₂-mediated activation. Overall, a PL-based prodrug approach shows great potential in improving different drug delivery/therapy aspects, and is expected to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Markovic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | | | - Aaron Aponick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
| | - Ellen M Zimmermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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Markovic M, Ben‐Shabat S, Keinan S, Aponick A, Zimmermann EM, Dahan A. Lipidic prodrug approach for improved oral drug delivery and therapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:579-607. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Markovic
- Department of Clinical PharmacologySchool of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐Sheva Israel
| | - Shimon Ben‐Shabat
- Department of Clinical PharmacologySchool of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐Sheva Israel
| | | | - Aaron Aponick
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FloridaGainesville Florida
| | - Ellen M. Zimmermann
- Department of MedicineDivision of Gastroenterology, University of FloridaGainesville Florida
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical PharmacologySchool of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐Sheva Israel
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The environmental pollutant, polychlorinated biphenyls, and cardiovascular disease: a potential target for antioxidant nanotherapeutics. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:740-759. [PMID: 28975503 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite production having stopped in the 1970s, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) represent persistent organic pollutants that continue to pose a serious human health risk. Exposure to PCBs has been linked to chronic inflammatory diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, as well as hepatic disorders, endocrine dysfunction, neurological deficits, and many others. This is further complicated by the PCB's strong hydrophobicity, resulting in their ability to accumulate up the food chain and to be stored in fat deposits. This means that completely avoiding exposure is not possible, thus requiring the need to develop intervention strategies that can mitigate disease risks associated with exposure to PCBs. Currently, there is excitement in the use of nutritional compounds as a way of inhibiting the inflammation associated with PCBs, yet the suboptimal delivery and pharmacology of these compounds may not be sufficient in more acute exposures. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge of PCB toxicity and some of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nanocarrier systems that may be useful as an enhanced treatment modality for reducing PCB toxicity.
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42
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Bao XZ, Dai F, Li XR, Zhou B. Targeting redox vulnerability of cancer cells by prooxidative intervention of a glutathione-activated Cu(II) pro-ionophore: Hitting three birds with one stone. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:342-352. [PMID: 29935260 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Altered redox homeostasis including higher levels of copper, reduced glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells than in normal cells illustrates their redox vulnerability, and has opened a window for developing prooxidative anticancer agents (PAAs) to hit this status. However, how to design PAAs with high selectivity in killing cancer cells over normal cells remains a challenge. Herein we designed a 3-hydroxyflavone-inspired copper pro-ionophore (PHF) as a potent PAA based on the GSH-mediated conversion of 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonates to enols. Mechanistic investigation reveals that it is capable of exploiting increased levels of GSH in cancer cells to in situ release an active ionophore, 3-hydroxyflavone, inducing redox imbalance (copper accumulation, GSH depletion and ROS generation) and achieving highly selective killing of cancer cells upon specific transport of small amounts of Cu(II). To the best of our knowledge, it is the first example of Cu(II) pro-ionophore type of PAA which hits (changes) the three birds (abnormal copper, GSH and ROS levels in cancer cells) with one stone (PHF) in terms of its ability to induce preferentially redox imbalance of cancer cells by copper accumulation, GSH depletion and ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Zhen Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Fang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xin-Rong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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43
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Zhang X, Li X, Li Z, Wu X, Wu Y, You Q, Zhang X. An NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 Responsive and Self-Immolative Prodrug of 5-Fluorouracil for Safe and Effective Cancer Therapy. Org Lett 2018; 20:3635-3638. [PMID: 29847952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tripartite prodrug 1, composed of an NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1)-responsive trigger group, a self-immolative linker, and the active drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), was designed and synthesized for site-specific cancer therapy. Upon bioreductive activation by NQO1, 1 can release the parent drug 5-FU specifically in NQO1-overexpressing cancer cells. This prodrug exerts comparable antitumor activity and a more favorable safety profile compared with 5-FU both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Xiang Li
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China.,Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , China
| | - Xingsen Wu
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China.,Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , China
| | - Yue Wu
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Qidong You
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China.,Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , China
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Rautio J, Meanwell NA, Di L, Hageman MJ. The expanding role of prodrugs in contemporary drug design and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:559-587. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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45
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Savietto A, Polaquini CR, Kopacz M, Scheffers DJ, Marques BC, Regasini LO, Ferreira H. Antibacterial activity of monoacetylated alkyl gallates against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Arch Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29525827 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Asiatic citrus canker (ACC) is an incurable disease of citrus plants caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri). It affects all the commercially important citrus varieties in the major orange producing areas around the world. Control of the pathogen requires recurrent sprays of copper formulations that accumulate in soil and water reservoirs. Here, we describe the improvement of the alkyl gallates, which are potent anti-X. citri compounds, intended to be used as alternatives to copper in the control of ACC. Acetylation of alkyl gallates increased their lipophilicity, which resulted in potentiation of the antibacterial activity. X. citri exposed to the acetylated compounds exhibited increased cell length that is consistent with the disruption of the cell division apparatus. Finally, we show that inhibition of cell division is an indirect effect that seemed to be caused by membrane permeabilization, which is apparently the primary target of the acetylated alkyl gallates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Savietto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. 24A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Polaquini
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Malgorzata Kopacz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Scheffers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Carvalho Marques
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Luís Octavio Regasini
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Henrique Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. 24A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil.
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46
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Optimization of antimalarial, and anticancer activities of ( E )-methyl 2-(7-chloroquinolin-4-ylthio)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acrylate. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:815-823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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47
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Sun K, Xu H, Hilfinger JL, Lee KD, Provoda CJ, Sabit H, Amidon GL. Improved Protease-Targeting and Biopharmaceutical Properties of Novel Prodrugs of Ganciclovir. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:410-419. [PMID: 29251944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prodrug strategy has been frequently employed as a chemical approach for overcoming the disadvantages of existing parent drugs. In this report, we synthesized four monoester prodrugs of ganciclovir, an anticytomegalovirus drug, and demonstrated their potential advantages in protease-targeted activation and biopharmaceutical profiles over the parent compound. We demonstrated that these four prodrugs of ganciclovir, i.e., N-benzyloxycarbonyl-(L)-alanine-ganciclovir (CbzAlaGCV), N-benzyloxycarbonyl-(α,l)-aminobutyric acid-ganciclovir (CbzAbuGCV), N-acetyl-(l)-phenylalanine-(l)-alanine-ganciclovir (AcPheAlaGCV), and N-acetyl-(l)-phenylalanine-(α,l)-aminobutyric acid-ganciclovir (AcPheAbuGCV), are hydrolytically activated by the protease of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV), a serine protease that possesses intrinsic esterase activities. CbzAlaGCV and AcPheAlaGCV were found to be activated at a higher rate by the hCMV protease than CbzAbuGCV and AcPheAbuGCV. These ganciclovir prodrugs could potentially be targeted to selective activation by the hCMV protease which is only present at the viral infection sites, thereby achieving higher efficacy and lower systemic toxicity. The tissue stability, cellular uptake, and trans-epithelial transport of these ganciclovir prodrugs were also characterized. The N-acetylated dipeptide prodrugs of ganciclovir were found to be generally more stable than Cbz-amino acid prodrugs in various tissue matrices. Among the four prodrug candidates, AcPheAbuGCV was the most stable in human cell homogenates, plasma, and pooled liver microsomes. AcPheAbuGCV also possessed a superior cellular uptake profile and permeability across epithelial cell monolayers. Since the targeting and selective activation of a prodrug is determined by not only its rate of hydrolysis catalyzed by the hCMV protease target but also its biopharmaceutical properties, i.e., oral absorption and systemic availability, AcPheAbuGCV is considered the best overall candidate among the four ganciclovir prodrugs for further research and development for treatment of hCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Sun
- Shire Pharmaceuticals Human Genetic Therapies, Inc. , 300 Shire Way, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421-2101, United States
| | - Hao Xu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan , 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, United States
| | - John L Hilfinger
- TSRL, Inc. , 540 Avis Drive, Suite A, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108, United States
| | - Kyung-Dall Lee
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan , 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, United States
| | - Chester J Provoda
- American Society for Clinical Investigation , 2015 Manchester Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, United States
| | - Hairat Sabit
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
| | - Gordon L Amidon
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan , 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, United States
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Harriott ND, Williams JP, Smith EB, Bozigian HP, Grigoriadis DE. VMAT2 Inhibitors and the Path to Ingrezza (Valbenazine). PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 57:87-111. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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49
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Mrowietz U, Morrison PJ, Suhrkamp I, Kumanova M, Clement B. The Pharmacokinetics of Fumaric Acid Esters Reveal Their In Vivo Effects. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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Stewart CD, Arman H, Benavides B, Musie GT. Crystal structure of gluconate bound iron( iii) complex: synthesis, characterization and redox properties of the complex in aqueous solution. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj01886c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization and redox properties of the first single crystal X-ray characterized, water soluble bis-gluconato-tetra-iron(iii) containing complex has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadi Arman
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at San Antonio
- San Antonio
- USA
| | - Brenda Benavides
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at San Antonio
- San Antonio
- USA
| | - Ghezai T. Musie
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at San Antonio
- San Antonio
- USA
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