1
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Yan F, Bai JF, Dong Y, Liu S, Li C, Du CX, Li Y. Catalytic Cyanation of C-N Bonds with CO 2/NH 3. JACS AU 2022; 2:2522-2528. [PMID: 36465537 PMCID: PMC9709945 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyanation of benzylic C-N bonds is useful in the preparation of important α-aryl nitriles. The first general catalytic cyanation of α-(hetero)aryl amines, analogous to the Sandmeyer reaction of anilines, was developed using reductive cyanation with CO2/NH3. A broad array of α-aryl nitriles was obtained in high yields and regioselectivity by C-N cleavage of intermediates as ammonium salts. Good tolerance of functional groups such as ethers, CF3, F, Cl, esters, indoles, and benzothiophenes was achieved. Using 13CO2, a 13C-labeled tryptamine homologue (five steps, 31% yield) and Cysmethynil (six steps, 37% yield) were synthesized. Both electronic and steric effects of ligands influence the reactivity of alkyl nickel species with electrophilic silyl isocyanates and thus determine the reactivity and selectivity of the cyanation reaction. This work contributes to the understanding of the controllable activation of CO2/NH3 and provides the promising potential of the amine cyanation reaction in the synthesis of bio-relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fachao Yan
- State
Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research
Institute of LICP, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R.
China
| | - Jian-Fei Bai
- State
Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research
Institute of LICP, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Dong
- State
Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research
Institute of LICP, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Shaoli Liu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai
University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Chen Li
- State
Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research
Institute of LICP, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Xia Du
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yuehui Li
- State
Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research
Institute of LICP, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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2
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Sathish E, Gupta AK, Deeksha, Mishra SK, Sawant DM, Singh R. Heteroarylation of Congested α-Bromoamides with Imidazo-Heteroarenes and Indolizines via Aza-Oxyallyl Cations: Enroute to Dibenzoazepinone and Zolpidem Analogues. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14168-14176. [PMID: 36260747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a highly efficient and unprecedented approach for heteroarylation of congested α-bromoamides via electrophilic aromatic substitution of imidazo-heteroarenes and indolizines under mild reaction conditions (room temperature, metal, and oxidant free). The participation of an in situ generated aza-oxyallyl cation as an alkylating agent is the hallmark of this transformation. The method was readily adapted to synthesize novel imidazo-heteroarene-fused dibenzoazepinone architectures of potential medicinal value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elagandhula Sathish
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan305817, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Gupta
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan305817, India
| | - Deeksha
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan305817, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Mishra
- Department of Physics and NMR Research Center, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, 411008Pune, India
| | - Devesh M Sawant
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan305817, India
| | - Ritesh Singh
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan305817, India
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3
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Kiyokawa K, Urashima N, Minakata S. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane-Catalyzed Formal Cyanoalkylation of Indoles with Cyanohydrins. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8389-8401. [PMID: 34077225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the significant achievements related to the C3 functionalization of indoles, cyanoalkylation reactions continue to remain rather limited. We herein report on the formal C3 cyanoalkylation of indoles with cyanohydrins in the presence of a tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (B(C6F5)3) catalyst. It is noteworthy that cyanohydrins are used as a cyanoalkylating reagent in the present reaction, even though they are usually used as only a HCN source. Mechanistic investigations revealed the unique reactivity of the B(C6F5)3 catalyst in promoting the decomposition of a cyanohydrin by a Lewis acidic activation through the coordination of the cyano group to the boron center. In addition, a catalytic three-component reaction using indoles, aldehydes as a carbon unit, and acetone cyanohydrin that avoids the discrete preparation of each aldehyde-derived cyanohydrin is also reported. The developed methods provide straightforward, highly efficient, and atom-economic access to various types of synthetically useful indole-3-acetonitrile derivatives containing α-tertiary or quaternary carbon centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kiyokawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naruyo Urashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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4
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Filer CN, Orphanos D. An effective and scalable 14C radiolabelling of several biogenic indole derivatives at high specific activity. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 165:109268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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Boutin JA, Witt-Enderby PA, Sotriffer C, Zlotos DP. Melatonin receptor ligands: A pharmaco-chemical perspective. J Pineal Res 2020; 69:e12672. [PMID: 32531076 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptor ligands have been vigorously explored for the last 4 decades. Inspection of approximately 80 publications in the field revealed that most melatonergic ligands were structural analogues of melatonin combining three essential features of the parent compound: an aromatic ring bearing a methoxy group and an amide side chain in a relative arrangement similar to that present in melatonin. While several series of MT2 -selective agents-agonists, antagonists, or partial agonists-were reported, the field was lacking MT1 -selective agents. Herein, we describe various approaches toward the development of melatonergic ligands, keeping in mind that most of the molecules/pharmacophores obtained were essentially melatonin copies, even though diverse tri- or tetra-cyclic compounds were explored. In addition to lack of structural diversity, only few studies examined the activity of the reported melatonergic ligands in vivo. Moreover, an extensive pharmacological characterization including biopharmaceutical stability, pharmacokinetic properties, specificity toward other major receptors to name a few remained scarce. For example, many of the antagonists described were not stable in vivo, were not selective for the melatonin receptor subtype of interest, and were not fully characterized from a pharmacological standpoint. Indeed, virtual screening of large compound libraries has led to the recent discovery of potent and selective melatonin receptor agonists and partial agonists of new chemotypes. Having said this, the melatonergic field is still lacking subtype-selective melatonin receptor antagonists "active" in vivo, which are critical to our understanding of melatonin and melatonin receptors' role in basic physiology and disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Ligands
- Melatonin/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Boutin
- Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIER, Suresnes, France
| | - Paula A Witt-Enderby
- School of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Sotriffer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Darius P Zlotos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Egypt
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6
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Wang SY, Shi XC, Laborda P. Indole-based melatonin analogues: Synthetic approaches and biological activity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 185:111847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Mykhailiuk PK, Koenigs RM. Diazoacetonitrile (N 2 CHCN): A Long Forgotten but Valuable Reagent for Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2019; 26:89-101. [PMID: 31415714 PMCID: PMC6973033 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diazoacetonitrile (N2CHCN) is a small reactive diazoalkane. It has been synthesized for the first time already in 1898 by Theodor Curtius, however, did not gain much recognition in organic synthesis until recently. Only in 2015, after introduction of in situ and flow protocols for the safe generation of diazoacetonitrile, it started gaining popularity. In this minireview, the synthetic properties and applications of this valuable reagent are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine.,Chemistry Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska 64, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Rene M Koenigs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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8
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Turnu F, Luridiana A, Cocco A, Porcu S, Frongia A, Sarais G, Secci F. Catalytic Tandem Friedel–Crafts Alkylation/C4–C3 Ring-Contraction Reaction: An Efficient Route for the Synthesis of Indolyl Cyclopropanecarbaldehydes and Ketones. Org Lett 2019; 21:7329-7332. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Turnu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554, bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Alberto Luridiana
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554, bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Andrea Cocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554, bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Stefania Porcu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554, bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Angelo Frongia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554, bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Giorgia Sarais
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, via Ospedale 82, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Secci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554, bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
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9
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Synthesis of New Indole and Adamantane Amido Derivatives with Pharmacological Interest. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Tsotinis A, Kompogennitaki R, Papanastasiou I, Garratt PJ, Bocianowska A, Sugden D. Fluorine substituted methoxyphenylalkyl amides as potent melatonin receptor agonists. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:460-464. [PMID: 31191854 PMCID: PMC6530086 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00604k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of fluorine substituted methoxyphenylalkyl amides were prepared with different orientations of the fluorine and methoxy groups with respect to the alkylamide side chain and with alkyl sides of differing lengths (n = 1-3). β-Dimethyl and α-methyl derivatives were also synthesised. The compounds were tested as melatonin agonists and antagonists using the pigment aggregation of Xenopus melanophores as the biological assay. A number of these compounds were potent melatonin agonists, the potency depending on the length of the alkyl chain, the orientation of the methoxy and fluorine substituents, the amide chain length and, for the ethyl side-chain analogues, the presence of β-substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tsotinis
- School of Health Sciences , Department of Pharmacy , Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimioupoli-Zografou , 157 84 Athens , Greece .
| | - Rodanthi Kompogennitaki
- School of Health Sciences , Department of Pharmacy , Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimioupoli-Zografou , 157 84 Athens , Greece .
| | - Ioannis Papanastasiou
- School of Health Sciences , Department of Pharmacy , Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimioupoli-Zografou , 157 84 Athens , Greece .
| | - Peter J Garratt
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , UK
| | - Alina Bocianowska
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology , King's College London , London SE1 1UL , UK
| | - David Sugden
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology , King's College London , London SE1 1UL , UK
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11
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Hock KJ, Knorrscheidt A, Hommelsheim R, Ho J, Weissenborn MJ, Koenigs RM. Eisenporphyrin-katalysierte C-H-Funktionalisierung von Indol mit Diazoacetonitril für die Synthese von Tryptaminen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina J. Hock
- Institut für Organische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Anja Knorrscheidt
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie; Weinberg 3 06120 Halle (Saale) Deutschland
| | - Renè Hommelsheim
- Institut für Organische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Junming Ho
- School of Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australien
| | - Martin J. Weissenborn
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie; Weinberg 3 06120 Halle (Saale) Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2 06120 Halle (Saale) Deutschland
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- Institut für Organische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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12
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Hock KJ, Knorrscheidt A, Hommelsheim R, Ho J, Weissenborn MJ, Koenigs RM. Tryptamine Synthesis by Iron Porphyrin Catalyzed C-H Functionalization of Indoles with Diazoacetonitrile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3630-3634. [PMID: 30570826 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of C-H bonds with non-precious metal catalysts is an important research area for the development of efficient and sustainable processes. Herein, we describe the development of iron porphyrin catalyzed reactions of diazoacetonitrile with N-heterocycles yielding important precursors of tryptamines, along with experimental mechanistic studies and proof-of-concept studies of an enzymatic process with YfeX enzyme. By using readily available FeTPPCl, we achieved the highly efficient C-H functionalization of indole and indazole heterocycles. These transformations feature mild reaction conditions, excellent yields with broad functional group tolerance, can be conducted on gram scale, and thus provide a unique streamlined access to tryptamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina J Hock
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Knorrscheidt
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Renè Hommelsheim
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Junming Ho
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Martin J Weissenborn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Rene M Koenigs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is widely known as "the darkness hormone". It is a major chronobiological regulator involved in circadian phasing and sleep-wake cycle in humans. Numerous other functions, including cyto/neuroprotection, immune modulation, and energy metabolism have been ascribed to melatonin. A variety of studies have revealed a role for melatonin and its receptors in different pathophysiological conditions. However, the suitability of melatonin as a drug is limited because of its short half-life, poor oral bioavailability, and ubiquitous action. Due to the therapeutic potential of melatonin in a wide variety of clinical conditions, the development of new agents able to interact selectively with melatonin receptors has become an area of great interest during the last decade. Therefore, the field of melatonergic receptor agonists comprises a great number of structurally different chemical entities, which range from indolic to nonindolic compounds. Melatonergic agonists are suitable for sleep disturbances, neuropsychiatric disorders related to circadian dysphasing, and metabolic diseases associated with insulin resistance. The results of preclinical studies on animal models show that melatonin receptor agonists can be considered promising agents for the treatment of central nervous system-related pathologies. An overview of recent advances in the field of investigational melatonergic drugs will be presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Carocci
- Department of Pharmacy–Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy–Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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14
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Sharma R, Nikas SP, Paronis CA, Wood JT, Halikhedkar A, Guo JJ, Thakur GA, Kulkarni S, Benchama O, Raghav JG, Gifford RS, Järbe TUC, Bergman J, Makriyannis A. Controlled-deactivation cannabinergic ligands. J Med Chem 2013; 56:10142-57. [PMID: 24286207 DOI: 10.1021/jm4016075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report an approach for obtaining novel cannabinoid analogues with controllable deactivation and improved druggability. Our design involves the incorporation of a metabolically labile ester group at the 2'-position on a series of (-)-Δ(8)-THC analogues. We have sought to introduce benzylic substituents α to the ester group which affect the half-lives of deactivation through enzymatic activity while enhancing the affinities and efficacies of individual ligands for the CB1 and CB2 receptors. The 1'-(S)-methyl, 1'-gem-dimethyl, and 1'-cyclobutyl analogues exhibit remarkably high affinities for both CB receptors. The novel ligands are susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis by plasma esterases in a controllable manner, while their metabolites are inactive at the CB receptors. In further in vitro and in vivo experiments key analogues were shown to be potent CB1 receptor agonists and to exhibit CB1-mediated hypothermic and analgesic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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15
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Zlotos DP, Jockers R, Cecon E, Rivara S, Witt-Enderby PA. MT1 and MT2 Melatonin Receptors: Ligands, Models, Oligomers, and Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2013; 57:3161-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darius. P. Zlotos
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Inserm, U1016,
Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR
8104, Paris, France
- Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Erika Cecon
- Department
of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Paula A. Witt-Enderby
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 421 Mellon Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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16
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Ann Hughes R, Tølløfsrud M, Bryant N, Kaboli M, Hennum M, Bonge-Hansen T. Diastereoselective synthesis of cyclopropyl melatonin analogues. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Szalata C, Szymoniak J, Fabis F, Butt-Gueulle S, Rault S, Bertus P, Gérard S, Sapi J. Cyclopropyl-tryptamine analogues: synthesis and biological evaluation as 5-HT(6) receptor ligands. ChemMedChem 2012; 8:70-3. [PMID: 23129513 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Conformational restrictions: Based on the pharmacophore model for 5-HT(6) receptor ligands (shown), tryptamine analogues bearing a cyclopropyl ring on the α-position of the tryptamine side chain were synthesized and evaluated against 5-HT receptors. N,N-Dimethyl-1-arylsulfonyltryptamine derivatives exhibited promising selectivity for 5-HT(6) over 5-HT(1a) and 5-HT(4) receptors and interesting activity against 5-HT(6) (K(i) =∼0.15 μM; IC(50) =∼0.20 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Szalata
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312 (ex 6229), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51096 Reims Cedex and UFR Sciences, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France
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18
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Mésangeau C, Fraise M, Delagrange P, Caignard DH, Boutin JA, Berthelot P, Yous S. Preparation and pharmacological evaluation of a novel series of 2-(phenylthio)benzo[b]thiophenes as selective MT2 receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1835-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Carocci A, Catalano A, Lovece A, Lentini G, Duranti A, Lucini V, Pannacci M, Scaglione F, Franchini C. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological effects of structurally simple ligands for MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6496-511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Physiology and pharmacology of melatonin in relation to biological rhythms. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:383-410. [PMID: 19605939 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is an evolutionarily conserved molecule that serves a time-keeping function in various species. In vertebrates, melatonin is produced predominantly by the pineal gland with a marked circadian rhythm that is governed by the central circadian pacemaker (biological clock) in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. High levels of melatonin are normally found at night, and low levels are seen during daylight hours. As a consequence, melatonin has been called the "darkness hormone". This review surveys the current state of knowledge regarding the regulation of melatonin synthesis, receptor expression, and function. In particular, it addresses the physiological, pathological, and therapeutic aspects of melatonin in humans, with an emphasis on biological rhythms.
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Fischer TW, Slominski A, Zmijewski MA, Reiter RJ, Paus R. Melatonin as a major skin protectant: from free radical scavenging to DNA damage repair. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:713-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Synthesis of 3-phenylnaphthalenic derivatives as new selective MT2 melatoninergic ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:8339-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Antioxidative effect of melatonin on DNA and erythrocytes against free-radical-induced oxidation. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 151:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Rivara S, Lodola A, Mor M, Bedini A, Spadoni G, Lucini V, Pannacci M, Fraschini F, Scaglione F, Sanchez RO, Gobbi G, Tarzia G. N-(Substituted-anilinoethyl)amides: Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Characterization of a New Class of Melatonin Receptor Ligands. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6618-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jm700957j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Annalida Bedini
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Valeria Lucini
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Marilou Pannacci
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Franco Fraschini
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Francesco Scaglione
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Rafael Ochoa Sanchez
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, V.le G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, 43100 Parma, Italy, Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitá degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2, and Department of
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Tsotinis A, Afroudakis PA, Davidson K, Prashar A, Sugden D. Design, Synthesis, and Melatoninergic Activity of New Azido- and Isothiocyanato-Substituted Indoles. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6436-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jm7010723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tsotinis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Pandelis A. Afroudakis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Kathryn Davidson
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Anjali Prashar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - David Sugden
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, U.K
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26
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Tsotinis A, Eleutheriades A, Di Bari L, Pescitelli G. A New, Stereoselective, Ring-Forming Reaction of 1,2-Ethanedithiol with N-Acylated Indoles. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8928-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jo7013142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tsotinis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via Risorgimento 35, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andreas Eleutheriades
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via Risorgimento 35, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via Risorgimento 35, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via Risorgimento 35, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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27
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Papahatjis DP, Nahmias VR, Nikas SP, Andreou T, Alapafuja SO, Tsotinis A, Guo J, Fan P, Makriyannis A. C1‘-Cycloalkyl Side Chain Pharmacophore in Tetrahydrocannabinols. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4048-60. [PMID: 17672444 DOI: 10.1021/jm070121a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In earlier work we have provided evidence for the presence of a subsite within the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptor binding domains of classical cannabinoids. This putative subsite corresponds to substituents on the C1'-position of the C3-alkyl side chain, a key pharmacophoric feature in this class of compounds. We have now refined this work through the synthesis of additional C1'-cycloalkyl compounds using newly developed approaches. Our findings indicate that the C1'-cyclopropyl and C1'-cyclopentyl groups are optimal pharmacophores for both receptors while the C1'-cyclobutyl group interacts optimally with CB1 but not with CB2. The C1'-cyclohexyl analogs have reduced affinities for both CB1 and CB2. However, these affinities are significantly improved with the introduction of a C2'-C3' cis double bond that modifies the available conformational space within the side chain and allows for a better accommodation of a six-membered ring within the side chain subsite. Our SAR results are highlighted by molecular modeling of key analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetris P Papahatjis
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vass. Constantinou, Athens 116-35 Greece.
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28
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Wu PW, Cheng YM, Hsieh WT, Wang YH, Wei CY, Chou PT. 7-Azamelatonin: Efficient Synthetic Routes, Excited-State Double Proton Transfer Properties and Biomedical Implications. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:1071-5. [PMID: 17477342 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of a seven-step synthetic route, the total synthesis of 7-azamelatonin, an analogue of melatonin, has been achieved with an overall yield of approximately 9.2%. In aqueous solution, 7-azamelatonin exhibits a unique excited-state double proton transfer (ESDPT) property, resulting in dual emission bands (405 and 560 nm). The ESDPT property makes 7-azamelatonin superb as a potential molecular probe for future bioapplication and for pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
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29
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Tsotinis A, Panoussopoulou M, Eleutheriades A, Davidson K, Sugden D. Design, synthesis and melatoninergic activity of new unsubstituted and β,β′-difunctionalised 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-6-alkanamides. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 42:1004-13. [PMID: 17346859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of new 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-6-alkanamides, with and without alkyl and cycloalkyl moieties in the beta-position of the alkanamido side chain, have been prepared and tested for their ability to activate pigment granule aggregation in Xenopus laevis melanophores and bind to the recombinant human MT(1) and MT(2) melatonin receptor subtypes expressed in NIH 3T3 cells. An increase of the spacer's length in the side chain by a methylene unit (from 17d to 21d) leads to a six-fold decrease in antagonistic activity. On the other hand, the introduction of two methyl groups in the beta-position of the side chain of 17a induces agonist potency (compound 24), implying thus that the two beta-methyl groups are not only tolerated by the receptor, but constitute functional probes in its dynamic agonist-antagonist conformational equilibrium. The presence of more bulky beta-substituents, regardless of the size of the R group, compounds 24a,b, seems to lead to antagonism and to a noteworthy MT(2) subtype selectivity. Last, the new N1-C7 annulated derivatives presented herein are substantially more potent than their respective N1-C2 annulated counterparts, previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tsotinis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece.
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Faust R, Garratt PJ, Trujillo Pérez MA, Piccio VJD, Madsen C, Stenstrøm A, Frølund B, Davidson K, Teh MT, Sugden D. 7-Substituted-melatonin and 7-substituted-1-methylmelatonin analogues: Effect of substituents on potency and binding affinity. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4543-51. [PMID: 17459711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of 7-substituted melatonin and 1-methylmelatonin analogues were prepared and tested against human and amphibian melatonin receptors. 7-Substituents reduced the agonist potency of all the analogues in the Xenopus laevis melanophore assay, 7-bromomelatonin (5d) and N-butanoyl 7-bromo-5-methoxytryptamine (5f) being the most active compounds, but both were 42-fold less potent than melatonin (1). Whereas all the analogues bind with lower affinity at the human MT(1) receptor than melatonin, 5d, 5f and N-propanoyl 7-bromo-5-methoxytryptamine (5e) show a similar binding affinity to melatonin at the MT(2) receptor and consequently show some MT(2) selectivity. These results suggest that the receptor pocket around C-7 favours binding by an electronegative group, suggesting an electropositive region in this area of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Faust
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
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Tsotinis A, Eleutheriades A, Hough KA, Davidson K, Sugden D. Design, synthesis and melatoninergic potency of new N-acyl 8,9-dihydro-4-methoxy-7H-2-benzo[de]quinolinalkanamines. Bioorg Chem 2007; 35:189-204. [PMID: 17223160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of new N-acyl 8,9-dihydro-4-methoxy-7H-2-benzo[de]quinolinalkanamines have been prepared and tested for their ability to activate pigment granule aggregation in Xenopus laevis melanophores and bind to the recombinant human MT(1) and MT(2) melatonin receptor subtypes expressed in NIH 3T3 cells. Compounds with a single methylene spacer in the side chain (7) have no agonist activity, but are weak antagonists in the Xenopus melanophore assay, irrespectively of the size or shape of the R substituent (R=CH(3) to c-C(4)H(7)). In contrast, compounds with two (8) or three (9) methylene spacers show partial agonist activity, though this does vary with the nature of the R substituent. Interestingly, the cyclopropane and cyclobutane R substituents, which are usually linked with antagonism, render the cyclopropanecarboxamido analog 9d and its cyclobutanecarboxamido congener 9e weak agonists. It seems, therefore, that in these compounds the R substituent constitutes a functional probe in the dynamic agonist-antagonist conformational equilibrium. One of the new molecules, antagonist 8c, exhibits a noteworthy MT(2) subtype selectivity (13-fold), whereas the acetamido analog 9a (with a three methylene units spacer) also acts as an antagonist and is the only analog exhibiting MT(1) selectivity (>10-fold). In contrast to the analogous N1-C7 annulated indole derivatives, recently reported, the new C1-C8 condensed isoquinolines are not all pure antagonists. Despite their modest receptor affinity at the binding site these compounds demonstrate that the nature of the response (agonist or antagonist activity) is dependent, in this case, on both the side chain spacer's length and the size and shape of the R group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tsotinis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece.
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