1
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Lee KH, Won SJ, Oyinloye P, Shi L. Unlocking the Potential of High-Quality Dopamine Transporter Pharmacological Data: Advancing Robust Machine Learning-Based QSAR Modeling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.06.583803. [PMID: 38558976 PMCID: PMC10979915 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.06.583803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) plays a critical role in the central nervous system and has been implicated in numerous psychiatric disorders. The ligand-based approaches are instrumental to decipher the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of DAT ligands, especially the quantitative SAR (QSAR) modeling. By gathering and analyzing data from literature and databases, we systematically assemble a diverse range of ligands binding to DAT, aiming to discern the general features of DAT ligands and uncover the chemical space for potential novel DAT ligand scaffolds. The aggregation of DAT pharmacological activity data, particularly from databases like ChEMBL, provides a foundation for constructing robust QSAR models. The compilation and meticulous filtering of these data, establishing high-quality training datasets with specific divisions of pharmacological assays and data types, along with the application of QSAR modeling, prove to be a promising strategy for navigating the pertinent chemical space. Through a systematic comparison of DAT QSAR models using training datasets from various ChEMBL releases, we underscore the positive impact of enhanced data set quality and increased data set size on the predictive power of DAT QSAR models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Hao Lee
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sung Joon Won
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Precious Oyinloye
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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2
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Froimowitz M, Taboada R, Poulos ZJ, Rainone DJ, Imler GH, Gardner EL, Kelley CJ. Chiral Resolution of the Enantiomers of the Slow-Onset Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor CTDP-32476 and Their Activities. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:35738-35745. [PMID: 37810691 PMCID: PMC10552101 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
An improved synthesis was developed for CDTP-32476, a potent slow-onset dopamine reuptake blocker that may have utility as a treatment for cocaine abuse. The enantiomers of the compound were separated by fractional crystallization with N-acetylleucine enantiomers. An X-ray crystal structure was obtained of the RR enantiomer paired with N-acetyl-d-leucine. Chiral chromatography showed that the resolved enantiomers were pure with little contamination by the other enantiomer. The enantiomers were tested for their ability to block the reuptake of monoamines at their respective transporters and to stimulate locomotor activity in mice. Both enantiomers potently blocked the reuptake of dopamine and stimulated locomotor activity in mice. The RR enantiomer that corresponds to the active RR enantiomer of methylphenidate was slightly more potent at the dopamine reuptake site. The RR enantiomer also was found to be about twice as selective for the dopamine transporter relative to the norepinephrine transporter, which may have clinical implications. A method for designing slow-onset stimulants is proposed since there is increasing evidence that such activity is an important factor in stimulants that may have limited abuse potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Froimowitz
- 90
Eastbourne Road, Newton Centre, Massachusetts 02459, United States
| | - Rosa Taboada
- Massachusetts
College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zachary J. Poulos
- Massachusetts
College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dominic J. Rainone
- Massachusetts
College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval
Research Laboratory, Code 6930, 4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Washington D.C., 20375I, United States
| | - Eliot L. Gardner
- Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Charles J. Kelley
- Massachusetts
College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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3
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Dabbs J, Ericson MN, Wilde JH, Lombardo RF, Ashcraft EC, Dickie DA, Harman WD. The Tungsten-Promoted Synthesis of Piperidyl-Modified erythro-Methylphenidate Derivatives. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1775-1783. [PMID: 37780360 PMCID: PMC10540299 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to its efficacy as a dopamine receptor agonist, methylphenidate (MPH) is of interest as a potential therapeutic for cocaine addiction. While numerous derivatives of MPH have been investigated for their potential medicinal value, functionalization of the piperidine ring has not been explored. The pyridine borane ligand in WTp(NO)(PMe3)(η2-pyBH3) is dearomatized by the metal and can be elaborated to the analogous η2-mesylpyridinium complex. Installing a methyl phenylacetate moiety at the C2' position via a Reformatsky reaction followed by a tandem protonation/nucleophilic addition sequence results in a library of erythro MPH analogues functionalized at the piperidyl C5' position. The functional group is added chemoselectively to C5', cis to the methyl phenylacetate. Repeating this procedure with an enantioenriched source of the tungsten reagent results in enantioenriched MPH derivatives. All identities of the newly reported compounds are supported by comprehensive 2D NMR and HRMS data or crystallographic data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin H. Wilde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Rachel F. Lombardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Earl C. Ashcraft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - W. Dean Harman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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4
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Jones CB, Eltit JM, Dukat M. Do 2-(Benzoyl)piperidines Represent a Novel Class of hDAT Reuptake Inhibitors? ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:741-748. [PMID: 36745029 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
2-(Benzoyl)piperidines (analogues of 1a), structural hybrids of the clinically employed ADHD medication methylphenidate (2) and the abused synthetic cathinone pentedrone (3), have been previously reported to act as novel and selective reuptake inhibitors of the human dopamine transporter (hDAT). One of the more potent benzoylpiperidines, as is the case with methylphenidate analogues, is its 3,4-dichloroaryl counterpart. Here, we demonstrate using homology models that these compounds (i.e., benzoylpiperidines and methylphenidate analogues) likely bind in a comparable manner at hDAT. In addition, it is shown here that the 3,4-dichlorobenzoylpiperidine analogue of 1a is more potent than its 3,4-dimethyl counterpart, suggesting that the electronic character of the substituents might play a role in the potency of these hybrids. Furthermore, the 3,4-benz-fused (i.e., naphthyl) benzoylpiperidine analogue acts in the same manner as its corresponding methylphenidate counterpart at hDAT. As with its methylphenidate counterpart, the naphthyl compound also acts, rather uniquely (although with lower potency) relative to other members of the two series, at the human serotonin transporter (hSERT). In conclusion, the benzoylpiperidines represent a novel structural class of hDAT reuptake inhibitors that function in a manner similar to their methylphenidate counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Jones
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980540, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Jose M Eltit
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980551, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Małgorzata Dukat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980540, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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5
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Zeng M, Liu YX, Zheng JH, Zhao L, Zhu QH, Jiang D, Ling Y, Liu W, Zeng SX. Direct α-methylenation of triazines to terminal olefins with DMA. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj04417j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report an efficient metal (Cu or Ni)-catalysed α-methylenation of triazines to terminal olefins using DMA as a one-carbon source. Various substituted triazine derivatives are suitable for this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zeng
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Yi-xuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Jian-hui Zheng
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Qi-han Zhu
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Dengzhao Jiang
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Yun Ling
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Shen-xin Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311399, China
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6
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Progress in agonist therapy for substance use disorders: Lessons learned from methadone and buprenorphine. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107609. [PMID: 31009632 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUD) are serious public health problems worldwide. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the neurobiology of drug reward and the transition to addiction, effective pharmacotherapies for SUD remain limited and a majority of drug users relapse even after a period of treatment. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several medications for opioid, nicotine, and alcohol use disorders, whereas none are approved for the treatment of cocaine or other psychostimulant use disorders. The medications approved by the FDA for the treatment of SUD can be divided into two major classes - agonist replacement therapies, such as methadone and buprenorphine for opioid use disorders (OUD), nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and varenicline for nicotine use disorders (NUD), and antagonist therapies, such as naloxone for opioid overdose and naltrexone for promoting abstinence. In the present review, we primarily focus on the pharmacological rationale of agonist replacement strategies in treatment of opioid dependence, and the potential translation of this rationale to new therapies for cocaine use disorders. We begin by describing the neural mechanisms underlying opioid reward, followed by preclinical and clinical findings supporting the utility of agonist therapies in the treatment of OUD. We then discuss recent progress of agonist therapies for cocaine use disorders based on lessons learned from methadone and buprenorphine. We contend that future studies should identify agonist pharmacotherapies that can facilitate abstinence in patients who are motivated to quit their illicit drug use. Focusing on those that are able to achieve abstinence from cocaine will provide a platform to broaden the effectiveness of medication and psychosocial treatment strategies for this underserved population. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'New Vistas in Opioid Pharmacology'.
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7
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Elrashedy AAE. HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder. BIG DATA ANALYTICS IN HIV/AIDS RESEARCH 2018:171-205. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-3203-3.ch008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, several advancement studies have increased the care of HIV-infected individuals. Specifically, the development for preparation of combination antiretroviral therapy has resulted in a dramatic decline in the rate of deaths from AIDS. The term “HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder” (HAND) has been used to distinguish the spectrum of neurocognitive dysfunction associated with HIV infection. HIV can pass to the CNS during the early stages of infection and last in the CNS. CNS inflammation and infection lead to the development of HAND. The brain can serve as a sanctuary for ongoing HIV replication, even when the systemic viral suppression has been achieved. HAND can remain in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, and its effect on survival, quality of life, and everyday functioning make it a significant unresolved problem. This chapter discusses details of the computational modeling studies on mechanisms and structures of human dopamine transporter (hDAT) and its interaction with HIV-1 trans activator of transcription (Tat).
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8
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Mudaliar SS, Zala SN, Chikhalia KH. Copper catalysed alkylation of heteroaryl chloride via migratory insertion of carbenes. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Li C, Ji Y, Cao Q, Li J, Li B. Concise and facile synthesis of (R,R)-dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride and its three stereoisomers. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1293109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunzheng Li
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yuanbo Ji
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qing Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jianqi Li
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Bonan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
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10
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Xi ZX, Song R, Li X, Lu GY, Peng XQ, He Y, Bi GH, Sheng SP, Yang HJ, Zhang H, Li J, Froimowitz M, Gardner EL. CTDP-32476: A Promising Agonist Therapy for Treatment of Cocaine Addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:682-694. [PMID: 27534265 PMCID: PMC5240176 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Agonist-replacement therapies have been successfully used for treatment of opiate and nicotine addiction, but not for cocaine addiction. One of the major obstacles is the cocaine-like addictive potential of the agonists themselves. We report here an atypical dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) inhibitor, CTDP-32476, that may have translational potential for treating cocaine addiction. In vitro ligand-binding assays suggest that CTDP-32476 is a potent and selective DAT inhibitor and a competitive inhibitor of cocaine binding to the DAT. Systemic administration of CTDP-32476 alone produced a slow-onset, long-lasting increase in extracellular nucleus accumbens DA, locomotion, and brain-stimulation reward. Drug-naive rats did not self-administer CTDP-32476. In a substitution test, cocaine self-administration rats displayed a progressive reduction in CTDP-32476 self-administration with an extinction pattern of drug-taking behavior, suggesting significantly lower addictive potential than cocaine. Pretreatment with CTDP-32476 inhibited cocaine self-administration, cocaine-associated cue-induced relapse to drug seeking, and cocaine-enhanced extracellular DA in the nucleus accumbens. These findings suggest that CTDP-32476 is a unique DAT inhibitor that not only could satisfy 'drug hunger' through its slow-onset long-lasting DAT inhibitor action, but also render subsequent administration of cocaine ineffectual-thus constituting a novel and unique compound with translational potential as an agonist therapy for treatment of cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Guan-Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Peng
- Department of Behavioral Health, Saint Elizabeth's Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yi He
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Siyuan Peter Sheng
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hong-Ju Yang
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Mark Froimowitz
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eliot L Gardner
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
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11
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Yuan Y, Huang X, Zhu J, Zhan CG. Computational modeling of human dopamine transporter structures, mechanism and its interaction with HIV-1 transactivator of transcription. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:2077-2089. [PMID: 27739323 PMCID: PMC6113701 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a brief review of computational modeling studies on the detailed structures and mechanism of human dopamine transporter (hDAT), as well as its interaction with HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat). Extensive molecular modeling, docking and dynamics simulations have resulted in reasonable structural models of hDAT in three typical conformational states, its dopamine uptake mechanism and its interaction with Tat. The obtained hDAT models in different conformational states and their complexes with dopamine and Tat have provided novel structural and mechanistic insights concerning how hDAT uptakes dopamine and how Tat affects the dopamine uptake by hDAT. The computational insights, that are consistent with available experimental data, should be valuable for future rational design of novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxia Yuan
- Molecular Modeling & Biopharmaceutical Center, Center for Pharmaceutical Research & Innovation, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- Molecular Modeling & Biopharmaceutical Center, Center for Pharmaceutical Research & Innovation, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Molecular Modeling & Biopharmaceutical Center, Center for Pharmaceutical Research & Innovation, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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12
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Demkiw K, Araki H, Elliott EL, Franklin CL, Fukuzumi Y, Hicks F, Hosoi K, Hukui T, Ishimaru Y, O'Brien E, Omori Y, Mineno M, Mizufune H, Sawada N, Sawai Y, Zhu L. A Nitrogen-Assisted One-Pot Heteroaryl Ketone Synthesis from Carboxylic Acids and Heteroaryl Halides. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3447-56. [PMID: 26991511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A practical and highly effective one-pot synthesis of versatile heteroaryl ketones directly from carboxylic acids and heteroaryl halides under mild conditions is reported. This method does not require derivatization of carboxylic acids (preparation of acid chlorides, Weinreb amides, etc.) or the use of any additives/catalysts. A wide substrate scope of carboxylic acids with high functional group tolerance has also been demonstrated. The results reveal that the presence of an α-nitrogen on the halide substrate greatly improves the desired ketone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Demkiw
- Chemical Development Laboratories, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , a subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hirofumi Araki
- Chemical Development Laboratories, CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Eric L Elliott
- Chemical Development Laboratories, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , a subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher L Franklin
- Chemical Development Laboratories, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , a subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yoonjoo Fukuzumi
- Chemical Development Laboratories, CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Frederick Hicks
- Chemical Development Laboratories, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , a subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kazushi Hosoi
- Chemical Development Laboratories, CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hukui
- Chemical Development Laboratories, CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Ishimaru
- Chemical Development Laboratories, CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Erin O'Brien
- Chemical Development Laboratories, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , a subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yoshimasa Omori
- Chemical Development Laboratories, CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mineno
- Chemical Development Laboratories, CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Hideya Mizufune
- Chemical Development Laboratories, CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Naotaka Sawada
- Chemical Development Laboratories, CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sawai
- Chemical Development Laboratories, CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Lei Zhu
- Chemical Development Laboratories, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , a subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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13
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Patel PK, Dalvadi JP, Chikhalia KH. A direct facile and effective synthesis of various 1,1-heterodiaryl alkenes through Pd catalyzed cross coupling reaction using N-tosylhydrazones via C–OH bond activation. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Harikrishnan A, Sanjeevi J, Ramaraj Ramanathan C. The cooperative effect of Lewis pairs in the Friedel–Crafts hydroxyalkylation reaction: a simple and effective route for the synthesis of (±)-carbinoxamine. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3633-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02597k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lewis acid (with or without a Lewis base) enhances the electrophilicity of aldehydes to react with aromatic π-nucleophiles and generate carbinols.
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15
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Karthikeyan I, Alamsetti SK, Sekar G. Isolation and Characterization of a Trinuclear Cobalt Complex Containing Trigonal-Prismatic Cobalt in Secondary Alcohol Aerobic Oxidation. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500003d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Karthikeyan
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. K. Alamsetti
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G. Sekar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
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16
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Itoh M, Hirano K, Satoh T, Miura M. Copper-Catalyzed α-Methylenation of Benzylpyridines Using Dimethylacetamide as One-Carbon Source. Org Lett 2014; 16:2050-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol500655k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Itoh
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Hirano
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Satoh
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- JST, ACT-C, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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17
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Harikrishnan A, Selvakumar J, Gnanamani E, Bhattacharya S, Ramanathan CR. Friedel–Crafts hydroxyalkylation through activation of a carbonyl group using AlBr3: an easy access to pyridyl aryl/heteroaryl carbinols. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40871f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Lettfuss NY, Fischer K, Sossi V, Pichler BJ, von Ameln-Mayerhofer A. Imaging DA release in a rat model of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias: A longitudinal in vivo PET investigation of the antidyskinetic effect of MDMA. Neuroimage 2012; 63:423-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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19
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Lapinsky DJ, Yarravarapu N, Nolan TL, Surratt CK, Lever JR, Tomlinson M, Vaughan RA, Deutsch HM. Evolution of a Compact Photoprobe for the Dopamine Transporter Based on (±)-threo-Methylphenidate. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:378-382. [PMID: 23066448 DOI: 10.1021/ml3000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of photoaffinity ligands for determining covalent points of attachment to the dopamine transporter (DAT) has predominantly focused on tropane-based compounds bearing variable-length linkers between the photoreactive group and inhibitor pharmacophore. In order to expand the array of photoprobes useful for mapping inhibitor-binding pockets within the DAT, a compact non-tropane ligand was synthesized featuring a photoreactive azide and iodine tag directly attached to the aromatic ring of (±)-threo-methylphenidate. (±)-threo-4-Azido-3-iodomethylphenidate ((±)-6); K(i) = 4.0 ± 0.8 nM) displayed high affinity for hDAT. Moreover, a radioiodinated analog of (±)-6 demonstrated covalent ligation to the DAT in cultured cells and rat striatal membranes, thus suggesting the potential utility of this photoprobe in DAT structure-function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Lapinsky
- Division of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Nageswari Yarravarapu
- Division of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Tammy L. Nolan
- Division of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Christopher K. Surratt
- Division of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - John R. Lever
- Departments of Radiology, and
Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, One Hospital Drive, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, United
States
- Harry S. Truman Veterans Administration Medical Center, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia,
Missouri 65201, United States
| | - Michael Tomlinson
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North
Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Roxanne A. Vaughan
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North
Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Howard M. Deutsch
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
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20
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Tao X, Li W, Ma X, Li X, Fan W, Xie X, Ayad T, Ratovelomanana-Vidal V, Zhang Z. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Aryl-Pyridyl Ketones. J Org Chem 2011; 77:612-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo202204j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Tao
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wanfang Li
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xin Ma
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Weizheng Fan
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaomin Xie
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tahar Ayad
- ENSCP Chimie ParisTech,
Laboratoire
Charles Friedel (LCF), CNRS, UMR 7223, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Zhaoguo Zhang
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032,
China
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21
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Steinberg A, Froimowitz M, Parrish DA, Deschamps JR, Glaser R. Solution- and solid-state conformations of C(α)-alkyl analogues of methylphenidate (Ritalin) salts: avoidance of gauche(+)gauche(-) interactions. J Org Chem 2011; 76:9239-45. [PMID: 21973080 DOI: 10.1021/jo201415h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl analogues of methylphenidate (Ritalin) salts are slow onset, long duration dopamine reuptake inhibitors with a potential use as a cocaine abuse pharmacotherapy. X-ray crystallographic studies and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) investigations strongly suggest that avoidance of sterically unfavorable gauche(-)gauche(+) orientations effectively influences both the C(α)-alkyl side chain conformation and the formation of a predominant rotamer about the CH-CH bond ligating piperidine and C(Ar)R moieties. The favored CH-CH rotamer in D(2)O and in CD(2)Cl(2) of the pharmacologically interesting i-Bu and CH(2)-cyc-Pnt (RS,RS)-salts has the same antiperiplanar arrangement that was found in the crystal structures, although there clearly is a fast equilibrium involving smaller amounts of synclinal partners. While the rotamer in the (RS,SR)-i-Bu HCl crystal structure exhibits a synclinal orientation for the vicinal pair of adjacent methine protons, the weighted time-averaged arrangement for these protons becomes almost completely antiperiplanar when the crystals are dissolved in D(2)O. Increased steric congestion around the CH-CH bond in the analogous N-methyl tertiary ammonium salts seems to augment the quantity of the preferred rotamer within the mixture. The stereochemistry of the species observed via NMR seems to arise from specific combinations of N-methyl orientation and avoidance of sterically unfavorable gauche(-)gauche(+) arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Steinberg
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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22
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Yorgason JT, Jones SR, España RA. Low and high affinity dopamine transporter inhibitors block dopamine uptake within 5 sec of intravenous injection. Neuroscience 2011; 182:125-32. [PMID: 21402130 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extensive evidence suggests that the reinforcing effects of cocaine involve inhibition of dopamine transporters (DAT) and subsequent increases in dopamine (DA) levels in the striatum. We have previously reported that cocaine inhibits the DAT within 4-5 s of i.v. injection, matching the temporal profile of the behavioral and subjective effects of cocaine. Intravenous injection of GBR-12909, a high affinity, long-acting DAT inhibitor, also inhibits DA uptake within 5 s. Given that high affinity, long-acting drugs are considered to have relatively low abuse potential, we found it intriguing that GBR-12909 had an onset profile similar to that of cocaine. To further explore the onset kinetics of both low and high affinity DAT inhibitors, we examined the effects of i.v. cocaine (1.5 mg/kg), methylphenidate (1.5 mg/kg), nomifensine (1.5 mg/kg), GBR-12909 (1.5 mg/kg), PTT (0.5 mg/kg), and WF23 (0.5 mg/kg) on electrically-evoked DA release and uptake in the nucleus accumbens core. Results indicate that all of the DAT inhibitors significantly inhibited DA uptake within 5 s of injection. However, the timing of peak uptake inhibition varied greatly between the low and high affinity uptake inhibitors. Uptake inhibition following cocaine, methylphenidate, and nomifensine peaked 30 s following injection. In contrast, peak effects for GBR-12909, PTT, and WF23 occurred between 20 and 60 min following injection. These observations suggest that the initial onset for i.v. DAT inhibitors is extremely rapid and does not appear to be dictated by a drug's affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Yorgason
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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23
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Lapinsky DJ, Velagaleti R, Yarravarapu N, Liu Y, Huang Y, Surratt CK, Lever JR, Foster JD, Acharya R, Vaughan RA, Deutsch HM. Azido-iodo-N-benzyl derivatives of threo-methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta): Rational design, synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, and dopamine transporter photoaffinity labeling. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:504-12. [PMID: 21129986 PMCID: PMC3023924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to tropane-based compounds such as benztropine and cocaine, non-tropane-based photoaffinity ligands for the dopamine transporter (DAT) are relatively unexplored. Towards addressing this knowledge gap, ligands were synthesized in which the piperidine nitrogen of 3- and 4-iodomethylphenidate was substituted with a benzyl group bearing a photoreactive azide. Analog (±)-3a demonstrated modest DAT affinity and a radioiodinated version was shown to bind covalently to rat striatal DAT and hDAT expressed in cultured cells. Co-incubation of (±)-3a with nonradioactive d-(+)-methylphenidate or (-)-2-β-carbomethoxy-3-β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (β-CFT, WIN-35,428, a cocaine analog) blocked DAT labeling. Compound (±)-3a represents the first successful example of a DAT photoaffinity ligand based on the methylphenidate scaffold. Such ligands are expected to assist in mapping non-tropane ligand-binding pockets within plasma membrane monoamine transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lapinsky
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University Mylan School of Pharmacy, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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Is slow-onset long-acting monoamine transport blockade to cocaine as methadone is to heroin? Implication for anti-addiction medications. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:2564-78. [PMID: 20827272 PMCID: PMC2978747 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The success of methadone in treating opiate addiction has suggested that long-acting agonist therapies may be similarly useful for treating cocaine addiction. Here, we examined this hypothesis, using the slow-onset long-acting monoamine reuptake inhibitor 31,345, a trans-aminotetralin analog, in a variety of addiction-related animal models, and compared it with methadone's effects on heroin's actions in the same animal models. Systemic administration of 31,345 produced long-lasting enhancement of electrical brain-stimulation reward (BSR) and extracellular nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine (DA). Pretreatment with 31,345 augmented cocaine-enhanced BSR, prolonged cocaine-enhanced NAc DA, and produced a long-term (24-48 h) reduction in cocaine self-administration rate without obvious extinction pattern, suggesting an additive effect of 31,345 with cocaine. In contrast, methadone pretreatment not only dose-dependently inhibited heroin self-administration with an extinction pattern but also dose-dependently inhibited heroin-enhanced BSR and NAc DA, suggesting functional antagonism by methadone of heroin's actions. In addition, 31,345 appears to possess significant abuse liability, as it produces dose-dependent enhancement of BSR and NAc DA, maintains a low rate of self-administration behavior, and dose-dependently reinstates drug-seeking behavior. In contrast, methadone only partially maintains self-administration with an extinction pattern, and fails to induce reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. These findings suggest that 31,345 is a cocaine-like slow-onset long-acting monoamine transporter inhibitor that may act as an agonist therapy for cocaine addiction. However, its pattern of action appears to be significantly different from that of methadone. Ideal agonist substitutes for cocaine should fully emulate methadone's actions, that is, functionally antagonizing cocaine's action while blocking monoamine transporters to augment synaptic DA.
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26
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Patrick KS, Straughn AB, Perkins JS, González MA. Evolution of stimulants to treat ADHD: transdermal methylphenidate. Hum Psychopharmacol 2009; 24:1-17. [PMID: 19051222 PMCID: PMC2629554 DOI: 10.1002/hup.992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The following comprehensive review describes the evolution of stimulant drug formulations used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Emphasis is placed on the basic and clinical pharmacology of the dl-methylphenidate (MPH) transdermal system (MTS). METHODS The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic literature pertaining to MPH and amphetamine enantiomers was reviewed in the context of ADHD therapy and MTS as a treatment option. RESULTS MTS incorporates MPH into an adhesive monolithic matrix, using the free base form of the drug to facilitate transdermal absorption. MTS technology minimizes contact dermatitis by eliminating to need for percutaneous penetration enhancers. After a lag time of approximately 2 h, plasma concentrations of the therapeutic d-MPH isomer become detectable, then continuously rise over the course of the recommended 9 h wear time. Concentrations of l-MPH typically attain 40-50% that of d-MPH (vs. 1-2% following oral MPH). Unauthorized MTS removal poses some misuse liability and over 50% of MTS drug content remains in the discarded system. CONCLUSIONS While liquid or chewable MPH formulations overcome potential swallowing difficulties, as do sprinkled once-daily extended-release (ER) MPH products, only MTS addresses swallowing difficulties while also offering a flexible individualized MPH exposure time in a once-daily MPH regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennerly S. Patrick
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Correspondence to: K. S. Patrick, 280 Calhoun St., QF221A, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425−0742, USA. Tel: (843) 792−8429. Fax: (843) 792−1617. E-mail:
| | - Arthur B. Straughn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeb S. Perkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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27
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Chapter 2 Recent Developments in Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(07)42002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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