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Aleem AM, Mitchener MM, Kingsley PJ, Rouzer CA, Marnett LJ. Temporal Dissociation of COX-2-Dependent Arachidonic Acid and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Metabolism in RAW264.7 Macrophages. J Lipid Res 2024:100615. [PMID: 39098584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 converts arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandins (PGs) and the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), to PG glyceryl esters (PG-Gs). The physiological function of PG biosynthesis has been extensively studied, but the importance of the more recently discovered PG-G synthetic pathway remains incompletely defined. This disparity is due in part to a lack of knowledge of the physiological conditions under which PG-G biosynthesis occurs. We have discovered that RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with Kdo2-lipid A (KLA) produce primarily PGs within the first 12 h followed by robust PG-G synthesis between 12 h and 24 h. We suggest that the amount of PG-Gs quantified is less than actually synthesized, because PG-Gs are subject to a significant level of hydrolysis during the time course of synthesis. Inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) by giripladib does not accelerate PG-G synthesis, suggesting the differential time course of PG and PG-G synthesis is not due to competition between AA and 2-AG. The late-phase PG-G formation is accompanied by an increase in the level of 2-AG and a concomitant decrease in 18:0-20:4 diacylglycerol (DAG). Inhibition of DAG lipases by KT-172 decreases the levels of 2-AG and PG-Gs, indicating that the DAG-lipase pathway is involved in delayed 2-AG metabolism/PG-G synthesis. These results demonstrate that physiologically significant levels of PG-Gs are produced by activated RAW264.7 macrophages well after the production of PGs plateaus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansari M Aleem
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Michelle M Mitchener
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Philip J Kingsley
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Carol A Rouzer
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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2
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Lee JH, Kim S, Jin MS, Kim YC. Discovery of substituted indole derivatives as allosteric inhibitors of m 6 A-RNA methyltransferase, METTL3-14 complex. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:783-799. [PMID: 35040501 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
m6 A RNA methyltransferase (METTL3-14) catalyzes the methylation of adenosine in mRNA and plays important roles in mRNA functions, and it has been implicated in the progression of multiple cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, we describe the discovery of the first allosteric inhibitor of the METTL3-14 complex based on structure-activity relationship (SAR) and optimization studies of the hit compound, 4-[2-[5-chloro-1-(diphenylmethyl)-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]-ethoxy]benzoic acid (CDIBA). Compound 43n was optimized throughout the modifications of 4 different regions of the structure, and it displayed potent enzyme inhibitory activity of the METTL3-14 complex (IC50 = 2.81 μM) and an antiproliferative effect in the AML cell lines by suppressing the m6 A level of mRNA. The inhibition mechanism and binding mode of 43n were based on the interaction of the reversible and noncompetitive inhibitory profile at the allosteric site along with selectivity for the METTL3-14 complex relative to each subunit enzyme or truncated complex enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Heon Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Sun Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Center for AI-Applied High Efficiency Drug Discovery (AHEDD), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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3
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Batsika CS, Gerogiannopoulou ADD, Mantzourani C, Vasilakaki S, Kokotos G. The design and discovery of phospholipase A 2 inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1287-1305. [PMID: 34143707 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1942835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AREAS COVERED This review article summarizes the most important synthetic PLA2 inhibitors developed to target each one of the four major types of human PLA2 (cytosolic cPLA2, calcium-independent iPLA2, secreted sPLA2, and lipoprotein-associated Lp-PLA2), discussing their in vitro and in vivo activities as well as their recent applications and therapeutic properties. Recent findings on the role of PLA2 in the pathobiology of COVID-19 are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although a number of PLA2 inhibitors have entered clinical trials, none has reached the market yet. Lipoprotein-associated PLA2 is now considered a biomarker of vascular inflammation rather than a therapeutic target for inhibitors like darapladib. Inhibitors of cytosolic PLA2 may find topical applications for diseases like atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Inhibitors of secreted PLA2, varespladib and varespladib methyl, are under investigation for repositioning in snakebite envenoming. A deeper understanding of PLA2 enzymes is needed for the development of novel selective inhibitors. Lipidomic technologies combined with medicinal chemistry approaches may be useful tools toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christiana Mantzourani
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Greece
| | - Sofia Vasilakaki
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Greece
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4
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Aksenov NA, Aksenov DA, Skomorokhov AA, Prityko LA, Aksenov AV, Griaznov GD, Rubin M. Synthesis of 2-(1H-Indol-2-yl)acetamides via Brønsted Acid-Assisted Cyclization Cascade. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12128-12146. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai A. Aksenov
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Dmitrii A. Aksenov
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Anton A. Skomorokhov
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Lidiya A. Prityko
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Aksenov
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Georgii D. Griaznov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Michael Rubin
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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5
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Koundouros N, Karali E, Tripp A, Valle A, Inglese P, Perry NJS, Magee DJ, Anjomani Virmouni S, Elder GA, Tyson AL, Dória ML, van Weverwijk A, Soares RF, Isacke CM, Nicholson JK, Glen RC, Takats Z, Poulogiannis G. Metabolic Fingerprinting Links Oncogenic PIK3CA with Enhanced Arachidonic Acid-Derived Eicosanoids. Cell 2020; 181:1596-1611.e27. [PMID: 32559461 PMCID: PMC7339148 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation is associated with profound changes in cellular metabolism, but whether tracking these can improve disease stratification or influence therapy decision-making is largely unknown. Using the iKnife to sample the aerosol of cauterized specimens, we demonstrate a new mode of real-time diagnosis, coupling metabolic phenotype to mutant PIK3CA genotype. Oncogenic PIK3CA results in an increase in arachidonic acid and a concomitant overproduction of eicosanoids, acting to promote cell proliferation beyond a cell-autonomous manner. Mechanistically, mutant PIK3CA drives a multimodal signaling network involving mTORC2-PKCζ-mediated activation of the calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). Notably, inhibiting cPLA2 synergizes with fatty acid-free diet to restore immunogenicity and selectively reduce mutant PIK3CA-induced tumorigenicity. Besides highlighting the potential for metabolic phenotyping in stratified medicine, this study reveals an important role for activated PI3K signaling in regulating arachidonic acid metabolism, uncovering a targetable metabolic vulnerability that largely depends on dietary fat restriction. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Koundouros
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK; Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Evdoxia Karali
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Aurelien Tripp
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Adamo Valle
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK; Energy Metabolism and Nutrition, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn CB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo Inglese
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nicholas J S Perry
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - David J Magee
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK; Pain Medicine Department, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sara Anjomani Virmouni
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK; Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - George A Elder
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK; School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Adam L Tyson
- Flow Cytometry and Light Microscopy Core Facility, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK; Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, 25 Howland Street, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Maria Luisa Dória
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Antoinette van Weverwijk
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK; Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renata F Soares
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Clare M Isacke
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; The Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth WA6150, WA, Australia
| | - Robert C Glen
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Zoltan Takats
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - George Poulogiannis
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK; Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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6
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Reddy C, Shaikh JY, Bhat RG. Access to Hetero-Benzyl Scaffolds via Transient-Ligand-Enabled Direct γ-C(sp 3)-H Arylation of 3-Methylheteroarene-2-Carbaldehydes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6924-6934. [PMID: 32348142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and straightforward method has been developed for the synthesis of β-benzyl-substituted 5-membered heterocyclic carbaldehydes via transient directing-group-enabled direct γ-C(sp3)-H arylation of 3-methylheteroarene-2-carbaldehydes. A wide range of 3-methylheteroarene carbaldehydes undergo coupling with a variety of aryl iodides, including less reactive iodo pyridine derivatives to provide a library of highly selective functionalized products in good to excellent yields. Some of these products have been successfully utilized in synthesizing useful synthetic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chennakesava Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008 Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Javed Y Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008 Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ramakrishna G Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008 Pune, Maharashtra, India
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7
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Vasilakaki S, Kraml J, Schauperl M, Liedl KR, Kokotos G. Hydration thermodynamics of cytosolic phospholipase A 2 GIVA predict its membrane-associated parts and its highly hydrated binding site. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:953-959. [PMID: 32085688 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1733665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During biological events, the water molecules associated with the protein are re-oriented to adapt to the new conditions, inducing changes in the system's free energy. The characterization of water structure and thermodynamics may facilitate the prediction of certain biological events, such as the binding of a ligand and the membrane-associated parts of a protein. In this computational study, we calculated the hydration thermodynamics of cytosolic phospholipase A2 group IV (GIVA cPLA2) to study the hydration properties of the protein's surface and binding pocket. Hydrophobicity scales and the Grid Inhomogeneous Solvation Theory (GIST) tool were employed for the calculations. The hydrophobic areas of the protein's surface were predicted more accurately with the GIST method rather than with the hydrophobicity scales. Based on this, a model of the protein-membrane complex was constructed. In addition, the calculation revealed the highly hydrated binding pocket that further contribute to our understanding of the ligands' binding. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Vasilakaki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Johannes Kraml
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Michael Schauperl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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8
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Skill NJ, Elliott CM, Ceballos B, Saxena R, Pepin R, Bettcher L, Ellensberg M, Raftery D, Malucio MA, Ekser B, Mangus RS, Kubal CA. Metabolomic Characterization of Human Model of Liver Rejection Identifies Aberrancies Linked to Cyclooxygenase (COX) and Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS). Ann Transplant 2019; 24:341-349. [PMID: 31182705 PMCID: PMC6582681 DOI: 10.12659/aot.913800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute liver rejection (ALR), a significant complication of liver transplantation, burdens patients, healthcare payers, and the healthcare providers due to an increase in morbidity, cost, and resources. Despite clinical resolution, ALR is associated with an increased risk of graft loss. A unique protocol of delayed immunosuppression used in our institute provided a model to characterize metabolomic profiles in human ALR. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty liver allograft biopsies obtained 48 hours after liver transplantation in the absence of immunosuppression were studied. Hepatic metabolites were quantitated in these biopsies by liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy (LC/MS). Metabolite profiles were compared among: 1) biopsies with reperfusion injury but no histological evidence of rejection (n=7), 2) biopsies with histological evidence of moderate or severe rejection (n=5), and 3) biopsies with histological evidence of mild rejection (n=8). RESULTS There were 133 metabolites consistently detected by LC/MS and these were prioritized using variable importance to projection (VIP) analysis, comparing moderate or severe rejection vs. no rejection or mild rejection using partial least squares discriminant statistical analysis (PLS-DA). Twenty metabolites were identified as progressively different. Further PLS-DA using these metabolites identified 3 metabolites (linoleic acid, γ-linolenic acid, and citrulline) which are associated with either cyclooxygenase or nitric oxide synthase functionality. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic metabolic aberrancies associated with cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase function occur contemporaneous with ALR. Additional studies are required to better characterize the role of these metabolic pathways to enhance utility of the metabolomics approach in diagnosis and outcomes of ALR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Skill
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Medical School, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Campbell M Elliott
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Medical School, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brian Ceballos
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Medical School, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Romil Saxena
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University Medical School, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert Pepin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa Bettcher
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew Ellensberg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary A Malucio
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Medical School, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Medical School, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Richard S Mangus
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Medical School, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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9
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Nikolaou A, Kokotou MG, Vasilakaki S, Kokotos G. Small-molecule inhibitors as potential therapeutics and as tools to understand the role of phospholipases A 2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:941-956. [PMID: 30905350 PMCID: PMC7106526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes are involved in various inflammatory pathological conditions including arthritis, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. The regulation of their catalytic activity is of high importance and a great effort has been devoted in developing synthetic inhibitors. We summarize the most important small-molecule synthetic PLA2 inhibitors developed to target each one of the four major types of human PLA2 (cytosolic cPLA2, calcium-independent iPLA2, secreted sPLA2, and lipoprotein-associated LpPLA2). We discuss recent applications of inhibitors to understand the role of each PLA2 type and their therapeutic potential. Potent and selective PLA2 inhibitors have been developed. Although some of them have been evaluated in clinical trials, none reached the market yet. Apart from their importance as potential medicinal agents, PLA2 inhibitors are excellent tools to unveil the role that each PLA2 type plays in cells and in vivo. Modern medicinal chemistry approaches are expected to generate improved PLA2 inhibitors as new agents to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Sofia Vasilakaki
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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10
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Prasher P, Mudila H, Sharma M, Khati B. Developmental perspectives of the drugs targeting enzyme-instigated inflammation: a mini review. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Caprio V, Badimon L, Di Napoli M, Fang WH, Ferris GR, Guo B, Iemma RS, Liu D, Zeinolabediny Y, Slevin M. pCRP-mCRP Dissociation Mechanisms as Potential Targets for the Development of Small-Molecule Anti-Inflammatory Chemotherapeutics. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1089. [PMID: 29892284 PMCID: PMC5985513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) is a key acute-phase protein and one of the main clinical biomarkers for inflammation and infection. CRP is an important upstream mediator of inflammation and is associated with the onset of a number of important disease states including cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. This pentraxin exerts pro-inflammatory properties via dissociation of the pentamer (pCRP) to a monomeric form (mCRP). This dissociation is induced by binding of pCRP to cell surface phosphocholine residues exposed by the action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Given the association of CRP with the onset of a range of serious disease states this CRP dissociation process is a tempting drug target for the development of novel small-molecule therapeutics. This review will discuss potential targets for chemotherapeutic intervention elucidated during studies of CRP-mediated inflammation and provide an up-to-date summary of the development of small molecules, not only targeted directly at inhibiting conversion of pCRP to mCRP, but also those developed for activity against PLA2, given the key role of this enzyme in the activation of CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Caprio
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Badimon
- Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Di Napoli
- Neurological Service, Ospedale San Camillo de Lellis, Rieti, Italy
| | - Wen-Hui Fang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Glenn R Ferris
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Baoqiang Guo
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Institute of Dementia and Neurological Aging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Rocco S Iemma
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Donghui Liu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Yasmin Zeinolabediny
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Mark Slevin
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Dementia and Neurological Aging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Targu Mures, Romania
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12
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2-Oxoesters: A Novel Class of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Cytosolic Group IVA Phospholipase A 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7025. [PMID: 28765606 PMCID: PMC5539244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) is the only PLA2 that exhibits a marked preference for hydrolysis of arachidonic acid containing phospholipid substrates releasing free arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids and giving rise to the generation of diverse lipid mediators involved in inflammatory conditions. Thus, the development of potent and selective GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors is of great importance. We have developed a novel class of such inhibitors based on the 2-oxoester functionality. This functionality in combination with a long aliphatic chain or a chain carrying an appropriate aromatic system, such as the biphenyl system, and a free carboxyl group leads to highly potent and selective GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors (XI(50) values 0.00007–0.00008) and docking studies aid in understanding this selectivity. A methyl 2-oxoester, with a short chain carrying a naphthalene ring, was found to preferentially inhibit the other major intracellular PLA2, the calcium-independent PLA2. In RAW264.7 macrophages, treatment with the most potent 2-oxoester GIVA cPLA2 inhibitor resulted in over 50% decrease in KLA-elicited prostaglandin D2 production. The novel, highly potent and selective GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors provide excellent tools for the study of the role of the enzyme and could contribute to the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Luo X, Cheng C, Tan Z, Li N, Tang M, Yang L, Cao Y. Emerging roles of lipid metabolism in cancer metastasis. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:76. [PMID: 28399876 PMCID: PMC5387196 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently display fundamentally altered cellular metabolism, which provides the biochemical foundation and directly contributes to tumorigenicity and malignancy. Rewiring of metabolic programmes, such as aerobic glycolysis and increased glutamine metabolism, are crucial for cancer cells to shed from a primary tumor, overcome the nutrient and energy deficit, and eventually survive and form metastases. However, the role of lipid metabolism that confers the aggressive properties of malignant cancers remains obscure. The present review is focused on key enzymes in lipid metabolism associated with metastatic disease pathogenesis. We also address the function of an important membrane structure-lipid raft in mediating tumor aggressive progression. We enumerate and integrate these recent findings into our current understanding of lipid metabolic reprogramming in cancer metastasis accompanied by new and exciting therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China. .,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.
| | - Can Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Zheqiong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Namei Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China. .,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.
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14
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Debnath S, Malakar S, Mondal S. Synthesis of Indole-2-methylsulfonamides by Domino Sonogashira Coupling and Hydroamination Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Debnath
- Department of Chemistry; Syamsundar College; Shyamsundar 713424 India
- Department of Chemistry; Visva-Bharati University; Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Suniti Malakar
- Department of Chemistry; Syamsundar College; Shyamsundar 713424 India
- Department of Chemistry; Visva-Bharati University; Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Shovan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry; Syamsundar College; Shyamsundar 713424 India
- Department of Chemistry; Visva-Bharati University; Santiniketan 731235 India
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15
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Lipases and their inhibitors in health and disease. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:211-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Kokotou MG, Limnios D, Nikolaou A, Psarra A, Kokotos G. Inhibitors of phospholipase A2 and their therapeutic potential: an update on patents (2012-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:217-225. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1246540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maroula G. Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Limnios
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Psarra
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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17
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Arnsmann M, Hanekamp W, Elfringhoff AS, Lehr M. Structure-activity relationship studies on 1-(2-oxopropyl)indole-5-carboxylic acids acting as inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A 2α: Effect of substituents at the indole 3-position on activity, solubility, and metabolic stability. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:1107-1114. [PMID: 27810597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators and therefore represents an attractive target for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs. Recently, we have found that 1-[3-(4-octylphenoxy)-2-oxopropyl]indole-5-carboxylic acid (4) is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme. In this work, we evaluate the effect of butanoyl- and hexanoyl-substituents in position 3 of the indole scaffold of this compound bearing terminal groups of varying polarity. As a result, inhibitory potency was not affected considerably in most cases, while metabolic phase I and phase II in vitro stability and aqueous solubility could be influenced and modulated by the structural modifications performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Arnsmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrrensstr. 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Walburga Hanekamp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrrensstr. 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alwine Schulze Elfringhoff
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrrensstr. 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrrensstr. 48, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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18
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Antonopoulou G, Magrioti V, Kokotou MG, Nikolaou A, Barbayianni E, Mouchlis VD, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. 2-Oxoamide inhibitors of cytosolic group IVA phospholipase A2 with reduced lipophilicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4544-4554. [PMID: 27522578 PMCID: PMC5014611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic GIVA phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) initiates the eicosanoid pathway of inflammation and thus inhibitors of this enzyme constitute novel potential agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Traditionally, GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors have suffered systemically from high lipophilicity. We have developed a variety of long chain 2-oxoamides as inhibitors of GIVA PLA2. Among them, AX048 was found to produce a potent analgesic effect. We have now reduced the lipophilicity of AX048 by replacing the long aliphatic chain with a chain containing an ether linked aromatic ring with in vitro inhibitory activities similar to AX048.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Antonopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece; Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Efrosini Barbayianni
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Varnavas D Mouchlis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, MC 0601, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, MC 0601, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, MC 0601, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, MC 0601, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA.
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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19
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Åkerbladh L, Odell LR. Synthesis of 2-Aminoquinazolinones via Carbonylative Coupling of ortho-Iodoanilines and Cyanamide. J Org Chem 2016; 81:2966-73. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Åkerbladh
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University Box-574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luke R. Odell
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University Box-574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Kanai S, Ishihara K, Kawashita E, Tomoo T, Nagahira K, Hayashi Y, Akiba S. ASB14780, an Orally Active Inhibitor of Group IVA Phospholipase A2, Is a Pharmacotherapeutic Candidate for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:604-14. [PMID: 26699145 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.229906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that high-fat cholesterol diet (HFCD)-induced fatty liver and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis are reduced in mice deficient in group IVA phospholipase A2 (IVA-PLA2), which plays a role in inflammation. We herein demonstrate the beneficial effects of ASB14780 (3-[1-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-3-(2-phenylethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]propanoic acid 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol salt), an orally active IVA-PLA2 inhibitor, on the development of fatty liver and hepatic fibrosis in mice. The daily coadministration of ASB14780 markedly ameliorated liver injury and hepatic fibrosis following 6 weeks of treatment with CCl4. ASB14780 markedly attenuated the CCl4-induced expression of smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA) protein and the mRNA expression of collagen 1a2, α-SMA, and transforming growth factor-β1 in the liver, and inhibited the expression of monocyte/macrophage markers, CD11b and monocyte chemotactic protein-1, while preventing the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to the liver. Importantly, ASB14780 also reduced the development of fibrosis even in matured hepatic fibrosis. Additionally, ASB14780 also reduced HFCD-induced lipid deposition not only in the liver, but also in already established fatty liver. Furthermore, treatment with ASB14780 suppressed the HFCD-induced expression of lipogenic mRNAs. The present findings suggest that an IVA-PLA2 inhibitor, such as ASB14780, could be useful for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, including fatty liver and hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Kanai
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan (S.K., K.I., E.K., S.A.); and Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan (T.T., K.N., Y.H.)
| | - Keiichi Ishihara
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan (S.K., K.I., E.K., S.A.); and Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan (T.T., K.N., Y.H.)
| | - Eri Kawashita
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan (S.K., K.I., E.K., S.A.); and Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan (T.T., K.N., Y.H.)
| | - Toshiyuki Tomoo
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan (S.K., K.I., E.K., S.A.); and Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan (T.T., K.N., Y.H.)
| | - Kazuhiro Nagahira
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan (S.K., K.I., E.K., S.A.); and Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan (T.T., K.N., Y.H.)
| | - Yasuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan (S.K., K.I., E.K., S.A.); and Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan (T.T., K.N., Y.H.)
| | - Satoshi Akiba
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan (S.K., K.I., E.K., S.A.); and Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan (T.T., K.N., Y.H.)
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21
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Schramm Y, Takeuchi M, Semba K, Nakao Y, Hartwig JF. Anti-Markovnikov Hydroheteroarylation of Unactivated Alkenes with Indoles, Pyrroles, Benzofurans, and Furans Catalyzed by a Nickel–N-Heterocyclic Carbene System. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12215-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- York Schramm
- Division
of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Makoto Takeuchi
- Department
of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Semba
- Department
of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakao
- Department
of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- ACT-C, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Division
of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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22
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Ong WY, Farooqui T, Kokotos G, Farooqui AA. Synthetic and natural inhibitors of phospholipases A2: their importance for understanding and treatment of neurological disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:814-31. [PMID: 25891385 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are a diverse group of enzymes that hydrolyze membrane phospholipids into arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic acid is metabolized to eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes), and lysophospholipids are converted to platelet-activating factors. These lipid mediators play critical roles in the initiation, maintenance, and modulation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Neurological disorders including excitotoxicity; traumatic nerve and brain injury; cerebral ischemia; Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; multiple sclerosis; experimental allergic encephalitis; pain; depression; bipolar disorder; schizophrenia; and autism are characterized by oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, alterations in phospholipid metabolism, accumulation of lipid peroxides, and increased activities of brain phospholipase A2 isoforms. Several old and new synthetic inhibitors of PLA2, including fatty acid trifluoromethyl ketones; methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate; bromoenol lactone; indole-based inhibitors; pyrrolidine-based inhibitors; amide inhibitors, 2-oxoamides; 1,3-disubstituted propan-2-ones and polyfluoroalkyl ketones as well as phytochemical based PLA2 inhibitors including curcumin, Ginkgo biloba and Centella asiatica extracts have been discovered and used for the treatment of neurological disorders in cell culture and animal model systems. The purpose of this review is to summarize information on selective and potent synthetic inhibitors of PLA2 as well as several PLA2 inhibitors from plants, for treatment of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation associated with the pathogenesis of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Ong
- Department
of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Tahira Farooqui
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis,
Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Akhlaq A. Farooqui
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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23
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Anti-inflammatory Activity of Magnesium Isoglycyrrhizinate Through Inhibition of Phospholipase A2/Arachidonic Acid Pathway. Inflammation 2015; 38:1639-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Kokotos G, Feuerherm AJ, Barbayianni E, Shah I, Sæther M, Magrioti V, Nguyen T, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Dennis EA, Johansen B. Inhibition of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 by thiazolyl ketones in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7523-35. [PMID: 25152071 DOI: 10.1021/jm500192s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) is the rate-limiting provider of pro-inflammatory mediators in many tissues and is thus an attractive target for the development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. In this work, we present the synthesis of new thiazolyl ketones and the study of their activities in vitro, in cells, and in vivo. Within this series of compounds, methyl 2-(2-(4-octylphenoxy)acetyl)thiazole-4-carboxylate (GK470) was found to be the most potent inhibitor of GIVA cPLA2, exhibiting an XI(50) value of 0.011 mole fraction in a mixed micelle assay and an IC50 of 300 nM in a vesicle assay. In a cellular assay using SW982 fibroblast-like synoviocytes, it suppressed the release of arachidonic acid with an IC50 value of 0.6 μM. In a prophylactic collagen-induced arthritis model, it exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect comparable to the reference drug methotrexate, whereas in a therapeutic model, it showed results comparable to those of the reference drug Enbrel. In both models, it significantly reduced plasma PGE2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15771, Greece
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25
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Tomoo T, Nakatsuka T, Katayama T, Hayashi Y, Fujieda Y, Terakawa M, Nagahira K. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 3-(1-Aryl-1H-indol-5-yl)propanoic acids as new indole-based cytosolic phospholipase A2α inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7244-62. [PMID: 25102418 DOI: 10.1021/jm500494y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new indole-based cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α, a group IVA phospholipase A2) inhibitors. A screening-hit compound from our library, (E)-3-{4-[(4-chlorophenyl)thio]-3-nitrophenyl}acrylic acid (5), was used to design a class of 3-(1-aryl-1H-indol-5-yl)propanoic acids as new small molecule inhibitors. The resultant structure-activity relationships studied using the isolated enzyme and by cell-based assays revealed that the 1-(p-O-substituted)phenyl, 3-phenylethyl, and 5-propanoic acid groups on the indole core are essential for good inhibitory activity against cPLA2α. Optimization of the p-substituents on the N1 phenyl group led to the discovery of 56n (ASB14780), which was shown to be a potent inhibitor of cPLA2α via enzyme assay, cell-based assay, and guinea pig and human whole-blood assays. It displayed oral efficacy toward mice tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-induced ear edema and guinea pig ovalbumin-induced asthma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Tomoo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ‡R&D Administration, §Exploratory Technology, ∥Drug Discovery Technology, and ⊥Pharmacology I, Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd. , 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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26
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Inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A2α with carbamate structure: synthesis, biological activity, metabolic stability, and bioavailability. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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27
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Synthesis and biological activity of polyalthenol and pentacyclindole analogues. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 73:265-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Scott SA, Mathews TP, Ivanova PT, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Chemical modulation of glycerolipid signaling and metabolic pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1060-84. [PMID: 24440821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thirty years ago, glycerolipids captured the attention of biochemical researchers as novel cellular signaling entities. We now recognize that these biomolecules occupy signaling nodes critical to a number of physiological and pathological processes. Thus, glycerolipid-metabolizing enzymes present attractive targets for new therapies. A number of fields-ranging from neuroscience and cancer to diabetes and obesity-have elucidated the signaling properties of glycerolipids. The biochemical literature teems with newly emerging small molecule inhibitors capable of manipulating glycerolipid metabolism and signaling. This ever-expanding pool of chemical modulators appears daunting to those interested in exploiting glycerolipid-signaling pathways in their model system of choice. This review distills the current body of literature surrounding glycerolipid metabolism into a more approachable format, facilitating the application of small molecule inhibitors to novel systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Tools to study lipid functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas P Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - H Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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Al-Riyami L, Pineda MA, Rzepecka J, Huggan JK, Khalaf AI, Suckling CJ, Scott FJ, Rodgers DT, Harnett MM, Harnett W. Designing anti-inflammatory drugs from parasitic worms: a synthetic small molecule analogue of the Acanthocheilonema viteae product ES-62 prevents development of collagen-induced arthritis. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9982-10002. [PMID: 24228757 PMCID: PMC4125414 DOI: 10.1021/jm401251p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In spite of increasing evidence that parasitic worms may protect humans from developing allergic and autoimmune diseases and the continuing identification of defined helminth-derived immunomodulatory molecules, to date no new anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed from these organisms. We have approached this matter in a novel manner by synthesizing a library of drug-like small molecules based upon phosphorylcholine, the active moiety of the anti-inflammatory Acanthocheilonema viteae product, ES-62, which as an immunogenic protein is unsuitable for use as a drug. Following preliminary in vitro screening for inhibitory effects on relevant macrophage cytokine responses, a sulfone-containing phosphorylcholine analogue (11a) was selected for testing in an in vivo model of inflammation, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Testing revealed that 11a was as effective as ES-62 in protecting DBA/1 mice from developing CIA and mirrored its mechanism of action in downregulating the TLR/IL-1R transducer, MyD88. 11a is thus a novel prototype for anti-inflammatory drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamyaa Al-Riyami
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde , 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, U.K
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30
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Nakai K, Kurahashi T, Matsubara S. Nickel-catalyzed Decarbonylative and Decarboxylative Cycloaddition of Isatoic Anhydrides with Alkynes. CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.130578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Nakai
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Takuya Kurahashi
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
- JST, ACT-C
| | - Seijiro Matsubara
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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Hologram quantative structure–activity relationship studies on 1-(5-carboxyindol-1-yl)propan-2-one inhibitors of human cytosolic phospholipase A2α. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Pniewska E, Pawliczak R. The involvement of phospholipases A2 in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:793505. [PMID: 24089590 PMCID: PMC3780701 DOI: 10.1155/2013/793505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased morbidity, mortality, and ineffective treatment associated with the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have generated much research interest. The key role is played by phospholipases from the A2 superfamily: enzymes which are involved in inflammation through participation in pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators production and have an impact on many immunocompetent cells. The 30 members of the A2 superfamily are divided into 7 groups. Their role in asthma and COPD has been studied in vitro and in vivo (animal models, cell cultures, and patients). This paper contains complete and updated information about the involvement of particular enzymes in the etiology and course of asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pniewska
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, 7/9 Zeligowskiego Street, Building 2, Room 122, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, 7/9 Zeligowskiego Street, Building 2, Room 122, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
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33
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Gore V, Patel P, Chang CT, Sivendran S, Kang N, Ouedraogo YP, Gravel S, Powell WS, Rokach J. 5-Oxo-ETE receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3725-32. [PMID: 23581530 DOI: 10.1021/jm400480j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
5-Oxo-ETE is the most powerful eosinophil chemoattractant among lipid mediators. Eosinophil infiltration into the lungs of asthmatics may be responsible for the late phase of inflammatory asthma. We have designed and synthesized a 5-oxo-ETE receptor antagonist, the purpose of which is to prevent eosinophil migration to the lung during an asthma attack and thereby reduce asthma symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Gore
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
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Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases: a patent review (2010 – present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:333-44. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.754425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Jain SV, Ghate M, Bhadoriya KS, Bari SB, Sugandhi G, Mandwal P. 3D-QSAR pharmacophore modeling and in silico screening of phospholipase A2α inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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LEHR MATTHIAS. Inhibitors of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 α as Anti-inflammatory Drugs. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid derivatives, like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, as well as the alkyl-ether phospholipid platelet-activating factor (PAF) are highly active substances with diverse biological actions. Elevated levels of these lipid mediators in response to a variety of stimuli have been implicated in the pathology of many inflammatory diseases. The rate-limiting step in the generation of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and PAF, respectively, is the cleavage of the sn-2-ester of membrane phospholipids by a phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Among the superfamily of PLA2 enzymes, cytosolic PLA2α (cPLA2α, also referred to as group IVA PLA2) is thought to play the primary role in this biochemical reaction. Therefore, inhibition of cPLA2α activity is an attractive approach to the control of inflammatory disorders.
In this chapter the main groups of cPLA2α inhibitors are described and the problems associated with the development of clinical active drug candidates are discussed. Furthermore, in-vivo data obtained with such compounds in pre-clinical animal models of inflammation will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- MATTHIAS LEHR
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry University of Münster Hittorfstrasse 58–62, 48149 Münster Germany
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37
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Noha SM, Jazzar B, Kuehnl S, Rollinger JM, Stuppner H, Schaible AM, Werz O, Wolber G, Schuster D. Pharmacophore-based discovery of a novel cytosolic phospholipase A(2)α inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1202-7. [PMID: 22192589 PMCID: PMC3268354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The release of arachidonic acid, a precursor in the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, is achieved by activity of the cytosolic phospholipase A(2)α (cPLA(2)α). Signaling mediated by this class of bioactive lipids, which are collectively referred to as eicosanoids, has numerous effects in physiological and pathological processes. Herein, we report the development of a ligand-based pharmacophore model and pharmacophore-based virtual screening of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) database, leading to the identification of 4-(hexadecyloxy)-3-(2-(hydroxyimino)-3-oxobutanamido)benzoic acid (NSC 119957) as cPLA(2)α inhibitor in cell-free and cell-based in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M. Noha
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Computer-Aided Molecular Design (CAMD) Group and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bianca Jazzar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, DE-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Kuehnl
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith M. Rollinger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anja M. Schaible
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, DE-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, DE-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, DE-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Computer-Aided Molecular Design (CAMD) Group and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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38
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Mouchlis VD, Michopoulou V, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Mavromoustakos T, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. Binding conformation of 2-oxoamide inhibitors to group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 determined by molecular docking combined with molecular dynamics. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:243-54. [PMID: 22196172 DOI: 10.1021/ci2005093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (GIVA cPLA(2)) plays a central role in inflammation. Long chain 2-oxoamides constitute a class of potent GIVA cPLA(2) inhibitors that exhibit potent in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. We have now gained insight into the binding of 2-oxoamide inhibitors in the GIVA cPLA(2) active site through a combination of molecular docking calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. Recently, the location of the 2-oxoamide inhibitor AX007 within the active site of the GIVA cPLA(2) was determined using a combination of deuterium exchange mass spectrometry followed by molecular dynamics simulations. After the optimization of the AX007-GIVA cPLA(2) complex using the docking algorithm Surflex-Dock, a series of additional 2-oxoamide inhibitors have been docked in the enzyme active site. The calculated binding affinity presents a good statistical correlation with the experimental inhibitory activity (r(2) = 0.76, N = 11). A molecular dynamics simulation of the docking complex of the most active compound has revealed persistent interactions of the inhibitor with the enzyme active site and proves the stability of the docking complex and the validity of the binding suggested by the docking calculations. The combination of molecular docking calculations and molecular dynamics simulations is useful in defining the binding of small-molecule inhibitors and provides a valuable tool for the design of new compounds with improved inhibitory activity against GIVA cPLA(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Varnavas D Mouchlis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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39
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Roebrock K, Wolf M, Bovens S, Lehr M, Sunderkötter C. Inhibition of benzalkonium chloride-induced skin inflammation in mice by an indol-1-ylpropan-2-one inhibitor of cytosolic phospholipase A2α. Br J Dermatol 2011; 166:306-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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40
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Dennis EA, Cao J, Hsu YH, Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2 enzymes: physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6130-85. [PMID: 21910409 PMCID: PMC3196595 DOI: 10.1021/cr200085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Yuan-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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41
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Thakker P, Marusic S, Stedman NL, Lee KL, McKew JC, Wood A, Goldman SJ, Leach MW, Collins M, Kuchroo VK, Wolf SF, Clark JD, Hassan-Zahraee M. Cytosolic phospholipase A2α blockade abrogates disease during the tissue-damage effector phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by its action on APCs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1986-97. [PMID: 21746963 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A(2)α (cPLA(2)α) is the rate-limiting enzyme for release of arachidonic acid, which is converted primarily to PGs via the cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 pathways and to leukotrienes via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. We used adoptive transfer and relapsing-remitting forms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, in two different strains of mice (SJL or C57BL/6) to demonstrate that blockade of cPLA(2)α with a highly specific small-molecule inhibitor during the tissue-damage effector phase abrogates the clinical manifestation of disease. Using the adoptive transfer model in SJL mice, we demonstrated that the blockade of cPLA(2)α during the effector phase of disease was more efficacious in ameliorating the disease pathogenesis than the blockade of each of the downstream enzymes, cyclooxygenase-1/2 and 5-lipooxygenase. Similarly, blockade of cPLA(2)α was highly efficacious in ameliorating disease pathogenesis during the effector phase of EAE in the adoptive transfer model of EAE in C57BL/6 mice. Investigation of the mechanism of action indicates that cPLA(2)α inhibitors act on APCs to diminish their ability to induce Ag-specific effector T cell proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, cPLA(2)α inhibitors may prevent activation of CNS-resident microglia and may increase oligodendrocyte survival. Finally, in a relapsing-remitting model of EAE in SJL mice, therapeutic administration of a cPLA(2)α inhibitor, starting from the peak of disease or during remission, completely protected the mice from subsequent relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh Thakker
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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42
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Long JZ, Cravatt BF. The metabolic serine hydrolases and their functions in mammalian physiology and disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6022-63. [PMID: 21696217 DOI: 10.1021/cr200075y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Long
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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43
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Courties G, Baron M, Presumey J, Escriou V, van Lent P, Scherman D, Cantagrel A, van den Berg WB, Jorgensen C, Apparailly F, Davignon JL. Cytosolic phospholipase A2α gene silencing in the myeloid lineage alters development of Th1 responses and reduces disease severity in collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:681-90. [DOI: 10.1002/art.30174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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44
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Miki Y, Sato H, Hirabayashi T, Yamamoto K. Recent progress in phospholipase A₂ research: from cells to animals to humans. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:152-92. [PMID: 21185866 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian genomes encode genes for more than 30 phospholipase A₂s (PLA₂s) or related enzymes, which are subdivided into several classes including low-molecular-weight secreted PLA₂s (sPLA₂s), Ca²+-dependent cytosolic PLA₂s (cPLA₂s), Ca²+-independent PLA₂s (iPLA₂s), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs), lysosomal PLA₂s, and a recently identified adipose-specific PLA. Of these, the intracellular cPLA₂ and iPLA₂ families and the extracellular sPLA₂ family are recognized as the "big three". From a general viewpoint, cPLA₂α (the prototypic cPLA₂ plays a major role in the initiation of arachidonic acid metabolism, the iPLA₂ family contributes to membrane homeostasis and energy metabolism, and the sPLA₂ family affects various biological events by modulating the extracellular phospholipid milieus. The cPLA₂ family evolved along with eicosanoid receptors when vertebrates first appeared, whereas the diverse branching of the iPLA₂ and sPLA₂ families during earlier eukaryote development suggests that they play fundamental roles in life-related processes. During the past decade, data concerning the unexplored roles of various PLA₂ enzymes in pathophysiology have emerged on the basis of studies using knockout and transgenic mice, the use of specific inhibitors, and information obtained from analysis of human diseases caused by mutations in PLA₂ genes. This review focuses on current understanding of the emerging biological functions of PLA₂s and related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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45
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Bovens S, Schulze Elfringhoff A, Kaptur M, Reinhardt D, Schäfers M, Lehr M. 1-(5-Carboxyindol-1-yl)propan-2-one Inhibitors of Human Cytosolic Phospholipase A2α: Effect of Substituents in Position 3 of the Indole Scaffold on Inhibitory Potency, Metabolic Stability, Solubility, and Bioavailability. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8298-308. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101094p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Bovens
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alwine Schulze Elfringhoff
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martina Kaptur
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhardt
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Mendelstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Mendelstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany
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46
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Wang DM, Sun MN, Liu G. Substituent diversity-directed synthesis of indole derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 11:556-75. [PMID: 19469481 DOI: 10.1021/cc800198p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a versatile, good-yielding, solution-phase method that is a substituent diversity-directed synthesis of 1H-indoles (6-13, 17-20) and 1-hydroxyindoles (14, 15) starting from commercially available 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. The synthetic products possessed the maximum six diversity points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Mei Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, #2 Nan Wei Road, Beijing, P. R. China
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47
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Pd(II)-catalyzed synthesis of indoles from α-aryloxime O-pentafluorobenzoates via intramolecular aromatic C–H amination. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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48
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Drews A, Bovens S, Roebrock K, Sunderkötter C, Reinhardt D, Schäfers M, van der Velde A, Schulze Elfringhoff A, Fabian J, Lehr M. 1-(5-Carboxyindol-1-yl)propan-2-one Inhibitors of Human Cytosolic Phospholipase A2α with Reduced Lipophilicity: Synthesis, Biological Activity, Metabolic Stability, Solubility, Bioavailability, And Topical in Vivo Activity. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5165-78. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1001088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Drews
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bovens
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kirsten Roebrock
- Institute of Immunology, Münster University Hospital, Röntgenstrasse 21, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Cord Sunderkötter
- Department of Dermatology, Münster University Hospital, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhardt
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Mendelstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Mendelstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea van der Velde
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alwine Schulze Elfringhoff
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Fabian
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Rao PPN, Kabir SN, Mohamed T. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Progress in Small Molecule Drug Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1530-1549. [PMID: 27713316 PMCID: PMC4033995 DOI: 10.3390/ph3051530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of aspirin, small molecule therapeutics have been widely prescribed to treat inflammation and pain. Aspirin and several small molecule NSAIDs are known to inhibit the enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2). Despite the success of NSAIDs to treat inflammatory disorders, the development of a clinically useful small molecule NSAIDs with decreased side effect profiles is an ongoing effort. The recent discovery and development of selective COX-2 inhibitors was a step toward this direction. Emerging trends are represented by the progress in the development of hybrid agents such as nitric oxide donor-NSAIDs (NO-NSAIDs) and dual COX/lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors. This review focuses on the recent advances in the rational design of small molecule NSAIDs in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen P N Rao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W. Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 Canada.
| | - Saad N Kabir
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W. Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Tarek Mohamed
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W. Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 Canada
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Leslie CC, Gangelhoff TA, Gelb MH. Localization and function of cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha at the Golgi. Biochimie 2010; 92:620-6. [PMID: 20226226 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A(2)alpha (cPLA(2)alpha, Group IVA phospholipase A(2)) is a central mediator of arachidonate release from cellular phospholipids for the biosynthesis of eicosanoids. cPLA(2)alpha translocates to intracellular membranes including the Golgi in response to a rise in intracellular calcium level. The enzyme's calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding C2 domain provides the targeting specificity for cPLA(2)alpha translocation to the Golgi. However, other features of cPLA(2)alpha regulation are incompletely understood such as the role of phosphorylation of serine residues in the catalytic domain and the function of basic residues in the cPLA(2)alpha C2 and catalytic domains that are proposed to interact with anionic phospholipids in the membrane to which cPLA(2)alpha is targeted. Increasing evidence strongly suggests that cPLA(2)alpha plays a role in regulating Golgi structure, tubule formation and intra-Golgi transport. For example, recent data suggests that cPLA(2)alpha regulates the transport of tight junction and adherens junction proteins through the Golgi to cell-cell contacts in confluent endothelial cells. However, there are now examples where data based on knockdown using siRNA or pharmacological inhibition of enzymatic activity of cPLA(2)alpha affects fundamental cellular processes yet these phenotypes are not observed in cells from cPLA(2)alpha deficient mice. These results suggest that in some cases there may be compensation for the lack of cPLA(2)alpha. Thus, there is continued need for studies employing highly specific cPLA(2)alpha antagonists in addition to genetic deletion of cPLA(2)alpha in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Leslie
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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