1
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Cai N, Gao X, Li W, Yang L, Zhao J, Qu J, Zhou Y. Novel trifluoromethyl ketone derivatives as oral cPLA 2/COX-2 dual inhibitors for resolution of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Bioorg Chem 2024; 148:107453. [PMID: 38761708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Thirty-five trifluoromethyl hydrazones and seventeen trifluoromethyl oxime esters were designed and synthesized via molecular hybridization. All the target compounds were initially screened for in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by assessing their inhibitory effect on NO release in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, and the optimal compound was finally identified as 2-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-N'-((6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-1,1,1-trifluorohenicosa-6,9,12,15-tetraen-2-ylidene)acetohydrazide (F26, IC50 = 4.55 ± 0.92 μM) with no cytotoxicity. Moreover, F26 potently reduced the production of PGE2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells compared to indomethacin. The interaction of F26 with COX-2 and cPLA2 was directly verified by the CETSA technique. F26 was found to modulate the phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK and NF-κB p65, as well as the protein expression of IκB, cPLA2, COX-2, and iNOS in LPS-stimulated rat peritoneal macrophages. Additionally, F26 was observed to prevent the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in LPS-stimulated rat peritoneal macrophages by immunofluorescence localization. Therefore, the aforementioned in vitro experiments demonstrated that F26 blocked the p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways by binding to COX-2 and cPLA2. In the adjuvant-induced arthritis model, F26 demonstrated a significant effect in preventing arthritis symptoms and inflammatory status in rats, exerting an immunomodulatory role by regulating the homeostasis between Th17 and Treg through inhibition of the p38 MAPK/cPLA2/COX-2/PGE2 and NF-κB pathways. Encouragingly, F26 caused less acute ulcerogenicity in rats at a dose of 50 mg/kg compared to indomethacin. Overall, F26 is a promising candidate worthy of further investigation for treating inflammation and associated pain with lesser gastrointestinal irritation, as well as other symptoms in which cPLA2 and COX-2 are implicated in the pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Wenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China.
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China.
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China.
| | - Yuhan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China.
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2
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Tang S, Liu Z, Zhang J, Li B, Wang B. Copper-Catalyzed C4-selective Carboxylation of Pyridines with CO 2 via Pyridylphosphonium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318572. [PMID: 38308092 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Pyridine motifs are widespread pharmacophores in many drugs. Installing various substituents through pyridine C-H bond functionalization is significant for new drug design and discovery. Developments of late-stage functionalization reactions enrich the strategies for selective functionalization of pyridines. However, late-stage C-H carboxylation of pyridines is a long-standing challenge, especially selectively carboxylation with CO2 on pyridine motifs. Herein, we describe a practical method for C4-H carboxylation of pyridines via one-pot C-H phosphination and copper-catalyzed carboxylation of the resulted phosphonium salts with CO2 . The reaction is conducted under mild conditions and compatible with multiple active groups and several pyridine drugs, providing diverse valuable isonicotinic acid compounds, demonstrating the application potential of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 30007, China
| | - Zezhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 30007, China
| | - Jiakai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 30007, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 30007, China
| | - Baiquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 30007, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Institution Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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3
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Cai N, Gao X, Yang L, Li W, Sun W, Zhang S, Zhao J, Qu J, Zhou Y. Discovery of novel NSAID hybrids as cPLA 2/COX-2 dual inhibitors alleviating rheumatoid arthritis via inhibiting p38 MAPK pathway. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116176. [PMID: 38286094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
A series of NSAIDs hybrid molecules were synthesized and characterized, and their ability to inhibit NO release in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages was evaluated. Most of the compounds showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in vitro, of which (2E,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-1,1,1-trifluorohenicosa-2,6,9,12,15-pentaen-2-yl 2-(4-benzoylphenyl) propanoate (VI-60) was the most optimal (IC50 = 3.85 ± 0.25 μΜ) and had no cytotoxicity. In addition, VI-60 notably reduced the production of PGE2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells compared to ketoprofen. Futhur more, VI-60 significantly inhibited the expression of iNOS, cPLA2, and COX-2 and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The binding of VI-60 to cPLA2 and COX-2 was directly verified by the CETSA technique. In vivo studies illustrated that VI-60 exerted an excellent therapeutic effect on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats by regulating the balance between Th17 and Treg through inhibiting the p38 MAPK/cPLA2/COX-2/PGE2 pathway. Encouragingly, VI-60 showed a lower ulcerative potential in rats at a dose of 50 mg/kg compared to ketoprofen. In conclusion, the hybrid molecules of NSAIDs and trifluoromethyl enols are promising candidates worthy of further investigation for the treatment of inflammation, pain, and other symptoms in which cPLA2 and COX-2 play a role in their etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, PR China.
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, PR China.
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, PR China.
| | - Wenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, PR China.
| | - Wuding Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, PR China.
| | - Shuaibo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, PR China.
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, PR China.
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, PR China.
| | - Yuhan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, PR China.
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4
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Jacolot M, Popowycz F, da Rosa R, Grand L, Schenkel EP, Sibelle Campos Bernardes L. The Use of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural towards Fine Chemicals: Synthesis and Direct Arylation of 5-HMF-Based Oxazoles. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1335-7330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a renewable platform chemical used as a source for obtaining diverse fine chemicals. In this letter, we report the synthesis of 5-HMF-based oxazole compounds. While 5-HMF could be easily converted into the oxazole derivative through the Van Leusen reaction, the direct arylation step needed to access the final compounds was problematic at first. After optimization, a palladium-catalyzed procedure has been developed and used for the synthesis of a series of 33 derivatives. This article reports an extension of the late-stage CH arylation reaction as an application to the oxazole platform derived from biosourced 5-HMF. The challenges in the preparation of the derivatives containing some electron-withdrawing substituents were overcome by the use of a palladium-free method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïwenn Jacolot
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE Lyon, UMR 5246, ICBMS
| | - Florence Popowycz
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE Lyon, UMR 5246, ICBMS
| | - Rafael da Rosa
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE Lyon, UMR 5246, ICBMS
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Medicinal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
| | - Lucie Grand
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE Lyon, UMR 5246, ICBMS
| | - Eloir P. Schenkel
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Medicinal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
| | - Lílian Sibelle Campos Bernardes
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Medicinal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
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5
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Keith JM, Jones W, Pierce JM, Seierstad M, Palmer JA, Webb M, Karbarz M, Scott BP, Wilson SJ, Luo L, Wennerholm M, Chang L, Rizzolio M, Rynberg R, Chaplan S, Guy Breitenbucher J. Heteroarylureas with fused bicyclic diamine cores as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127463. [PMID: 32784090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of mechanism-based heteroaryl urea fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors with fused bicyclic diamine cores is described. In contrast to compounds built around a piperazine core, most of the fused bicyclic diamine bearing analogs prepared exhibited greater potency against rFAAH than the human enzyme. Several compounds equipotent against both species were identified and profiled in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Keith
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - William Jones
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Joan M Pierce
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Mark Seierstad
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - James A Palmer
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Michael Webb
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Mark Karbarz
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Brian P Scott
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Sandy J Wilson
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Lin Luo
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Michelle Wennerholm
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Leon Chang
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Michele Rizzolio
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Raymond Rynberg
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Sandra Chaplan
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - J Guy Breitenbucher
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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6
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Dainese E, Oddi S, Simonetti M, Sabatucci A, Angelucci CB, Ballone A, Dufrusine B, Fezza F, De Fabritiis G, Maccarrone M. The endocannabinoid hydrolase FAAH is an allosteric enzyme. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2292. [PMID: 32041998 PMCID: PMC7010751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a membrane-bound homodimeric enzyme that in vivo controls content and biological activity of N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and other relevant bioactive lipids termed endocannabinoids. Parallel orientation of FAAH monomers likely allows both subunits to simultaneously recruit and cleave substrates. Here, we show full inhibition of human and rat FAAH by means of enzyme inhibitors used at a homodimer:inhibitor stoichiometric ratio of 1:1, implying that occupation of only one of the two active sites of FAAH is enough to fully block catalysis. Single W445Y substitution in rat FAAH displayed the same activity as the wild-type, but failed to show full inhibition at the homodimer:inhibitor 1:1 ratio. Instead, F432A mutant exhibited reduced specific activity but was fully inhibited at the homodimer:inhibitor 1:1 ratio. Kinetic analysis of AEA hydrolysis by rat FAAH and its F432A mutant demonstrated a Hill coefficient of ~1.6, that instead was ~1.0 in the W445Y mutant. Of note, also human FAAH catalysed an allosteric hydrolysis of AEA, showing a Hill coefficient of ~1.9. Taken together, this study demonstrates an unprecedented allosterism of FAAH, and represents a case of communication between two enzyme subunits seemingly controlled by a single amino acid (W445) at the dimer interface. In the light of extensive attempts and subsequent failures over the last decade to develop effective drugs for human therapy, these findings pave the way to the rationale design of new molecules that, by acting as positive or negative heterotropic effectors of FAAH, may control more efficiently its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Dainese
- Faculty of Biosciences, and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Sergio Oddi
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Monica Simonetti
- Faculty of Biosciences, and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Annalaura Sabatucci
- Faculty of Biosciences, and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Alice Ballone
- Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), University of Pompeu Fabra and Icrea, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatrice Dufrusine
- Faculty of Biosciences, and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Filomena Fezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni De Fabritiis
- Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), University of Pompeu Fabra and Icrea, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Medicine - Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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7
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Otrubova K, Chatterjee S, Ghimire S, Cravatt BF, Boger DL. N-Acyl pyrazoles: Effective and tunable inhibitors of serine hydrolases. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1693-1703. [PMID: 30879861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-acyl pyrazoles was examined as candidate serine hydrolase inhibitors in which the active site acylating reactivity and the leaving group ability of the pyrazole could be tuned not only through the nature of the acyl group (reactivity: amide > carbamate > urea), but also through pyrazole C4 substitution with electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents. Their impact on enzyme inhibitory activity displayed pronounced effects with the activity improving substantially as one alters both the nature of the reacting carbonyl group (urea > carbamate > amide) and the pyrazole C4 substituent (CN > H > Me). It was further demonstrated that the acyl chain of the N-acyl pyrazole ureas can be used to tailor the potency and selectivity of the inhibitor class to a targeted serine hydrolase. Thus, elaboration of the acyl chain of pyrazole-based ureas provided remarkably potent, irreversible inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH, apparent Ki = 100-200 pM), dual inhibitors of FAAH and monoacylglycerol hydrolase (MGLL), or selective inhibitors of MGLL (IC50 = 10-20 nM) while simultaneously minimizing off-target activity (e.g., ABHD6 and KIAA1363).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shreyosree Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Srijana Ghimire
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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8
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Boger DL. The Difference a Single Atom Can Make: Synthesis and Design at the Chemistry-Biology Interface. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11961-11980. [PMID: 28945374 PMCID: PMC5712263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A Perspective of work in our laboratory on the examination of biologically active compounds, especially natural products, is presented. In the context of individual programs and along with a summary of our work, selected cases are presented that illustrate the impact single atom changes can have on the biological properties of the compounds. The examples were chosen to highlight single heavy atom changes that improve activity, rather than those that involve informative alterations that reduce or abolish activity. The examples were also chosen to illustrate that the impact of such single-atom changes can originate from steric, electronic, conformational, or H-bonding effects, from changes in functional reactivity, from fundamental intermolecular interactions with a biological target, from introduction of a new or altered functionalization site, or from features as simple as improvements in stability or physical properties. Nearly all the examples highlighted represent not only unusual instances of productive deep-seated natural product modifications and were introduced through total synthesis but are also remarkable in that they are derived from only a single heavy atom change in the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Research Institute, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550
North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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9
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Mai S, Rao C, Chen M, Su J, Du J, Song Q. Merging gold catalysis, organocatalytic oxidation, and Lewis acid catalysis for chemodivergent synthesis of functionalized oxazoles from N-propargylamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10366-10369. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05746f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel catalytic systems consisting of cationic gold complexes, N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI), and transition-metal-based Lewis acids have been developed for the one-pot synthesis of functionalized oxazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyu Mai
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation
- College of Chemical Engineering
- College of Material Sciences
- Huaqiao University
- Xiamen
| | - Changqing Rao
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation
- College of Chemical Engineering
- College of Material Sciences
- Huaqiao University
- Xiamen
| | - Ming Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance
- Department of Modern Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Jihu Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance
- Department of Modern Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance
- Department of Modern Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Qiuling Song
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation
- College of Chemical Engineering
- College of Material Sciences
- Huaqiao University
- Xiamen
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10
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Xu C, Qin M, Yi J, Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Gong P. Copper( ii)-mediated formation of oxazole-4-carbonitrile from acetophenone and coordinated cyanide anion via a radical coupling. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01983a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A protocol for the direct synthesis of 4-aryloxazole-5-carbonitrile from acetophenone was first described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
| | - Mingze Qin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yi
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
| | - Bingfu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
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11
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Tuo W, Leleu-Chavain N, Spencer J, Sansook S, Millet R, Chavatte P. Therapeutic Potential of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase, Monoacylglycerol Lipase, and N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 60:4-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tuo
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Natascha Leleu-Chavain
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Supojjanee Sansook
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Régis Millet
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
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12
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Tuo W, Leleu-Chavain N, Barczyk A, Renault N, Lemaire L, Chavatte P, Millet R. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of potent FAAH inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2701-5. [PMID: 27117424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 3-carboxamido-5-aryl-isoxazoles was designed, synthesized and evaluated for their biological activity. Different pharmacomodulations have been explored and the lipophilicity of these compounds was assessed. Investigation of the in vitro biological activity led to the identification of 5 compounds as potent FAAH inhibitors, their good FAAH inhibition capacity is probably correlated with their suitable lipophilicity. Specifically, compound 25 showed similar inhibition potency against FAAH in comparison with URB597, one of the most potent FAAH inhibitor known to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tuo
- ICPAL, Univ. Lille, Inserm, U995-LIRIC-Lille Inflammation Research International Center, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse BP83, F-59006 Lille, France
| | - Natascha Leleu-Chavain
- ICPAL, Univ. Lille, Inserm, U995-LIRIC-Lille Inflammation Research International Center, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse BP83, F-59006 Lille, France
| | - Amélie Barczyk
- ICPAL, Univ. Lille, Inserm, U995-LIRIC-Lille Inflammation Research International Center, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse BP83, F-59006 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Renault
- ICPAL, Univ. Lille, Inserm, U995-LIRIC-Lille Inflammation Research International Center, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse BP83, F-59006 Lille, France
| | - Lucas Lemaire
- ICPAL, Univ. Lille, Inserm, U995-LIRIC-Lille Inflammation Research International Center, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse BP83, F-59006 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- ICPAL, Univ. Lille, Inserm, U995-LIRIC-Lille Inflammation Research International Center, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse BP83, F-59006 Lille, France
| | - Régis Millet
- ICPAL, Univ. Lille, Inserm, U995-LIRIC-Lille Inflammation Research International Center, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse BP83, F-59006 Lille, France.
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13
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Discovery of Uracil Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21020229. [PMID: 26901181 PMCID: PMC6274076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) is an intracellular serine enzyme involved in the biological degradation of the fatty acid ethanolamide family of signaling lipids, which exerts neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. In the present study, a conjugated 2,4-dioxo-pyrimidine-1-carboxamide scaffold was confirmed as a novel template for FAAH inhibitors, based on which, a series of analogues had been prepared for an initial structure-activity relationship (SAR) study. Most of the synthesized compounds displayed moderate to significant FAAH inhibitory potency. Among them, compounds 11 and 14 showed better activity than others, with IC50 values of 21 and 53 nM. SAR analysis indicated that 2,4-dioxopyrimidine-1-carboxamides represented a novel class of potent inhibitors of FAAH, and substitution at the uracil ring or replacement of the N-terminal group might favor the inhibitory potency. Selected compounds of this class may be used as useful parent molecules for further investigation.
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14
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Keith JM, Jones WM, Tichenor M, Liu J, Seierstad M, Palmer JA, Webb M, Karbarz M, Scott BP, Wilson S, Luo L, Wennerholm ML, Chang L, Rizzolio M, Rynberg R, Chaplan SR, Breitenbucher JG. Preclinical Characterization of the FAAH Inhibitor JNJ-42165279. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:1204-8. [PMID: 26713105 PMCID: PMC4677372 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The pre-clinical characterization of the aryl piperazinyl urea inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) JNJ-42165279 is described. JNJ-42165279 covalently inactivates the FAAH enzyme, but is highly selective with regard to other enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors. JNJ-42165279 exhibited excellent ADME and pharmacodynamic properties as evidenced by its ability to block FAAH in the brain and periphery of rats and thereby cause an elevation of the concentrations of anandamide (AEA), oleoyl ethanolamide (OEA), and palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA). The compound was also efficacious in the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model of neuropathic pain. The combination of good physical, ADME, and PD properties of JNJ-42165279 supported it entering the clinical portfolio.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Keith
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - William M. Jones
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mark Tichenor
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jing Liu
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mark Seierstad
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James A. Palmer
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael Webb
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mark Karbarz
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brian P. Scott
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sandy
J. Wilson
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Lin Luo
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michelle L. Wennerholm
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Leon Chang
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michele Rizzolio
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Raymond Rynberg
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sandra R. Chaplan
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - J. Guy Breitenbucher
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
of Johnson & Johnson, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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15
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Otrubova K, Srinivasan V, Boger DL. Discovery libraries targeting the major enzyme classes: the serine hydrolases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3807-13. [PMID: 25037918 PMCID: PMC4130767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two libraries of modestly reactive ureas containing either electron-deficient acyl anilines or acyl pyrazoles were prepared and are reported as screening libraries for candidate serine hydrolase inhibitors. Within each library is a small but powerful subset of compounds that serve as a chemotype fragment screening library capable of subsequent structural diversification. Elaboration of the pyrazole-based ureas provided remarkably potent irreversible inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH, apparent Ki=100-200 pM) complementary to those previously disclosed enlisting electron-deficient aniline-based ureas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States.
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16
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Duncan KK, Otrubova K, Boger DL. α-Ketoheterocycle inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase: exploration of conformational constraints in the acyl side chain. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2763-70. [PMID: 24690529 PMCID: PMC4029506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of α-ketooxazoles containing heteroatoms embedded within conformational constraints in the C2 acyl side chain of 2 (OL-135) were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). The studies reveal that the installation of a heteroatom (O) in the conformational constraint is achievable, although the potency of these novel derivatives is reduced slightly relative to 2 and the analogous 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene series. Interestingly, both enantiomers (R and S) of the candidate inhibitors bearing a chiral center adjacent to the electrophilic carbonyl were found to effectively inhibit FAAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine K Duncan
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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17
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Keith JM, Hawryluk N, Apodaca RL, Chambers A, Pierce JM, Seierstad M, Palmer JA, Webb M, Karbarz MJ, Scott BP, Wilson SJ, Luo L, Wennerholm ML, Chang L, Rizzolio M, Chaplan SR, Breitenbucher JG. 1-Aryl-2-((6-aryl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)ethanols as competitive inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1280-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Keith JM, Jones WM, Pierce JM, Seierstad M, Palmer JA, Webb M, Karbarz MJ, Scott BP, Wilson SJ, Luo L, Wennerholm ML, Chang L, Brown SM, Rizzolio M, Rynberg R, Chaplan SR, Breitenbucher JG. Heteroarylureas with spirocyclic diamine cores as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:737-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Zhang CP, Chen QY, Guo Y, Xiao JC, Gu YC. Difluoromethylation and trifluoromethylation reagents derived from tetrafluoroethane β-sultone: Synthesis, reactivity and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Otrubova K, Cravatt BF, Boger DL. Design, synthesis, and characterization of α-ketoheterocycles that additionally target the cytosolic port Cys269 of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1079-89. [PMID: 24456116 PMCID: PMC3940414 DOI: 10.1021/jm401820q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A series
of α-ketooxazoles incorporating electrophiles at
the C5 position of the pyridyl ring of 2 (OL-135) and
related compounds were prepared and examined as inhibitors of fatty
acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) that additionally target the cytosolic
port Cys269. From this series, a subset of the candidate inhibitors
exhibited time-dependent FAAH inhibition and noncompetitive irreversible
inactivation of the enzyme, consistent with the targeted Cys269 covalent
alkylation or addition, and maintained or enhanced the intrinsic selectivity
for FAAH versus other serine hydrolases. A preliminary in vivo assessment
demonstrates that these inhibitors raise endogenous brain levels of
anandamide and other FAAH substrates upon intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration
to mice, with peak levels achieved within 1.5–3 h, and that
the elevations of the signaling lipids were maintained >6 h, indicating
that the inhibitors effectively reach and remain active in the brain,
inhibiting FAAH for a sustained period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Chemical Physiology, and §The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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21
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Otrubova K, Brown M, McCormick MS, Han GW, O’Neal ST, Cravatt BF, Stevens RC, Lichtman AH, Boger DL. Rational design of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors that act by covalently bonding to two active site residues. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6289-99. [PMID: 23581831 PMCID: PMC3678763 DOI: 10.1021/ja4014997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design and characterization of α-ketoheterocycle fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors are disclosed that additionally and irreversibly target a cysteine (Cys269) found in the enzyme cytosolic port while maintaining the reversible covalent Ser241 attachment responsible for their rapid and initially reversible enzyme inhibition. Two α-ketooxazoles (3 and 4) containing strategically placed electrophiles at the C5 position of the pyridyl substituent of 2 (OL-135) were prepared and examined as inhibitors of FAAH. Consistent with the observed time-dependent noncompetitive inhibition, the cocrystal X-ray structure of 3 bound to a humanized variant of rat FAAH revealed that 3 was not only covalently bound to the active site catalytic nucleophile Ser241 as a deprotonated hemiketal, but also to Cys269 through the pyridyl C5-substituent, thus providing an inhibitor with dual covalent attachment in the enzyme active site. In vivo characterization of the prototypical inhibitors in mice demonstrates that they raise endogenous brain levels of FAAH substrates to a greater extent and for a much longer duration (>6 h) than the reversible inhibitor 2, indicating that the inhibitors accumulate and persist in the brain to completely inhibit FAAH for a prolonged period. Consistent with this behavior and the targeted irreversible enzyme inhibition, 3 reversed cold allodynia in the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain in mice for a sustained period (>6 h) beyond that observed with the reversible inhibitor 2, providing effects that were unchanged over the 1-6 h time course monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Monica Brown
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Michael S. McCormick
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Gye W. Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Scott T. O’Neal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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22
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Alapafuja SO, Nikas SP, Bharathan IT, Shukla VG, Nasr ML, Bowman AL, Zvonok N, Li J, Shi X, Engen JR, Makriyannis A. Sulfonyl fluoride inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10074-89. [PMID: 23083016 DOI: 10.1021/jm301205j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonyl fluorides are known to inhibit esterases. Early work from our laboratory has identified hexadecyl sulfonylfluoride (AM374) as a potent in vitro and in vivo inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). We now report on later generation sulfonyl fluoride analogs that exhibit potent and selective inhibition of FAAH. Using recombinant rat and human FAAH, we show that 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pentanesulfonyl fluoride (AM3506) has similar inhibitory activity for both the rat and the human enzyme, while rapid dilution assays and mass spectrometry analysis suggest that the compound is a covalent modifier for FAAH and inhibits its action in an irreversible manner. Our SAR results are highlighted by molecular docking of key analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakiru O Alapafuja
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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23
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Keith JM, Apodaca R, Tichenor M, Xiao W, Jones W, Pierce J, Seierstad M, Palmer J, Webb M, Karbarz M, Scott B, Wilson S, Luo L, Wennerholm M, Chang L, Brown S, Rizzolio M, Rynberg R, Chaplan S, Breitenbucher JG. Aryl Piperazinyl Ureas as Inhibitors of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) in Rat, Dog, and Primate. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:823-7. [PMID: 24900385 DOI: 10.1021/ml300186g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of aryl piperazinyl ureas that act as covalent inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is described. A potent and selective (does not inhibit FAAH-2) member of this class, JNJ-40355003, was found to elevate the plasma levels of three fatty acid amides: anandamide, oleoyl ethanolamide, and palmitoyl ethanolamide, in the rat, dog, and cynomolgous monkey. The elevation of the levels of these lipids in the plasma of monkeys suggests that FAAH-2 may not play a significant role in regulating plasma levels of fatty acid ethanolamides in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Keith
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Rich Apodaca
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Mark Tichenor
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Wei Xiao
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - William Jones
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Joan Pierce
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Mark Seierstad
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - James Palmer
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Michael Webb
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Mark Karbarz
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Brian Scott
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Sandy Wilson
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Lin Luo
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Michelle Wennerholm
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Leon Chang
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Sean Brown
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Michele Rizzolio
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Raymond Rynberg
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Sandra Chaplan
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - J. Guy Breitenbucher
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
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24
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Di Venere A, Dainese E, Fezza F, Angelucci BC, Rosato N, Cravatt BF, Finazzi-Agrò A, Mei G, Maccarrone M. Rat and human fatty acid amide hydrolases: overt similarities and hidden differences. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:1425-33. [PMID: 22877990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a membrane protein that plays a relevant role in the metabolism of fatty acid amides and esters. It degrades important neurotransmitters such as oleamide and anandamide, and it has been involved in a number of human pathological conditions, representing therefore a valuable target for biochemical and pharmacological research. In this study, we have investigated in vitro the structure-function relationship of rat and human FAAHs. In particular circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy and light scattering measurements have been performed, in order to characterize the structural features of the two proteins, both in the presence and absence of the irreversible inhibitor methoxyarachidonyl-fluorophosphonate. The results demonstrate that the structural dynamics of the two FAAHs are different, despite their high sequence homology and overall similarity in temperature-dependence. Additionally, membrane binding and kinetic assays of both FAAHs indicate that also the functional properties of the two enzymes are different in their interaction with lipid bilayers and with exogenous inhibitors. These findings suggest that pre-clinical studies of FAAH-dependent human diseases based only on animal models should be interpreted with caution, and that the efficacy of new drugs targeted to FAAH should be tested in vitro, on both rat and human enzymes.
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25
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Otrubova K, Boger DL. α-Ketoheterocycle-based Inhibitors of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH). ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:340-348. [PMID: 22639704 PMCID: PMC3359644 DOI: 10.1021/cn2001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A summary of the initial discovery and characterization of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and the subsequent advancement of an important class of competitive, reversible, potent and selective inhibitors is presented. Initially explored using substrate-inspired inhibitors bearing electrophilic carbonyls, the examination of α-ketoheterocyle-based inhibitors of FAAH with the benefit of a unique activity-based protein-profiling (ABPP)-based proteome-wide selectivity assay, a powerful in vivo biomarker-based in vivo screen, and subsequent retrospective X-ray co-crystal structures with the enzyme, is summarized. These efforts defined the impact of the central activating heterocycle and its key substituents, provided key simplifications in the C2 acyl side chain and clear interpretations for the unique role and subsequent optimization of the central activating heterocycle, and established the basis for the recent further conformational constraints in the C2 acyl side chain, providing potent, long-acting, orally-active FAAH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs
Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs
Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
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26
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Kussrow A, Enders CS, Bornhop DJ. Interferometric methods for label-free molecular interaction studies. Anal Chem 2012; 84:779-92. [PMID: 22060037 PMCID: PMC4317347 DOI: 10.1021/ac202812h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kussrow
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Carolyn S. Enders
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Darryl J. Bornhop
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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27
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Noe MC, Gilbert AM. Targeted Covalent Enzyme Inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY VOLUME 47 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396492-2.00027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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28
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Estiarte MA, Johnson RJ, Kaub CJ, Gowlugari S, O'Mahony DJR, Nguyen MT, Emerling DE, Kelly MG, Kincaid J, Vincent F, Duncton MAJ. 2-Amino-5-arylbenzoxazole derivatives as potent inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md00307d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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30
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Bowman AL, Makriyannis A. Approximating protein flexibility through dynamic pharmacophore models: application to fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:3247-53. [PMID: 22098169 DOI: 10.1021/ci200371z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A structure-based drug discovery method is described that incorporates target flexibility through the use of an ensemble of protein conformations. The approach was applied to fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), a key deactivating enzyme in the endocannabinoid system. The resultant dynamic pharmacophore models are rapidly able to identify known FAAH inhibitors over drug-like decoys. Different sources of FAAH conformational ensembles were explored, with both snapshots from molecular dynamics simulations and a group of X-ray structures performing well. Results were compared to those from docking and pharmacophore models generated from a single X-ray structure. Increasing conformational sampling consistently improved the pharmacophore models, emphasizing the importance of incorporating target flexibility in structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Bowman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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31
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Rusch M, Zahov S, Vetter IR, Lehr M, Hedberg C. Design, synthesis and evaluation of polar head group containing 2-keto-oxazole inhibitors of FAAH. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:1100-12. [PMID: 22196515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2-α-Keto oxazoles containing polar head groups in their C5-side chains were designed as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors. Variation in the spacer length resulted in submicromolar α-keto-oxazole FAAH inhibitor (IC(50)=436 nM) presenting electrostatic stabilizing interactions between its polar head group contained in the C5-side chain and the hydrophilic pocket of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rusch
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Strasse 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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32
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Otrubova K, Ezzili C, Boger DL. The discovery and development of inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4674-85. [PMID: 21764305 PMCID: PMC3146581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A summary of the discovery and advancement of inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey, Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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33
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Li Z, Wang Y, Huang Y, Tang C, Xu J, Wu X, Yao H. Efficient palladium(II)-catalyzed homocoupling of thiazole-4-carboxylic or oxazole-4-carboxylic derivatives. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.05.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Tian G, Paschetto KA, Gharahdaghi F, Gordon E, Wilkins DE, Luo X, Scott CW. Mechanism of inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase by sulfonamide-containing benzothiazoles: long residence time derived from increased kinetic barrier and not exclusively from thermodynamic potency. Biochemistry 2011; 50:6867-78. [PMID: 21728345 DOI: 10.1021/bi200552p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) has emerged as a potential target for developing analgesic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, sleep-enhancing, and anti-inflammatory drugs, and tremendous efforts have been made to discover potent and selective inhibitors of FAAH. Most known potent FAAH inhibitors described to date employ covalent mechanisms, inhibiting the enzyme either reversibly or irreversibly. Recently, a benzothiazole-based analogue (1) has been described possessing a high potency against FAAH yet lacking a structural feature previously known to interact with FAAH covalently. However, covalent inhibition of FAAH by 1 has not been fully ruled out, and the issue of reversibility has not been addressed. Confirming previous reports, 1 inhibited recombinant human FAAH (rhFAAH) with high potency with IC(50) ~2 nM. It displayed an apparently noncompetitive and irreversible inhibition, titrating rhFAAH stoichiometrically within normal assay times. The inhibition appeared to be time dependent, but the time dependence only improved potency by a small degree (from ~8 to ~2 nM). However, mass spectrometric analyses of the reaction mixture failed to reveal any cleavage product or covalent adduct and showed full recovery of the parent compound, ruling out covalent, irreversible inhibition. Dialysis revealed recovery of enzyme activity from enzyme-inhibitor complex over a prolonged time (>10 h), demonstrating that 1 is indeed a reversible, albeit slowly dissociating inhibitor of FAAH. Molecular docking indicated that the sulfonamide group of 1 could form hydrogen bonds with several residues involved in catalysis, thereby mimicking the transition state. The long residence time displayed by 1 does not appear to derive exclusively from great thermodynamic potency and is consistent with an increased kinetic energy barrier that prevents dissociation from happening quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaochao Tian
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, Delaware 19850, United States.
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35
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Pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening for the discovery of new fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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36
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Ezzili C, Mileni M, McGlinchey N, Long JZ, Kinsey SG, Hochstatter DG, Stevens RC, Lichtman AH, Cravatt BF, Bilsky EJ, Boger DL. Reversible competitive α-ketoheterocycle inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase containing additional conformational constraints in the acyl side chain: orally active, long-acting analgesics. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2805-22. [PMID: 21428410 PMCID: PMC3085948 DOI: 10.1021/jm101597x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of α-ketooxazoles containing conformational constraints in the C2 acyl side chain of 2 (OL-135) were examined as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Only one of the two possible enantiomers displayed potent FAAH inhibition (S vs R enantiomer), and their potency is comparable or improved relative to 2, indicating that the conformational restriction in the C2 acyl side chain is achievable. A cocrystal X-ray structure of the α-ketoheterocycle 12 bound to a humanized variant of rat FAAH revealed its binding details, confirmed that the (S)-enantiomer is the bound active inhibitor, shed light on the origin of the enantiomeric selectivity, and confirmed that the catalytic Ser241 is covalently bound to the electrophilic carbonyl as a deprotonated hemiketal. Preliminary in vivo characterization of the inhibitors 12 and 14 is reported demonstrating that they raise brain anandamide levels following either intraperitoneal (ip) or oral (po) administration indicative of effective in vivo FAAH inhibition. Significantly, the oral administration of 12 caused dramatic accumulation of anandamide in the brain, with peak levels achieved between 1.5 and 3 h, and these elevations were maintained over 9 h. Additional studies of these two representative members of the series (12 and 14) in models of thermal hyperalgesia and neuropathic pain are reported, including the demonstration that 12 administered orally significantly attenuated mechanical (>6 h) and cold (>9 h) allodynia for sustained periods consistent with its long-acting effects in raising the endogenous concentration of anandamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Mauro Mileni
- Department of Molecular Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Nicholas McGlinchey
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005
| | - Jonathan Z. Long
- Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Steven G. Kinsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | | | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Edward J. Bilsky
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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37
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Koszytkowska-Stawińska M, Mironiuk-Puchalska E, Sas W. Synthesis of 1-pyrroline 1-oxides analogous to pseudouridine. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Mileni M, Garfunkle J, Ezzili C, Cravatt BF, Stevens RC, Boger DL. Fluoride-mediated capture of a noncovalent bound state of a reversible covalent enzyme inhibitor: X-ray crystallographic analysis of an exceptionally potent α-ketoheterocycle inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:4092-100. [PMID: 21355555 PMCID: PMC3060301 DOI: 10.1021/ja110877y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two cocrystal X-ray structures of the exceptionally potent α-ketoheterocycle inhibitor 1 (K(i) = 290 pM) bound to a humanized variant of rat fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are disclosed, representing noncovalently and covalently bound states of the same inhibitor with the enzyme. Key to securing the structure of the noncovalently bound state of the inhibitor was the inclusion of fluoride ion in the crystallization conditions that is proposed to bind the oxyanion hole precluding inhibitor covalent adduct formation with stabilization of the tetrahedral hemiketal. This permitted the opportunity to detect important noncovalent interactions stabilizing the binding of the inhibitor within the FAAH active site independent of the covalent reaction. Remarkably, noncovalently bound 1 in the presence of fluoride appears to capture the active site in the same "in action" state with the three catalytic residues Ser241-Ser217-Lys142 occupying essentially identical positions observed in the covalently bound structure of 1, suggesting that this technique of introducing fluoride may have important applications in structural studies beyond inhibiting substrate or inhibitor oxyanion hole binding. Key insights to emerge from the studies include the observations that noncovalently bound 1 binds in its ketone (not gem diol) form, that the terminal phenyl group in the acyl side chain of the inhibitor serves as the key anchoring interaction overriding the intricate polar interactions in the cytosolic port, and that the role of the central activating heterocycle is dominated by its intrinsic electron-withdrawing properties. These two structures are also briefly compared with five X-ray structures of α-ketoheterocycle-based inhibitors bound to FAAH recently disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mileni
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Joie Garfunkle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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39
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Baksh MM, Kussrow AK, Mileni M, Finn MG, Bornhop DJ. Label-free quantification of membrane-ligand interactions using backscattering interferometry. Nat Biotechnol 2011; 29:357-60. [PMID: 21399645 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although membrane proteins are ubiquitous within all living organisms and represent the majority of drug targets, a general method for direct, label-free measurement of ligand binding to native membranes has not been reported. Here we show that backscattering interferometry (BSI) can accurately quantify ligand-receptor binding affinities in a variety of membrane environments. By detecting minute changes in the refractive index of a solution, BSI allows binding interactions of proteins with their ligands to be measured at picomolar concentrations. Equilibrium binding constants in the micromolar to picomolar range were obtained for small- and large-molecule interactions in both synthetic and cell-derived membranes without the use of labels or supporting substrates. The simple and low-cost hardware, high sensitivity and label-free nature of BSI should make it readily applicable to the study of many membrane-associated proteins of biochemical and pharmacological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Baksh
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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40
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Roy S, Gregg BT, Gribble GW, Le VD, Roy S. Trifluoromethylation of aryl and heteroaryl halides. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Ezzili C, Otrubova K, Boger DL. Fatty acid amide signaling molecules. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5959-68. [PMID: 20817522 PMCID: PMC2942981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Key studies leading to the discovery and definition of the role of endogenous fatty acid amide signaling molecules are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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42
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Onnis V, Congiu C, Björklund E, Hempel F, Söderström E, Fowler CJ. Synthesis and evaluation of paracetamol esters as novel fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2286-98. [PMID: 20143779 DOI: 10.1021/jm901891p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is the key hydrolytic enzyme for the endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand anandamide. The synthesis and evaluation for their FAAH inhibitory activities of a series of 18 paracetamol esters are described. Structure-activity relationship studies indicated that the ester (33) with a 2-(4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-ylamino)phenyl)acetic acid substituent was the most potent analogue in this series. The compound inhibited FAAH activity in a competitive manner with a K(i) value of 0.16 microM. The compound was also able to inhibit the FAAH activity in rat basophilic leukemia cells as assessed by measuring either the hydrolysis of anandamide, the FAAH-dependent cellular accumulation of anandamide, or the FAAH-dependent recycling of tritium to the cell membranes. The compound also inhibited the activity of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of the endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand 2-arachidonoylglycerol, with an IC(50) value of 1.9 microM. It is concluded that the compound may be a useful template for the design of potent novel inhibitors of FAAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Onnis
- Department of Toxicology, Unit of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, Cagliari I-09124, Italy.
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43
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Mileni M, Garfunkle J, Ezzili C, Kimball FS, Cravatt BF, Stevens RC, Boger DL. X-ray crystallographic analysis of alpha-ketoheterocycle inhibitors bound to a humanized variant of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Med Chem 2010; 53:230-40. [PMID: 19924997 PMCID: PMC2804032 DOI: 10.1021/jm9012196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three cocrystal X-ray structures of the alpha-ketoheterocycle inhibitors 3-5 bound to a humanized variant of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are disclosed and comparatively discussed alongside those of 1 (OL-135) and its isomer 2. These five X-ray structures systematically probe each of the three active site regions key to substrate or inhibitor binding: (1) the conformationally mobile acyl chain-binding pocket and membrane access channel responsible for fatty acid amide substrate and inhibitor acyl chain binding, (2) the atypical active site catalytic residues and surrounding oxyanion hole that covalently binds the core of the alpha-ketoheterocycle inhibitors captured as deprotonated hemiketals mimicking the tetrahedral intermediate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction, and (3) the cytosolic port and its uniquely important imbedded ordered water molecules and a newly identified anion binding site. The detailed analysis of their key active site interactions and their implications on the interpretation of the available structure-activity relationships are discussed providing important insights for future design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mileni
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Joie Garfunkle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - F. Scott Kimball
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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44
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Feledziak M, Michaux C, Urbach A, Labar G, Muccioli GG, Lambert DM, Marchand-Brynaert J. beta-Lactams derived from a carbapenem chiron are selective inhibitors of human fatty acid amide hydrolase versus human monoacylglycerol lipase. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7054-68. [PMID: 19877691 DOI: 10.1021/jm9008532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A library of 30 beta-lactams has been prepared from (3R,4R)-3-[(R)-1'-(tbutyldimethylsilyloxy)-ethyl]-4-acetoxy-2-azetidinone, and the corresponding deacetoxy derivative, by sequential N- and O-functionalizations with various omega-alkenoyl and omega-arylalkanoyl chains. All compounds were selective inhibitors of hFAAH versus hMGL, and IC(50) values in the nanomolar range (5-14 nM) were recorded for the best representatives. From time-dependent preincubation and rapid dilution studies, and from docking analyses in a homology model of the target enzyme, a reversible mechanism of inhibition of hFAAH is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Feledziak
- Unite de Chimie Organique et Medicinale, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Batiment Lavoisier, Place Louis Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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45
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Bowman AL, Makriyannis A. Refined homology model of monoacylglycerol lipase: toward a selective inhibitor. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2009; 23:799-806. [PMID: 19543978 PMCID: PMC3308346 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-009-9289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) is primarily responsible for the hydrolysis of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), an endocannabinoid with full agonist activity at both cannabinoid receptors. Increased tissue 2-AG levels consequent to MGL inhibition are considered therapeutic against pain, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the lack of MGL structural information has hindered the development of MGL-selective inhibitors. Here, we detail a fully refined homology model of MGL which preferentially identifies MGL inhibitors over druglike noninhibitors. We include for the first time insight into the active-site geometry and potential hydrogen-bonding interactions along with molecular dynamics simulations describing the opening and closing of the MGL helical-domain lid. Docked poses of both the natural substrate and known inhibitors are detailed. A comparison of the MGL active-site to that of the other principal endocannabinoid metabolizing enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase, demonstrates key differences which provide crucial insight toward the design of selective MGL inhibitors as potential drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Bowman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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46
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Pillarisetti S, Alexander CW, Khanna I. Pain and beyond: fatty acid amides and fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:1098-111. [PMID: 19716430 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is responsible for the hydrolysis of several important endogenous fatty acid amides (FAAs), including anandamide, oleoylethanolamide and palmitoylethanolamide. Because specific FAAs interact with cannabinoid and vanilloid receptors, they are often referred to as 'endocannabinoids' or 'endovanilloids'. Initial interest in this area, therefore, has focused on developing FAAH inhibitors to augment the actions of FAAs and reduce pain. However, recent literature has shown that these FAAs - through interactions with unique receptors (extracellular and intracellular) - can induce a diverse array of effects that include appetite suppression, modulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, vasodilation, cardiac function and inflammation. This review gives an overview of FAAs and diverse FAAH inhibitors and their potential therapeutic utility in pain and non-pain indications.
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Mileni M, Garfunkle J, DeMartino JK, Cravatt BF, Boger DL, Stevens RC. Binding and inactivation mechanism of a humanized fatty acid amide hydrolase by alpha-ketoheterocycle inhibitors revealed from cocrystal structures. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:10497-506. [PMID: 19722626 PMCID: PMC2739126 DOI: 10.1021/ja902694n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cocrystal X-ray structures of two isomeric alpha-ketooxazole inhibitors (1 (OL-135) and 2) bound to fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), a key enzymatic regulator of endocannabinoid signaling, are disclosed. The active site catalytic Ser241 is covalently bound to the inhibitors' electrophilic carbonyl groups, providing the first structures of FAAH bound to an inhibitor as a deprotonated hemiketal mimicking the enzymatic tetrahedral intermediate. The work also offers a detailed view of the oxyanion hole and an exceptional "in-action" depiction of the unusual Ser-Ser-Lys catalytic triad. These structures capture the first picture of inhibitors that span the active site into the cytosolic port providing new insights that help to explain FAAH's interaction with substrate leaving groups and their role in modulating inhibitor potency and selectivity. The role for the activating central heterocycle is clearly defined and distinguished from that observed in prior applications with serine proteases, reconciling the large electronic effect of attached substituents found unique to this class of inhibitors with FAAH. Additional striking active site flexibility is seen upon binding of the inhibitors, providing insights into the existence of a now well-defined membrane access channel with the disappearance of a spatially independent portion of the acyl chain-binding pocket. Finally, comparison of the structures of OL-135 (1) and its isomer 2 indicates that they bind identically to FAAH, albeit with reversed orientations of the central activating heterocycle, revealing that the terminal 2-pyridyl substituent and the acyl chain phenyl group provide key anchoring interactions and confirming the distinguishing role of the activating oxazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mileni
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Joie Garfunkle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Jessica K. DeMartino
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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Primas N, Bouillon A, Lancelot JC, Rault S. Synthesis of 2-TIPS-oxazol-5-ylboronic acid pinacol ester: efficient route to 5-(het)aryloxazoles via Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ahn K, Johnson DS, Cravatt BF. Fatty acid amide hydrolase as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pain and CNS disorders. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:763-784. [PMID: 20544003 DOI: 10.1517/17460440903018857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an integral membrane enzyme that hydrolyzes the endocannabinoid anandamide and related amidated signaling lipids. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of FAAH produces analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and antidepressant phenotypes without showing the undesirable side effects of direct cannabinoid receptor agonists, indicating that FAAH may be a promising therapeutic target. OBJECTIVES: This review highlights advances in the development of FAAH inhibitors of different mechanistic classes and their in vivo efficacy. Also highlighted are advances in technology for the in vitro and in vivo selectivity assessment of FAAH inhibitors employing activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) and click chemistry-ABPP, respectively. Recent reports on structure-based drug design for human FAAH generated by protein engineering using interspecies active site conversion are also discussed. METHODS: The literature searches of Medline and SciFinder databases were used. CONCLUSIONS: There has been tremendous progress in our understanding in FAAH and development of FAAH inhibitors with in vivo efficacy, selectivity, and drug like pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Ahn
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton/New London Laboratories, Groton, CT 06340
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Petrosino S, Ligresti A, Di Marzo V. Endocannabinoid chemical biology: a tool for the development of novel therapies. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:309-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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