1
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Papa A, Cursaro I, Pozzetti L, Contri C, Cappello M, Pasquini S, Carullo G, Ramunno A, Gemma S, Varani K, Butini S, Campiani G, Vincenzi F. Pioneering first-in-class FAAH-HDAC inhibitors as potential multitarget neuroprotective agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300410. [PMID: 37750286 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to simultaneously modulate the endocannabinoid system (ECS) functions and the epigenetic machinery, we selected the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes as desired targets to develop potential neuroprotective multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs), expecting to achieve an additive or synergistic therapeutic effect in oxidative stress-related conditions. We herein report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of the first-in-class FAAH-HDAC multitarget inhibitors. A pharmacophore merging strategy was applied, yielding 1-phenylpyrrole-based compounds 4a-j. The best-performing compounds (4c, 4f, and 4h) were tested for their neuroprotective properties in oxidative stress models, employing 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells and SHSY5 human neuronal cells. In our preliminary studies, compound 4h stood out, showing a balanced nanomolar inhibitory activity against the selected targets and outperforming the standard antioxidant N-acetylcysteine in vitro. Together with 4f, 4h was also able to protect 1321N1 cells from tert-butyl hydroperoxide or glutamate insult. Our study may provide the basis for the development of novel MTDLs targeting the ECS and epigenetic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cursaro
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Contri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Cappello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Ramunno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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2
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Dokli I, Ožegović A, Šimanović A, Hromin M, Knežević A, Višnjevac A, Lesac A. Enantioselective Synthesis of 3-Aryl-3-hydroxypropanoic Esters as Subunits for Chiral Liquid Crystals. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14045-14057. [PMID: 36221167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chiral liquid crystals (LCs) with their unique optical and mechanical properties are perspective functional soft materials for fundamental science and advanced technological applications. Herein, we introduce the chiral 3-aryl-3-hydroxypropanoic ester moiety as a versatile building block for the preparation of LC compounds. Three chiral subunits differing in the aromatic part were obtained through asymmetric transfer hydrogenation using Ru(II) complexes with ee from 98% to >99%. Chiral LC compounds of diverse topologies were further prepared without deterioration of the ee during the synthesis. The mesomorphic behavior of rod-shaped, bent-shaped flexible dimeric, and polycatenar LCs is consistent with their topology─chiral nematic and smectic phases were identified as well as the rarely observed twist grain boundary A and blue phases. The utilization of synthetic chiral building blocks offers the possibility of fine tuning the intermolecular interactions by subtle changes in the molecular structure as well as the preparation of the corresponding racemic forms. This paves the way for the study of self-organization and the structure-property relationship in chiral soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Dokli
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Matija Hromin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Andreja Lesac
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Abdalkareem Jasim S, Thaeer Hammid A, Kamal Abdelbasset W, Hussien M, Urunbaevna Tillaeva G, Majdi A, Yasin G, Fakri Mustafa Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetized Di(Pyridin-2-Yl)Amine-Copper (II) Complex and Its Catalytic Applications in Synthesis of Ynones and Amides. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2112713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saade Abdalkareem Jasim
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar-Ramadi, Iraq
| | - Ali Thaeer Hammid
- Computer Engineering Department, Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hussien
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Pesticide Formulation Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Gulnora Urunbaevna Tillaeva
- Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- Department of Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Akfa University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Ali Majdi
- Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Department of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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4
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Runikhina S, Eremin D, Chusov D. Reductive Aldol-type Reactions in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. Chemistry 2021; 27:15327-15360. [PMID: 34403177 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The efficient chemo-, regio- and stereoselective formation of saturated carbon-carbon fragment is the critical challenge of organic synthesis; therefore, developing new methods for formation of these bonds is paramount. The rising interest for reductive aldol-type reactions is conditioned by its versatile applications, allowing the efficient formation of carbon-carbon bonds. The review aims to highlight the advantages and disadvantage of reductive aldol-type reactions to total synthesis of pharmaceutical substances in order to summarize knowledge and encourage further investigation of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Runikhina
- A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Vavilova St. 28, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Eremin
- University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-3502, USA
| | - Denis Chusov
- A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Vavilova St. 28, Moscow, Russian Federation
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5
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Mironov VF, Nemtarev AV, Tsepaeva OV, Dimukhametov MN, Litvinov IA, Voloshina AD, Pashirova TN, Titov EA, Lyubina AP, Amerhanova SK, Gubaidullin AT, Islamov DR. Rational Design 2-Hydroxypropylphosphonium Salts as Cancer Cell Mitochondria-Targeted Vectors: Synthesis, Structure, and Biological Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:6350. [PMID: 34770759 PMCID: PMC8588467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown for a wide range of epoxy compounds that their interaction with triphenylphosphonium triflate occurs with a high chemoselectivity and leads to the formation of (2-hydroxypropyl)triphenylphosphonium triflates 3 substituted in the 3-position with an alkoxy, alkylcarboxyl group, or halogen, which were isolated in a high yield. Using the methodology for the disclosure of epichlorohydrin with alcohols in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate, followed by the substitution of iodine for chlorine and treatment with triphenylphosphine, 2-hydroxypropyltriphenylphosphonium iodides 4 were also obtained. The molecular and supramolecular structure of the obtained phosphonium salts was established, and their high antitumor activity was revealed in relation to duodenal adenocarcinoma. The formation of liposomal systems based on phosphonium salt 3 and L-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC) was employed for improving the bioavailability and reducing the toxicity. They were produced by the thin film rehydration method and exhibited cytotoxic properties. This rational design of phosphonium salts 3 and 4 has promising potential of new vectors for targeted delivery into mitochondria of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir F. Mironov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Andrey V. Nemtarev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Olga V. Tsepaeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Mudaris N. Dimukhametov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Igor A. Litvinov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Alexandra D. Voloshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Tatiana N. Pashirova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Eugenii A. Titov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Anna P. Lyubina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Syumbelya K. Amerhanova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Aidar T. Gubaidullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Daut R. Islamov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
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6
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Hou L, Rong J, Haider A, Ogasawara D, Varlow C, Schafroth MA, Mu L, Gan J, Xu H, Fowler CJ, Zhang MR, Vasdev N, Ametamey S, Cravatt BF, Wang L, Liang SH. Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of the Endocannabinoid System: Opportunities and Challenges in Radiotracer Development. J Med Chem 2020; 64:123-149. [PMID: 33379862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in a wide range of biological functions and comprises cannabinoid receptors and enzymes responsible for endocannabinoid synthesis and degradation. Over the past 2 decades, significant advances toward developing drugs and positron emission tomography (PET) tracers targeting different components of the ECS have been made. Herein, we summarized the recent development of PET tracers for imaging cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1R) and 2 (CB2R) as well as the key enzymes monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), particularly focusing on PET neuroimaging applications. State-of-the-art PET tracers for the ECS will be reviewed including their chemical design, pharmacological properties, radiolabeling, as well as preclinical and human PET imaging. In addition, this review addresses the current challenges for ECS PET biomarker development and highlights the important role of PET ligands to study disease pathophysiology as well as to facilitate drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Hou
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Daisuke Ogasawara
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, SR107, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Cassis Varlow
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Department of Psychiatry/Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, M5T 1R8 ON, Canada
| | - Michael A Schafroth
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, SR107, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Linjing Mu
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI, and USZ, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jiefeng Gan
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Christopher J Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Department of Psychiatry/Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, M5T 1R8 ON, Canada
| | - Simon Ametamey
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI, and USZ, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, SR107, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China.,Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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7
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Horibe T, Hazeyama T, Nakata Y, Takeda K, Ishihara K. Enantioselective 1,4‐Addition Reaction of α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids with Cycloalkanones Using Cooperative Chiral Amine–Boronic Acid Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Horibe
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Takashi Hazeyama
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Yuto Nakata
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kazuki Takeda
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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8
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Chen Z, Hou L, Gan J, Cai Q, Ye W, Chen J, Tan Z, Zheng C, Li G, Xu H, Fowler CJ, Liang SH, Wang L. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of a novel positron emission tomography (PET) ligand for imaging fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127513. [PMID: 32860981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) exerts its main function in the catabolism of the endogenous chemical messenger anandamide (AEA), thus modulating the endocannabinoid (eCB) pathway. Inhibition of FAAH may serve as an effective strategy to relieve anxiety and possibly other central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders. Positron emission tomography (PET) would facilitate us to better understand the relationship between FAAH in certain disease conditions, and accelerate clinical translation of FAAH inhibitors by providing in vivo quantitative information. So far, most PET tracers show irreversible binding patterns with FAAH, which would result in complicated quantitative processes. Herein, we have identified a new FAAH inhibitor (1-((1-methyl-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)piperidin-4-yl)(oxazol-2-yl)methanone (8) which inhibits the hydrolysis of AEA in the brain with high potency (IC50 value 11 nM at a substrate concentration of 0.5 µM), and without showing time-dependency. The PET tracer [11C]8 (also called [11C]FAAH-1906) was successfully radiolabeled with [11C]MeI in 17 ± 6% decay-corrected radiochemical yield (n = 7) with >74.0 GBq/μmol (2 Ci/μmol) molar activity and >99% radiochemical purity. Ex vivo biodistribution and blocking studies of [11C]8 in normal mice were also conducted, indicating good brain penetration, high brain target selectivity, and modest to excellent target selectivity in peripheral tissues. Thus, [11C]8 is a potentially useful PET ligand with enzyme inhibitory and target binding properties consistent with a reversible mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lu Hou
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jiefeng Gan
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Qijun Cai
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Weijian Ye
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Tan
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Guocong Li
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Christopher J Fowler
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Lu Wang
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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9
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Horibe T, Hazeyama T, Nakata Y, Takeda K, Ishihara K. Enantioselective 1,4‐Addition Reaction of α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids with Cycloalkanones Using Cooperative Chiral Amine–Boronic Acid Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17256-17260. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Horibe
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Takashi Hazeyama
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Yuto Nakata
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kazuki Takeda
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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10
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Ming XX, Tian ZY, Zhang CP. Base-Mediated O-Arylation of Alcohols and Phenols by Triarylsulfonium Triflates. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3370-3379. [PMID: 31464363 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A mild and efficient protocol for O-arylation of alcohols and phenols (ROH) by triarylsulfonium triflates was developed under transition-metal-free conditions. Various alcohols, including primary, secondary and tertiary, and phenols bearing either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups on the aryl rings were smoothly converted to form the corresponding aromatic ethers in moderate to excellent yields. The reactions were conducted at 50 or 80 °C for 24 h in the presence of a certain base and showed good functional group tolerance. The base-mediated arylation with asymmetric triarylsulfonium salts could selectively transfer the aryl groups of sulfoniums to ROH, depending on their inherent electronic nature. The mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction might proceed through the nucleophilic attack of the in situ formed alkoxy or phenoxy anions at the aromatic carbon atoms of the C-S bonds of triarylsulfonium cations to furnish the target products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Ming
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Yu Tian
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Pan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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11
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Penteado F, Lopes EF, Alves D, Perin G, Jacob RG, Lenardão EJ. α-Keto Acids: Acylating Agents in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2019; 119:7113-7278. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Penteado
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eric F. Lopes
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Gelson Perin
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Raquel G. Jacob
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eder J. Lenardão
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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12
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Otrubova K, Chatterjee S, Ghimire S, Cravatt BF, Boger DL. N-Acyl pyrazoles: Effective and tunable inhibitors of serine hydrolases. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1693-1703. [PMID: 30879861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-acyl pyrazoles was examined as candidate serine hydrolase inhibitors in which the active site acylating reactivity and the leaving group ability of the pyrazole could be tuned not only through the nature of the acyl group (reactivity: amide > carbamate > urea), but also through pyrazole C4 substitution with electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents. Their impact on enzyme inhibitory activity displayed pronounced effects with the activity improving substantially as one alters both the nature of the reacting carbonyl group (urea > carbamate > amide) and the pyrazole C4 substituent (CN > H > Me). It was further demonstrated that the acyl chain of the N-acyl pyrazole ureas can be used to tailor the potency and selectivity of the inhibitor class to a targeted serine hydrolase. Thus, elaboration of the acyl chain of pyrazole-based ureas provided remarkably potent, irreversible inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH, apparent Ki = 100-200 pM), dual inhibitors of FAAH and monoacylglycerol hydrolase (MGLL), or selective inhibitors of MGLL (IC50 = 10-20 nM) while simultaneously minimizing off-target activity (e.g., ABHD6 and KIAA1363).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shreyosree Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Srijana Ghimire
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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13
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Verga D, N'Guyen CH, Dakir M, Coll JL, Teulade-Fichou MP, Molla A. Polyheteroaryl Oxazole/Pyridine-Based Compounds Selected in Vitro as G-Quadruplex Ligands Inhibit Rock Kinase and Exhibit Antiproliferative Activity. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10502-10518. [PMID: 30457335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heptaheteroaryl compounds comprised of oxazole and pyridine units (TOxaPy) are quadruplex DNA (G4)-interactive compounds. Herein, we report on the synthesis of parent compounds bearing either amino side chains (TOxaPy-1-5) or featuring an isomeric oxazole-pyridine central connectivity (iso-TOxapy, iso-TOxapy 1-3) or a bipyridine core (iso-TOxabiPy). The new isomeric series showed significant G4-binding activity in vitro, and remarkably, three compounds (iso-TOxaPy, iso-TOxaPy-1, and iso-TOxabiPy) exhibited high antiproliferative activity toward a tumor panel of cancer cell lines. However, these compounds do not behave as typical G-quadruplex (G4) binders, and the kinase profiling assay revealed that the best antiproliferative molecule iso-TOxaPy selectively inhibited Rock-2. The targeting of Rock kinase was confirmed in cells by the dephosphorylation of Rock-2 substrates, the decrease of stress fibers, and peripheral focal adhesions, as well as the induction of long neurite-like extensions. Remarkably, two of these molecules were able to inhibit the growth of cells organized as spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Verga
- "Chemistry, Modelling and Imaging for Biology", CNRS UMR9187-INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, Research Center Orsay, Bât 110, University Paris-Sud , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Chi-Hung N'Guyen
- "Chemistry, Modelling and Imaging for Biology", CNRS UMR9187-INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, Research Center Orsay, Bât 110, University Paris-Sud , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Malika Dakir
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5309, Inserm 1209, CHU Grenoble Alpes, IAB , 38400 Grenoble , France
| | - Jean-Luc Coll
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5309, Inserm 1209, CHU Grenoble Alpes, IAB , 38400 Grenoble , France
| | - Marie-Paule Teulade-Fichou
- "Chemistry, Modelling and Imaging for Biology", CNRS UMR9187-INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, Research Center Orsay, Bât 110, University Paris-Sud , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Annie Molla
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5309, Inserm 1209, CHU Grenoble Alpes, IAB , 38400 Grenoble , France
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14
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Huang WY, Nishikawa T, Nakazaki A. Toward a Synthesis of Fawcettimine-Type Lycopodium Alkaloids: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of a Functionalized Azaspirocycle Precursor. J Org Chem 2018; 83:11108-11117. [PMID: 30113169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The stereocontrolled synthesis of a new azaspirocycle precursor of the fawcettimine-type Lycopodium alkaloids is described. Our approach provides an efficient entry to the azaspirocycle via a cascade Wacker-allylation sequence followed by a highly stereoselective Claisen rearrangement. This azaspirocycle, bearing all of the requisite functionality with pivotal stereogenic centers, is considered to be a versatile precursor useful for the fawcettimine-type Lycopodium alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Huang
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences , Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601 , Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences , Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601 , Japan
| | - Atsuo Nakazaki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences , Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601 , Japan
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15
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Boger DL. The Difference a Single Atom Can Make: Synthesis and Design at the Chemistry-Biology Interface. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11961-11980. [PMID: 28945374 PMCID: PMC5712263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A Perspective of work in our laboratory on the examination of biologically active compounds, especially natural products, is presented. In the context of individual programs and along with a summary of our work, selected cases are presented that illustrate the impact single atom changes can have on the biological properties of the compounds. The examples were chosen to highlight single heavy atom changes that improve activity, rather than those that involve informative alterations that reduce or abolish activity. The examples were also chosen to illustrate that the impact of such single-atom changes can originate from steric, electronic, conformational, or H-bonding effects, from changes in functional reactivity, from fundamental intermolecular interactions with a biological target, from introduction of a new or altered functionalization site, or from features as simple as improvements in stability or physical properties. Nearly all the examples highlighted represent not only unusual instances of productive deep-seated natural product modifications and were introduced through total synthesis but are also remarkable in that they are derived from only a single heavy atom change in the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Research Institute, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550
North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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16
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Han D, Wang B, Jin H, Wang H, Chen M. Design, synthesis and CoMFA studies of OEA derivatives as FAAH inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1995-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Salih MQ, Beaudry CM. Bio-inspired oxidative phenolic coupling: Total synthesis of the diarylether heptanoid (±)-pterocarine. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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A Synopsis of the Properties and Applications of Heteroaromatic Rings in Medicinal Chemistry. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Huang JK, Wong YC, Kao TT, Tseng CT, Shia KS. Cobalt(II)-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Terminal-Capped Alkynyl α-Cyano Alkanone Systems. An Oxygen-Mediated Radical Chain Reaction. J Org Chem 2016; 81:10759-10768. [PMID: 27750001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI)/Co(II)-catalyzed protocol, mechanistically involving a sequence of α-hydrogen abstraction, 5-exo-dig cyclization, oxygen capture, hydrogen transfer, and 1,4-dehydration, has been developed to facilitate aerobic oxidation of aryl-, silyl-, and alkyl-capped alkynyl α-cyano alkanone systems to the corresponding highly functionalized products in an effective manner, thus turning this novel chain reaction, originally occurring spontaneously in low yields, into a practical methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Kai Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ying-Chieh Wong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tzu-Ting Kao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chen-Tso Tseng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
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20
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Tuo W, Leleu-Chavain N, Spencer J, Sansook S, Millet R, Chavatte P. Therapeutic Potential of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase, Monoacylglycerol Lipase, and N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 60:4-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tuo
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Natascha Leleu-Chavain
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Supojjanee Sansook
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Régis Millet
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
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21
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Bingul M, Tan O, Gardner CR, Sutton SK, Arndt GM, Marshall GM, Cheung BB, Kumar N, Black DS. Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-Cancer Activity of Hydrazide Derivatives Incorporating a Quinoline Moiety. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070916. [PMID: 27428941 PMCID: PMC6273134 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of the novel (E)-N′-((2-chloro-7-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methylene)-3-(phenylthio)propanehydrazide scaffold 18 has led to the development of a new series of biologically active hydrazide compounds. The parent compound 18 and new quinoline derivatives 19–26 were prepared from the corresponding quinoline hydrazones and substituted carboxylic acids using EDC-mediated peptide coupling reactions. Further modification of the parent compound 18 was achieved by replacement of the quinoline moiety with other aromatic systems. All the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-cancer activity against the SH-SY5Y and Kelly neuroblastoma cell lines, as well as the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cell lines. Analogues 19 and 22 significantly reduced the cell viability of neuroblastoma cancer cells with micromolar potency and significant selectivity over normal cells. The quinoline hydrazide 22 also induced G1 cell cycle arrest, as well as upregulation of the p27kip1 cell cycle regulating protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Bingul
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Owen Tan
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Christopher R Gardner
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Selina K Sutton
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Greg M Arndt
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
- ACRF Drug Discovery Centre for Childhood Cancer, Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Glenn M Marshall
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Belamy B Cheung
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Naresh Kumar
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - David StC Black
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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22
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Hajipour AR, Jajarmi S. Highly efficient and reusable polystyrene-supported copper(II) catalytic system for S-arylation of potassium thiocyanate by aryl halides in water. Appl Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdol R. Hajipour
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 84156 IR Iran
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Wisconsin; Medical School, 1300 University Avenue Madison WI 53706-1532 USA
| | - Saeideh Jajarmi
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 84156 IR Iran
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23
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Wang L, Yui J, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Mori W, Shimoda Y, Fujinaga M, Kumata K, Yamasaki T, Hatori A, Rotstein BH, Collier TL, Ran C, Vasdev N, Zhang MR, Liang SH. Synthesis and Preliminary PET Imaging Studies of a FAAH Radiotracer ([¹¹C]MPPO) Based on α-Ketoheterocyclic Scaffold. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:109-18. [PMID: 26505525 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is one of the principle enzymes for metabolizing endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitters such as anandamide, and thus regulates endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling. Selective pharmacological blockade of FAAH has emerged as a potential therapy to discern the endogenous functions of anandamide-mediated eCB pathways in anxiety, pain, and addiction. Quantification of FAAH in the living brain by positron emission tomography (PET) would help our understanding of the endocannabinoid system in these conditions. While most FAAH radiotracers operate by an irreversible ("suicide") binding mechanism, a FAAH tracer with reversibility would facilitate quantitative analysis. We have identified and radiolabeled a reversible FAAH inhibitor, 7-(2-[(11)C]methoxyphenyl)-1-(5-(pyridin-2-yl)oxazol-2-yl)heptan-1-one ([(11)C]MPPO) in 13% radiochemical yield (nondecay corrected) with >99% radiochemical purity and 2 Ci/μmol (74 GBq/μmol) specific activity. The tracer showed moderate brain uptake (0.8 SUV) with heterogeneous brain distribution. However, blocking studies with a potent FAAH inhibitor URB597 demonstrated a low to modest specificity to the target. Measurement of lipophilicity, metabolite, and efflux pathway analysis were also performed to study the pharmacokinetic profile of [(11)C]MPPO. In all, we reported an efficient radiolabeling and preliminary evaluation of the first-in-class FAAH inhibitor [(11)C]MPPO with α-ketoheterocyclic scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Joji Yui
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Qifan Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Wakana Mori
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoko Shimoda
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Hatori
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Benjamin H. Rotstein
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Thomas Lee Collier
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Advion BioSystems, 10 Brown Road, Suite 101, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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24
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Janssen FJ, Baggelaar MP, Hummel JJA, Overkleeft HS, Cravatt BF, Boger DL, van der Stelt M. Comprehensive Analysis of Structure-Activity Relationships of α-Ketoheterocycles as sn-1-Diacylglycerol Lipase α Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9742-53. [PMID: 26584396 PMCID: PMC4690813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα) is responsible for the formation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the central nervous system. DAGLα inhibitors are required to study the physiological role of 2-AG. Previously, we identified the α-ketoheterocycles as potent and highly selective DAGLα inhibitors. Here, we present the first comprehensive structure-activity relationship study of α-ketoheterocycles as DAGLα inhibitors. Our findings indicate that the active site of DAGLα is remarkably sensitive to the type of heterocyclic scaffold with oxazolo-4N-pyridines as the most active framework. We uncovered a fundamental substituent effect in which electron-withdrawing meta-oxazole substituents increased inhibitor potency. (C6-C9)-acyl chains with a distal phenyl group proved to be the most potent inhibitors. The integrated SAR data was consistent with the proposed binding pose in a DAGLα homology model. Altogether, our results may guide the design of future DAGLα inhibitors as leads for molecular therapies to treat neuroinflammation, obesity, and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freek J. Janssen
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marc P. Baggelaar
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jessica J. A. Hummel
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
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25
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van Veldhoven JPD, Liu R, Thee SA, Wouters Y, Verhoork SJM, Mooiman C, Louvel J, IJzerman AP. Affinity and kinetics study of anthranilic acids as HCA2 receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4013-25. [PMID: 25737085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Structure-affinity relationship (SAR) and structure-kinetics relationship (SKR) studies were combined to investigate a series of biphenyl anthranilic acid agonists for the HCA2 receptor. In total, 27 compounds were synthesized and twelve of them showed higher affinity than nicotinic acid. Two compounds, 6g (IC50=75nM) and 6z (IC50=108nM) showed a longer residence time profile compared to nicotinic acid, exemplified by their kinetic rate index (KRI) values of 1.31 and 1.23, respectively. The SAR study resulted in the novel 2-F, 4-OH derivative (6x) with an IC50 value of 23nM as the highest affinity HCA2 agonist of the biphenyl series, although it showed a similar residence time as nicotinic acid. The SAR and SKR data suggest that an early compound selection based on binding kinetics is a promising addition to the lead optimization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus P D van Veldhoven
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rongfang Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie A Thee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yessica Wouters
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne J M Verhoork
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan Mooiman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Louvel
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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26
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Hajipour AR, Pourkaveh R, Karimi H. Synthesis of diaryl thioethers from aryl halides and potassium thiocyanate. Appl Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdol R. Hajipour
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 84156 IR Iran
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Wisconsin, Medical School; 1300 University Avenue Madison WI 53706-1532 USA
| | - Raheleh Pourkaveh
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 84156 IR Iran
| | - Hirbod Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 84156 IR Iran
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27
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Otrubova K, Srinivasan V, Boger DL. Discovery libraries targeting the major enzyme classes: the serine hydrolases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3807-13. [PMID: 25037918 PMCID: PMC4130767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two libraries of modestly reactive ureas containing either electron-deficient acyl anilines or acyl pyrazoles were prepared and are reported as screening libraries for candidate serine hydrolase inhibitors. Within each library is a small but powerful subset of compounds that serve as a chemotype fragment screening library capable of subsequent structural diversification. Elaboration of the pyrazole-based ureas provided remarkably potent irreversible inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH, apparent Ki=100-200 pM) complementary to those previously disclosed enlisting electron-deficient aniline-based ureas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States.
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28
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Yang K, Zhang C, Wang P, Zhang Y, Ge H. Nickel-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Acylation of Heteroarenes by sp2CH Functionalization. Chemistry 2014; 20:7241-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Duncan KK, Otrubova K, Boger DL. α-Ketoheterocycle inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase: exploration of conformational constraints in the acyl side chain. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2763-70. [PMID: 24690529 PMCID: PMC4029506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of α-ketooxazoles containing heteroatoms embedded within conformational constraints in the C2 acyl side chain of 2 (OL-135) were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). The studies reveal that the installation of a heteroatom (O) in the conformational constraint is achievable, although the potency of these novel derivatives is reduced slightly relative to 2 and the analogous 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene series. Interestingly, both enantiomers (R and S) of the candidate inhibitors bearing a chiral center adjacent to the electrophilic carbonyl were found to effectively inhibit FAAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine K Duncan
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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30
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Meanwell NA. The Influence of Bioisosteres in Drug Design: Tactical Applications to Address Developability Problems. TACTICS IN CONTEMPORARY DRUG DESIGN 2014; 9. [PMCID: PMC7416817 DOI: 10.1007/7355_2013_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of bioisosteres in drug discovery is a well-established design concept that has demonstrated utility as an approach to solving a range of problems that affect candidate optimization, progression, and durability. In this chapter, the application of isosteric substitution is explored in a fashion that focuses on the development of practical solutions to problems that are encountered in typical optimization campaigns. The role of bioisosteres to affect intrinsic potency and selectivity, influence conformation, solve problems associated with drug developability, including P-glycoprotein recognition, modulating basicity, solubility, and lipophilicity, and to address issues associated with metabolism and toxicity is used as the underlying theme to capture a spectrum of creative applications of structural emulation in the design of drug candidates.
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31
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Otrubova K, Cravatt BF, Boger DL. Design, synthesis, and characterization of α-ketoheterocycles that additionally target the cytosolic port Cys269 of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1079-89. [PMID: 24456116 PMCID: PMC3940414 DOI: 10.1021/jm401820q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A series
of α-ketooxazoles incorporating electrophiles at
the C5 position of the pyridyl ring of 2 (OL-135) and
related compounds were prepared and examined as inhibitors of fatty
acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) that additionally target the cytosolic
port Cys269. From this series, a subset of the candidate inhibitors
exhibited time-dependent FAAH inhibition and noncompetitive irreversible
inactivation of the enzyme, consistent with the targeted Cys269 covalent
alkylation or addition, and maintained or enhanced the intrinsic selectivity
for FAAH versus other serine hydrolases. A preliminary in vivo assessment
demonstrates that these inhibitors raise endogenous brain levels of
anandamide and other FAAH substrates upon intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration
to mice, with peak levels achieved within 1.5–3 h, and that
the elevations of the signaling lipids were maintained >6 h, indicating
that the inhibitors effectively reach and remain active in the brain,
inhibiting FAAH for a sustained period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Chemical Physiology, and §The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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32
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Facile domino reactions for the stereoselective assembly of highly functionalized bis-(trans-2,3-dihydrofuranyl) sulfides. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Otrubova K, Brown M, McCormick MS, Han GW, O’Neal ST, Cravatt BF, Stevens RC, Lichtman AH, Boger DL. Rational design of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors that act by covalently bonding to two active site residues. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6289-99. [PMID: 23581831 PMCID: PMC3678763 DOI: 10.1021/ja4014997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design and characterization of α-ketoheterocycle fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors are disclosed that additionally and irreversibly target a cysteine (Cys269) found in the enzyme cytosolic port while maintaining the reversible covalent Ser241 attachment responsible for their rapid and initially reversible enzyme inhibition. Two α-ketooxazoles (3 and 4) containing strategically placed electrophiles at the C5 position of the pyridyl substituent of 2 (OL-135) were prepared and examined as inhibitors of FAAH. Consistent with the observed time-dependent noncompetitive inhibition, the cocrystal X-ray structure of 3 bound to a humanized variant of rat FAAH revealed that 3 was not only covalently bound to the active site catalytic nucleophile Ser241 as a deprotonated hemiketal, but also to Cys269 through the pyridyl C5-substituent, thus providing an inhibitor with dual covalent attachment in the enzyme active site. In vivo characterization of the prototypical inhibitors in mice demonstrates that they raise endogenous brain levels of FAAH substrates to a greater extent and for a much longer duration (>6 h) than the reversible inhibitor 2, indicating that the inhibitors accumulate and persist in the brain to completely inhibit FAAH for a prolonged period. Consistent with this behavior and the targeted irreversible enzyme inhibition, 3 reversed cold allodynia in the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain in mice for a sustained period (>6 h) beyond that observed with the reversible inhibitor 2, providing effects that were unchanged over the 1-6 h time course monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Monica Brown
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Michael S. McCormick
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Gye W. Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Scott T. O’Neal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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34
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Otrubova K, Boger DL. α-Ketoheterocycle-based Inhibitors of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH). ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:340-348. [PMID: 22639704 PMCID: PMC3359644 DOI: 10.1021/cn2001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A summary of the initial discovery and characterization of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and the subsequent advancement of an important class of competitive, reversible, potent and selective inhibitors is presented. Initially explored using substrate-inspired inhibitors bearing electrophilic carbonyls, the examination of α-ketoheterocyle-based inhibitors of FAAH with the benefit of a unique activity-based protein-profiling (ABPP)-based proteome-wide selectivity assay, a powerful in vivo biomarker-based in vivo screen, and subsequent retrospective X-ray co-crystal structures with the enzyme, is summarized. These efforts defined the impact of the central activating heterocycle and its key substituents, provided key simplifications in the C2 acyl side chain and clear interpretations for the unique role and subsequent optimization of the central activating heterocycle, and established the basis for the recent further conformational constraints in the C2 acyl side chain, providing potent, long-acting, orally-active FAAH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs
Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs
Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
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35
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Noe MC, Gilbert AM. Targeted Covalent Enzyme Inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY VOLUME 47 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396492-2.00027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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36
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Estiarte MA, Johnson RJ, Kaub CJ, Gowlugari S, O'Mahony DJR, Nguyen MT, Emerling DE, Kelly MG, Kincaid J, Vincent F, Duncton MAJ. 2-Amino-5-arylbenzoxazole derivatives as potent inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md00307d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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38
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Rusch M, Zahov S, Vetter IR, Lehr M, Hedberg C. Design, synthesis and evaluation of polar head group containing 2-keto-oxazole inhibitors of FAAH. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:1100-12. [PMID: 22196515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2-α-Keto oxazoles containing polar head groups in their C5-side chains were designed as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors. Variation in the spacer length resulted in submicromolar α-keto-oxazole FAAH inhibitor (IC(50)=436 nM) presenting electrostatic stabilizing interactions between its polar head group contained in the C5-side chain and the hydrophilic pocket of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rusch
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Strasse 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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39
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Tan CM, Chen GS, Chen CS, Chern JW. Microwave-Assisted Cross-Coupling for the Construction of Diaryl Sulfides. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201190064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Bergman JA, Hahne K, Hrycyna CA, Gibbs RA. Lipid and sulfur substituted prenylcysteine analogs as human Icmt inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5616-9. [PMID: 21782433 PMCID: PMC4037158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (Icmt) offers a promising strategy for K-Ras driven cancers. We describe the synthesis and inhibitory activity of substrate-based analogs derived from several novel scaffolds. Modifications of both the prenyl group and thioether of N-acetyl-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine (AFC), a substrate for human Icmt (hIcmt), have resulted in low micromolar inhibitors of Icmt and have given insights into the nature of the prenyl binding site of hIcmt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Bergman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kalub Hahne
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christine A. Hrycyna
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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41
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Otrubova K, Ezzili C, Boger DL. The discovery and development of inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4674-85. [PMID: 21764305 PMCID: PMC3146581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A summary of the discovery and advancement of inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey, Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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42
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Ezzili C, Mileni M, McGlinchey N, Long JZ, Kinsey SG, Hochstatter DG, Stevens RC, Lichtman AH, Cravatt BF, Bilsky EJ, Boger DL. Reversible competitive α-ketoheterocycle inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase containing additional conformational constraints in the acyl side chain: orally active, long-acting analgesics. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2805-22. [PMID: 21428410 PMCID: PMC3085948 DOI: 10.1021/jm101597x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of α-ketooxazoles containing conformational constraints in the C2 acyl side chain of 2 (OL-135) were examined as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Only one of the two possible enantiomers displayed potent FAAH inhibition (S vs R enantiomer), and their potency is comparable or improved relative to 2, indicating that the conformational restriction in the C2 acyl side chain is achievable. A cocrystal X-ray structure of the α-ketoheterocycle 12 bound to a humanized variant of rat FAAH revealed its binding details, confirmed that the (S)-enantiomer is the bound active inhibitor, shed light on the origin of the enantiomeric selectivity, and confirmed that the catalytic Ser241 is covalently bound to the electrophilic carbonyl as a deprotonated hemiketal. Preliminary in vivo characterization of the inhibitors 12 and 14 is reported demonstrating that they raise brain anandamide levels following either intraperitoneal (ip) or oral (po) administration indicative of effective in vivo FAAH inhibition. Significantly, the oral administration of 12 caused dramatic accumulation of anandamide in the brain, with peak levels achieved between 1.5 and 3 h, and these elevations were maintained over 9 h. Additional studies of these two representative members of the series (12 and 14) in models of thermal hyperalgesia and neuropathic pain are reported, including the demonstration that 12 administered orally significantly attenuated mechanical (>6 h) and cold (>9 h) allodynia for sustained periods consistent with its long-acting effects in raising the endogenous concentration of anandamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Mauro Mileni
- Department of Molecular Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Nicholas McGlinchey
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005
| | - Jonathan Z. Long
- Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Steven G. Kinsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | | | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Edward J. Bilsky
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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43
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Mileni M, Garfunkle J, Ezzili C, Cravatt BF, Stevens RC, Boger DL. Fluoride-mediated capture of a noncovalent bound state of a reversible covalent enzyme inhibitor: X-ray crystallographic analysis of an exceptionally potent α-ketoheterocycle inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:4092-100. [PMID: 21355555 PMCID: PMC3060301 DOI: 10.1021/ja110877y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two cocrystal X-ray structures of the exceptionally potent α-ketoheterocycle inhibitor 1 (K(i) = 290 pM) bound to a humanized variant of rat fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are disclosed, representing noncovalently and covalently bound states of the same inhibitor with the enzyme. Key to securing the structure of the noncovalently bound state of the inhibitor was the inclusion of fluoride ion in the crystallization conditions that is proposed to bind the oxyanion hole precluding inhibitor covalent adduct formation with stabilization of the tetrahedral hemiketal. This permitted the opportunity to detect important noncovalent interactions stabilizing the binding of the inhibitor within the FAAH active site independent of the covalent reaction. Remarkably, noncovalently bound 1 in the presence of fluoride appears to capture the active site in the same "in action" state with the three catalytic residues Ser241-Ser217-Lys142 occupying essentially identical positions observed in the covalently bound structure of 1, suggesting that this technique of introducing fluoride may have important applications in structural studies beyond inhibiting substrate or inhibitor oxyanion hole binding. Key insights to emerge from the studies include the observations that noncovalently bound 1 binds in its ketone (not gem diol) form, that the terminal phenyl group in the acyl side chain of the inhibitor serves as the key anchoring interaction overriding the intricate polar interactions in the cytosolic port, and that the role of the central activating heterocycle is dominated by its intrinsic electron-withdrawing properties. These two structures are also briefly compared with five X-ray structures of α-ketoheterocycle-based inhibitors bound to FAAH recently disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mileni
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Joie Garfunkle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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44
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Geoghegan K, Kelleher S, Evans P. An Investigation into the One-Pot Heck Olefination−Hydrogenation Reaction. J Org Chem 2011; 76:2187-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200023r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Geoghegan
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Susan Kelleher
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paul Evans
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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45
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Ezzili C, Otrubova K, Boger DL. Fatty acid amide signaling molecules. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5959-68. [PMID: 20817522 PMCID: PMC2942981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Key studies leading to the discovery and definition of the role of endogenous fatty acid amide signaling molecules are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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46
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Deng H. Recent advances in the discovery and evaluation of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 5:961-93. [PMID: 22823990 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2010.513378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Cannabis has been used for both medicinal and recreational purposes since ancient times. Although cannabinoid-based medicines hold great promise in several challenging therapeutic areas such as pain management and mode control, their development has been hampered by psychoactive and other CNS-related side effects. The identification of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), a key enzyme responsible for the degradation of endocannabinoids, has brought in tremendous opportunities in that inhibition of FAAH leads to local elevation of endocannabinoids under certain stimuli, thus, avoiding the side effects from global activation of cannabinoid receptors by exogenous cannabimimetic compounds. The search for selective FAAH inhibitors has thus become a strong focus in current drug discovery. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review summarizes our current understanding of FAAH including its structure, catalytic mechanism and biological functions with emphases on its role in the regulation of endocannabinoids and other signaling lipids. The review then highlights the most recent discovery and biological activities of different classes of FAAH inhibitors. Last, the review discusses challenges and potential drawbacks in the development of FAAH inhibitor-based therapy. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers will have an overview of FAAH and obtain a rationale on FAAH as an attractive therapeutic target for the development of medicines for treating pain, inflammation, anxiety and other diseases. More importantly, readers will gain knowledge on various newly established FAAH inhibitor scaffolds and their development potentials, and such information will hopefully stimulate ideas for the designing of new inhibitors with superior activity profiles. The discussions on the potential challenges in developing FAAH inhibitors will impose more caution in the decision-making process, thus, lowering the possibility of late stage failure. TAKE HOME MESSAGE FAAH is an attractive target for modulating the endocannabinoid system, thus, treating many disease conditions including pain and mode control without the CNS side effects associated with cannabis usage. In recent years, tremendous effort has been focused in the FAAH inhibitor research field, and consequently many novel chemical templates have been discovered. FAAH hydrolyzes several important signaling lipids, but the long-term effects of FAAH inhibition in humans remain to be seen. While it is challenging to identify the right molecule with the right level of intervention of the FAAH function for treating a disease condition, it is possible to avoid mechanism-related undesired effects. With the entry of several compounds into clinical trials, FAAH inhibitor-based medicines are on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Deng
- GlaxoSmithKline, Platform Technology & Science/Molecular Discovery Research, ELT-Boston, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
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Käsnänen H, Myllymäki MJ, Minkkilä A, Kataja AO, Saario SM, Nevalainen T, Koskinen AMP, Poso A. 3-Heterocycle-phenyl N-alkylcarbamates as FAAH inhibitors: design, synthesis and 3D-QSAR studies. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:213-31. [PMID: 20024981 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbamates are a well-established class of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors. Here we describe the synthesis of meta-substituted phenolic N-alkyl/aryl carbamates and their in vitro FAAH inhibitory activities. The most potent compound, 3-(oxazol-2yl)phenyl cyclohexylcarbamate (2 a), inhibited FAAH with a sub-nanomolar IC(50) value (IC(50)=0.74 nM). Additionally, we developed and validated three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) models of FAAH inhibition combining the newly disclosed carbamates with our previously published inhibitors to give a total set of 99 compounds. Prior to 3D-QSAR modeling, the degree of correlation between FAAH inhibition and in silico reactivity was also established. Both 3D-QSAR methods used, CoMSIA and GRID/GOLPE, produced statistically significant models with coefficient of correlation for external prediction (R(2) (PRED)) values of 0.732 and 0.760, respectively. These models could be of high value in further FAAH inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Käsnänen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O.Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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48
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Onnis V, Congiu C, Björklund E, Hempel F, Söderström E, Fowler CJ. Synthesis and evaluation of paracetamol esters as novel fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2286-98. [PMID: 20143779 DOI: 10.1021/jm901891p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is the key hydrolytic enzyme for the endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand anandamide. The synthesis and evaluation for their FAAH inhibitory activities of a series of 18 paracetamol esters are described. Structure-activity relationship studies indicated that the ester (33) with a 2-(4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-ylamino)phenyl)acetic acid substituent was the most potent analogue in this series. The compound inhibited FAAH activity in a competitive manner with a K(i) value of 0.16 microM. The compound was also able to inhibit the FAAH activity in rat basophilic leukemia cells as assessed by measuring either the hydrolysis of anandamide, the FAAH-dependent cellular accumulation of anandamide, or the FAAH-dependent recycling of tritium to the cell membranes. The compound also inhibited the activity of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of the endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand 2-arachidonoylglycerol, with an IC(50) value of 1.9 microM. It is concluded that the compound may be a useful template for the design of potent novel inhibitors of FAAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Onnis
- Department of Toxicology, Unit of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, Cagliari I-09124, Italy.
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Mileni M, Garfunkle J, Ezzili C, Kimball FS, Cravatt BF, Stevens RC, Boger DL. X-ray crystallographic analysis of alpha-ketoheterocycle inhibitors bound to a humanized variant of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Med Chem 2010; 53:230-40. [PMID: 19924997 PMCID: PMC2804032 DOI: 10.1021/jm9012196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three cocrystal X-ray structures of the alpha-ketoheterocycle inhibitors 3-5 bound to a humanized variant of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are disclosed and comparatively discussed alongside those of 1 (OL-135) and its isomer 2. These five X-ray structures systematically probe each of the three active site regions key to substrate or inhibitor binding: (1) the conformationally mobile acyl chain-binding pocket and membrane access channel responsible for fatty acid amide substrate and inhibitor acyl chain binding, (2) the atypical active site catalytic residues and surrounding oxyanion hole that covalently binds the core of the alpha-ketoheterocycle inhibitors captured as deprotonated hemiketals mimicking the tetrahedral intermediate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction, and (3) the cytosolic port and its uniquely important imbedded ordered water molecules and a newly identified anion binding site. The detailed analysis of their key active site interactions and their implications on the interpretation of the available structure-activity relationships are discussed providing important insights for future design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mileni
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Joie Garfunkle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - F. Scott Kimball
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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Feledziak M, Michaux C, Urbach A, Labar G, Muccioli GG, Lambert DM, Marchand-Brynaert J. beta-Lactams derived from a carbapenem chiron are selective inhibitors of human fatty acid amide hydrolase versus human monoacylglycerol lipase. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7054-68. [PMID: 19877691 DOI: 10.1021/jm9008532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A library of 30 beta-lactams has been prepared from (3R,4R)-3-[(R)-1'-(tbutyldimethylsilyloxy)-ethyl]-4-acetoxy-2-azetidinone, and the corresponding deacetoxy derivative, by sequential N- and O-functionalizations with various omega-alkenoyl and omega-arylalkanoyl chains. All compounds were selective inhibitors of hFAAH versus hMGL, and IC(50) values in the nanomolar range (5-14 nM) were recorded for the best representatives. From time-dependent preincubation and rapid dilution studies, and from docking analyses in a homology model of the target enzyme, a reversible mechanism of inhibition of hFAAH is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Feledziak
- Unite de Chimie Organique et Medicinale, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Batiment Lavoisier, Place Louis Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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