1
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Hendrickson-Rebizant T, Sudhakar SRN, Rowley MJ, Frankel A, Davie JR, Lakowski TM. Structure, Function, and Activity of Small Molecule and Peptide Inhibitors of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1. J Med Chem 2024; 67:15931-15946. [PMID: 39250434 PMCID: PMC11440505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Protein arginine N-methyltransferases (PRMT) are a family of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent enzymes that transfer methyl-groups to the ω-N of arginyl residues in proteins. PRMTs are involved in regulating gene expression, RNA splicing, and other activities. PRMT1 is responsible for most cellular arginine methylation, and its dysregulation is involved in many cancers. Accordingly, many groups have targeted PRMT1 using small molecules and peptide inhibitors. In this Perspective, we discuss the structure and function of selected peptide and small molecule inhibitors of PRMT1. We examine inhibitors that target the substrate arginyl peptide, SAM, or both binding sites, and the type of inhibition that results. Small molecules, and peptides that are bisubstrate, and/or PRMT transition state mimic inhibitors as well as inhibitors that alkylate PRMTs will be discussed. We define a structure-activity relationship for the aromatic/heteroaromatic N-methylethylenediamine inhibitors of PRMT1 and review current progress of PRMT1 inhibitors in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thordur Hendrickson-Rebizant
- Pharmaceutical
analysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue West, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
- Paul
Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare
Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0 V9, Canada
| | - Sadhana R. N. Sudhakar
- Paul
Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare
Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0 V9, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University
of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Michael J. Rowley
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Adam Frankel
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - James R. Davie
- Paul
Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare
Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0 V9, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University
of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Ted M. Lakowski
- Pharmaceutical
analysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue West, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
- Paul
Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare
Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0 V9, Canada
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2
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Wu J, Li D, Wang L. Overview of PRMT1 modulators: Inhibitors and degraders. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 279:116887. [PMID: 39316844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) is pivotal in executing normal cellular functions through its catalytic action on the methylation of arginine side chains on protein substrates. Emerging research has revealed a correlation between the dysregulation of PRMT1 expression and the initiation and progression of tumors, significantly influence on patient prognostication, attributed to the essential role played by PRMT1 in a number of biological processes, including transcriptional regulation, signal transduction or DNA repair. Therefore, PRMT1 emerged as a promising therapeutic target for anticancer drug discovery in the past decade. In this review, we first summarize the structure and biological functions of PRMT1 and its association with cancer. Next, we focus on the recent advances in the design and development of PRMT1 modulators, including isoform-selective PRMT1 inhibitors, pan type I PRMT inhibitors, PRMT1-based dual-target inhibitors, and PRMT1-targeting PROTAC degraders, from the perspectives of rational design, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical status. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions for PRMT1-based drug discovery for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Wu
- Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Deping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Lifang Wang
- Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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3
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Tong C, Chang X, Qu F, Bian J, Wang J, Li Z, Xu X. Overview of the development of protein arginine methyltransferase modulators: Achievements and future directions. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116212. [PMID: 38359536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Protein methylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) that organisms undergo. This process is considered a part of epigenetics research. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in protein methylation, particularly histone methylation, as research has advanced. Methylation of histones is a dynamic process that is subject to fine control by histone methyltransferases and demethylases. In addition, many non-histone proteins also undergo methylation, and these modifications collectively regulate physiological phenomena, including RNA transcription, translation, signal transduction, DNA damage response, and cell cycle. Protein arginine methylation is a crucial aspect of protein methylation, which plays a significant role in regulating the cell cycle and repairing DNA. It is also linked to various diseases. Therefore, protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) that are involved in this process have gained considerable attention as a potential therapeutic target for treating diseases. Several PRMT inhibitors are in phase I/II clinical trials. This paper aims to introduce the structure, biochemical functions, and bioactivity assays of PRMTs. Additionally, we will review the structure-function of currently popular PRMT inhibitors. Through the analysis of various data on known PRMT inhibitors, we hope to provide valuable assistance for future drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China
| | - Xiujin Chang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China
| | - Fangui Qu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China
| | - Jubo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China.
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China.
| | - Xi Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China.
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4
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Li WJ, Huang Y, Lin YA, Zhang BD, Li MY, Zou YQ, Hu GS, He YH, Yang JJ, Xie BL, Huang HH, Deng X, Liu W. Targeting PRMT1-mediated SRSF1 methylation to suppress oncogenic exon inclusion events and breast tumorigenesis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113385. [PMID: 37938975 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PRMT1 plays a vital role in breast tumorigenesis; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Herein, we show that PRMT1 plays a critical role in RNA alternative splicing, with a preference for exon inclusion. PRMT1 methylome profiling identifies that PRMT1 methylates the splicing factor SRSF1, which is critical for SRSF1 phosphorylation, SRSF1 binding with RNA, and exon inclusion. In breast tumors, PRMT1 overexpression is associated with increased SRSF1 arginine methylation and aberrant exon inclusion, which are critical for breast cancer cell growth. In addition, we identify a selective PRMT1 inhibitor, iPRMT1, which potently inhibits PRMT1-mediated SRSF1 methylation, exon inclusion, and breast cancer cell growth. Combination treatment with iPRMT1 and inhibitors targeting SRSF1 phosphorylation exhibits an additive effect of suppressing breast cancer cell growth. In conclusion, our study dissects a mechanism underlying PRMT1-mediated RNA alternative splicing. Thus, PRMT1 has great potential as a therapeutic target in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yi-An Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Bao-Ding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mei-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yi-Qin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Guo-Sheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yao-Hui He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Bing-Lan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hai-Hua Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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5
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Bhattacharya D, Shi Ming Li A, Paul B, Ghosh Dastidar U, Santhakumar V, Sarkar D, Chau I, Li F, Ghosh T, Vedadi M, Talukdar A. Development of selective class I protein arginine methyltransferase inhibitors through fragment-based drug design approach. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115713. [PMID: 37597437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) catalyze the methylation of the terminal nitrogen atoms of the guanidino group of arginine of protein substrates. The aberrant expression of these methyltransferases is linked to various diseases, making them promising therapeutic targets. Currently, PRMT inhibitors are at different stages of clinical development, which validated their significance as drug targets. Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC) has reported several small fragment inhibitors as Class I PRMT inhibitors, which can be the starting point for rational drug development. Herein, we report the successful application of a fragment-based approach toward the discovery of selective Class I PRMT inhibitors. Structure-based ligand optimization was performed by strategic incorporation of fragment hits on the drug-like quinazoline core and subsequent fragment growth in the desired orientation towards identified hydrophobic shelf. A clear SAR was established, and the lead compounds 55 and 56 displayed potent inhibition of Class I PRMTs with IC50 values of 92 nM and 37 nM against PRMT4. We report the systematic development of potent Class I PRMT inhibitors with good potency and about 100-fold selectivity when tested against a panel of 31 human DNA, RNA, and protein lysine and arginine methyltransferases. These improved small molecules will provide new options for the development of novel potent and selective PRMT4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debomita Bhattacharya
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Alice Shi Ming Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Barnali Paul
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Uddipta Ghosh Dastidar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | | | - Dipika Sarkar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Irene Chau
- Structural Genomics Consortium, MaRS South Tower, College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, MaRS South Tower, College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Trisha Ghosh
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, MaRS South Tower, College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Arindam Talukdar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
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6
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Brown T, Nguyen T, Zhou B, Zheng YG. Chemical probes and methods for the study of protein arginine methylation. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:647-669. [PMID: 37654509 PMCID: PMC10467615 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00018d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methylation is a widespread post-translational modification (PTM) in eukaryotic cells. This chemical modification in proteins functionally modulates diverse cellular processes from signal transduction, gene expression, and DNA damage repair to RNA splicing. The chemistry of arginine methylation entails the transfer of the methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet, SAM) onto a guanidino nitrogen atom of an arginine residue of a target protein. This reaction is catalyzed by about 10 members of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). With impacts on a variety of cellular processes, aberrant expression and activity of PRMTs have been shown in many disease conditions. Particularly in oncology, PRMTs are commonly overexpressed in many cancerous tissues and positively correlated with tumor initiation, development and progression. As such, targeting PRMTs is increasingly recognized as an appealing therapeutic strategy for new drug discovery. In the past decade, a great deal of research efforts has been invested in illuminating PRMT functions in diseases and developing chemical probes for the mechanistic study of PRMTs in biological systems. In this review, we provide a brief developmental history of arginine methylation along with some key updates in arginine methylation research, with a particular emphasis on the chemical aspects of arginine methylation. We highlight the research endeavors for the development and application of chemical approaches and chemical tools for the study of functions of PRMTs and arginine methylation in regulating biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA +1-(706) 542-5358 +1-(706) 542-0277
| | - Terry Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA +1-(706) 542-5358 +1-(706) 542-0277
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA +1-(706) 542-5358 +1-(706) 542-0277
| | - Y George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA +1-(706) 542-5358 +1-(706) 542-0277
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7
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Listro R, Rossino G, Piaggi F, Sonekan FF, Rossi D, Linciano P, Collina S. Urea-based anticancer agents. Exploring 100-years of research with an eye to the future. Front Chem 2022; 10:995351. [PMID: 36186578 PMCID: PMC9520293 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.995351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Suramin was the first urea-based drug to be approved in clinic, and in the following century a number of milestone drugs based on this scaffold were developed. Indeed, urea soon became a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry for its capability to establish a peculiar network of drug-target interactions, for its physicochemical properties that are useful for tuning the druggability of the new chemical entities, and for its structural and synthetic versatility that opened the door to numerous drug design possibilities. In this review, we highlight the relevance of the urea moiety in the medicinal chemistry scenario of anticancer drugs with a special focus on the kinase inhibitors for which this scaffold represented and still represents a pivotal pharmacophoric feature. A general outlook on the approved drugs, recent patents, and current research in this field is herein provided, and the role of the urea moiety in the drug discovery process is discussed form a medicinal chemistry standpoint. We believe that the present review can benefit both academia and pharmaceutical companies' medicinal chemists to prompt research towards new urea derivatives as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Listro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossino
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Piaggi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Falilat Folasade Sonekan
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniela Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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8
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Talukdar A, Mukherjee A, Bhattacharya D. Fascinating Transformation of SAM-Competitive Protein Methyltransferase Inhibitors from Nucleoside Analogues to Non-Nucleoside Analogues. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1662-1684. [PMID: 35014841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal expression of protein methyltransferase (PMT) has been linked with many diseases such as diabetes, neurological disorders, and cancer. S-Adenyl-l-methionine (SAM) is a universal methyl donor and gets converted to S-adenyl-l-homocysteine (SAH), an endogenous competitive inhibitor of SAM. Initially developed SAM/SAH mimetic nucleoside analogues were pan methyltransferase inhibitors. The gradual understanding achieved through ligand-receptor interaction paved the way for various rational approaches of drug design leading to potent and selective nucleoside inhibitors. The present perspective is based on the systematic evolution of selective SAM-competitive heterocyclic non-nucleoside inhibitors from nucleoside inhibitors. This fascinating transition has resolved several issues inherent to nucleoside analogues such as poor pharmacokinetics leading to poor in vivo efficacy. The perspective has brought together various concepts and strategies of drug design that contributed to this rational transition. We firmly believe that the strategies described herein will serve as a template for the future development of drugs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Talukdar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, WB, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ayan Mukherjee
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, WB, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Debomita Bhattacharya
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, WB, India
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9
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Fulton MD, Cao M, Ho MC, Zhao X, Zheng YG. The macromolecular complexes of histones affect protein arginine methyltransferase activities. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101123. [PMID: 34492270 PMCID: PMC8511957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone arginine methylation is a key post-translational modification that mediates epigenetic events that activate or repress gene transcription. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are the driving force for the process of arginine methylation, and the core histone proteins have been shown to be substrates for most PRMT family members. However, previous reports of the enzymatic activities of PRMTs on histones in the context of nucleosomes seem contradictory. Moreover, what governs nucleosomal substrate recognition of different PRMT members is not understood. We sought to address this key biological question by examining how different macromolecular contexts where the core histones reside may regulate arginine methylation catalyzed by individual PRMT members (i.e., PRMT1, PRMT3, PRMT4, PRMT5, PRMT6, PRMT7, and PRMT8). Our results demonstrated that the substrate context exhibits a huge impact on the histone arginine methylation activity of PRMTs. Although all the tested PRMTs methylate multiple free histones individually, they show a preference for one particular histone substrate in the context of the histone octamer. We found that PRMT1, PRMT3, PRMT5, PRMT6, PRMT7, and PRMT8 preferentially methylate histone H4, whereas PRMT4/coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 prefers histone H3. Importantly, neither reconstituted nor cell-extracted mononucleosomes could be methylated by any PRMTs tested. Structural analysis suggested that the electrostatic interaction may play a mechanistic role in priming the substrates for methylation by PRMT enzymes. Taken together, this work expands our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of PRMT substrate recognition and has important implications for understanding cellular dynamics and kinetics of histone arginine methylation in regulating gene transcription and other chromatin-templated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody D Fulton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mengtong Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Meng-Chiao Ho
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xinyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Y George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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10
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Kasprzyk R, Fido M, Mamot A, Wanat P, Smietanski M, Kopcial M, Cowling VH, Kowalska J, Jemielity J. Direct High-Throughput Screening Assay for mRNA Cap Guanine-N7 Methyltransferase Activity. Chemistry 2020; 26:11266-11275. [PMID: 32259329 PMCID: PMC7262028 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, mature mRNA is formed through modifications of precursor mRNA, one of which is 5' cap biosynthesis, involving RNA cap guanine-N7 methyltransferase (N7-MTase). N7-MTases are also encoded by some eukaryotic viruses and facilitate their replication. N7-MTase inhibitors have therapeutic potential, but their discovery is difficult because long RNA substrates are usually required for activity. Herein, we report a universal N7-MTase activity assay based on small-molecule fluorescent probes. We synthesized 12 fluorescent substrate analogues (GpppA and GpppG derivatives) varying in the dye type, dye attachment site, and linker length. GpppA labeled with pyrene at the 3'-O position of adenosine acted as an artificial substrate with the properties of a turn-off probe for all three tested N7-MTases (human, parasite, and viral). Using this compound, a N7-MTase inhibitor assay adaptable to high-throughput screening was developed and used to screen synthetic substrate analogues and a commercial library. Several inhibitors with nanomolar activities were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kasprzyk
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawBanacha 2c02097WarsawPoland
- College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural SciencesUniversity of WarsawBanacha 2c02097WarsawPoland
| | - Mateusz Fido
- Division of BiophysicsInstitute of Experimental PhysicsFaculty of PhysicsUniversity of WarsawPasteura 502093WarsawPoland
| | - Adam Mamot
- Division of BiophysicsInstitute of Experimental PhysicsFaculty of PhysicsUniversity of WarsawPasteura 502093WarsawPoland
| | - Przemyslaw Wanat
- Division of BiophysicsInstitute of Experimental PhysicsFaculty of PhysicsUniversity of WarsawPasteura 502093WarsawPoland
| | | | - Michal Kopcial
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawBanacha 2c02097WarsawPoland
- College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural SciencesUniversity of WarsawBanacha 2c02097WarsawPoland
| | - Victoria H. Cowling
- Centre of Gene Regulation and ExpressionSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDD1 5EHDundeeUK
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Division of BiophysicsInstitute of Experimental PhysicsFaculty of PhysicsUniversity of WarsawPasteura 502093WarsawPoland
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawBanacha 2c02097WarsawPoland
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11
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Richart L, Margueron R. Drugging histone methyltransferases in cancer. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 56:51-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Abstract
Suramin is 100 years old and is still being used to treat the first stage of acute human sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Suramin is a multifunctional molecule with a wide array of potential applications, from parasitic and viral diseases to cancer, snakebite, and autism. Suramin is also an enigmatic molecule: What are its targets? How does it get into cells in the first place? Here, we provide an overview of the many different candidate targets of suramin and discuss its modes of action and routes of cellular uptake. We reason that, once the polypharmacology of suramin is understood at the molecular level, new, more specific, and less toxic molecules can be identified for the numerous potential applications of suramin.
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13
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The regulation, functions and clinical relevance of arginine methylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:642-657. [PMID: 31350521 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of arginine residues by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) is involved in the regulation of fundamental cellular processes, including transcription, RNA processing, signal transduction cascades, the DNA damage response and liquid-liquid phase separation. Recent studies have provided considerable advances in the development of experimental tools and the identification of clinically relevant PRMT inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the regulation of PRMTs, their various cellular roles and the clinical relevance of PRMT inhibitors for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.
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14
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Fulton MD, Brown T, Zheng YG. Mechanisms and Inhibitors of Histone Arginine Methylation. CHEM REC 2018; 18:1792-1807. [PMID: 30230223 PMCID: PMC6348102 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone methylation plays an important regulatory role in chromatin restructuring and RNA transcription. Arginine methylation that is enzymatically catalyzed by the family of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) can either activate or repress gene expression depending on cellular contexts. Given the strong correlation of PRMTs with pathophysiology, great interest is seen in understanding molecular mechanisms of PRMTs in diseases and in developing potent PRMT inhibitors. Herein, we reviewed key research advances in the study of biochemical mechanisms of PRMT catalysis and their relevance to cell biology. We highlighted how a random binary, ordered ternary kinetic model for PRMT1 catalysis reconciles the literature reports and endorses a distributive mechanism that the enzyme active site utilizes for multiple turnovers of arginine methylation. We discussed the impacts of histone arginine methylation and its biochemical interplays with other key epigenetic marks. Challenges in developing small-molecule PRMT inhibitors were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody D Fulton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Tyler Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Y George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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15
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The Methylation Status of the Epigenome: Its Emerging Role in the Regulation of Tumor Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth, and Potential for Drug Targeting. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10080268. [PMID: 30103412 PMCID: PMC6115976 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 50 years ago, Judah Folkman raised the concept of inhibiting tumor angiogenesis for treating solid tumors. The development of anti-angiogenic drugs would decrease or even arrest tumor growth by restricting the delivery of oxygen and nutrient supplies, while at the same time display minimal toxic side effects to healthy tissues. Bevacizumab (Avastin)—a humanized monoclonal anti VEGF-A antibody—is now used as anti-angiogenic drug in several forms of cancers, yet with variable results. Recent years brought significant progresses in our understanding of the role of chromatin remodeling and epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Many inhibitors of DNA methylation as well as of histone methylation, have been successfully tested in preclinical studies and some are currently undergoing evaluation in phase I, II or III clinical trials, either as cytostatic molecules—reducing the proliferation of cancerous cells—or as tumor angiogenesis inhibitors. In this review, we will focus on the methylation status of the vascular epigenome, based on the genomic DNA methylation patterns with DNA methylation being mainly transcriptionally repressive, and lysine/arginine histone post-translational modifications which either promote or repress the chromatin transcriptional state. Finally, we discuss the potential use of “epidrugs” in efficient control of tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis.
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16
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Epigenetic modulation by small molecule compounds for neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacol Res 2018; 132:135-148. [PMID: 29684672 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of somatic and genetic mutations which altered the structure and coding information of the DNA are the major cause of neurological disorders. However, our recent understanding of molecular mechanisms of 'epigenetic' phenomenon reveals that the modifications of chromatin play a significant role in the development and severity of neurological disorders. These epigenetic processes are dynamic and reversible as compared to genetic ablations which are stable and irreversible. Therefore, targeting these epigenetic processes through small molecule modulators are of great therapeutic potential. To date, large number of small molecule modulators have been discovered which are capable of altering the brain pathology by targeting epigenetic enzymes. In this review, we shall put forward the key studies supporting the role of altered epigenetic processes in neurological disorders with especial emphasis on neurodegenerative disorders. A few small molecule modulators which have been shown to possess promising results in the animal model system of neurological disorders will also be discussed with future perspectives.
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17
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Hauser AT, Robaa D, Jung M. Epigenetic small molecule modulators of histone and DNA methylation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 45:73-85. [PMID: 29579619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA and histone methylation belong to the key regulatory components in the epigenetic machinery, and dysregulations of these processes have been associated with various human diseases. Small molecule modulators of these epigenetic targets are highly valuable both as chemical probes to study the biological roles of the target proteins, and as potential therapeutics. Indeed, recent years have seen the discovery of chemical modulators of several epigenetic targets, some of which are already marketed drugs or undergoing clinical trials. In this review, we will focus on small molecule modulators of DNA and histone methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander-Thomas Hauser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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18
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Lu W, Zhang R, Jiang H, Zhang H, Luo C. Computer-Aided Drug Design in Epigenetics. Front Chem 2018; 6:57. [PMID: 29594101 PMCID: PMC5857607 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic dysfunction has been widely implicated in several diseases especially cancers thus highlights the therapeutic potential for chemical interventions in this field. With rapid development of computational methodologies and high-performance computational resources, computer-aided drug design has emerged as a promising strategy to speed up epigenetic drug discovery. Herein, we make a brief overview of major computational methods reported in the literature including druggability prediction, virtual screening, homology modeling, scaffold hopping, pharmacophore modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, quantum chemistry calculation, and 3D quantitative structure activity relationship that have been successfully applied in the design and discovery of epi-drugs and epi-probes. Finally, we discuss about major limitations of current virtual drug design strategies in epigenetics drug discovery and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Lu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rukang Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Abstract
![]()
Post-translational
modifications of histones by protein methyltransferases
(PMTs) and histone demethylases (KDMs) play an important role in the
regulation of gene expression and transcription and are implicated
in cancer and many other diseases. Many of these enzymes also target
various nonhistone proteins impacting numerous crucial biological
pathways. Given their key biological functions and implications in
human diseases, there has been a growing interest in assessing these
enzymes as potential therapeutic targets. Consequently, discovering
and developing inhibitors of these enzymes has become a very active
and fast-growing research area over the past decade. In this review,
we cover the discovery, characterization, and biological application
of inhibitors of PMTs and KDMs with emphasis on key advancements in
the field. We also discuss challenges, opportunities, and future directions
in this emerging, exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ümit Kaniskan
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Michael L Martini
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
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20
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Ye Y, Zhang B, Mao R, Zhang C, Wang Y, Xing J, Liu YC, Luo X, Ding H, Yang Y, Zhou B, Jiang H, Chen K, Luo C, Zheng M. Discovery and optimization of selective inhibitors of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 by docking-based virtual screening. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:3648-3661. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00070g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of highly selective and potent inhibitors against PRMT5 have been achieved using virtual screening and medicinal chemistry approaches.
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21
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Ferreira de Freitas R, Eram MS, Smil D, Szewczyk MM, Kennedy S, Brown PJ, Santhakumar V, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Arrowsmith CH, Vedadi M, Schapira M. Discovery of a Potent and Selective Coactivator Associated Arginine Methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) Inhibitor by Virtual Screening. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6838-47. [PMID: 27390919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) represent an emerging target class in oncology and other disease areas. So far, the most successful strategy to identify PRMT inhibitors has been to screen large to medium-size chemical libraries. Attempts to develop PRMT inhibitors using receptor-based computational methods have met limited success. Here, using virtual screening approaches, we identify 11 CARM1 (PRMT4) inhibitors with ligand efficiencies ranging from 0.28 to 0.84. CARM1 selective hits were further validated by orthogonal methods. Two structure-based rounds of optimization produced 27 (SGC2085), a CARM1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 50 nM and more than hundred-fold selectivity over other PRMTs. These results indicate that virtual screening strategies can be successfully applied to Rossmann-fold protein methyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad S Eram
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - David Smil
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Magdalena M Szewczyk
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Steven Kennedy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Peter J Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | | | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Matthieu Schapira
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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22
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Abstract
The post-translational modification of arginine residues represents a key mechanism for the epigenetic control of gene expression. Aberrant levels of histone arginine modifications have been linked to the development of several diseases including cancer. In recent years, great progress has been made in understanding the physiological role of individual arginine modifications and their effects on chromatin function. The present review aims to summarize the structural and functional aspects of histone arginine modifying enzymes and their impact on gene transcription. We will discuss the potential for targeting these proteins with small molecules in a variety of disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Fuhrmann
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program
in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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23
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Hu H, Qian K, Ho MC, Zheng YG. Small Molecule Inhibitors of Protein Arginine Methyltransferases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:335-58. [PMID: 26789238 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1144747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arginine methylation is an abundant posttranslational modification occurring in mammalian cells and catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). Misregulation and aberrant expression of PRMTs are associated with various disease states, notably cancer. PRMTs are prominent therapeutic targets in drug discovery. AREAS COVERED The authors provide an updated review of the research on the development of chemical modulators for PRMTs. Great efforts are seen in screening and designing potent and selective PRMT inhibitors, and a number of micromolar and submicromolar inhibitors have been obtained for key PRMT enzymes such as PRMT1, CARM1, and PRMT5. The authors provide a focus on their chemical structures, mechanism of action, and pharmacological activities. Pros and cons of each type of inhibitors are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Several key challenging issues exist in PRMT inhibitor discovery. Structural mechanisms of many PRMT inhibitors remain unclear. There lacks consistency in potency data due to divergence of assay methods and conditions. Physiologically relevant cellular assays are warranted. Substantial engagements are needed to investigate pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the new PRMT inhibitors in pertinent disease models. Discovery and evaluation of potent, isoform-selective, cell-permeable and in vivo-active PRMT modulators will continue to be an active arena of research in years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , The University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Kun Qian
- a Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , The University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Meng-Chiao Ho
- b Institute of Biological Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Nankang , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Y George Zheng
- a Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , The University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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24
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Zhou R, Xie Y, Hu H, Hu G, Patel VS, Zhang J, Yu K, Huang Y, Jiang H, Liang Z, Zheng YG, Luo C. Molecular Mechanism underlying PRMT1 Dimerization for SAM Binding and Methylase Activity. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:2623-32. [PMID: 26562720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) catalyze the posttranslational methylation of arginine, which is important in a range of biological processes, including epigenetic regulation, signal transduction, and cancer progression. Although previous studies of PRMT1 mutants suggest that the dimerization arm and the N-terminal region of PRMT1 are important for activity, the contributions of these regions to the structural architecture of the protein and its catalytic methylation activity remain elusive. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations performed in this study showed that both the dimerization arm and the N-terminal region undergo conformational changes upon dimerization. Because a correlation was found between the two regions despite their physical distance, an allosteric pathway mechanism was proposed based on a network topological analysis. The mutation of residues along the allosteric pathways markedly reduced the methylation activity of PRMT1, which may be attributable to the destruction of dimer formation and accordingly reduced S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) binding. This study provides the first demonstration of the use of a combination of MD simulations, network topological analysis, and biochemical assays for the exploration of allosteric regulation upon PRMT1 dimerization. These findings illuminate the results of mechanistic studies of PRMT1, which have revealed that dimer formation facilitates SAM binding and catalytic methylation, and provided direction for further allosteric studies of the PRMT family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhou
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University , Jiangsu 215006, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yiqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Guang Hu
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University , Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Viral Sanjay Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kunqian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yiran Huang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhongjie Liang
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University , Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Yujun George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China
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25
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Successful strategies in the discovery of small-molecule epigenetic modulators with anticancer potential. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2243-61. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a class, epigenetic enzymes have been identified as clear targets for cancer therapeutics based on their broad hyperactivity in solid and hematological malignancies. The search for effective inhibitors of histone writers and of histone erasers has been a focus of drug discovery efforts both in academic and pharmaceutical laboratories and has led to the identification of some promising leads. This review focuses on the discovery strategies and preclinical evaluation studies of a subset of the more advanced compounds that target histone writers or histone erasers. The specificity and anticancer potential of these small molecules is discussed within the context of their development pipeline.
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26
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van Haren M, van Ufford LQ, Moret EE, Martin NI. Synthesis and evaluation of protein arginine N-methyltransferase inhibitors designed to simultaneously occupy both substrate binding sites. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:549-60. [PMID: 25380215 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01734j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The protein arginine N-methyltransferases (PRMTs) are a family of enzymes that function by specifically transferring a methyl group from the cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to the guanidine group of arginine residues in target proteins. The most notable is the PRMT-mediated methylation of arginine residues that are present in histone proteins which can lead to chromatin remodelling and influence gene transcription. A growing body of evidence now implicates dysregulated PRMT activity in a number of diseases including various forms of cancer. The development of PRMT inhibitors may therefore hold potential as a means of developing new therapeutics. We here report the synthesis and evaluation of a series of small molecule PRMT inhibitors designed to simultaneously occupy the binding sites of both the guanidino substrate and AdoMet cofactor. Potent inhibition and surprising selectivity were observed when testing these compounds against a panel of methyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs van Haren
- Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology Group, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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27
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Aydin M, Altintas N, Cem Mutlu L, Bilir B, Oran M, Tülübaş F, Topçu B, Tayfur İ, Küçükyalçin V, Kaplan G, Gürel A. Asymmetric dimethylarginine contributes to airway nitric oxide deficiency in patients with COPD. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2015; 11:318-327. [PMID: 26076870 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and nitric oxide (NO) show their mechanism of action reciprocally, the balance between these molecules contributes to the tight regulation of airways tone and function. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study to determine the serum levels of ADMA and NO in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and establish whether their level vary in relation to forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1 ), to assess their role in pathophysiology of COPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study consisted of 58 patients with COPD and 30 healthy subjects. Serum ADMA and NO levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the colorimetric method, respectively. RESULTS Serum ADMA levels were significantly higher, however, NO levels were lower in patients with COPD compared with controls. ADMA levels were inversely correlated with NO levels. Serum ADMA and NO were significantly correlated with FEV1 . Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that serum ADMA and NO were independently and significantly associated with the presence of COPD. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that COPD was positively associated with ADMA, additionally COPD and ADMA were independently and inversely associated with NO. NO levels were decreased, ADMA levels were increased compliant with progression of COPD stages. CONCLUSION While circulating ADMA is higher, NO is lower in COPD and both show a strong correlation to the degree of airflow limitation. ADMA seems to be a possible new marker of prognosis of COPD and can be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Aydin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Nejat Altintas
- Department of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Levent Cem Mutlu
- Department of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Bulent Bilir
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Oran
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Feti Tülübaş
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Birol Topçu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - İsmail Tayfur
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Volkan Küçükyalçin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Gizem Kaplan
- Department of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gürel
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
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28
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Fuhrmann J, Clancy K, Thompson PR. Chemical biology of protein arginine modifications in epigenetic regulation. Chem Rev 2015; 115:5413-61. [PMID: 25970731 PMCID: PMC4463550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Fuhrmann
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Kathleen
W. Clancy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Program in Chemical
Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical
School, 364 Plantation
Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Program in Chemical
Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical
School, 364 Plantation
Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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Hu H, Owens EA, Su H, Yan L, Levitz A, Zhao X, Henary M, Zheng YG. Exploration of cyanine compounds as selective inhibitors of protein arginine methyltransferases: synthesis and biological evaluation. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1228-43. [PMID: 25559100 PMCID: PMC4610307 DOI: 10.1021/jm501452j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
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Protein arginine methyltransferase
1 (PRMT1) is involved in many biological activities, such as gene
transcription, signal transduction, and RNA processing. Overexpression
of PRMT1 is related to cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, and
cancers; therefore, selective PRMT1 inhibitors serve as chemical probes
to investigate the biological function of PRMT1 and drug candidates
for disease treatment. Our previous work found trimethine cyanine
compounds that effectively inhibit PRMT1 activity. In our present
study, we systematically investigated the structure–activity
relationship of cyanine structures. A pentamethine compound, E-84
(compound 50), showed inhibition on PRMT1 at the micromolar
level and 6- to 25-fold selectivity over CARM1, PRMT5, and PRMT8.
The cellular activity suggests that compound 50 permeated
the cellular membrane, inhibited cellular PRMT1 activity, and blocked
leukemia cell proliferation. Additionally, our molecular docking study
suggested compound 50 might act by occupying the cofactor
binding site, which provided a roadmap to guide further optimization
of this lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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30
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Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that protein methyltransferases (PMTs), which catalyze methylation of histone and nonhistone proteins, play a crucial role in diverse biological processes and human diseases. In particular, PMTs have been recognized as major players in regulating gene expression and chromatin state. PMTs are divided into two categories: protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) and protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). There has been a steadily growing interest in these enzymes as potential therapeutic targets and therefore discovery of PMT inhibitors has also been pursued increasingly over the past decade. Here, we present a perspective on selective, small-molecule inhibitors of PMTs with an emphasis on their discovery, characterization, and applicability as chemical tools for deciphering the target PMTs' physiological functions and involvement in human diseases. We highlight the current state of PMT inhibitors and discuss future directions and opportunities for PMT inhibitor discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ümit Kaniskan
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, ‡Department of Oncological Sciences, §Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, United States
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31
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Zheng W, Yang L, Liu Y, Qin X, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Liu J. Mo polyoxometalate nanoparticles inhibit tumor growth and vascular endothelial growth factor induced angiogenesis. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2014; 15:035010. [PMID: 27877686 PMCID: PMC5090531 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/15/3/035010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor growth depends on angiogenesis, which can furnish the oxygen and nutrients that proliferate tumor cells. Thus, blocking angiogenesis can be an effective strategy to inhibit tumor growth. In this work, three typical nanoparticles based on polyoxometalates (POMs) have been prepared; we investigated their capability as antitumor and anti-angiogenesis agents. We found that Mo POM nanoparticles, especially complex 3, inhibited the growth of human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) through cellular reactive oxygen species levels' elevation and mitochondrial membrane potential damage. Complex 3 also suppressed the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of endothelial cells in vitro and chicken chorioallantoic membrane development ex vivo. Furthermore, western blot analysis of cell signaling molecules indicated that Mo POMs blocked the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-mediated ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways in endothelial cells. Using transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrated their cellular uptake and localization within the cytoplasm of HepG2 cells. These results indicate that, owing to the extraordinary physical and chemical properties, Mo POM nanoparticles can significantly inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis, which makes them potential drug candidates in anticancer and anti-angiogenesis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Licong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuying Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunshan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
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32
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Liu Y, Liu K, Qin S, Xu C, Min J. Epigenetic targets and drug discovery: part 1: histone methylation. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:275-94. [PMID: 24704322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic chromatin structure is modulated by post-translational modifications on histones, such as acetylation, phosphorylation and methylation. Research on histone methylation has become the most flourishing area of epigenetics in the past fourteen years, and a large amount of data has been accumulated regarding its biology and disease implications. Correspondingly, a lot of efforts have been made to develop small molecule compounds that can specifically modulate histone methyltransferases and methylation reader proteins, aiming for potential therapeutic drugs. Here, we summarize recent progress in chemical probe and drug discovery of histone methyltransferases and methylation reader proteins. For each target, we will review their biological/biochemical functions first, and then focus on their disease implications and drug discovery. We can also see that structure-based compound design and optimization plays a critical role in facilitating the development of highly potent and selective chemical probes and inhibitors for these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ke Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Su Qin
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Chao Xu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jinrong Min
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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33
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Huang TL, Mayence A, Vanden Eynde JJ. Some non-conventional biomolecular targets for diamidines. A short survey. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1983-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Yan L, Yan C, Qian K, Su H, Kofsky-Wofford SA, Lee WC, Zhao X, Ho MC, Ivanov I, Zheng YG. Diamidine compounds for selective inhibition of protein arginine methyltransferase 1. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2611-22. [PMID: 24564570 PMCID: PMC3983339 DOI: 10.1021/jm401884z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methylation is a posttranslational modification critical for a variety of biological processes. Misregulation of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) has been linked to many pathological conditions. Most current PRMT inhibitors display limited specificity and selectivity, indiscriminately targeting many methyltransferase enzymes that use S-adenosyl-l-methionine as a cofactor. Here we report diamidine compounds for specific inhibition of PRMT1, the primary type I enzyme. Docking, molecular dynamics, and MM/PBSA analysis together with biochemical assays were conducted to understand the binding modes of these inhibitors and the molecular basis of selective inhibition for PRMT1. Our data suggest that 2,5-bis(4-amidinophenyl)furan (1, furamidine, DB75), one leading inhibitor, targets the enzyme active site and is primarily competitive with the substrate and noncompetitive toward the cofactor. Furthermore, cellular studies revealed that 1 is cell membrane permeable and effectively inhibits intracellular PRMT1 activity and blocks cell proliferation in leukemia cell lines with different genetic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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35
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Rochette L, Lorin J, Zeller M, Guilland JC, Lorgis L, Cottin Y, Vergely C. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases: Possible therapeutic targets? Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:239-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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36
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Liu F, Li F, Ma A, Dobrovetsky E, Dong A, Gao C, Korboukh I, Liu J, Smil D, Brown PJ, Frye SV, Arrowsmith CH, Schapira M, Vedadi M, Jin J. Exploiting an allosteric binding site of PRMT3 yields potent and selective inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2110-24. [PMID: 23445220 PMCID: PMC4319713 DOI: 10.1021/jm3018332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) play an important role in diverse biological processes. Among the nine known human PRMTs, PRMT3 has been implicated in ribosomal biosynthesis via asymmetric dimethylation of the 40S ribosomal protein S2 and in cancer via interaction with the DAL-1 tumor suppressor protein. However, few selective inhibitors of PRMTs have been discovered. We recently disclosed the first selective PRMT3 inhibitor, which occupies a novel allosteric binding site and is noncompetitive with both the peptide substrate and cofactor. Here we report comprehensive structure-activity relationship studies of this series, which resulted in the discovery of multiple PRMT3 inhibitors with submicromolar potencies. An X-ray crystal structure of compound 14u in complex with PRMT3 confirmed that this inhibitor occupied the same allosteric binding site as our initial lead compound. These studies provide the first experimental evidence that potent and selective inhibitors can be created by exploiting the allosteric binding site of PRMT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Anqi Ma
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Elena Dobrovetsky
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Aiping Dong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Cen Gao
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ilia Korboukh
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jing Liu
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David Smil
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Peter J. Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Stephen V. Frye
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Cheryl H. Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Matthieu Schapira
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jian Jin
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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37
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Fontán N, García-Domínguez P, Álvarez R, de Lera ÁR. Novel symmetrical ureas as modulators of protein arginine methyl transferases. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2056-67. [PMID: 23395110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of histone arginine residues is an epigenetic mark related to gene expression that is implicated in a variety of biological processes and can be reversed by small-molecule modulators of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). A series of symmetrical ureas, designed as analogues of the known PRMT1 inhibitor AMI-1 have been synthesized using Pd-catalyzed Ar-N amide bond formation processes or carbonylation reactions as key steps. Their inhibitory profile has been characterized. The enzymatic assays showed a weak effect on PRMT1 and PRMT5 activity for most of the compounds. The acyclic urea that exhibited the strongest effect on the inhibition of the PRMT1 activity also showed the greatest effect on the expression of some androgen receptor target genes (TMPRSS2 and FKBP5), which may be related with its enzymatic activity. Surprisingly, AMI-1 behaved as an activator of PRMT5 activity, a result not reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Fontán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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38
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Castellano S, Spannhoff A, Milite C, Dal Piaz F, Cheng D, Tosco A, Viviano M, Yamani A, Cianciulli A, Sala M, Cura V, Cavarelli J, Novellino E, Mai A, Bedford MT, Sbardella G. Identification of small-molecule enhancers of arginine methylation catalyzed by coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9875-90. [PMID: 23095008 PMCID: PMC3508294 DOI: 10.1021/jm301097p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a common post-translational modification that is crucial in modulating gene expression at multiple critical levels. The arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are envisaged as promising druggable targets, but their role in physiological and pathological pathways is far from being clear due to the limited number of modulators reported to date. In this effort, enzyme activators can be invaluable tools useful as gain-of-function reagents to interrogate the biological roles in cells and in vivo of PRMTs. Yet the identification of such molecules is rarely pursued. Herein we describe a series of aryl ureido acetamido indole carboxylates (dubbed "uracandolates"), able to increase the methylation of histone (H3) or nonhistone (polyadenylate-binding protein 1, PABP1) substrates induced by coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1), both in in vitro and cellular settings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of compounds acting as CARM1 activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Castellano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Astrid Spannhoff
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
| | - Ciro Milite
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Donghang Cheng
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
| | - Alessandra Tosco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Monica Viviano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Abdellah Yamani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Agostino Cianciulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Marina Sala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Vincent Cura
- Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), UDS, CNRS, INSERM, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Jean Cavarelli
- Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), UDS, CNRS, INSERM, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Istituto Pasteur – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Mark T. Bedford
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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39
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Sun D, Liu Y, Yu Q, Zhou Y, Zhang R, Chen X, Hong A, Liu J. The effects of luminescent ruthenium(II) polypyridyl functionalized selenium nanoparticles on bFGF-induced angiogenesis and AKT/ERK signaling. Biomaterials 2012; 34:171-80. [PMID: 23059005 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anti-angiogenesis is an effective strategy for cancer treatment because uncontrolled tumor growth depends on tumor angiogenesis and sufficient blood supply. Thus, blocking angiogenesis could be a strategy to arrest tumor growth. The function and mechanism of luminescent ruthenium-modified selenium nanoparticles (Ru-SeNPs) in angiogenesis have not been elucidated to date. Here, we found that Ru-SeNPs significantly inhibited human umbilical vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation, migration and tube formation. Ru-SeNPs was also tested in vivo in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay and found to inhibit bFGF-treated CAMs development like suramin. Moreover, we showed that Ru-SeNPs inhibited the activations of FGFR1 and its downstream protein kinases, such ErK and AKT. Furthermore, by using fluorescence confocal microscopy and TEM imaging studies, we have demonstrated their cellular uptake and localization within the cytoplasm of HepG2 and HUVEC cells. These findings indicate that Ru-SeNPs inhibits angiogenesis and may be a viable drug candidate in anti-angiogenesis and anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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40
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Leonard S, Gordon N, Smith N, Rowe M, Murray PG, Woodman CB. Arginine Methyltransferases Are Regulated by Epstein-Barr Virus in B Cells and Are Differentially Expressed in Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Pathogens 2012; 1:52-64. [PMID: 25436604 PMCID: PMC4235682 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens1010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is increasing evidence that aberrant expression of those enzymes which control protein arginine methylation contribute to carcinogenesis, their de-regulation by oncogenic viruses in primary cells has yet to be reported. We first show that the protein arginine methyltransferases, CARM1, PRMT1 and PRMT5 are strongly expressed in Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells, and up-regulated in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) cell lines. Given that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can be detected in approximately 50% of primary HL, we next examined how EBV infection of germinal centre (GC) B cells, the presumptive precursors of HRS cells, modulated the expression of these proteins. EBV infection of GC B cells was followed by the up-regulation of CARM1, PRMT1 and PRMT5, and by the down-regulation of the arginine deiminase, PADI4. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), the major EBV transforming gene was shown to induce PRMT1 in GC B cells and in a stably transfected B cell line. The recent development of compounds which inhibit PRMT-mediated reactions provides a compelling case for continuing to dissect the contribution of virus induced changes in these proteins to lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Leonard
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Naheema Gordon
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Nikki Smith
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Martin Rowe
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Paul G Murray
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Ciarán B Woodman
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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41
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Wang J, Chen L, Sinha SH, Liang Z, Chai H, Muniyan S, Chou YW, Yang C, Yan L, Feng Y, Li KK, Lin MF, Jiang H, Zheng YG, Luo C. Pharmacophore-based virtual screening and biological evaluation of small molecule inhibitors for protein arginine methylation. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7978-87. [PMID: 22928876 DOI: 10.1021/jm300521m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are proved to play vital roles in chromatin remodeling, RNA metabolism, and signal transduction. Aberrant regulation of PRMT activity is associated with various pathological states such as cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Development and application of small molecule PRMT inhibitors will provide new avenues for therapeutic discovery. The combination of pharmacophore-based virtual screening methods with radioactive methylation assays provided six hits identified as inhibitors against the predominant arginine methyltransferase PRMT1 within micromolar potency. Two potent compounds, A9 and A36, exhibited the inhibitory effect by directly targeting substrate H4 other than PRMT1 and displayed even higher inhibition activity than the well-known PRMT inhibitors AMI-1. A9 significantly inhibits proliferation of castrate-resistant prostate cancer cells. Together, A9 may be a potential inhibitor against advanced hormone-independent cancers, and the work will provide clues for the future development of specific compounds that block the interaction of PRMTs with their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Program of Molecular Basis of Diseases, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
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42
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Corriden R, Insel PA. New insights regarding the regulation of chemotaxis by nucleotides, adenosine, and their receptors. Purinergic Signal 2012; 8:587-98. [PMID: 22528684 PMCID: PMC3360098 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The directional movement of cells can be regulated by ATP, certain other nucleotides (e.g., ADP, UTP), and adenosine. Such regulation occurs for cells that are "professional phagocytes" (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages, certain lymphocytes, and microglia) and that undergo directional migration and subsequent phagocytosis. Numerous other cell types (e.g., fibroblasts, endothelial cells, neurons, and keratinocytes) also change motility and migration in response to ATP, other nucleotides, and adenosine. In this article, we review how nucleotides and adenosine modulate chemotaxis and motility and highlight the importance of nucleotide- and adenosine-regulated cell migration in several cell types: neutrophils, microglia, endothelial cells, and cancer cells. We also discuss difficulties in conducting experiments and drawing conclusions regarding the ability of nucleotides and adenosine to modulate the migration of professional and non-professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Corriden
- Institute of Cell Signalling, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul A. Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail code 0636, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
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Sinha SH, Owens EA, Feng Y, Yang Y, Xie Y, Tu Y, Henary M, Zheng YG. Synthesis and evaluation of carbocyanine dyes as PRMT inhibitors and imaging agents. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:647-59. [PMID: 22749641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methylation regulates multiple biological processes. Deregulation of protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) activities has been observed in many disease phenotypes. Small molecule probes that target PRMTs with strong affinity and selectivity can be used as valuable tools to dissect biological mechanisms of arginine methylation and establish the role of PRMT proteins in a disease process. In this work, we report synthesis and evaluation of a class of carbocyanine compounds containing indolium, benz[e]indolium or benz[c,d]indolium heterocyclic moieties that bind to the predominant arginine methyltransferase PRMT1 and inhibit its methyltransferase activity at low micromolar potencies. In particular, the developed molecules have long wavelength colorimetric and fluorometric photoactivities, which can be used for optical and near-infrared fluorescence imaging in cells or biological tissues. Together, these new chemical probes have potential application in PRMT studies both as enzyme inhibitors and as fluorescent dyes for microscope imaging.
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Luo M. Current chemical biology approaches to interrogate protein methyltransferases. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:443-63. [PMID: 22220966 DOI: 10.1021/cb200519y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein methyltransferases (PMTs) play various physiological and pathological roles through methylating histone and nonhistone targets. However, most PMTs including more than 60 human PMTs remain to be fully characterized. The current approaches to elucidate the functions of PMTs have been diversified by many emerging chemical biology technologies. This review focuses on progress in these aspects and is organized into four discussion modules (assays, substrates, cofactors, and inhibitors) that are important to elucidate biological functions of PMTs. These modules are expected to provide general guidance and present emerging methods for researchers to select and combine suitable PMT-activity assays, well-defined substrates, novel SAM surrogates, and PMT inhibitors to interrogate PMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkui Luo
- Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New
York 10065, United States
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45
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Abstract
This review focuses on the progress in the development of the second generation of epigenetic modifiers able to modulate histone marks, and restore normal gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Jones
- Institute for Applied Cancer Sciences
- MD Anderson Cancer Center
- Houston
- USA
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46
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Dowden J, Pike RA, Parry RV, Hong W, Muhsen UA, Ward SG. Small molecule inhibitors that discriminate between protein arginine N-methyltransferases PRMT1 and CARM1. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7814-21. [PMID: 21952734 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06100c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine N-methyltransferases (PRMTs) selectively replace N-H for N-CH(3) at substrate protein guanidines, a post-translational modification important for a range of biological processes, such as epigenetic regulation, signal transduction and cancer progression. Selective chemical probes are required to establish the dynamic function of individual PRMTs. Herein, model inhibitors designed to occupy PRMT binding sites for an arginine substrate and S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) co-factor are described. Expedient access to such compounds by modular synthesis is detailed. Remarkably, biological evaluation revealed some compounds to be potent inhibitors of PRMT1, but inactive against CARM1. Docking studies show how prototype compounds may occupy the binding sites for a co-factor and arginine substrate. Overlay of PRMT1 and CARM1 binding sites suggest a difference in a single amino acid that may be responsible for the observed selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Dowden
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK NG7 2RD.
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47
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Yost JM, Korboukh I, Liu F, Gao C, Jin J. Targets in epigenetics: inhibiting the methyl writers of the histone code. CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2011; 5:72-84. [PMID: 21966347 PMCID: PMC3178896 DOI: 10.2174/1875397301005010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) and protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are associated with the development of various human diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and psychiatric disorders. Given the significant role of these proteins in human disease, efforts to discover selective small-molecule inhibitors of these enzymes are quickly gaining momentum. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in the discovery of selective PKMT and PRMT inhibitors. A future perspective on developing methyltransferase inhibitors is also offered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jian Jin
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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48
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Quinn AM, Simeonov A. Methods for Activity Analysis of the Proteins that Regulate Histone Methylation. CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2011; 5:95-105. [PMID: 21966349 PMCID: PMC3180180 DOI: 10.2174/1875397301005010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes that regulate histone methylation states and the protein domains that recognize methylated histone residues have been implicated in a number of human diseases, including cancer, as a result of their ability to affect transcriptional changes by altering chromatin structure. These proteins are recognized as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of diseases associated with epigenetic disruption; however, few inhibitors of their activity have been identified. The majority of histone demethylase and methyltransferase enzyme inhibitors have been discovered on the basis of their structural similarity to substrates or known inhibitors of enzymes with analogous mechanisms. The general lack of potency and specificity of these compounds indicates that novel chemotypes are needed to address the large number of recently discovered histone-modifying enzymes. High-throughput screening (HTS) allows rapid testing of chemically diverse small molecule libraries, provided assays amenable to HTS exist. Here we review the biochemical and cellular assays available for testing the proteins and enzymes that regulate histone methylation. Progress in the development of high-throughput, sensitive, and robust assays will enable discovery of small molecules for epigenetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Quinn
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
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49
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Wu J, Xie N, Feng Y, Zheng YG. Scintillation proximity assay of arginine methylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 17:237-44. [PMID: 21821785 DOI: 10.1177/1087057111414903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of arginine residues, catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), is one important protein posttranslational modification involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. A fast and effective assay for PRMT can provide valuable information for dissecting the biological functions of PRMTs, as well as for screening small-molecule inhibitors of arginine methylation. Currently, among the methods used for PRMT activity measurement, many contain laborious separation procedures, which restrict the applications of these assays for high-throughput screening (HTS) in drug discovery. The authors report here a mix-and-measure method to measure PRMT activity based on the principle of scintillation proximity assay (SPA). In this assay, (3)H-AdoMet was used as methyl donor, and biotin-modified histone H4 peptide served as a methylation substrate. Following the methylation reaction catalyzed by PRMTs, streptavidin-coated SPA beads were added to the reaction solution, and SPA signals were detected by a MicroBeta scintillation counter. No separation step is needed, which simplifies the assay procedure and greatly enhances the assay speed. Particularly, the miniaturization and robustness suggest that this method is suited for HTS of PRMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
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50
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Feng Y, Xie N, Jin M, Stahley MR, Stivers JT, Zheng YG. A transient kinetic analysis of PRMT1 catalysis. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7033-44. [PMID: 21736313 DOI: 10.1021/bi200456u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are important strategies used by eukaryotic organisms to modulate their phenotypes. One of the well-studied PTMs, arginine methylation, is catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) with SAM as the methyl donor. The functions of PRMTs have been broadly studied in different biological processes and diseased states, but the molecular basis for arginine methylation is not well-defined. In this study, we report the transient-state kinetic analysis of PRMT1 catalysis. The fast association and dissociation rates suggest that PRMT1 catalysis of histone H4 methylation follows a rapid equilibrium sequential kinetic mechanism. The data give direct evidence that the chemistry of methyl transfer is the major rate-limiting step and that binding of the cofactor SAM or SAH affects the association and dissociation of H4 with PRMT1. Importantly, from the stopped-flow fluorescence measurements, we have identified a critical kinetic step suggesting a precatalytic conformational transition induced by substrate binding. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of arginine methylation and the rational design of PRMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
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