1
|
Sheta YS, Sarg MT, Abdulrahman FG, Nossier ES, Husseiny EM. Novel imidazolone derivatives as potential dual inhibitors of checkpoint kinases 1 and 2: Design, synthesis, cytotoxicity evaluation, and mechanistic insights. Bioorg Chem 2024; 149:107471. [PMID: 38823311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Applying various drug design strategies including ring variation, substituents variation, and ring fusion, two series of 2-(alkylthio)-5-(arylidene/heteroarylidene)imidazolones and imidazo[1,2-a]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines were designed and prepared as dual potential Chk1 and Chk2 inhibitors. The newly synthesized hybrids were screened in NCI 60 cell line panel where the most active derivatives 4b, d-f, and 6a were further estimated for their five dose antiproliferative activity against the most sensitive tumor cells including breast MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 and non-small cell lung cancer EKVX as well as normal WI-38 cell. Noticeably, increasing the carbon chain attached to thiol moiety at C-2 of imidazolone scaffold elevated the cytotoxic activity. Hence, compounds 4e and 4f, containing S-butyl fragment, exhibited the most antiproliferative activity against the tested cells where 4f showed extremely potent selectivity toward them. As well, compound 6a, containing imidazothienopyrimidine core, exerted significant cytotoxic activity and selectivity toward the examined cells. The mechanistic investigation of the most active cytotoxic analogs was achieved through the evaluation of their inhibitory activity against Chk1 and Chk2. Results revealed that 4f displayed potent dual inhibition of both Chk1 and Chk2 with IC50 equal 0.137 and 0.25 μM, respectively. It also promoted its antiproliferative and Chk suppression activity via EKVX cell cycle arrest at S phase through stimulating the apoptotic approach. The apoptosis induction was also emphasized by elevating the expression of Caspase-3 and Bax, that are accompanied by Bcl-2 diminution. The in silico molecular docking and ADMET profiles of the most active analogs have been carried out to evaluate their potential as significant anticancer drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin S Sheta
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa T Sarg
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma G Abdulrahman
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman S Nossier
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754, Egypt; The National Committee of Drugs, Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, Cairo 11516, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal M Husseiny
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abuetabh Y, Wu HH, Chai C, Al Yousef H, Persad S, Sergi CM, Leng R. DNA damage response revisited: the p53 family and its regulators provide endless cancer therapy opportunities. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1658-1669. [PMID: 36207426 PMCID: PMC9636249 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00863-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antitumor therapeutic strategies that fundamentally rely on the induction of DNA damage to eradicate and inhibit the growth of cancer cells are integral approaches to cancer therapy. Although DNA-damaging therapies advance the battle with cancer, resistance, and recurrence following treatment are common. Thus, searching for vulnerabilities that facilitate the action of DNA-damaging agents by sensitizing cancer cells is an active research area. Therefore, it is crucial to decipher the detailed molecular events involved in DNA damage responses (DDRs) to DNA-damaging agents in cancer. The tumor suppressor p53 is active at the hub of the DDR. Researchers have identified an increasing number of genes regulated by p53 transcriptional functions that have been shown to be critical direct or indirect mediators of cell fate, cell cycle regulation, and DNA repair. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) primarily orchestrate and direct the activity of p53 in response to DNA damage. Many molecules mediating PTMs on p53 have been identified. The anticancer potential realized by targeting these molecules has been shown through experiments and clinical trials to sensitize cancer cells to DNA-damaging agents. This review briefly acknowledges the complexity of DDR pathways/networks. We specifically focus on p53 regulators, protein kinases, and E3/E4 ubiquitin ligases and their anticancer potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Abuetabh
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - H Helena Wu
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Chengsen Chai
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Habib Al Yousef
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Sujata Persad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Consolato M Sergi
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Roger Leng
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Antolin AA, Clarke PA, Collins I, Workman P, Al-Lazikani B. Evolution of kinase polypharmacology across HSP90 drug discovery. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1433-1445.e3. [PMID: 34077750 PMCID: PMC8550792 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most small molecules interact with several target proteins but this polypharmacology is seldom comprehensively investigated or explicitly exploited during drug discovery. Here, we use computational and experimental methods to identify and systematically characterize the kinase cross-pharmacology of representative HSP90 inhibitors. We demonstrate that the resorcinol clinical candidates ganetespib and, to a lesser extent, luminespib, display unique off-target kinase pharmacology as compared with other HSP90 inhibitors. We also demonstrate that polypharmacology evolved during the optimization to discover luminespib and that the hit, leads, and clinical candidate all have different polypharmacological profiles. We therefore recommend the computational and experimental characterization of polypharmacology earlier in drug discovery projects to unlock new multi-target drug design opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Antolin
- Department of Data Science, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Paul A Clarke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Ian Collins
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Bissan Al-Lazikani
- Department of Data Science, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nunes PSG, da Silva G, Nascimento S, Mantoani SP, de Andrade P, Bernardes ES, Kawano DF, Leopoldino AM, Carvalho I. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of novel 1,2,3-triazole-quinazolines as antiproliferative agents displaying ERK inhibitory activity. Bioorg Chem 2021; 113:104982. [PMID: 34020277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ERK1/2 inhibitors have attracted special attention concerning the ability of circumventing cases of innate or log-term acquired resistance to RAF and MEK kinase inhibitors. Based on the 4-aminoquinazoline pharmacophore of kinases, herein we describe the synthesis of 4-aminoquinazoline derivatives bearing a 1,2,3-triazole stable core to bridge different aromatic and heterocyclic rings using copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) as a Click Chemistry strategy. The initial screening of twelve derivatives in tumoral cells (CAL-27, HN13, HGC-27, and BT-20) revealed that the most active in BT-20 cells (25a, IC50 24.6 μM and a SI of 3.25) contains a more polar side chain (sulfone). Furthermore, compound 25a promoted a significant release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), suggesting the induction of cell death by necrosis. In addition, this compound induced G0/G1 stalling in BT-20 cells, which was accompanied by a decrease in the S phase. Western blot analysis of the levels of p-STAT3, p-ERK, PARP, p53 and cleaved caspase-3 revealed p-ERK1/2 and p-STA3 were drastically decreased in BT-20 cells under 25a incubation, suggesting the involvement of these two kinases in the mechanisms underlying 25a-induced cell cycle arrest, besides loss of proliferation and viability of the breast cancer cell. Molecular docking simulations using the ERK-ulixertinib crystallographic complex showed compound 25a could potentially compete with ATP for binding to ERK in a slightly higher affinity than the reference ERK1/2 inhibitor. Further in silico analyses showed comparable toxicity and pharmacokinetic profiles for compound 25a in relation to ulixertinib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel da Silva
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sofia Nascimento
- Radiopharmacy Center, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN/CNEN-SP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Peterson de Andrade
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson Soares Bernardes
- Radiopharmacy Center, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN/CNEN-SP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fábio Kawano
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreia Machado Leopoldino
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivone Carvalho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) pathway prevents high level endogenous and environmental DNA damage being replicated and passed on to the next generation of cells via an orchestrated and integrated network of cell cycle checkpoint signalling and DNA repair pathways. Depending on the type of damage, and where in the cell cycle it occurs different pathways are involved, with the ATM-CHK2-p53 pathway controlling the G1 checkpoint or ATR-CHK1-Wee1 pathway controlling the S and G2/M checkpoints. Loss of G1 checkpoint control is common in cancer through TP53, ATM mutations, Rb loss or cyclin E overexpression, providing a stronger rationale for targeting the S/G2 checkpoints. This review will focus on the ATM-CHK2-p53-p21 pathway and the ATR-CHK1-WEE1 pathway and ongoing efforts to target these pathways for patient benefit.
Collapse
|
6
|
Recent advancements of 4-aminoquinazoline derivatives as kinase inhibitors and their applications in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 170:55-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
7
|
Luxenburger A, Schmidt D, Ianes C, Pichlo C, Krüger M, von Drathen T, Brunstein E, Gainsford GJ, Baumann U, Knippschild U, Peifer C. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Isoxazole-Based CK1 Inhibitors Modified with Chiral Pyrrolidine Scaffolds. Molecules 2019; 24:E873. [PMID: 30832206 PMCID: PMC6429214 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report on the modification of a 3,4-diaryl-isoxazole-based CK1 inhibitor with chiral pyrrolidine scaffolds to develop potent and selective CK1 inhibitors. The pharmacophore of the lead structure was extended towards the ribose pocket of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding site driven by structure-based drug design. For an upscale compatible multigram synthesis of the functionalized pyrrolidine scaffolds, we used a chiral pool synthetic route starting from methionine. Biological evaluation of key compounds in kinase and cellular assays revealed significant effects of the scaffolds towards activity and selectivity, however, the absolute configuration of the chiral moieties only exhibited a limited effect on inhibitory activity. X-ray crystallographic analysis of ligand-CK1δ complexes confirmed the expected binding mode of the 3,4-diaryl-isoxazole inhibitors. Surprisingly, the original compounds underwent spontaneous Pictet-Spengler cyclization with traces of formaldehyde during the co-crystallization process to form highly potent new ligands. Our data suggests chiral "ribose-like" pyrrolidine scaffolds have interesting potential for modifications of pharmacologically active compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Luxenburger
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand.
| | - Dorian Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24116 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Chiara Ianes
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Christian Pichlo
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Marc Krüger
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Thorsten von Drathen
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24116 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Elena Brunstein
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Graeme J Gainsford
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand.
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24116 Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fan P, Wang N, Wang L, Xie X-Q. Autophagy and Apoptosis Specific Knowledgebases-guided Systems Pharmacology Drug Research. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 19:716-728. [PMID: 30727895 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666190206122149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy and apoptosis are the basic physiological processes in cells that clean up aged and mutant cellular components or even the entire cells. Both autophagy and apoptosis are disrupted in most major diseases such as cancer and neurological disorders. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to understand the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis due to their tightly synergetic or opposite functions in several pathological processes. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assist autophagy and apoptosis-related drug research, clarify the intense and complicated connections between two processes, and provide a guide for novel drug development. METHODS We established two chemical-genomic databases which are specifically designed for autophagy and apoptosis, including autophagy- and apoptosis-related proteins, pathways and compounds. We then performed network analysis on the apoptosis- and autophagy-related proteins and investigated the full protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of these two closely connected processes for the first time. RESULTS The overlapping targets we discovered show a more intense connection with each other than other targets in the full network, indicating a better efficacy potential for drug modulation. We also found that Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) is a critical point linking autophagy- and apoptosis-related pathways beyond the overlapping part, and this finding may reveal some delicate signaling mechanism of the process. Finally, we demonstrated how to utilize our integrated computational chemogenomics tools on in silico target identification for small molecules capable of modulating autophagy- and apoptosis-related pathways. CONCLUSION The knowledge-bases for apoptosis and autophagy and the integrated tools will accelerate our work in autophagy and apoptosis-related research and can be useful sources for information searching, target prediction, and new chemical discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peihao Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Terrace Street, PA, United States
| | - Nanyi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 335 Sutherland Drive, 206 Salk Pavilion, PA, United States
| | - Lirong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 335 Sutherland Drive, 206 Salk Pavilion, PA, United States
| | - Xie X-Q
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 335 Sutherland Drive, 206 Salk Pavilion, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Galal SA, Khattab M, Shouman SA, Ramadan R, Kandil OM, Kandil OM, Tabll A, El Abd YS, El-Shenawy R, Attia YM, El-Rashedy AA, El Diwani HI. Part III: Novel checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) inhibitors; design, synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrimidine-benzimidazole conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 146:687-708. [PMID: 29407991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently a dramatic development of the cancer drug discovery has been shown in the field of targeted cancer therapy. Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) inhibitors offer a promising approach to enhance the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapy. Accordingly, in this study many pyrimidine-benzimidazole conjugates were designed and twelve feasible derivatives were selected to be synthesized to investigate their activity against Chk2 and subjected to study their antitumor activity alone and in combination with the genotoxic anticancer drugs cisplatin and doxorubicin on breast carcinoma, (ER+) cell line (MCF-7). The results indicated that the studied compounds inhibited Chk2 activity with high potency (IC50 = 5.56 nM - 46.20 nM). The studied candidates exhibited remarkable antitumor activity against MCF-7 (IG50 = 6.6 μM - 24.9 μM). Compounds 10a-c, 14 and 15 significantly potentiated the activity of the studied genotoxic drugs, whereas, compounds 9b and 20-23 antagonized their activity. Moreover, the combination of compound 10b with cisplatin revealed the best apoptotic effect as well as combination of compound 10b with doxorubicin led to complete arrest of the cell cycle at S phase where more than 40% of cells are in the S phase with no cells at G2/M. Structure-activity relationship was discussed on the basis of molecular modeling study using Molecular modeling Environment program (MOE).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shadia A Galal
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Muhammad Khattab
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Samia A Shouman
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Raghda Ramadan
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Mol, Belgium; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Omaima M Kandil
- Department of Animal Reproduction & Artificial Insemination, Division, of Veterinary Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Omnia M Kandil
- Department of Parasitology, Animal Disease, Division, of Veterinary, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Tabll
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Division of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmine S El Abd
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Division of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem El-Shenawy
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Division of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmin M Attia
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El-Rashedy
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Hoda I El Diwani
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Antolin AA, Tym JE, Komianou A, Collins I, Workman P, Al-Lazikani B. Objective, Quantitative, Data-Driven Assessment of Chemical Probes. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:194-205.e5. [PMID: 29249694 PMCID: PMC5814752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical probes are essential tools for understanding biological systems and for target validation, yet selecting probes for biomedical research is rarely based on objective assessment of all potential compounds. Here, we describe the Probe Miner: Chemical Probes Objective Assessment resource, capitalizing on the plethora of public medicinal chemistry data to empower quantitative, objective, data-driven evaluation of chemical probes. We assess >1.8 million compounds for their suitability as chemical tools against 2,220 human targets and dissect the biases and limitations encountered. Probe Miner represents a valuable resource to aid the identification of potential chemical probes, particularly when used alongside expert curation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Antolin
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, UK; Department of Data Science, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Joseph E Tym
- Department of Data Science, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Angeliki Komianou
- Department of Data Science, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Ian Collins
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Bissan Al-Lazikani
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, UK; Department of Data Science, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Galal SA, Khairat SHM, Ali HI, Shouman SA, Attia YM, Ali MM, Mahmoud AE, Abdel-Halim AH, Fyiad AA, Tabll A, El-Shenawy R, El Abd YS, Ramdan R, El Diwani HI. Part II: New candidates of pyrazole-benzimidazole conjugates as checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 144:859-873. [PMID: 29316526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) inhibitors for the treatment of cancer has been an ongoing and attractive objective in drug discovery. In this study, twenty-one feasible pyrazole-benzimidazole conjugates were synthesized to study their effect against Chk2 activity using Checkpoint Kinase Assay. The antitumor activity of these compounds was investigated using SRB assay. A potentiation effect of the synthesized Chk2 inhibitors was also investigated using the genotoxic anticancer drugs cisplatin and doxorubicin on breast carcinoma, (ER+) cell line (MCF-7). In vivo Chk2 and antitumor activities of 8d as a single-agent, and in combination with doxorubicin, were evaluated in breast cancer bearing animals induced by N-methylnitrosourea. The effect of 8d alone and in combination with doxorubicin was also studied on cell-cycle phases of MCF-7 cells using flow cytometry analysis. The results revealed their potencies as Chk2 inhibitors with IC50 ranges from 9.95 to 65.07 nM. Generally the effect of cisplatin or doxorubicin was potentiated by the effect of most of the compounds that were studied. The in vivo results indicated that the combination of 8d and doxorubicin inhibited checkpoint kinase activity more than either doxorubicin or 8d alone. There was a positive correlation between checkpoint kinase inhibition and the improvement observed in histopathological features. Single dose treatment with doxorubicin or 8d produced S phase cell cycle arrest whereas their combination created cell cycle arrest at G2/M from 8% in case of doxorubicin to 51% in combination. Gold molecular modelling studies displayed a high correlation to the biological results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shadia A Galal
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Sarah H M Khairat
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Hamed I Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A&M University Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy Kingsville, TX 78363, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samia A Shouman
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Yasmin M Attia
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh M Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer E Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer H Abdel-Halim
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal A Fyiad
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Tabll
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Division of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem El-Shenawy
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Division of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmine S El Abd
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Division of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Raghda Ramdan
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Mol, Belgium; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hoda I El Diwani
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brandsma I, Fleuren ED, Williamson CT, Lord CJ. Directing the use of DDR kinase inhibitors in cancer treatment. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:1341-1355. [PMID: 28984489 PMCID: PMC6157710 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1389895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Defects in the DNA damage response (DDR) drive the development of cancer by fostering DNA mutation but also provide cancer-specific vulnerabilities that can be exploited therapeutically. The recent approval of three different PARP inhibitors for the treatment of ovarian cancer provides the impetus for further developing targeted inhibitors of many of the kinases involved in the DDR, including inhibitors of ATR, ATM, CHEK1, CHEK2, DNAPK and WEE1. Areas covered: We summarise the current stage of development of these novel DDR kinase inhibitors, and describe which predictive biomarkers might be exploited to direct their clinical use. Expert opinion: Novel DDR inhibitors present promising candidates in cancer treatment and have the potential to elicit synthetic lethal effects. In order to fully exploit their potential and maximize their utility, identifying highly penetrant predictive biomarkers of single agent and combinatorial DDR inhibitor sensitivity are critical. Identifying the optimal drug combination regimens that could used with DDR inhibitors is also a key objective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inger Brandsma
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Emmy D.G. Fleuren
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Chris T. Williamson
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Galal SA, Abdelsamie AS, Shouman SA, Attia YM, Ali HI, Tabll A, El-Shenawy R, El Abd YS, Ali MM, Mahmoud AE, Abdel-Halim AH, Fyiad AA, Girgis AS, El-Diwani HI. Part I: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazole-benzimidazole conjugates as checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) inhibitors with studying their activities alone and in combination with genotoxic drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 134:392-405. [PMID: 28433679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activated checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) is a tumor suppressor as one of the main enzymes that affect the cell cycle. 2-Biarylbenzimidazoles are potent selective class of Chk2 inhibitors; the structure-based design was applied to synthesize a new series of this class with replacing the lateral aryl group by substituted pyrazoles. Ten pyrazole-benzimidazole conjugates from the best fifty candidates according to docking programs have been subjected to chemical synthesis in this study. The activities of the conjugates 5-14 as checkpoint kinase inhibitors and as antitumor alone and in combination with genotoxic drugs were evaluated. The effect of compounds 7 and 12 on cell-cycle phases was analyzed by flow cytometry analysis. Antitumor activity of compounds 7 and 12 as single-agents and in combinations with doxorubicin was assessed in breast cancer bearing animals induced by MNU. The Results indicated that compounds 5-14 inhibited Chk2 activity with high potency (IC50 52.8 nM-5.5 nM). The cytotoxicity of both cisplatin and doxorubicin were significantly potentiated by the most of the conjugates against MCF-7 cell lines. Compounds 7 and 12 and their combinations with doxorubicin induced the cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, compound 7 exhibited marked higher antitumor activity as a single agent in animals than it's combination with doxorubicin or doxorubicin alone. The combination of compound 12 with doxorubicin was greatly effective on animal than their single-dose treatment. In conclusion, pyrazole-benzimidazole conjugates are highly active Chk2 inhibitors that have anticancer activity and potentiate activity of genotoxic anticancer therapies and deserve further evaluations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shadia A Galal
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Abdelsamie
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Samia A Shouman
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Yasmin M Attia
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Hamed I Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A&M University Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy Kingsville, TX 78363, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Tabll
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Division of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem El-Shenawy
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Division of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmine S El Abd
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Division of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh M Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer E Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer H Abdel-Halim
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal A Fyiad
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adel S Girgis
- Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hoda I El-Diwani
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xin D, Jeffries A, Burgess K. Interplay Of Stereochemistry, Conformational Rigidity, And Ease Of Synthesis For 13-Membered Cyclic Peptidomimetics Containing APC Residues. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2017; 19:414-421. [PMID: 28561582 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.7b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of a program to design small molecules that bind proteins, we require cyclic peptides (or peptidomimetics) that are severely constrained such that they adopt one predominant conformation in solution. This paper describes syntheses of the 13-membered cyclic tetrapeptides 1 containing aminopyrrolidine carboxyl (APC) residues. A linear precursor was prepared and used to determine optimal conditions for cyclization of that substrate. A special linker was prepared to enable cyclization of similar linear peptidomimetics on a solid phase, and the solution-phase cyclization conditions were shown to be appropriate for this too. Stereochemical variations were then used to determine the ideal APC configuration for cyclization of the linear precursors (on a solid phase, using the conditions identified previously). Consequently, a series of compounds were prepared that are representative of compounds 1. Conformational studies of representative compounds in DMSO solution were performed primarily using (i) NOE studies, (ii) quenched molecular dynamics simulations using no constraints from experiment, and (iii) MacroModel calculations with NMR constraints. All three strategies converged to the same conclusion: the backbone of molecules based on 1 tends to adopt one preferential conformation in solution and that conformation can be predicted from the stereochemistries of the α-amino acids involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue Xin
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Andrew Jeffries
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yin F, Garifullina A, Tanaka F. Synthesis of pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives via asymmetric Michael addition reactions of carboxylate-substituted enones. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:6089-6092. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01484h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
An enantioselective Michael addition reaction system was developed. Using the reaction system, 5-methylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid was synthesized in two steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yin
- Chemistry and Chemical Bioengineering Unit
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
- Onna
- Japan
| | - Ainash Garifullina
- Chemistry and Chemical Bioengineering Unit
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
- Onna
- Japan
| | - Fujie Tanaka
- Chemistry and Chemical Bioengineering Unit
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
- Onna
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ronco C, Martin AR, Demange L, Benhida R. ATM, ATR, CHK1, CHK2 and WEE1 inhibitors in cancer and cancer stem cells. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 8:295-319. [PMID: 30108746 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00439c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA inevitably undergoes a high number of damages throughout the cell cycle. To preserve the integrity of the genome, cells have developed a complex enzymatic machinery aimed at sensing and repairing DNA lesions, pausing the cell cycle to provide more time to repair, or induce apoptosis if damages are too severe. This so-called DNA-damage response (DDR) is yet considered as a major source of resistance to DNA-damaging treatments in oncology. Recently, it has been hypothesized that cancer stem cells (CSC), a sub-population of cancer cells particularly resistant and with tumour-initiating ability, allow tumour re-growth and cancer relapse. Therefore, DDR appears as a relevant target to sensitize cancer cells and cancer stem cells to classical radio- and chemotherapies as well as to overcome resistances. Moreover, the concept of synthetic lethality could be particularly efficiently exploited in DDR. Five kinases play pivotal roles in the DDR: ATM, ATR, CHK1, CHK2 and WEE1. Herein, we review the drugs targeting these proteins and the inhibitors used in the specific case of CSC. We also suggest molecules that may be of interest for preclinical and clinical researchers studying checkpoint inhibition to sensitize cancer and cancer stem cells to DNA-damaging treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Ronco
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institut de Chimie de Nice , UMR7272 - Parc Valrose , 06108 Nice Cedex 2 , France . ; ; Tel: +33 4 92076143
| | - Anthony R Martin
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institut de Chimie de Nice , UMR7272 - Parc Valrose , 06108 Nice Cedex 2 , France . ; ; Tel: +33 4 92076143
| | - Luc Demange
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institut de Chimie de Nice , UMR7272 - Parc Valrose , 06108 Nice Cedex 2 , France . ; ; Tel: +33 4 92076143.,Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques , 4 avenue de l'Observatoire , Paris Fr-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères , 45 rue des Saints Pères , France
| | - Rachid Benhida
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institut de Chimie de Nice , UMR7272 - Parc Valrose , 06108 Nice Cedex 2 , France . ; ; Tel: +33 4 92076143
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Synthesis of chalcone incorporated quinazoline derivatives as anticancer agents. Saudi Pharm J 2016; 25:275-279. [PMID: 28344479 PMCID: PMC5355550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of ten novel chalcone incorporated quinazoline derivatives (11a–11j) were designed and synthesized. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activities against four human cancer cell lines (A549, HT-29, MCF-7 and A375). Among them, four compounds, 11f, 11g, 11i and 11j showed more potent anticancer activity than the control drug, Combretastatin – A4.
Collapse
|
18
|
Jiang Y, Chen AC, Kuang GT, Wang SK, Ou TM, Tan JH, Li D, Huang ZS. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-anilinoquinazoline derivatives as new c-myc G-quadruplex ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 122:264-279. [PMID: 27372288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-anilinoquinazoline derivatives were designed and synthesized as novel c-myc promoter G-quadruplex binding ligands. Subsequent biophysical and biochemical evaluation demonstrated that the introduction of aniline group at 4-position of quinazoline ring and two side chains with terminal amino group improved their binding affinity and stabilizing ability to G-quadruplex DNA. RT-PCR assay and Western blot showed that compound 7a could down-regulate transcription and expression of c-myc gene in Hela cells, which was consistent with the behavior of an effective G-quadruplex ligand targeting c-myc oncogene. More importantly, RTCA and colony formation assays indicated that 7a obviously inhibited Hela cells proliferation, without influence on normal primary cultured mouse mesangial cells. Flow cytometric assays suggested that 7a induced Hela cells to arrest in G0/G1 phase both in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Chun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Tao Kuang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Ke Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Miao Ou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Heng Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Shu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dube D, Tiwari P, Kaur P. The hunt for antimitotic agents: an overview of structure-based design strategies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:579-97. [PMID: 27077683 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1174689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Structure-based drug discovery offers a rational approach for the design and development of novel anti-mitotic agents which target specific proteins involved in mitosis. This strategy has paved the way for development of a new generation of chemotypes which selectively interfere with the target proteins. The interference of these anti-mitotic targets implicated in diverse stages of mitotic cell cycle progression culminates in cancer cell apoptosis. AREAS COVERED This review covers the various mitotic inhibitors developed against validated mitotic checkpoint protein targets using structure-based design and optimization strategies. The protein-ligand interactions and the insights gained from these studies, culminating in the development of more potent and selective inhibitors, have been presented. EXPERT OPINION The advent of structure-based drug design coupled with advances in X-ray crystallography has revolutionized the discovery of candidate lead molecules. The structural insights gleaned from the co-complex protein-drug interactions have provided a new dimension in the design of anti-mitotic molecules to develop drugs with a higher selectivity and specificity profile. Targeting non-catalytic domains has provided an alternate approach to address cross-reactivity and broad selectivity among kinase inhibitors. The elucidation of structures of emerging mitotic drug targets has opened avenues for the design of inhibitors that target cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Dube
- a Department of Biophysics , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - P Tiwari
- a Department of Biophysics , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - P Kaur
- a Department of Biophysics , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gavande NS, VanderVere-Carozza PS, Hinshaw HD, Jalal SI, Sears CR, Pawelczak KS, Turchi JJ. DNA repair targeted therapy: The past or future of cancer treatment? Pharmacol Ther 2016; 160:65-83. [PMID: 26896565 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The repair of DNA damage is a complex process that relies on particular pathways to remedy specific types of damage to DNA. The range of insults to DNA includes small, modest changes in structure including mismatched bases and simple methylation events to oxidized bases, intra- and interstrand DNA crosslinks, DNA double strand breaks and protein-DNA adducts. Pathways required for the repair of these lesions include mismatch repair, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and the homology directed repair/Fanconi anemia pathway. Each of these pathways contributes to genetic stability, and mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in these pathways have been demonstrated to promote genetic instability and cancer. In fact, it has been suggested that all cancers display defects in DNA repair. It has also been demonstrated that the ability of cancer cells to repair therapeutically induced DNA damage impacts therapeutic efficacy. This has led to targeting DNA repair pathways and proteins to develop anti-cancer agents that will increase sensitivity to traditional chemotherapeutics. While initial studies languished and were plagued by a lack of specificity and a defined mechanism of action, more recent approaches to exploit synthetic lethal interaction and develop high affinity chemical inhibitors have proven considerably more effective. In this review we will highlight recent advances and discuss previous failures in targeting DNA repair to pave the way for future DNA repair targeted agents and their use in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navnath S Gavande
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | | | - Hilary D Hinshaw
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Shadia I Jalal
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Catherine R Sears
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | | | - John J Turchi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; NERx Biosciences, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
DNA Damage Signalling and Repair Inhibitors: The Long-Sought-After Achilles' Heel of Cancer. Biomolecules 2015; 5:3204-59. [PMID: 26610585 PMCID: PMC4693276 DOI: 10.3390/biom5043204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, radiotherapy and chemotherapy were the two only approaches exploiting DNA repair processes to fight against cancer. Nowadays, cancer therapeutics can be a major challenge when it comes to seeking personalized targeted medicine that is both effective and selective to the malignancy. Over the last decade, the discovery of new targeted therapies against DNA damage signalling and repair has offered the possibility of therapeutic improvements in oncology. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of DNA damage signalling and repair inhibitors, their molecular and cellular effects, and future therapeutic use.
Collapse
|
22
|
Manic G, Obrist F, Sistigu A, Vitale I. Trial Watch: Targeting ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways for anticancer therapy. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e1012976. [PMID: 27308506 PMCID: PMC4905354 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1012976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated serine/threonine kinase (ATM)/checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2, best known as CHK2) and the ATM and Rad3-related serine/threonine kinase (ATR)/CHEK1 (best known as CHK1) cascades are the 2 major signaling pathways driving the DNA damage response (DDR), a network of processes crucial for the preservation of genomic stability that act as a barrier against tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Mutations and/or deletions of ATM and/or CHK2 are frequently found in tumors and predispose to cancer development. In contrast, the ATR-CHK1 pathway is often upregulated in neoplasms and is believed to promote tumor growth, although some evidence indicates that ATR and CHK1 may also behave as haploinsufficient oncosuppressors, at least in a specific genetic background. Inactivation of the ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways efficiently sensitizes malignant cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, ATR and CHK1 inhibitors selectively kill tumor cells that present high levels of replication stress, have a deficiency in p53 (or other DDR players), or upregulate the ATR-CHK1 module. Despite promising preclinical results, the clinical activity of ATM, ATR, CHK1, and CHK2 inhibitors, alone or in combination with other therapeutics, has not yet been fully demonstrated. In this Trial Watch, we give an overview of the roles of the ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways in cancer initiation and progression, and summarize the results of clinical studies aimed at assessing the safety and therapeutic profile of regimens based on inhibitors of ATR and CHK1, the only 2 classes of compounds that have so far entered clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Florine Obrist
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | | | - Ilio Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute; Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “TorVergata”; Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Würdemann M, Christoffers J. Investigations on intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions for the synthesis of isoxazolo-annulated pyrrolidines, piperidines and azepanes. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
24
|
Abstract
![]()
The
concept of synthetic lethality (the creation of a lethal phenotype
from the combined effects of mutations in two or more genes) has recently
been exploited in various efforts to develop new genotype-selective
anticancer therapeutics. These efforts include screening for novel
anticancer agents, identifying novel therapeutic targets, characterizing
mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapy, and improving efficacies
through the rational design of combination therapy. This review discusses
recent developments in synthetic lethality anticancer therapeutics,
including poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors for BRCA1- and BRCA2-mutant cancers, checkpoint inhibitors
for p53 mutant cancers, and small molecule agents targeting RAS gene mutant cancers. Because cancers are caused by mutations
in multiple genes and abnormalities in multiple signaling pathways,
synthetic lethality for a specific tumor suppressor gene or oncogene
is likely cell context-dependent. Delineation of the mechanisms underlying
synthetic lethality and identification of treatment response biomarkers
will be critical for the success of synthetic lethality anticancer
therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingliang Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Unit 1489, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lin CY, Wang YL. Novel design strategy for checkpoint kinase 2 inhibitors using pharmacophore modeling, combinatorial fusion, and virtual screening. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:359494. [PMID: 24864236 PMCID: PMC4017722 DOI: 10.1155/2014/359494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) has a great effect on DNA-damage and plays an important role in response to DNA double-strand breaks and related lesions. In this study, we will concentrate on Chk2 and the purpose is to find the potential inhibitors by the pharmacophore hypotheses (PhModels), combinatorial fusion, and virtual screening techniques. Applying combinatorial fusion into PhModels and virtual screening techniques is a novel design strategy for drug design. We used combinatorial fusion to analyze the prediction results and then obtained the best correlation coefficient of the testing set (r test) with the value 0.816 by combining the Best(train)Best(test) and Fast(train)Fast(test) prediction results. The potential inhibitors were selected from NCI database by screening according to Best(train)Best(test) + Fast(train)Fast(test) prediction results and molecular docking with CDOCKER docking program. Finally, the selected compounds have high interaction energy between a ligand and a receptor. Through these approaches, 23 potential inhibitors for Chk2 are retrieved for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yuan Lin
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wei N, Chu E, Wipf P, Schmitz JC. Protein kinase d as a potential chemotherapeutic target for colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1130-41. [PMID: 24634417 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of DNA synthesis, proliferation, cell survival, adhesion, invasion/migration, motility, and angiogenesis. To date, relatively little is known about the potential role of PKD in the development and/or progression of human colorectal cancer. We evaluated the expression of different PKD isoforms in colorectal cancer and investigated the antitumor activity of PKD inhibitors against human colorectal cancer. PKD2 was the dominant isoform expressed in human colon cancer cells. PKD3 expression was also observed but PKD1 expression, at both the RNA and protein levels, was not detected. Suppression of PKD using the small molecule inhibitors CRT0066101 and kb-NB142-70 resulted in low micromolar in vitro antiproliferative activity against multiple human colorectal cancer cell lines. Drug treatment was associated with dose-dependent suppression of PKD2 activation. Incubation with CRT0066101 resulted in G(2)-M phase arrest and induction of apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells. Further studies showed that CRT0066101 treatment gave rise to a dose-dependent increase in expression of cleaved PARP and activated caspase-3, in addition to inhibition of AKT and ERK signaling, and suppression of NF-κB activity. Transfection of PKD2-targeted siRNAs resulted in similar effects on downstream pathways as observed with small molecule inhibitors. Daily administration of CRT0066101 resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth in HCT116 xenograft nude mice. Taken together, our studies show that PKD plays a significant role in mediating growth signaling in colorectal cancer and may represent a novel chemotherapeutic target for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wei
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; and Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sancineto L, Iraci N, Massari S, Attanasio V, Corazza G, Barreca ML, Sabatini S, Manfroni G, Avanzi NR, Cecchetti V, Pannecouque C, Marcello A, Tabarrini O. Computer-Aided Design, Synthesis and Validation of 2-Phenylquinazolinone Fragments as CDK9 Inhibitors with Anti-HIV-1 Tat-Mediated Transcription Activity. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1941-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
28
|
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel 1-methyl-3-substituted quinazoline-2,4-dione derivatives as antimicrobial agents. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
29
|
Wang YL, Lin CY, Shih KC, Huang JW, Tang CY. Design checkpoint kinase 2 inhibitors by pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening techniques. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6286-91. [PMID: 24144850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Damage to DNA is caused by ionizing radiation, genotoxic chemicals or collapsed replication forks. When DNA is damaged or cells fail to respond, a mutation that is associated with breast or ovarian cancer may occur. Mammalian cells control and stabilize the genome using a cell cycle checkpoint to prevent damage to DNA or to repair damaged DNA. Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) is one of the important kinases, which strongly affects DNA-damage and plays an important role in the response to the breakage of DNA double-strands and related lesions. Therefore, this study concerns Chk2. Its purpose is to find potential inhibitors using the pharmacophore hypotheses (PhModels) and virtual screening techniques. PhModels can identify inhibitors with high biological activities and virtual screening techniques are used to screen the database of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to retrieve compounds that exhibit all of the pharmacophoric features of potential inhibitors with high interaction energy. Ten PhModels were generated using the HypoGen best algorithm. The established PhModel, Hypo01, was evaluated by performing a cost function analysis of its correlation coefficient (r), root mean square deviation (RMSD), cost difference, and configuration cost, with the values 0.955, 1.28, 192.51, and 16.07, respectively. The result of Fischer's cross-validation test for the Hypo01 model yielded a 95% confidence level, and the correlation coefficient of the testing set (rtest) had a best value of 0.81. The potential inhibitors were then chosen from the NCI database by Hypo01 model screening and molecular docking using the cdocker docking program. Finally, the selected compounds exhibited the identified pharmacophoric features and had a high interaction energy between the ligand and the receptor. Eighty-three potential inhibitors for Chk2 are retrieved for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ling Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Silva-Santisteban MC, Westwood IM, Boxall K, Brown N, Peacock S, McAndrew C, Barrie E, Richards M, Mirza A, Oliver AW, Burke R, Hoelder S, Jones K, Aherne GW, Blagg J, Collins I, Garrett MD, van Montfort RLM. Fragment-based screening maps inhibitor interactions in the ATP-binding site of checkpoint kinase 2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65689. [PMID: 23776527 PMCID: PMC3680490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) is an important serine/threonine kinase in the cellular response to DNA damage. A fragment-based screening campaign using a combination of a high-concentration AlphaScreen™ kinase assay and a biophysical thermal shift assay, followed by X-ray crystallography, identified a number of chemically different ligand-efficient CHK2 hinge-binding scaffolds that have not been exploited in known CHK2 inhibitors. In addition, it showed that the use of these orthogonal techniques allowed efficient discrimination between genuine hit matter and false positives from each individual assay technology. Furthermore, the CHK2 crystal structures with a quinoxaline-based fragment and its follow-up compound highlight a hydrophobic area above the hinge region not previously explored in rational CHK2 inhibitor design, but which might be exploited to enhance both potency and selectivity of CHK2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Cris Silva-Santisteban
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac M. Westwood
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy Boxall
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Brown
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Peacock
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Craig McAndrew
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Barrie
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Meirion Richards
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Amin Mirza
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Antony W. Oliver
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Burke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Swen Hoelder
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Jones
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - G. Wynne Aherne
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Blagg
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Collins
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle D. Garrett
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Rob L. M. van Montfort
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Huang X, Cheng CC, Fischmann TO, Duca JS, Richards M, Tadikonda PK, Reddy PA, Zhao L, Arshad Siddiqui M, Parry D, Davis N, Seghezzi W, Wiswell D, Shipps GW. Structure-based design and optimization of 2-aminothiazole-4-carboxamide as a new class of CHK1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2590-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
32
|
Matthews TP, Jones AM, Collins I. Structure-based design, discovery and development of checkpoint kinase inhibitors as potential anticancer therapies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:621-40. [PMID: 23594139 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.788496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Checkpoint kinase (CHK) inhibitors offer the promise of enhancing the effectiveness of widely prescribed cancer chemotherapies and radiotherapy by inhibiting the DNA damage response, as well as the potential for single agent efficacy. AREAS COVERED This article surveys structural insights into the checkpoint kinases CHK1 and CHK2 that have been exploited to enhance the selectivity and potency of small molecule inhibitors. Furthermore, the authors review the use of mechanistic cellular assays to guide the optimisation of inhibitors. Finally, the authors discuss the status of the current clinical candidates and emerging new clinical contexts for CHK1 and CHK2 inhibitors, including the prospects for single agent efficacy. EXPERT OPINION Protein-bound water molecules play key roles in structural features that can be targeted to gain high selectivity for either enzyme. The results of early phase clinical trials of checkpoint inhibitors have been mixed, but significant progress has been made in testing the combination of CHK1 inhibitors with genotoxic chemotherapy. Second-generation CHK1 inhibitors are likely to benefit from increased selectivity and oral bioavailability. While the optimum therapeutic context for CHK2 inhibition remains unclear, the emergence of single agent preclinical efficacy for CHK1 inhibitors in specific tumour types exhibiting constitutive replication stress represents exciting progress in exploring the therapeutic potential of these agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Matthews
- Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Matijssen C, Silva-Santisteban MC, Westwood IM, Siddique S, Choi V, Sheldrake P, van Montfort RL, Blagg J. Benzimidazole inhibitors of the protein kinase CHK2: clarification of the binding mode by flexible side chain docking and protein-ligand crystallography. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6630-9. [PMID: 23058106 PMCID: PMC3778940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two closely related binding modes have previously been proposed for the ATP-competitive benzimidazole class of checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) inhibitors; however, neither binding mode is entirely consistent with the reported SAR. Unconstrained rigid docking of benzimidazole ligands into representative CHK2 protein crystal structures reveals an alternative binding mode involving a water-mediated interaction with the hinge region; docking which incorporates protein side chain flexibility for selected residues in the ATP binding site resulted in a refinement of the water-mediated hinge binding mode that is consistent with observed SAR. The flexible docking results are in good agreement with the crystal structures of four exemplar benzimidazole ligands bound to CHK2 which unambiguously confirmed the binding mode of these inhibitors, including the water-mediated interaction with the hinge region, and which is significantly different from binding modes previously postulated in the literature.
Collapse
Key Words
- adp, adenosine diphosphate
- atm, ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- atp, adenosine triphosphate
- chk2, checkpoint kinase 2
- gold, genetic optimisation for ligand docking
- gst, glutathione s-transferase
- kd, kinase domain
- moe, molecular operating environment
- parp, poly adp-ribose polymerase
- pdb, protein data bank
- plif, protein ligand interaction fingerprints
- sar, structure activity relationship
- sift, structural interaction fingerprints
- kinase
- chk2
- flexible docking
- crystallography
- inhibitor
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Matijssen
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - M. Cris Silva-Santisteban
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Isaac M. Westwood
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Samerene Siddique
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Vanessa Choi
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Peter Sheldrake
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Rob L.M. van Montfort
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Julian Blagg
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nguyen TNT, Saleem RSZ, Luderer MJ, Hovde S, Henry RW, Tepe JJ. Radioprotection by hymenialdisine-derived checkpoint kinase 2 inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:172-84. [PMID: 22004065 DOI: 10.1021/cb200320c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation activates the ataxia telangiectasia mutated pathway, resulting in apoptosis or DNA repair. The serine/threonine checkpoint kinase (Chk2) is an important transducer of this DNA damage signaling pathway and mediates the ultimate fate of the cell. Chk2 is an advantageous target for the development of adjuvant drugs for cancer therapy, because inhibition of Chk2 allows normal cells to enter cell cycle arrest and DNA repair, whereas many tumors bypass cell cycle checkpoints. Chk2 inhibitors may thus have a radioprotective effect on normal cells. We report herein a class of natural product derived Chk2 inhibitors, exemplified by indoloazepine 1, that elicit a strong ATM-dependent Chk2-mediated radioprotection effect in normal cells and p53 wt cells, but not p53 mutant cells (>50% of all cancers). This study represents the first example of a radioprotective effect in human cells other than T-cells and implicates a functional ATM pathway as a requirement for IR-induced radioprotection by this class of Chk2 inhibitors. Several of the hymenialdisine-derived analogues inhibit Chk2 at nanomolar concentrations, inhibit autophosphorylation of Chk2 at Ser516 in cells, and increase the survival of normal cells following ionizing radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thu N. T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Rahman S. Z. Saleem
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Micah J. Luderer
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Stacy Hovde
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - R. William Henry
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jetze J. Tepe
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Saleem RSZ, Lansdell TA, Tepe JJ. Synthesis and evaluation of debromohymenialdisine-derived Chk2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:1475-81. [PMID: 22285028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been the subject of interest for drug discovery and as tools for understanding the underlying cellular pathways in various diseases. We present herein the synthesis and evaluation of new analogs of the marine sponge metabolite, debromohymenialdisine, as checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) inhibitors. We illustrate herein that slight modifications to the natural product scaffold can induce strong selectivity for Chk2 over Chk1. These Chk2 inhibitors can serve as drug templates or molecular tools to gain insight in Chk2 mediated radioprotection.
Collapse
|
36
|
Asano S, Kamioka S, Isobe Y. Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of aryl and heteroaryl pinacol boronates for the synthesis of 2-substituted pyrimidines. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
37
|
Van Baelen G, Kuijer S, Rýček L, Sergeyev S, Janssen E, de Kanter FJJ, Maes BUW, Ruijter E, Orru RVA. Synthesis of 4-Aminoquinazolines by Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Imidoylation of N-(2-Bromoaryl)amidines. Chemistry 2011; 17:15039-44. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
38
|
Lountos GT, Jobson AG, Tropea JE, Self CR, Zhang G, Pommier Y, Shoemaker RH, Waugh DS. Structural characterization of inhibitor complexes with checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2), a drug target for cancer therapy. J Struct Biol 2011; 176:292-301. [PMID: 21963792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chk2 (checkpoint kinase 2) is a serine/threonine kinase that participates in a series of signaling networks responsible for maintaining genomic integrity and responding to DNA damage. The development of selective Chk2 inhibitors has recently attracted much interest as a means of sensitizing cancer cells to current DNA-damaging agents used in the treatment of cancer. Additionally, selective Chk2 inhibitors may reduce p53-mediated apoptosis in normal tissues, thereby helping to mitigate adverse side effects from chemotherapy and radiation. Thus far, relatively few selective inhibitors of Chk2 have been described and none have yet progressed into clinical trials. Here, we report crystal structures of the catalytic domain of Chk2 in complex with a novel series of potent and selective small molecule inhibitors. These compounds exhibit nanomolar potencies and are selective for Chk2 over Chk1. The structures reported here elucidate the binding modes of these inhibitors to Chk2 and provide information that can be exploited for the structure-assisted design of novel chemotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George T Lountos
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang Y, Wang H, Peng J, Zhu Q. Palladium-catalyzed intramolecular C(sp2)-H amidination by isonitrile insertion provides direct access to 4-aminoquinazolines from N-arylamidines. Org Lett 2011; 13:4604-7. [PMID: 21819077 DOI: 10.1021/ol201807n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of 4-amino-2-aryl(alkyl)quinazolines from readily available N-arylamidines and isonitriles via palladium-catalyzed intramolecular aryl C-H amidination by isonitrile insertion has been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lainchbury M, Collins I. Checkpoint kinase inhibitors: a patent review (2009 - 2010). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1191-210. [PMID: 21599421 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.586632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cells that suffer DNA damage activate the checkpoint kinases CHK1 and CHK2, which signal to initiate repair processes, limit cell-cycle progression and prevent cell replication, until the damaged DNA is repaired. Due to their potential application as novel anticancer therapies, inhibitors of CHK1 and CHK2 have become the focus of numerous drug discovery projects. AREAS COVERED This patent review examines the chemical structures and biological activities of recently reported CHK1 and CHK2 inhibitors. The chemical abstract and patent databases SciFinder and esp@cenet were used to locate patent applications that were published between September 2008 and December 2010, claiming chemical structures for use as CHK1 or CHK2 inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION This is an exciting time for checkpoint kinase inhibitors, with several currently in Phase I or II clinical trials. Many of the CHK1 inhibitors contained within this patent review have shown preclinical efficacy in combination with DNA-damaging chemotherapies. CHK1 inhibitors have recently been demonstrated to be efficacious as single agents in preclinical models of tumors with constitutive activation of CHK1 or high intrinsic DNA damage due to replication stress. The level of newly published patent applications covering CHK1 and CHK2 inhibitors remains high and a diverse range of scaffolds has been claimed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lainchbury
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Anticancer therapy with checkpoint inhibitors: what, where and when? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:308-16. [PMID: 21458083 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Research into inhibitors of the protein kinases controlling the cellular response to DNA damage has reached an exciting stage, particularly for the checkpoint kinases CHK1 and CHK2. Selective inhibitors are now being tested in clinical trials in cancer patients. In this review, we highlight recent data from cellular and in vivo preclinical models that provide insight into the clinical contexts for checkpoint kinase inhibition (e.g. the timing of treatment and what type of inhibitor would be most appropriate). Although it has been shown that CHK1 inhibition potentiates the efficacy of various DNA-damaging therapies, the context for selective CHK2 inhibition is not yet as well defined. Distinct effects of selective CHK1 or CHK2 inhibition are observed when combined with DNA-damaging agents. It has also been shown that both CHK1 and CHK2 inhibitors potentiate the effects of other molecular targeted therapeutics [e.g. poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors]. We also consider the single-agent activity of checkpoint kinase inhibitors for tumours with defined genetic backgrounds.
Collapse
|