1
|
Hong CR, Liew LP, Wong WW, Dickson BD, Cheng G, Shome A, Airey R, Jaiswal J, Lipert B, Jamieson SMF, Wilson WR, Hay MP. Identification of 6-Anilino Imidazo[4,5- c]pyridin-2-ones as Selective DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitors and Their Application as Radiosensitizers. J Med Chem 2024; 67:12366-12385. [PMID: 39007759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The dominant role of non-homologous end-joining in the repair of radiation-induced double-strand breaks identifies DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) as an excellent target for the development of radiosensitizers. We report the discovery of a new class of imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-2-one DNA-PK inhibitors. Structure-activity studies culminated in the identification of 78 as a nM DNA-PK inhibitor with excellent selectivity for DNA-PK compared to related phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and PI3K-like kinase (PIKK) families and the broader kinome, and displayed DNA-PK-dependent radiosensitization of HAP1 cells. Compound 78 demonstrated robust radiosensitization of a broad range of cancer cells in vitro, displayed high oral bioavailability, and sensitized colorectal carcinoma (HCT116/54C) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (UT-SCC-74B) tumor xenografts to radiation. Compound 78 also provided substantial tumor growth inhibition of HCT116/54C tumor xenografts in combination with radiation. Compound 78 represents a new, potent, and selective class of DNA-PK inhibitors with significant potential as radiosensitizers for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cho R Hong
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lydia P Liew
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Way W Wong
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin D Dickson
- Chemistry and Applied Physics, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Gary Cheng
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Avik Shome
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca Airey
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jagdish Jaiswal
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Barbara Lipert
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - William R Wilson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michael P Hay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Köberlin MS, Fan Y, Liu C, Chung M, Pinto AFM, Jackson PK, Saghatelian A, Meyer T. A fast-acting lipid checkpoint in G1 prevents mitotic defects. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2441. [PMID: 38499565 PMCID: PMC10948896 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid synthesis increases during the cell cycle to ensure sufficient membrane mass, but how insufficient synthesis restricts cell-cycle entry is not understood. Here, we identify a lipid checkpoint in G1 phase of the mammalian cell cycle by using live single-cell imaging, lipidome, and transcriptome analysis of a non-transformed cell. We show that synthesis of fatty acids in G1 not only increases lipid mass but extensively shifts the lipid composition to unsaturated phospholipids and neutral lipids. Strikingly, acute lowering of lipid synthesis rapidly activates the PERK/ATF4 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway that blocks cell-cycle entry by increasing p21 levels, decreasing Cyclin D levels, and suppressing Retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Together, our study identifies a rapid anticipatory ER lipid checkpoint in G1 that prevents cells from starting the cell cycle as long as lipid synthesis is low, thereby preventing mitotic defects, which are triggered by low lipid synthesis much later in mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marielle S Köberlin
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Yilin Fan
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Chad Liu
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94111, USA
| | - Mingyu Chung
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Antonio F M Pinto
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology and Mass Spectrometry Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peter K Jackson
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology and Mass Spectrometry Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tobias Meyer
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jhanwar-Uniyal M, Zeller SL, Spirollari E, Das M, Hanft SJ, Gandhi CD. Discrete Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Signaling Pathways, Stem Cells, and Therapeutic Targets. Cells 2024; 13:409. [PMID: 38474373 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that functions via its discrete binding partners to form two multiprotein complexes, mTOR complex 1 and 2 (mTORC1 and mTORC2). Rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1, which regulates protein synthesis and cell growth, is tightly controlled by PI3K/Akt and is nutrient-/growth factor-sensitive. In the brain, mTORC1 is also sensitive to neurotransmitter signaling. mTORC2, which is modulated by growth factor signaling, is associated with ribosomes and is insensitive to rapamycin. mTOR regulates stem cell and cancer stem cell characteristics. Aberrant Akt/mTOR activation is involved in multistep tumorigenesis in a variety of cancers, thereby suggesting that the inhibition of mTOR may have therapeutic potential. Rapamycin and its analogues, known as rapalogues, suppress mTOR activity through an allosteric mechanism that only suppresses mTORC1, albeit incompletely. ATP-catalytic binding site inhibitors are designed to inhibit both complexes. This review describes the regulation of mTOR and the targeting of its complexes in the treatment of cancers, such as glioblastoma, and their stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meena Jhanwar-Uniyal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Sabrina L Zeller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Eris Spirollari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Mohan Das
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Simon J Hanft
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Chirag D Gandhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ryan CB, Choi JS, Kang B, Herr S, Pereira C, Moraes CT, Al-Ali H, Lee JK. PI3K signaling promotes formation of lipid-laden foamy macrophages at the spinal cord injury site. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 190:106370. [PMID: 38049013 PMCID: PMC10804283 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), infiltrating macrophages undergo excessive phagocytosis of myelin and cellular debris, forming lipid-laden foamy macrophages. To understand their role in the cellular pathology of SCI, investigation of the foamy macrophage phenotype in vitro revealed a pro-inflammatory profile, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Bioinformatic analysis identified PI3K as a regulator of inflammation in foamy macrophages, and inhibition of this pathway decreased their lipid content, inflammatory cytokines, and ROS production. Macrophage-specific inhibition of PI3K using liposomes significantly decreased foamy macrophages at the injury site after a mid-thoracic contusive SCI in mice. RNA sequencing and in vitro analysis of foamy macrophages revealed increased autophagy and decreased phagocytosis after PI3K inhibition as potential mechanisms for reduced lipid accumulation. Together, our data suggest that the formation of pro-inflammatory foamy macrophages after SCI is due to the activation of PI3K signaling, which increases phagocytosis and decreases autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine B Ryan
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - James S Choi
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Brian Kang
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Seth Herr
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Claudia Pereira
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Carlos T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Hassan Al-Ali
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Department of Medicine Katz Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Jae K Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kücükdisli M, Bel-Abed H, Cirillo D, Lo WT, Efrém NL, Horatscheck A, Perepelittchenko L, Prokofeva P, Ehret TAL, Radetzki S, Neuenschwander M, Specker E, Médard G, Müller S, Wilhelm S, Kuster B, von Kries JP, Haucke V, Nazaré M. Structural Basis for Highly Selective Class II Alpha Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase Inhibition. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14278-14302. [PMID: 37819647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Class II phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3Ks) play central roles in cell signaling, division, migration, and survival. Despite evidence that all PI3K class II isoforms serve unique cellular functions, the lack of isoform-selective inhibitors severely hampers the systematic investigation of their potential relevance as pharmacological targets. Here, we report the structural evaluation and molecular determinants for selective PI3K-C2α inhibition by a structure-activity relationship study based on a pteridinone scaffold, leading to the discovery of selective PI3K-C2α inhibitors called PITCOINs. Cocrystal structures and docking experiments supported the rationalization of the structural determinants essential for inhibitor activity and high selectivity. Profiling of PITCOINs in a panel of more than 118 diverse kinases showed no off-target kinase inhibition. Notably, by addressing a selectivity pocket, PITCOIN4 showed nanomolar inhibition of PI3K-C2α and >100-fold selectivity in a general kinase panel. Our study paves the way for the development of novel therapies for diseases related to PI3K-C2α function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kücükdisli
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hassen Bel-Abed
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Davide Cirillo
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wen-Ting Lo
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina-Louisa Efrém
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Horatscheck
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Liudmila Perepelittchenko
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Polina Prokofeva
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Theresa A L Ehret
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Silke Radetzki
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Neuenschwander
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Edgar Specker
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Guillaume Médard
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Susanne Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wilhelm
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jens Peter von Kries
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Nazaré
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Posansee K, Liangruksa M, Termsaithong T, Saparpakorn P, Hannongbua S, Laomettachit T, Sutthibutpong T. Combined Deep Learning and Molecular Modeling Techniques on the Virtual Screening of New mTOR Inhibitors from the Thai Mushroom Database. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38373-38385. [PMID: 37867669 PMCID: PMC10586184 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway that regulates cell growth and division and is an attractive target for cancer therapy. Many reports on finding alternative mTOR inhibitors available in a database contain a mixture of active compound data with different mechanisms, which results in an increased complexity for training the machine learning models based on the chemical features of active compounds. In this study, a deep learning model supported by principal component analysis (PCA) and structural methods was used to search for an alternative mTOR inhibitor from mushrooms. The mTORC1 active compound data set from the PubChem database was first filtered for only the compounds resided near the first-generation inhibitors (rapalogs) within the first two PCA coordinates of chemical features. A deep learning model trained by the filtered data set captured the main characteristics of rapalogs and displayed the importance of steroid cores. After that, another layer of virtual screening by molecular docking calculations was performed on ternary complexes of FKBP12-FRB domains and six compound candidates with high "active" probability scores predicted by the deep learning models. Finally, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and MMPBSA binding energy analysis were performed on two selected candidates in comparison to rapamycin, which confirmed the importance of ring groups and steroid cores for interaction networks. Trihydroxysterol from Lentinus polychrous Lev. was predicted as an interesting candidate due to the small but effective interaction network that facilitated FKBP12-FRB interactions and further stabilized the ternary complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kewalin Posansee
- Theoretical
and Computational Physics Group, Department of Physics, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Monrudee Liangruksa
- National
Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National
Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Teerasit Termsaithong
- Theoretical
and Computational Physics Group, Department of Physics, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Learning
Institute, King Mongkut’s University
of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | | | - Supa Hannongbua
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Teeraphan Laomettachit
- Theoretical
and Computational Physics Group, Department of Physics, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Bioinformatics
and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Thana Sutthibutpong
- Theoretical
and Computational Physics Group, Department of Physics, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Center of
Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Science (TaCS-CoE), Faculty
of Science, King Mongkut’s University
of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 126 Pracha Uthit Road, Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Biswas B, Gangwar G, Nain V, Gupta I, Thakur A, Puria R. Rapamycin and Torin2 inhibit Candida auris TOR: Insights through growth profiling, docking, and MD simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8445-8461. [PMID: 36264093 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2134927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Candida auris is a pathogen of utmost concern due to its rapid emergence across the globe, acquired antifungal drug tolerance, thermotolerance, and ability to survive in hospital settings and preserved foods. Recent incidences of comorbidity of corona patients with its infection in hospital settings highlighted the importance of understanding the pathobiology and drug tolerance of this fungus on priority. The Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a central regulator of growth across eukaryotes with an illustrated role in fungal pathology. The role of the TOR signalling pathway in the growth of C. auris is yet to be described. In-silico, analysis revealed the presence of highly conserved Tor kinase, components of TORC, and key downstream components in C. auris. Rapamycin and Torin2, the specific inhibitors of Tor reduce the growth of C. auris. An inhibition of Tor leads to cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase with a defect in cytokinesis. Interestingly, with an insignificant difference in growth at 30 and 37 °C, a sharp decline in growth is seen with Torin2 at 37 °C. The heterogeneous response emphasizes the importance of physiology-based differential cellular response at different temperatures. In addition, the inhibition of Tor suppresses the biofilm formation. In silico studies through docking and simulations showed rapamycin and torin2 as specific inhibitors of C. auris Tor kinase (CauTor kinase) and hence can be exploited for a thorough understanding of the TOR signalling pathway in pathobiology and drug tolerance of C. auris. HIGHLIGHTSConservation of TOR signalling pathway in Candida aurisRapamycin and torin2 are specific inhibitors of Cau TorUnderstanding of the role of TOR signalling pathway through the use of inhibitors rapamycin and torin2.Heterogenous response of C. auris to torin2 at different physiological conditions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biswambhar Biswas
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Garima Gangwar
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikrant Nain
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ishaan Gupta
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Anil Thakur
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Rekha Puria
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cirillo D, Diceglie M, Nazaré M. Isoform-selective targeting of PI3K: time to consider new opportunities? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:601-621. [PMID: 37438206 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3Ks) are central to several cellular signaling pathways in human physiology and are potential pharmacological targets for many pathologies including cancer, thrombosis, and pulmonary diseases. Tremendous efforts to develop isoform-selective inhibitors have culminated in the approval of several drugs, validating PI3K as a tractable and therapeutically relevant target. Although successful therapeutic validation has focused on isoform-selective class I orthosteric inhibitors, recent clinical findings have indicated challenges regarding poor drug tolerance owing to sustained on-target inhibition. Hence, additional approaches are warranted to increase the clinical benefits of specific clinical treatment options, which may involve the employment of so far underexploited targeting modalities or the development of inhibitors for currently underexplored PI3K class II isoforms. We review recent key discoveries in the development of isoform-selective inhibitors, focusing particularly on PI3K class II isoforms, and highlight the emerging importance of developing a broader arsenal of pharmacological tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cirillo
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Diceglie
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Nazaré
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
El-Senduny FF, Elgazar AA, Alwasify HA, Abed A, Foda M, Abouzeid S, Lewerenz L, Selmar D, Badria F. Bio-evaluation of Untapped Alkaloids from Vinca minor Enriched by Methyl-jasmonate-induced Stress: an Integrated Approach. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:964-978. [PMID: 36940927 DOI: 10.1055/a-2058-3863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The low amount of metabolites isolated from natural products is one of the challenges preventing their biological evaluation. The modulation of biosynthetic pathways by stimulating stress-induced responses in plants was proven to be a valuable tool for diversification of already known natural products. Recently, we reported the dramatic effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on Vinca minor alkaloids distribution. In this study, three compounds identified as 9-methoxyvincamine, minovincinine, and minovincine are successfully isolated in good yield and subjected to several bioassays based on a network pharmacology study. The extracts and isolated compounds show weak to moderate antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Also, they are found to significantly promote wound healing in scratch assay, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) modulation is suggested to be the potential pathway based on bioinformatic analysis. Hence, Western blotting is used to assess the expression of several markers related to this pathway and wound healing. The extracts and isolated compounds are able to increase the expression of Smad3 and Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), while downregulating the levels of cyclin D1 and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) except for minovincine, which increases the mTOR expression, inferring that it might act through a different mechanism. Molecular docking is used to give insights on the ability of isolated compounds to bind with different active sites in mTOR. Collectively, the integrated phytochemical, in silico, and molecular biology approach reveal that V. minor and its metabolite could be repurposed for the management of dermatological disorders where these markers are dysregulated, which opens the gate to develop new therapeutics in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fardous F El-Senduny
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Abdullah A Elgazar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Heba Allah Alwasify
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Alaa Abed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Foda
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sara Abouzeid
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Institute for Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura Lewerenz
- Institute for Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dirk Selmar
- Institute for Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Farid Badria
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saad MA, Jaafar R, Chellappan K. Variable-Length Multiobjective Social Class Optimization for Trust-Aware Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5526. [PMID: 37420692 DOI: 10.3390/s23125526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Data gathering in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is vital for deploying and enabling WSNs with the Internet of Things (IoTs). In various applications, the network is deployed in a large-scale area, which affects the efficiency of the data collection, and the network is subject to multiple attacks that impact the reliability of the collected data. Hence, data collection should consider trust in sources and routing nodes. This makes trust an additional optimization objective of the data gathering in addition to energy consumption, traveling time, and cost. Joint optimization of the goals requires conducting multiobjective optimization. This article proposes a modified social class multiobjective particle swarm optimization (SC-MOPSO) method. The modified SC-MOPSO method is featured by application-dependent operators named interclass operators. In addition, it includes solution generation, adding and deleting rendezvous points, and moving to the upper and lower class. Considering that SC-MOPSO provides a set of nondominated solutions as a Pareto front, we employed one of the multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, i.e., simple additive sum (SAW), for selecting one of the solutions from the Pareto front. The results show that both SC-MOPSO and SAW are superior in terms of domination. The set coverage of SC-MOPSO is 0.06 dominant over NSGA-II compared with only a mastery of 0.04 of NSGA-II over SC-MOPSO. At the same time, it showed competitive performance with NSGA-III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ayad Saad
- Department of Electrical, Electronics & System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Instrumentations Technique Engineering, Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq
| | - Rosmina Jaafar
- Department of Electrical, Electronics & System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kalaivani Chellappan
- Department of Electrical, Electronics & System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Valluri A, Wellman J, McCallister CL, Brown KC, Lawrence L, Russell R, Jensen J, Denvir J, Valentovic MA, Denning KL, Salisbury TB. mTOR Regulation of N-Myc Downstream Regulated 1 (NDRG1) Phosphorylation in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9364. [PMID: 37298315 PMCID: PMC10253553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is a component of two signaling complexes that are known as mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. We sought to identify mTOR-phosphorylated proteins that are differently expressed in clinically resected clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) relative to pair-matched normal renal tissue. Using a proteomic array, we found N-Myc Downstream Regulated 1 (NDRG1) showed the greatest increase (3.3-fold) in phosphorylation (on Thr346) in ccRCC. This was associated with an increase in total NDRG1. RICTOR is a required subunit in mTORC2, and its knockdown decreased total and phospho-NDRG1 (Thr346) but not NDRG1 mRNA. The dual mTORC1/2 inhibitor, Torin 2, significantly reduced (by ~100%) phospho-NDRG1 (Thr346). Rapamycin is a selective mTORC1 inhibitor that had no effect on the levels of total NDRG1 or phospho-NDRG1 (Thr346). The reduction in phospho-NDRG1 (Thr346) due to the inhibition of mTORC2 corresponded with a decrease in the percentage of live cells, which was correlated with an increase in apoptosis. Rapamycin had no effect on ccRCC cell viability. Collectively, these data show that mTORC2 mediates the phosphorylation of NDRG1 (Thr346) in ccRCC. We hypothesize that RICTOR and mTORC2-mediated phosphorylation of NDRG1 (Thr346) promotes the viability of ccRCC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Valluri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; (A.V.); (J.W.); (C.L.M.); (K.C.B.); (J.D.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Jessica Wellman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; (A.V.); (J.W.); (C.L.M.); (K.C.B.); (J.D.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Chelsea L. McCallister
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; (A.V.); (J.W.); (C.L.M.); (K.C.B.); (J.D.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Kathleen C. Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; (A.V.); (J.W.); (C.L.M.); (K.C.B.); (J.D.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Logan Lawrence
- Cabell Huntington Hospital Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (L.L.); (R.R.); (K.L.D.)
| | - Rebecca Russell
- Cabell Huntington Hospital Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (L.L.); (R.R.); (K.L.D.)
| | - James Jensen
- Edwards Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA;
| | - James Denvir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; (A.V.); (J.W.); (C.L.M.); (K.C.B.); (J.D.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Monica A. Valentovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; (A.V.); (J.W.); (C.L.M.); (K.C.B.); (J.D.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Krista L. Denning
- Cabell Huntington Hospital Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (L.L.); (R.R.); (K.L.D.)
| | - Travis B. Salisbury
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; (A.V.); (J.W.); (C.L.M.); (K.C.B.); (J.D.); (M.A.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
El-Tanani M, Nsairat H, Aljabali AA, Serrano-Aroca-Angel Á, Mishra V, Mishra Y, Naikoo GA, Alshaer W, Tambuwala MM. Role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling in oncogenesis. Life Sci 2023; 323:121662. [PMID: 37028545 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The signalling system known as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is believed to be required for several biological activities involving cell proliferation. The serine-threonine kinase identified as mTOR recognises PI3K-AKT stress signals. It is well established in the scientific literature that the deregulation of the mTOR pathway plays a crucial role in cancer growth and advancement. This review focuses on the normal functions of mTOR as well as its abnormal roles in cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Tanani
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan; Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom.
| | - Hamdi Nsairat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Alaa A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan.
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca-Angel
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Yachana Mishra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Gowhar A Naikoo
- Department of Mathematics and Sciences, College of Arts and Applied Sciences, Dhofar University, Salalah, PC 211, Oman.
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center, the University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stary D, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Bajda M. Searching for new mTOR kinase inhibitors: Analysis of binding sites and validation of docking protocols. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:103-119. [PMID: 35945665 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an important biological target for development of novel anticancer drugs and potential antiageing agents. Therefore, many scientific groups search for mTOR kinase inhibitors. Herein, we present structure-based approach which could be helpful in the studies on new bioactive compounds. Method validation was preceded by structural analysis of ATP catalytic cleft and FRB domain. In silico studies allowed us to point crucial amino acid residues for ligand binding and develop optimal docking protocols. The presented methodology could be applied for design and development of potential mTOR kinase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Stary
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jhanwar-Uniyal M, Gellerson O, Bree J, Das M, Kleinman G, Gandhi CD. Defining the role of mTOR pathway in the regulation of stem cells of glioblastoma. Adv Biol Regul 2022; 88:100946. [PMID: 36658088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2022.100946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine kinase, functions by forming two multiprotein complexes termed mTORC1 and mTORC2. Glioblastoma (GBM) is a uniformly fatal brain tumor that remains incurable partly due to the existence of untreatable cancer stem cells (CSC). The pathogenesis of GBM is largely due to the loss of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN, which is implicated in the aberrant activation of the mTOR pathway. The major cause of tumor recurrence, growth, and invasion is the presence of the unique population of CSC. Resistance to conventional therapies appears to be caused by both extensive genetic abnormalities and dysregulation of the transcription landscape. Consequently, CSCs have emerged as targets of interest in new treatment paradigms. Evidence suggests that inhibition of the mTOR pathway can also be applied to target CSCs. Here we explored the role of the mTOR pathway in the regulation of stem cells of GBM by treating them with inhibitors of canonical PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways such as rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor), PP242 (ATP binding mTORC1/2 inhibitor), LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor), and MAPK inhibitor, U0126. A significant number of GBM tumors expressed stem cell marker nestin and activated mTOR (pmTORSer2448), with most tumor cells co-expressing both markers. The expression of stem cell marker NANOG was suppressed following rapamycin treatment. The neurospheres were disrupted following rapamycin and LY294002 treatments. Rapamycin or PP242 along with differentiating agent All-trans-retinoic acid reduced stem cell proliferation. Treatment with novel small molecule inhibitors of mTORC1/2 demonstrated that Torin1 and Torin2 suppressed the proliferation of GBM CSC, while XL388 was less effective. Torin1 and XL388 delay the process of self-renewal as compared to controls, whereas Torin2 halted self-renewal. Torin2 was able to eradicate tumor cells. In conclusion, Torin2 effectively targeted CSCs of GBM by halting self-renewal and inhibiting cell proliferation, underscoring the use of Torin2 in the treatment of GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meena Jhanwar-Uniyal
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
| | - Olivia Gellerson
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Julie Bree
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Mohan Das
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - George Kleinman
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Chirag D Gandhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tetrahydroquinoline: an efficient scaffold as mTOR inhibitor for the treatment of lung cancer. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1789-1809. [PMID: 36538021 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts have been made to find an efficient scaffold (and its substitution) that can be used for the treatment of lung cancer via mTOR inhibition. A detailed literature search was carried out for previously reported mTOR inhibitors. The present review is focused on lung cancer; therefore, descriptions of some mTOR inhibitors that are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of lung cancer are provided. Based on previous research findings, tetrahydroquinoline was found to be the most efficient scaffold to be explored for the treatment of lung cancer. A possible efficient substitution of the tetrahydroquinoline scaffold could also be beneficial for the treatment of lung cancer.
Collapse
|
16
|
Yu P, Cao W, Yang S, Wang Y, Xia A, Tan X, Wang L. Design, synthesis and antitumor evaluation of novel quinazoline analogs in hepatocellular carcinoma cell. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
17
|
Glucose-driven TOR-FIE-PRC2 signalling controls plant development. Nature 2022; 609:986-993. [PMID: 36104568 PMCID: PMC9530021 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients and energy have emerged as central modulators of developmental programmes in plants and animals1-3. The evolutionarily conserved target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a master integrator of nutrient and energy signalling that controls growth. Despite its key regulatory roles in translation, proliferation, metabolism and autophagy2-5, little is known about how TOR shapes developmental transitions and differentiation. Here we show that glucose-activated TOR kinase controls genome-wide histone H3 trimethylation at K27 (H3K27me3) in Arabidopsis thaliana, which regulates cell fate and development6-10. We identify FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM (FIE), an indispensable component of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which catalyses H3K27me3 (refs. 6-8,10-12), as a TOR target. Direct phosphorylation by TOR promotes the dynamic translocation of FIE from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Mutation of the phosphorylation site on FIE abrogates the global H3K27me3 landscape, reprogrammes the transcriptome and disrupts organogenesis in plants. Moreover, glucose-TOR-FIE-PRC2 signalling modulates vernalization-induced floral transition. We propose that this signalling axis serves as a nutritional checkpoint leading to epigenetic silencing of key transcription factor genes that specify stem cell destiny in shoot and root meristems and control leaf, flower and silique patterning, branching and vegetative-to-reproduction transition. Our findings reveal a fundamental mechanism of nutrient signalling in direct epigenome reprogramming, with broad relevance for the developmental control of multicellular organisms.
Collapse
|
18
|
Mao B, Zhang Q, Ma L, Zhao DS, Zhao P, Yan P. Overview of Research into mTOR Inhibitors. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165295. [PMID: 36014530 PMCID: PMC9413691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinase (PIKK) family. The kinase exists in the forms of two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, and it participates in cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and survival. The kinase activity is closely related to the occurrence and development of multiple human diseases. Inhibitors of mTOR block critical pathways to produce antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and other effects, and they have been applied to research in cancer, inflammation, central nervous system diseases and viral infections. Existing mTOR inhibitors are commonly divided into mTOR allosteric inhibitors, ATP-competitive inhibitors and dual binding site inhibitors, according to their sites of action. In addition, there exist several dual-target mTOR inhibitors that target PI3K, histone deacetylases (HDAC) or ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad-3 related (ATR) kinases. This review focuses on the structure of mTOR protein and related signaling pathways as well as the structure and characteristics of various mTOR inhibitors. Non-rapalog allosteric inhibitors will open new directions for the development of new therapeutics specifically targeting mTORC1. The applications of ATP-competitive inhibitors in central nervous system diseases, viral infections and inflammation have laid the foundation for expanding the indications of mTOR inhibitors. Both dual-binding site inhibitors and dual-target inhibitors are beneficial in overcoming mTOR inhibitor resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Mao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (P.Z.); (P.Y.)
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Li Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Pan Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (P.Z.); (P.Y.)
| | - Peizheng Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (P.Z.); (P.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The mechanistic target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is the central regulator of cell growth and proliferation by integrating growth factor and nutrient availability. Under healthy physiological conditions, this process is tightly coordinated and essential to maintain whole-body homeostasis. Not surprisingly, dysregulated mTOR signaling underpins several diseases with increasing incidence worldwide, including obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Consequently, there is significant clinical interest in developing therapeutic strategies that effectively target this pathway. The transition of mTOR inhibitors from the bench to bedside, however, has largely been marked with challenges and shortcomings, such as the development of therapy resistance and adverse side effects in patients. In this review, we discuss the current status of first-, second-, and third-generation mTOR inhibitors as a cancer therapy in both preclinical and clinical settings, with a particular emphasis on the mechanisms of drug resistance. We focus especially on the emerging role of diet as an important environmental determinant of therapy response, and posit a conceptual framework that links nutrient availability and whole-body metabolic states such as obesity with many of the previously defined processes that drive resistance to mTOR-targeted therapies. Given the role of mTOR as a central integrator of cell metabolism and function, we propose that modulating nutrient inputs through dietary interventions may influence the signaling dynamics of this pathway and compensatory nodes. In doing so, new opportunities for exploiting diet/drug synergies are highlighted that may unlock the therapeutic potential of mTOR inhibitors as a cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Koundouros
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021,USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Correspondence: Nikos Koundouros, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY, 10021 USA.
| | - John Blenis
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021,USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Correspondence: John Blenis, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY, 10021 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Grüninger PK, Uhl F, Herzog H, Gentile G, Andrade-Martinez M, Schmidt T, Han K, Morgens DW, Bassik MC, Cleary ML, Gorka O, Zeiser R, Groß O, Duque-Afonso J. Functional characterization of the PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling pathway for targeted therapy in B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:1751-1760. [PMID: 35794338 PMCID: PMC9663301 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALL) are characterized by the activation of signaling pathways, which are involved in survival and proliferation of leukemia cells. Using an unbiased shRNA library screen enriched for targeting signaling pathways, we identified MTOR as the key gene on which human B-ALL E2A-PBX1+ RCH-ACV cells are dependent. Using genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we investigated whether B-ALL cells depend on MTOR upstream signaling pathways including PI3K/AKT and the complexes MTORC1 or MTORC2 for proliferation and survival in vitro and in vivo. Notably, the combined inhibition of MTOR and AKT shows a synergistic effect on decreased cell proliferation in B-ALL with different karyotypes. Hence, B-ALL cells were more dependent on MTORC2 rather than MTORC1 complex in genetic assays. Using cell metabolomics, we identified changes in mitochondrial fuel oxidation after shRNA-mediated knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of MTOR. Dependence of the cells on fatty acid metabolism for their energy production was increased upon inhibition of MTOR and associated upstream signaling pathways, disclosing a possible target for a combination therapy. In conclusion, B-ALL are dependent on the PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling pathway and the combination of specific small molecules targeting this pathway appears to be promising for the treatment of B-ALL patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K. Grüninger
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Uhl
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heike Herzog
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gaia Gentile
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marta Andrade-Martinez
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmidt
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kyuho Han
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - David W. Morgens
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Michael C. Bassik
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Michael L. Cleary
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Oliver Gorka
- grid.5963.9Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Groß
- grid.5963.9Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), University of Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jesús Duque-Afonso
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jhanwar-Uniyal M, Dominguez JF, Mohan AL, Tobias ME, Gandhi CD. Disentangling the signaling pathways of mTOR complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, as a therapeutic target in glioblastoma. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 83:100854. [PMID: 34996736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant signaling of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR' aka mammalian target of rapamycin) is shown to be linked to tumorigenesis of numerous malignancies including glioblastoma (GB). Glioblastoma mTOR is a serine threonine kinase that functions by forming two multiprotein complexes. There complexes are named mTORC1 and mTORC2 and downstream activated substrate execute cellular and metabolic functions. This signaling cascade of PI3K/AKT/mTOR is often upregulated due to frequent loss of the tumor suppressor PTEN, a phosphatase that functions antagonistically to PI3K. mTOR regulates cell growth, motility, and metabolism by forming two multiprotein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which are composed of special binding partners. These complexes are sensitive to distinct stimuli. mTORC1 is sensitive to nutrients and mTORC2 is regulated via PI3K and growth factor signaling. Since rapamycin and it's analogue are less effective in treatment of GB, we used novel ATP-competitive dual inhibitors of mTORC1 and mTORC2, namely, Torin1, Torin2, and XL388. Torin2 caused a concentration dependent pharmacodynamic effects on inhibition of phosphorylation of the mTORC1 substrates S6KSer235/236 and 4E-BP1Thr37/46 as well as the mTORC2 substrate AKTSer473 resulting in suppression of tumor cell proliferation and migration. Torin1 showed similar effects only at higher doses. Another small molecule compound, XL388 suppressed cell proliferation at a higher dose but failed to inhibit cell migration. Torin1 suppressed phosphorylation of PRAS40Thr246, however Torin2 completely abolished it. XL388 treatment inhibited the phosphorylation of PRAS40Thr246 at higher doses only. These findings underscore the use of novel compounds in treatment of cancer. In addition, formulation of third generation mTOR inhibitor "Rapalink-1" may provide new aspects to target mTOR pathways. Numerous inhibitors are currently being used in clinical trials that are aimed to target activated mTOR pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meena Jhanwar-Uniyal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
| | - Jose F Dominguez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Avinash L Mohan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Michael E Tobias
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Chirag D Gandhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shams R, Ito Y, Miyatake H. Mapping of mTOR drug targets: Featured platforms for anti-cancer drug discovery. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108012. [PMID: 34624427 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a regulatory protein kinase involved in cell growth and proliferation. mTOR is usually assembled in two different complexes with different regulatory mechanisms, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2, which are involved in different functions such as cell proliferation and cytoskeleton assembly, respectively. In cancer cells, mTOR is hyperactivated in response to metabolic alterations and/or oncogenic signals to overcome the stressful microenvironments. Therefore, recent research progress for mTOR inhibition involves a variety of compounds that have been developed to disturb the metabolic processes of cancer cells through mTOR inhibition. In addition to competitive or allosteric inhibition, a new inhibition strategy that emerged mTOR complexes destabilization has recently been a concern. Here, we review the history of mTOR and its inhibition, along with the timeline of the mTOR inhibitors. We also introduce prospective drug targets to inhibit mTOR by disrupting the complexation of the components with peptides and small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raef Shams
- Emergent Bioengineering Materials Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Emergent Bioengineering Materials Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Miyatake
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Borsari C, De Pascale M, Wymann MP. Chemical and Structural Strategies to Selectively Target mTOR Kinase. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2744-2759. [PMID: 34114360 PMCID: PMC8518124 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is implicated in cancer and neurological disorder, which identifies mTOR inhibition as promising strategy for the treatment of a variety of human disorders. First-generation mTOR inhibitors include rapamycin and its analogues (rapalogs) which act as allosteric inhibitors of TORC1. Structurally unrelated, ATP-competitive inhibitors that directly target the mTOR catalytic site inhibit both TORC1 and TORC2. Here, we review investigations of chemical scaffolds explored for the development of highly selective ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitors (TORKi). Extensive medicinal chemistry campaigns allowed to overcome challenges related to structural similarity between mTOR and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family. A broad region of chemical space is covered by TORKi. Here, the investigation of chemical substitutions and physicochemical properties has shed light on the compounds' ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). This work provides insights supporting the optimization of TORKi for the treatment of cancer and central nervous system disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Borsari
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 284058BaselSwitzerland
| | - Martina De Pascale
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 284058BaselSwitzerland
| | - Matthias P. Wymann
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 284058BaselSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Amin AG, Jeong SW, Gillick JL, Sursal T, Murali R, Gandhi CD, Jhanwar-Uniyal M. Targeting the mTOR pathway using novel ATP‑competitive inhibitors, Torin1, Torin2 and XL388, in the treatment of glioblastoma. Int J Oncol 2021; 59:83. [PMID: 34523696 PMCID: PMC8448541 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), which functions via two multiprotein complexes termed mTORC1 and mTORC2, is positioned in the canonical phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related kinase (PI3K)/AKT (PI3K/AKT) pathways. These complexes exert their actions by regulating other important kinases, such as 40S ribosomal S6 kinases (S6K), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (elF4E)-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and AKT, to control cell growth, proliferation, migration and survival in response to nutrients and growth factors. Glioblastoma (GB) is a devastating form of brain cancer, where the mTOR pathway is deregulated due to frequent upregulation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase/PI3K pathways and loss of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN). Rapamycin and its analogs were less successful in clinical trials for patients with GB due to their incomplete inhibition of mTORC1 and the activation of mitogenic pathways via negative feedback loops. Here, the effects of selective ATP-competitive dual inhibitors of mTORC1 and mTORC2, Torin1, Torin2 and XL388, are reported. Torin2 exhibited concentration-dependent pharmacodynamic effects on inhibition of phosphorylation of the mTORC1 substrates S6KSer235/236 and 4E-BP1Thr37/46 as well as the mTORC2 substrate AKTSer473 resulting in suppression of tumor cell migration, proliferation and S-phase entry. Torin1 demonstrated similar effects, but only at higher doses. XL388 suppressed cell proliferation at a higher dose, but failed to inhibit cell migration. Treatment with Torin1 suppressed phosphorylation of proline rich AKT substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40) at Threonine 246 (PRAS40Thr246) whereas Torin2 completely abolished it. XL388 treatment suppressed the phosphorylation of PRAS40Thr246 only at higher doses. Drug resistance analysis revealed that treatment of GB cells with XL388 rendered partial drug resistance, which was also seen to a lesser extent with rapamycin and Torin1 treatments. However, treatment with Torin2 completely eradicated the tumor cell population. These results strongly suggest that Torin2, compared to Torin1 or XL388, is more effective in suppressing mTORC1 and mTORC2, and therefore in the inhibition of the GB cell proliferation, dissemination and in overcoming resistance to therapy. These findings underscore the significance of Torin2 in the treatment of GB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav G Amin
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Seung Won Jeong
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - John L Gillick
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Tolga Sursal
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Raj Murali
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Chirag D Gandhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Meena Jhanwar-Uniyal
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Barzowska A, Pucelik B, Pustelny K, Matsuda A, Martyniak A, Stępniewski J, Maksymiuk A, Dawidowski M, Rothweiler U, Dulak J, Dubin G, Czarna A. DYRK1A Kinase Inhibitors Promote β-Cell Survival and Insulin Homeostasis. Cells 2021; 10:2263. [PMID: 34571911 PMCID: PMC8467532 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of diabetes is threatening global health. It is known not only for the occurrence of severe complications but also for the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, which shows that it exacerbates susceptibility to infections. Current therapies focus on artificially maintaining insulin homeostasis, and a durable cure has not yet been achieved. We demonstrate that our set of small molecule inhibitors of DYRK1A kinase potently promotes β-cell proliferation, enhances long-term insulin secretion, and balances glucagon level in the organoid model of the human islets. Comparable activity is seen in INS-1E and MIN6 cells, in isolated mice islets, and human iPSC-derived β-cells. Our compounds exert a significantly more pronounced effect compared to harmine, the best-documented molecule enhancing β-cell proliferation. Using a body-like environment of the organoid, we provide a proof-of-concept that small-molecule-induced human β-cell proliferation via DYRK1A inhibition is achievable, which lends a considerable promise for regenerative medicine in T1DM and T2DM treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Barzowska
- Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (B.P.); (K.P.); (A.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Barbara Pucelik
- Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (B.P.); (K.P.); (A.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Katarzyna Pustelny
- Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (B.P.); (K.P.); (A.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Alex Matsuda
- Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (B.P.); (K.P.); (A.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Alicja Martyniak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.); (J.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Jacek Stępniewski
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.); (J.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Anna Maksymiuk
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland; (A.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Maciej Dawidowski
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland; (A.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Ulli Rothweiler
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, Department of Chemistry, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Józef Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.); (J.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Grzegorz Dubin
- Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (B.P.); (K.P.); (A.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Anna Czarna
- Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (B.P.); (K.P.); (A.M.); (G.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Raimundo L, Calheiros J, Saraiva L. Exploiting DNA Damage Repair in Precision Cancer Therapy: BRCA1 as a Prime Therapeutic Target. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143438. [PMID: 34298653 PMCID: PMC8303227 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chemical inhibition of central DNA damage repair (DDR) proteins has become a promising approach in precision cancer therapy. In particular, BRCA1 and its DDR-associated proteins constitute important targets for developing DNA repair inhibiting drugs. This review provides relevant insights on DDR biology and pharmacology, aiming to boost the development of more effective DDR targeted therapies. Abstract Precision medicine aims to identify specific molecular alterations, such as driver mutations, allowing tailored and effective anticancer therapies. Poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are the prototypical example of targeted therapy, exploiting the inability of cancer cells to repair DNA damage. Following the concept of synthetic lethality, PARPi have gained great relevance, particularly in BRCA1 dysfunctional cancer cells. In fact, BRCA1 mutations culminate in DNA repair defects that can render cancer cells more vulnerable to therapy. However, the efficacy of these drugs has been greatly affected by the occurrence of resistance due to multi-connected DNA repair pathways that may compensate for each other. Hence, the search for additional effective agents targeting DNA damage repair (DDR) is of crucial importance. In this context, BRCA1 has assumed a central role in developing drugs aimed at inhibiting DNA repair activity. Collectively, this review provides an in-depth understanding of the biology and regulatory mechanisms of DDR pathways, highlighting the potential of DDR-associated molecules, particularly BRCA1 and its interconnected partners, in precision cancer medicine. It also affords an overview about what we have achieved and a reflection on how much remains to be done in this field, further addressing encouraging clues for the advance of DDR targeted therapy.
Collapse
|
27
|
Huang C, Filippone NR, Reiner T, Roberts S. Sensors and Inhibitors for the Detection of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) Protein Kinase. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2470-2481. [PMID: 34125542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment and activation of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase regulate multiple cell-cycle checkpoints relevant to complex biological events like DNA damage repair and apoptosis. Molecularly specific readouts of ATM using protein assays, fluorescence, or radiolabeling have advanced significantly over the past few years. This Review covers the molecular imaging techniques that enable the visualization of ATM-from traditional quantitative protein assays to the potential use of ATM inhibitors to generate new imaging agents to interrogate ATM. We are confident that molecular imaging coupled with advanced technologies will play a pivotal role in visualizing and understanding the biology of ATM and accelerate its applications in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease, including radiation therapy and patient stratification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cien Huang
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States.,City University of New York Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Nina R Filippone
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States.,State University of New York Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway, East Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Sheryl Roberts
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Qiu HY, Wang PF, Zhang M. A patent review of mTOR inhibitors for cancer therapy (2011-2020). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:965-975. [PMID: 34098816 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1940137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is a central component in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and plays a crucial role in tumor biology, making it one appealing therapeutic target. In the past decade, the mTORi (mTOR inhibitor) development field has made great progress, with more agents entering key trials and the proposal of third-generation mTORi concept. Yet to achieve significant clinical success, combined efforts from multiple disciplines are ever needed. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the progress of mTORi development with anticancer potential from the perspective of the patent literature proposed between 2011 and 2020. EXPERT OPINION The highly complex regulatory mechanism network of mTOR proposes huge challenges to the development of clinically efficient mTORis. While in-depth biological research and fundamental medchemistry research are of importance to provide guidelines for improving mTORis, new technologies to pre-diagnose applicable populations is another key to provide precise personal cancer treatment. New mTOR agents are ever needed to tackle the common problems of side effects and drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yue Qiu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sun Y, Li Z, Song K. AR-mTOR-SRF Axis Regulates HMMR Expression in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:667-677. [PMID: 34099592 PMCID: PMC8551732 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The elevated expression of the hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR) is known to be highly associated with tumor progression in prostate cancer, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of HMMR expression remain unclear. Here, we report that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator of HMMR expression, for which its kinase activity is required. Pharmacological inhibitors of mTOR, such as rapamycin and Torin2, markedly suppressed the mRNA level as well as the protein level of HMMR in LNCaP and PC-3 cells. Our data demonstrate that such regulation occurs at the transcription level. HMMR promoter reporter assays revealed that the transcription factor SRF is responsible for the mTOR-mediated transcriptional regulation of HMMR gene. Consistently, the suppression of HMMR expression by Torin2 was noticeably reversed by the overexpression of SRF. Moreover, our findings suggest that the SRF binding sites responsible for the transcriptional regulation of HMMR through the mTOR-SRF axis are located in HMMR promoter sequences carrying the first intron, downstream of the translational start site. Furthermore, the upregulation of HMMR by DHT was abolished by stimulation with rapamycin, prior to DHT treatment, suggesting that mTOR activity is required for the induction of HMMR expression by androgen. Collectively, our study provides new mechanistic insights into the role of mTOR/SRF/AR signaling in HMMR regulation in prostate cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You Sun
- Department of Herbal Resources, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Zewu Li
- Department of Herbal Resources, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Song
- Department of Herbal Resources, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea.,Integrated Omics Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Palit S, Banerjee S, Mahata T, Niyogi S, Das T, Sova Mandi C, Chakrabarti P, Dutta S. Interaction of a Triantennary Quinoline Glycoconjugate with the Asialoglycoprotein Receptor. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2211-2216. [PMID: 33860988 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeted intracellular delivery is an efficient strategy for developing therapeutics against cancer and other intracellular infections. Nonspecific drug delivery shows limited clinical applications owing to high dosage, cytotoxicity, nonspecific action, high cost, etc. Therefore, targeted delivery of less cytotoxic drug candidates to hepatocytes through ASGPR-mediated endocytosis could be an efficient strategy to surmount the prevailing shortcomings. In the present work, the gene encoding ASGPR-H1-CRD was amplified from Huh7 cells, cloned into pET 11a vector, and the ASGPR-H1-CRD protein was expressed and purified from E. coli. A novel triantennary galactose-conjugated quinoline derivative 4 was synthesized that demonstrates 17-fold higher binding affinity to isolated ASGPR-H1-CRD protein receptor (Kd ∼54 μM) in comparison to D-galactose (Kd ∼900 μM). Moreover, micro-calorimetric studies for the interaction of glycoconjugate 4 with ASGPR protein on live hepatocytes showed notable thermal response in case of ASGPR-containing Huh7 cells, in comparison to non-ASGPR Chang cells. These results might serve as an approach towards targeted delivery of small glycoconjugates to hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Palit
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Sayanika Banerjee
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Tridib Mahata
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Sougata Niyogi
- Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Tanusree Das
- Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Chandra Sova Mandi
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Partha Chakrabarti
- Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Sanjay Dutta
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Colardo M, Segatto M, Di Bartolomeo S. Targeting RTK-PI3K-mTOR Axis in Gliomas: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4899. [PMID: 34063168 PMCID: PMC8124221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common and challenging malignancies of the central nervous system (CNS), due to their infiltrative nature, tendency to recurrence, and poor response to treatments. Indeed, despite the advances in neurosurgical techniques and in radiation therapy, the modest effects of therapy are still challenging. Moreover, tumor recurrence is associated with the onset of therapy resistance; it is therefore critical to identify effective and well-tolerated pharmacological approaches capable of inducing durable responses in the appropriate patient groups. Molecular alterations of the RTK/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway are typical hallmarks of glioma, and several clinical trials targeting one or more players of this axis have been launched, showing disappointing results so far, due to the scarce BBB permeability of certain compounds or to the occurrence of resistance/tolerance mechanisms. However, as RTK/PI3K/mTOR is one of the pivotal pathways regulating cell growth and survival in cancer biology, targeting still remains a strong rationale for developing strategies against gliomas. Future rigorous clinical studies, aimed at addressing the tumor heterogeneity, the interaction with the microenvironment, as well as diverse posology adjustments, are needed-which might unravel the therapeutic efficacy and response prediction of an RTK/PI3K/mTOR-based approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabrina Di Bartolomeo
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, IS, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu M, Zhang J, Pinder BD, Liu Q, Wang D, Yao H, Gao Y, Toker A, Gao J, Peterson A, Qu J, Siminovitch KA. WAVE2 suppresses mTOR activation to maintain T cell homeostasis and prevent autoimmunity. Science 2021; 371:371/6536/eaaz4544. [PMID: 33766857 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz4544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal regulatory protein dysfunction has been etiologically linked to inherited diseases associated with immunodeficiency and autoimmunity, but the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. Here, we show that conditional Wave2 ablation in T cells causes severe autoimmunity associated with increased mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and metabolic reprogramming that engender spontaneous activation and accelerated differentiation of peripheral T cells. These mice also manifest diminished antigen-specific T cell responses associated with increased inhibitory receptor expression, dysregulated mitochondrial function, and reduced cell survival upon activation. Mechanistically, WAVE2 directly bound mTOR and inhibited its activation by impeding mTOR interactions with RAPTOR (regulatory-associated protein of mTOR) and RICTOR (rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR). Both the T cell defects and immunodysregulatory disease were ameliorated by pharmacological mTOR inhibitors. Thus, WAVE2 restraint of mTOR activation is an absolute requirement for maintaining the T cell homeostasis supporting adaptive immune responses and preventing autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinyi Zhang
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Benjamin D Pinder
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dingyan Wang
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hao Yao
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yubo Gao
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aras Toker
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jimin Gao
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Alan Peterson
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jia Qu
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Katherine A Siminovitch
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Parate S, Kumar V, Lee G, Rampogu S, Hong JC, Lee KW. Marine-Derived Natural Products as ATP-Competitive mTOR Kinase Inhibitors for Cancer Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030282. [PMID: 33801030 PMCID: PMC8003863 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase portraying a quintessential role in cellular proliferation and survival. Aberrations in the mTOR signaling pathway have been reported in numerous cancers including thyroid, lung, gastric and ovarian cancer, thus making it a therapeutic target. To attain this objective, an in silico investigation was designed, employing a pharmacophore modeling approach. A structure-based pharmacophore (SBP) model exploiting the key features of a selective mTOR inhibitor, Torkinib directed at the ATP-binding pocket was generated. A Marine Natural Products (MNP) library was screened using SBP model as a query. The retrieved compounds after consequent drug-likeness filtration were subjected to molecular docking with mTOR, thus revealing four MNPs with better scores than Torkinib. Successive refinement via molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that the hits formed crucial interactions with key residues of the pocket. Furthermore, the four identified hits exhibited good binding free energy scores through MM-PBSA calculations and the subsequent in silico toxicity assessments displayed three hits deemed essentially non-carcinogenic and non-mutagenic. The hits presented in this investigation could act as potent ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors, representing a platform for the future discovery of drugs from marine natural origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Parate
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Division of Life Sciences, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK21 Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (V.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Gihwan Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Shailima Rampogu
- Division of Life Sciences, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK21 Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (V.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Jong Chan Hong
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.P.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.H.); (K.W.L.); Tel.: +82-55-772-1360 (K.W.L.)
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK21 Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (V.K.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.H.); (K.W.L.); Tel.: +82-55-772-1360 (K.W.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kasetti RB, Maddineni P, Kiehlbauch C, Patil S, Searby CC, Levine B, Sheffield VC, Zode GS. Autophagy stimulation reduces ocular hypertension in a murine glaucoma model via autophagic degradation of mutant myocilin. JCI Insight 2021; 6:143359. [PMID: 33539326 PMCID: PMC8021112 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) due to trabecular meshwork (TM) damage is associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Myocilin mutations resulting in elevated IOP are the most common genetic causes of POAG. We have previously shown that mutant myocilin accumulates in the ER and induces chronic ER stress, leading to TM damage and IOP elevation. However, it is not understood how chronic ER stress leads to TM dysfunction and loss. Here, we report that mutant myocilin activated autophagy but was functionally impaired in cultured human TM cells and in a mouse model of myocilin-associated POAG (Tg-MYOCY437H). Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy worsened mutant myocilin accumulation and exacerbated IOP elevation in Tg-MYOCY437H mice. Remarkably, impaired autophagy was associated with chronic ER stress-induced transcriptional factor CHOP. Deletion of CHOP corrected impaired autophagy, enhanced recognition and degradation of mutant myocilin by autophagy, and reduced glaucoma in Tg-MYOCY437H mice. Stimulating autophagic flux via tat-beclin 1 peptide or torin 2 promoted autophagic degradation of mutant myocilin and reduced elevated IOP in Tg-MYOCY437H mice. Our study provides an alternate treatment strategy for myocilin-associated POAG by correcting impaired autophagy in the TM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh B. Kasetti
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Prabhavathi Maddineni
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Charles Kiehlbauch
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Shruti Patil
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Charles C. Searby
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Val C. Sheffield
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Gulab S. Zode
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yuan S, Zhang J, Zhang D, Wei D, Zuo J, Song J, Yu B, Liu HM. Cu(OTf) 2-Catalyzed Intramolecular Radical Cascade Reactions for the Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Quinoline-Annulated Polyheterocyclic Frameworks. Org Lett 2021; 23:1445-1450. [PMID: 33560123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Compound libraries with high levels of structural diversity and novelty could cover underexploited chemical space and thus have been highly pursued in drug discovery. Herein, we report the first Cu(OTf)2-catalyzed intramolecular radical cascade reactions that enable the diversity-oriented synthesis of quinoline-annulated polyheterocyclic compounds (7 unique scaffolds, 66 examples) in an efficient manner. This work demonstrates an alternative route to access the natural product- and druglike compound collection with high levels of structural diversity and novelty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Science Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jingya Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Science Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Danqing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Science Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Science Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiahui Zuo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Science Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jian Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Science Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Science Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Science Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Barnieh FM, Loadman PM, Falconer RA. Progress towards a clinically-successful ATR inhibitor for cancer therapy. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100017. [PMID: 34909652 PMCID: PMC8663972 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is now known to play an important role in both cancer development and its treatment. Targeting proteins such as ATR (Ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related) kinase, a major regulator of DDR, has demonstrated significant therapeutic potential in cancer treatment, with ATR inhibitors having shown anti-tumour activity not just as monotherapies, but also in potentiating the effects of conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. This review focuses on the biology of ATR, its functional role in cancer development and treatment, and the rationale behind inhibition of this target as a therapeutic approach, including evaluation of the progress and current status of development of potent and specific ATR inhibitors that have emerged in recent decades. The current applications of these inhibitors both in preclinical and clinical studies either as single agents or in combinations with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy are also extensively discussed. This review concludes with some insights into the various concerns raised or observed with ATR inhibition in both the preclinical and clinical settings, with some suggested solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis M. Barnieh
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Paul M. Loadman
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Robert A. Falconer
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Roy T, Boateng ST, Banang-Mbeumi S, Singh PK, Basnet P, Chamcheu RCN, Ladu F, Chauvin I, Spiegelman VS, Hill RA, Kousoulas KG, Nagalo BM, Walker AL, Fotie J, Murru S, Sechi M, Chamcheu JC. Synthesis, inverse docking-assisted identification and in vitro biological characterization of Flavonol-based analogs of fisetin as c-Kit, CDK2 and mTOR inhibitors against melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Bioorg Chem 2021; 107:104595. [PMID: 33450548 PMCID: PMC7870562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to hurdles, including resistance, adverse effects, and poor bioavailability, among others linked with existing therapies, there is an urgent unmet need to devise new, safe, and more effective treatment modalities for skin cancers. Herein, a series of flavonol-based derivatives of fisetin, a plant-based flavonoid identified as an anti-tumorigenic agent targeting the mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR)-regulated pathways, were synthesized and fully characterized. New potential inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases (c-KITs), cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2), and mTOR, representing attractive therapeutic targets for melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) treatment, were identified using inverse-docking, in vitro kinase activity and various cell-based anticancer screening assays. Eleven compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activities greater than the parent molecule against four human skin cancer cell lines, including melanoma (A375 and SK-Mel-28) and NMSCs (A431 and UWBCC1), with IC50 values ranging from 0.12 to < 15 μM. Seven compounds were identified as potentially potent single, dual or multi-kinase c-KITs, CDK2, and mTOR kinase inhibitors after inverse-docking and screening against twelve known cancer targets, followed by kinase activity profiling. Moreover, the potent compound F20, and the multi-kinase F9 and F17 targeted compounds, markedly decreased scratch wound closure, colony formation, and heightened expression levels of key cancer-promoting pathway molecular targets c-Kit, CDK2, and mTOR. In addition, these compounds downregulated Bcl-2 levels and upregulated Bax and cleaved caspase-3/7/8 and PARP levels, thus inducing apoptosis of A375 and A431 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, compounds F20, F9 and F17, were identified as promising c-Kit, CDK2 and mTOR inhibitors, worthy of further investigation as therapeutics, or as adjuvants to standard therapies for the control of melanoma and NMSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tithi Roy
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Samuel T Boateng
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Sergette Banang-Mbeumi
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Pratik Basnet
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Roxane-Cherille N Chamcheu
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Federico Ladu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Isabel Chauvin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Vladimir S Spiegelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, USA
| | - Ronald A Hill
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Konstantin G Kousoulas
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Bolni Marius Nagalo
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
| | - Anthony L Walker
- School of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Jean Fotie
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southeastern Louisiana University, SELU, Hammond, LA 70402-0878, USA
| | - Siva Murru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA
| | - Mario Sechi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Jean Christopher Chamcheu
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana-Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0497, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xie Z, Yang X, Duan Y, Han J, Liao C. Small-Molecule Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Nononcologic Diseases. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1283-1345. [PMID: 33481605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Great successes have been achieved in developing small-molecule kinase inhibitors as anticancer therapeutic agents. However, kinase deregulation plays essential roles not only in cancer but also in almost all major disease areas. Accumulating evidence has revealed that kinases are promising drug targets for different diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system disorders, viral infections, and malaria. Indeed, the first small-molecule kinase inhibitor for treatment of a nononcologic disease was approved in 2011 by the U.S. FDA. To date, 10 such inhibitors have been approved, and more are in clinical trials for applications other than cancer. This Perspective discusses a number of kinases and their small-molecule inhibitors for the treatment of diseases in nononcologic therapeutic fields. The opportunities and challenges in developing such inhibitors are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouling Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Li L, Zhu T, Song Y, Feng L, Farag EAH, Ren M. ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE5 Interacts With RIBOSOMAL S6 KINASE2 to Mediate ABA Responses During Seedling Growth in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:598654. [PMID: 33537040 PMCID: PMC7847994 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.598654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5) is an important regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway involved in regulating seed germination and postgerminative growth in Arabidopsis, which integrates various phytohormone pathways to balance plant growth and stress responses. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying ABI5 and its interacting proteins remain largely unknown. Here, we found that inhibition of AtTOR could increase ABA content by up-regulating the expression levels of ABA biosynthesis-related genes, and thus activated the expression of ABA-responsive genes. Pharmacological assay showed that abi5-1 mutant was insensitive to TOR inhibitor AZD8055, whereas AtABI5 overexpression lines were hypersensitive to AZD8055 in Arabidopsis. Biochemical interaction assays demonstrated that ABI5 physically interacted with the RIBOSOMAL S6 KINASE2 (S6K2) protein in plant cell. S6K2 positively regulated ABA responses during seedling growth and upregulated ABA-responsive genes expression. Furthermore, genetic and physiological analysis indicated that AtS6K2 overexpression lines enhanced resistance to drought treatment while AtS6K2 interference lines were sensitive to drought. These results indicated that AtABI5 interacted with AtS6K2 to positively modulate ABA responses during seedling growth and shed light on a underlying mechanism of the crosstalk between TOR and ABA signaling pathways in modulating seedling growth in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linxuan Li
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Song
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Feng
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Waetzig R, Matthes M, Leister J, Penkivech G, Heise T, Corbacioglu S, Sommer G. Comparing mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin with Torin-2 within the RIST molecular-targeted regimen in neuroblastoma cells. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:137-149. [PMID: 33390782 PMCID: PMC7738968 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.48393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for patients with relapsed or refractory high-risk neuroblastoma remains dismal and novel therapeutic options are urgently needed. The RIST treatment protocol has a multimodal metronomic therapy design combining molecular-targeted drugs (Rapamycin and Dasatinib) with chemotherapy backbone (Irinotecan and Temozolomide), which is currently verified in a phase II clinical trial (NCT01467986). With the availability of novel and more potent ATP competitive mTOR inhibitors, we expect to improve the RIST combination therapy. By comparing the IC50 values of Torin-1, Torin-2, AZD3147 and PP242 we established that only Torin-2 inhibited cell viability of all three MycN-amplified neuroblastoma cell lines tested at nanomolar concentration. Single treatment of both mTOR inhibitors induced a significant G1 cell cycle arrest and combination treatment with Dasatinib reduced the expression of cell cycle regulator cyclin D1 or increased the expression of cell cycle inhibitor p21. The combinatorial index depicted for both mTOR inhibitors a synergistic effect with Dasatinib. Interestingly, compared to Rapamycin, the combination treatment with Torin-2 resulted in a broader mTOR pathway inhibition as indicated by reduced phosphorylation of AKT (Thr308, Ser473), 4E-BP (Ser65), and S6K (Thr389). Furthermore, substituting Rapamycin in the modified multimodal RIST protocol with Torin-2 reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis despite a significant lower Torin-2 drug concentration applied. The efficacy of nanomolar concentrations may significantly reduce unwanted immunosuppression associated with Rapamycin. However, at this point we cannot rule out that Torin-2 has increased toxicity due to its potency in more complex systems. Nonetheless, our results suggest that including Torin-2 as a substitute for Rapamycin in the RIST protocol may represent a valid option to be evaluated in prospective clinical trials for relapsed or treatment-refractory high-risk neuroblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Waetzig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marie Matthes
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Leister
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gina Penkivech
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tilman Heise
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Selim Corbacioglu
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gunhild Sommer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Xie J, Shen K, Jones AT, Yang J, Tee AR, Shen MH, Yu M, Irani S, Wong D, Merrett JE, Lenchine RV, De Poi S, Jensen KB, Trim PJ, Snel MF, Kamei M, Martin SK, Fitter S, Tian S, Wang X, Butler LM, Zannettino ACW, Proud CG. Reciprocal signaling between mTORC1 and MNK2 controls cell growth and oncogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:249-270. [PMID: 32170339 PMCID: PMC11068017 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03491-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
eIF4E plays key roles in protein synthesis and tumorigenesis. It is phosphorylated by the kinases MNK1 and MNK2. Binding of MNKs to eIF4G enhances their ability to phosphorylate eIF4E. Here, we show that mTORC1, a key regulator of mRNA translation and oncogenesis, directly phosphorylates MNK2 on Ser74. This suppresses MNK2 activity and impairs binding of MNK2 to eIF4G. These effects provide a novel mechanism by which mTORC1 signaling impairs the function of MNK2 and thereby decreases eIF4E phosphorylation. MNK2[S74A] knock-in cells show enhanced phosphorylation of eIF4E and S6K1 (i.e., increased mTORC1 signaling), enlarged cell size, and increased invasive and transformative capacities. MNK2[Ser74] phosphorylation was inversely correlated with disease progression in human prostate tumors. MNK inhibition exerted anti-proliferative effects in prostate cancer cells in vitro. These findings define a novel feedback loop whereby mTORC1 represses MNK2 activity and oncogenic signaling through eIF4E phosphorylation, allowing reciprocal regulation of these two oncogenic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Xie
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Kaikai Shen
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ashley T Jones
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jian Yang
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew R Tee
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ming Hong Shen
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mengyuan Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Swati Irani
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Derick Wong
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - James E Merrett
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Roman V Lenchine
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stuart De Poi
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kirk B Jensen
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul J Trim
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Marten F Snel
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Makoto Kamei
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sally Kim Martin
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stephen Fitter
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shuye Tian
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christopher G Proud
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Characterization of SPK 98, a Torin2 analog, as ATR and mTOR dual kinase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127517. [PMID: 32911078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of Torin2, a second-generation ATP-competitive inhibitor, analogues were biologically characterized to identify their potential for ATR and mTOR kinase inhibition. Compound SPK 98 was observed to inhibit ATR/mTOR kinase selectively over ATM kinase in HCT 116 cell line. In addition to that, SPK 98 on 30 min incubation with human, mice and rat liver microsomes showed improved properties with an increased half-life (a maximum T ½ of 157 min) and internal clearance in mouse as compared to Torin2. Further, SPK 98 was also noticed to indulge in inducing premature chromatin condensation as a result of ATR/mTOR kinase inhibition at 50 nM. In a nutshell, our work presents the identification and characterization of SPK 98, a small molecule inhibitor, which exhibits improved specific inhibition for ATR at a lower concentration than Torin2.
Collapse
|
43
|
Bein K, Ganguly K, Martin TM, Concel VJ, Brant KA, Di YPP, Upadhyay S, Fabisiak JP, Vuga LJ, Kaminski N, Kostem E, Eskin E, Prows DR, Jang AS, Leikauf GD. Genetic determinants of ammonia-induced acute lung injury in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 320:L41-L62. [PMID: 33050709 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00276.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a genetically diverse panel of 43 mouse strains was exposed to ammonia, and genome-wide association mapping was performed employing a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assembly. Transcriptomic analysis was used to help resolve the genetic determinants of ammonia-induced acute lung injury. The encoded proteins were prioritized based on molecular function, nonsynonymous SNP within a functional domain or SNP within the promoter region that altered expression. This integrative functional approach revealed 14 candidate genes that included Aatf, Avil, Cep162, Hrh4, Lama3, Plcb4, and Ube2cbp, which had significant SNP associations, and Aff1, Bcar3, Cntn4, Kcnq5, Prdm10, Ptcd3, and Snx19, which had suggestive SNP associations. Of these genes, Bcar3, Cep162, Hrh4, Kcnq5, and Lama3 are particularly noteworthy and had pathophysiological roles that could be associated with acute lung injury in several ways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiflai Bein
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Koustav Ganguly
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Unit of Integrated Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Timothy M Martin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vincent J Concel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A Brant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Y P Peter Di
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Swapna Upadhyay
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Unit of Integrated Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James P Fabisiak
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Louis J Vuga
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Emrah Kostem
- Departments of Computer Science and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eleazar Eskin
- Departments of Computer Science and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel R Prows
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ann-Soo Jang
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - George D Leikauf
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Martorana A, La Monica G, Lauria A. Quinoline-Based Molecules Targeting c-Met, EGF, and VEGF Receptors and the Proteins Involved in Related Carcinogenic Pathways. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184279. [PMID: 32961977 PMCID: PMC7571062 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The quinoline ring system has long been known as a versatile nucleus in the design and synthesis of biologically active compounds. Currently, more than one hundred quinoline compounds have been approved in therapy as antimicrobial, local anaesthetic, antipsychotic, and anticancer drugs. In drug discovery, indeed, over the last few years, an increase in the publication of papers and patents about quinoline derivatives possessing antiproliferative properties has been observed. This trend can be justified by the versatility and accessibility of the quinoline scaffold, from which new derivatives can be easily designed and synthesized. Within the numerous quinoline small molecules developed as antiproliferative drugs, this review is focused on compounds effective on c-Met, VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), and EGF (epidermal growth factor) receptors, pivotal targets for the activation of important carcinogenic pathways (Ras/Raf/MEK and PI3K/AkT/mTOR). These signalling cascades are closely connected and regulate the survival processes in the cell, such as proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and angiogenesis. The antiproliferative biological data of remarkable quinoline compounds have been analysed, confirming the pivotal importance of this ring system in the efficacy of several approved drugs. Furthermore, in view of an SAR (structure-activity relationship) study, the most recurrent ligand–protein interactions of the reviewed molecules are summarized.
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen Y, Zhou X. Research progress of mTOR inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112820. [PMID: 32966896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a highly conserved Serine/Threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinase, which belongs to phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) protein family. mTOR exists as two types of protein complex: mTORC1 and mTORC2, which act as central controller regulating processes of cell metabolism, growth, proliferation, survival and autophagy. The mTOR inhibitors block mTOR signaling pathway, producing anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, autophagy and apoptosis induction effects, thus mTOR inhibitors are mainly used in cancer therapy. At present, mTOR inhibitors are divided into four categories: Antibiotic allosteric mTOR inhibitors (first generation), ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors (second generation), mTOR/PI3K dual inhibitors (second generation) and other new mTOR inhibitors (third generation). In this article, these four categories of mTOR inhibitors and their structures, properties and some clinical researches will be introduced. Among them, we focus on the structure of mTOR inhibitors and try to analyze the structure-activity relationship. mTOR inhibitors are classified according to their chemical structure and their contents are introduced systematically. Moreover, some natural products that have direct or indirect mTOR inhibitory activities are introduced together. In this article, we analyzed the target, binding mode and structure-activity relationship of each generation of mTOR inhibitors and proposed two hypothetic scaffolds (the inverted-Y-shape scaffold and the C-shape scaffold) for the second generation of mTOR inhibitors. These findings may provide some help or reference for drug designing, drug modification or the future development of mTOR inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Krishnan K, Ziniel P, Li H, Huang X, Hupalo D, Gombakomba N, Guerrero SM, Dotrang T, Lu X, Caridha D, Sternberg AR, Hughes E, Sun W, Bargieri DY, Roepe PD, Sciotti RJ, Wilkerson MD, Dalgard CL, Tawa GJ, Wang AQ, Xu X, Zheng W, Sanderson PE, Huang W, Williamson KC. Torin 2 Derivative, NCATS-SM3710, Has Potent Multistage Antimalarial Activity through Inhibition of P. falciparum Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase ( Pf PI4KIIIβ). ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:948-964. [PMID: 33073193 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a constant threat to malaria control efforts making it important to maintain a good pipeline of new drug candidates. Of particular need are compounds that also block transmission by targeting sexual stage parasites. Mature sexual stages are relatively resistant to all currently used antimalarials except the 8-aminoquinolines that are not commonly used due to potential side effects. Here, we synthesized a new Torin 2 derivative, NCATS-SM3710 with increased aqueous solubility and specificity for Plasmodium and demonstrate potent in vivo activity against all P. berghei life cycle stages. NCATS-SM3710 also has low nanomolar EC50s against in vitro cultured asexual P. falciparum parasites (0.38 ± 0.04 nM) and late stage gametocytes (5.77 ± 1 nM). Two independent NCATS-SM3710/Torin 2 resistant P. falciparum parasite lines produced by growth in sublethal Torin 2 concentrations both had genetic changes in PF3D7_0509800, annotated as a phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase (Pf PI4KIIIβ). One line had a point mutation in the putative active site (V1357G), and the other line had a duplication of a locus containing Pf PI4KIIIβ. Both lines were also resistant to other Pf PI4K inhibitors. In addition NCATS-SM3710 inhibited purified Pf PI4KIIIβ with an IC50 of 2.0 ± 0.30 nM. Together the results demonstrate that Pf PI4KIIIβ is the target of Torin 2 and NCATS-SM3710 and provide new options for potent multistage drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Peter Ziniel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Hao Li
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Xiuli Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Daniel Hupalo
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Nita Gombakomba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Sandra Mendoza Guerrero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Thoai Dotrang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Xiao Lu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Diana Caridha
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Anna R Sternberg
- Departments of Chemistry and of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Emma Hughes
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Daniel Y Bargieri
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508, Brazil
| | - Paul D Roepe
- Departments of Chemistry and of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Richard J Sciotti
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Matthew D Wilkerson
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States.,The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Gregory J Tawa
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Amy Q Wang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Xin Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Philip E Sanderson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kim C Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ravi S, Barui S, Kirubakaran S, Duhan P, Bhowmik K. Synthesis and Characterization of Quinoline-3-Carboxamide Derivatives as Inhibitors of the ATM Kinase. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:2070-2079. [PMID: 32735523 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200731174216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of inhibiting the kinases of the DDR pathway for radiosensitizing cancer cells is well established. Cancer cells exploit these kinases for their survival, which leads to the development of resistance towards DNA damaging therapeutics. OBJECTIVE In this article, the focus is on targeting the key mediator of the DDR pathway, the ATM kinase. A new set of quinoline-3-carboxamides, as potential inhibitors of ATM, is reported. METHODS Quinoline-3-carboxamide derivatives were synthesized and cytotoxicity assay was performed to analyze the effect of molecules on different cancer cell lines like HCT116, MDA-MB-468, and MDA-MB-231. RESULTS Three of the synthesized compounds showed promising cytotoxicity towards a selected set of cancer cell lines. Western Blot analysis was also performed by pre-treating the cells with quercetin, a known ATM upregulator, by causing DNA double-strand breaks. SAR studies suggested the importance of the electron-donating nature of the R group for the molecule to be toxic. Finally, Western-Blot analysis confirmed the down-regulation of ATM in the cells. Additionally, the PTEN negative cell line, MDA-MB-468, was more sensitive towards the compounds in comparison with the PTEN positive cell line, MDA-MB-231. Cytotoxicity studies against 293T cells showed that the compounds were at least three times less toxic when compared with HCT116. CONCLUSION In conclusion, these experiments will lay the groundwork for the evolution of potent and selective ATM inhibitors for the radio- and chemo-sensitization of cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srimadhavi Ravi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sugata Barui
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Parul Duhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Kaushik Bhowmik
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hu Y, Zhang J, Liu Q, Ke M, Li J, Suo W, Guo W, Ma A. Torin2 inhibits the EGFR-TKI resistant Non-Small Lung Cancer cell proliferation through negative feedback regulation of Akt/mTOR signaling. J Cancer 2020; 11:5746-5757. [PMID: 32913468 PMCID: PMC7477446 DOI: 10.7150/jca.37417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling plays an important role in NSCLC cells proliferation. Torin2 is a second-generation ATP-competitive inhibitor which is selective for mTOR activity. In this study, we investigated whether torin2 was effective against lung cancer cells, especially EGFR-TKIs resistant NSCLC cells. We found that torin2 dramatically inhibited EGFR-TKI resistant cells viability in vitro. In xenograft model, torin2 treatment significantly reduced the volume and weight of xenograft tumor in the erlotinib resistant PC9/E cells. Additionally, autophagy protein of phosphatidylethanolamine-modified microtubule-associated protein light-chain 3II/I (LC3II/I) increased in PC9/E after torin2 treatment. Torin2 blocked the level of phosphorylated S6 and the phosphorylation of Akt at both T308 and S473 sites compared with erlotinib treatment. Furthermore, TUNEL assay showed that apoptosis of tumor tissue increased significantly in the torin2 treatment group. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that tumor angiogenesis was obviously inhibited by torin2 treatment in EGFR-TKI resistant group. Collectively, our results suggested that torin2 could inhibit the NSCLC cells proliferation by negative feedback regulation of Akt/mTOR signaling and inducing autophagy. This suggests that torin2 could be a novel therapeutic approach for EGFR-TKI resistant NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Wuxi Lung Transplant Center, Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingyao Ke
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The secondary hospital of Xiamen Medicine school, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiurong Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenhao Suo
- Department of Pathology, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weixi Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Aiping Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The first affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang Y, Zhang L, Wei Y, Huang W, Li L, Wu AA, Dastur A, Greninger P, Bray WM, Zhang CS, Li M, Lian W, Hu Z, Wang X, Liu G, Yao L, Guh JH, Chen L, Wang HR, Zhou D, Lin SC, Xu Q, Shen Y, Zhang J, Jurica MS, Benes CH, Deng X. Pharmacological Targeting of Vacuolar H +-ATPase via Subunit V1G Combats Multidrug-Resistant Cancer. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1359-1370.e8. [PMID: 32649904 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer remains a major challenge for the success of chemotherapy. Natural products have been a rich source for the discovery of drugs against MDR cancers. Here, we applied high-throughput cytotoxicity screening of an in-house natural product library against MDR SGC7901/VCR cells and identified that the cyclodepsipeptide verucopeptin demonstrated notable antitumor potency. Cytological profiling combined with click chemistry-based proteomics revealed that ATP6V1G directly interacted with verucopeptin. ATP6V1G, a subunit of the vacuolar H+-ATPase (v-ATPase) that has not been previously targeted, was essential for SGC7901/VCR cell growth. Verucopeptin exhibited strong inhibition of both v-ATPase activity and mTORC1 signaling, leading to substantial pharmacological efficacy against SGC7901/VCR cell proliferation and tumor growth in vivo. Our results demonstrate that targeting v-ATPase via its V1G subunit constitutes a unique approach for modulating v-ATPase and mTORC1 signaling with great potential for the development of therapeutics against MDR cancers.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Biological Products/chemical synthesis
- Biological Products/chemistry
- Biological Products/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Depsipeptides/chemical synthesis
- Depsipeptides/chemistry
- Depsipeptides/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Protein Subunits/drug effects
- Proteomics
- Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yanling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - An-An Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Anahita Dastur
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Patricia Greninger
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Walter M Bray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Chen-Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wenhua Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhiyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Luming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jih-Hwa Guh
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lanfen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Hong-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Dawang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Sheng-Cai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qingyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yuemao Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- National Translational Research Center Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025 China
| | - Melissa S Jurica
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Center for Molecular Biology of RNA, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Cyril H Benes
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Xianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sternberg AR, Roepe PD. Heterologous Expression, Purification, and Functional Analysis of the Plasmodium falciparum Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase IIIβ. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2494-2506. [PMID: 32543181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we heterologously expressed, purified, and analyzed the function of the sole Plasmodium falciparum phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), found that the enzyme is a "class III" or "Vps34" PI3K, and found that it is irreversibly inhibited by Fe2+-mediated covalent, nonspecific interactions with the leading antimalarial drug, dihydroartemisinin [Hassett, M. R., et al. (2017) Biochemistry 56, 4335-4345]. One of several P. falciparum phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases [putative IIIβ isoform (PfPI4KIIIβ)] has generated similar interest as a druggable target; however, no validation of the mechanism of action for putative PfPI4K inhibitors has yet been possible due to the lack of purified PfPI4KIIIβ. We therefore codon optimized the pfpi4kIIIβ gene, successfully expressed the protein in yeast, and purified an N-lobe catalytic domain PfPI4KIIIβ protein. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay strategy previously perfected for analysis of PfPI3K (PfVps34), we measured the apparent initial rate, Km,app(ATP), and other enzyme characteristics and found full activity for the construct and that PfPI4KIIIβ activity is most consistent with the class IIIβ designation. Because several novel antimalarial drug candidates with different chemical scaffolds have been proposed to target PfPI4KIIIβ, we titrated enzyme inhibition for these candidates versus purified PfPI4KIIIβ and PfVps34. We also analyzed the activity versus purified PfPI4KIIIβ mutants previously expressed in P. falciparum selected for resistance to these drugs. Interestingly, we found that a putative PfPI4KIIIβ inhibitor currently in advanced trials (MMV390048; MMV '0048) is a potent inhibitor of both PfVps34 and PfPI4KIIIβ. These data are helpful for further preclinical optimization of an exciting new class of P. falciparum PI kinase inhibitor ("PfPIKi") antimalarial drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Sternberg
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, 37th & O Street Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Paul D Roepe
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, 37th & O Street Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| |
Collapse
|