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Bernabeu De Maria M, Matczuk M, Tesauro D, Saviano M, Sikorski J, Chiappetta G, Godin S, Szpunar J, Lobinski R, Ronga L. Study of metalation of thioredoxin by gold(I) therapeutic compounds using combined liquid chromatography/capillary electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma/electrospray MS/MS detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:2819-2833. [PMID: 38244050 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of thioredoxin (Trx1) with the Au(I) drug auranofin (AF) and two therapeutic N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)2-Au(I) complexes (bis [1-methyl-3-acridineimidazolin-2-ylidene]gold(I) tetrafluoroborate (Au3BC) and [1,3-diethyl-4,5-bis(4methoxyphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I) (Au4BC)) was investigated. Direct infusion (DI) electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) allowed information on the structure, stoichiometry, and kinetics of formation of Trx-Au adducts. The fragmentation of the formed adducts in the gas phase gave insights into the exact Au binding site within the protein, demonstrating the preference for Trx1 Cys32 or Cys35 of AF or the (NHC)2-Au(I) complex Au3BC, respectively. Reversed-phase HPLC suffered from the difficulty of elution of gold compounds, did not preserve the formed metal-protein adducts, and favored the loss of ligands (phosphine or NHC) from Au(I). These limitations were eliminated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) which enabled the separation of the gold compounds, Trx1, and the formed adducts. The ICP-MS/MS detection allowed the simultaneous quantitative monitoring of the gold and sulfur isotopes and the determination of the metallation extent of the protein. The hyphenation of the mentioned techniques was used for the analysis of Trx1-Au adducts for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Bernabeu De Maria
- Université de Pau Et Des Pays de L'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM-UMR 5254), 64053, Pau, France
| | - Magdalena Matczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Diego Tesauro
- Department of Pharmacy and CIRPeB, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Saviano
- Instituto Di Cristallografia (IC), CNR, 70126, Caserta, Italy
| | - Jacek Sikorski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Giovanni Chiappetta
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics (SMBP), ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, LPC CNRS UMR8249, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Simon Godin
- Université de Pau Et Des Pays de L'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM-UMR 5254), 64053, Pau, France
| | - Joanna Szpunar
- Université de Pau Et Des Pays de L'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM-UMR 5254), 64053, Pau, France
| | - Ryszard Lobinski
- Université de Pau Et Des Pays de L'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM-UMR 5254), 64053, Pau, France
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luisa Ronga
- Université de Pau Et Des Pays de L'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM-UMR 5254), 64053, Pau, France.
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Neshat A, Mahdavi A, Yousefshahi MR, Cheraghi M, Eigner V, Kucerakova M, Dusek M, Rezaie F, Kaboudin B. Heteroleptic Silver(I) and Gold(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Structural Characterization, Computational Analysis, Tyrosinase Inhibitory, and Biological Effects. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16710-16724. [PMID: 37788161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Derivatization of (NHC)M-Cl (M = Ag, Au) with selected sulfur donors from the family of dialkyldithiophosphates and bis(2-mercapto-1-methylimidazolyl)borate ligands gave a series of heteroleptic mononuclear complexes. In single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, Ag(I) complexes adopted a trigonal planar geometry, while Au(I) complexes are near-linear. TD-DFT and hole-electron analyses of the selected complexes gave insight into the electronic features of the metal complexes. In vitro cellular tests were conducted on the human cancerous breast cell line MCF-7 using 2 and 8. The antibacterial activities of complexes 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, and IPr-Ag-Cl were also screened against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 1112) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli PTCC 1330) bacteria. Antityrosinase and hemolytic effects of the selected compounds were also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Neshat
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Mahdavi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Yousefshahi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Mahdi Cheraghi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Vaclav Eigner
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8 18221, The Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kucerakova
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8 18221, The Czech Republic
| | - Michal Dusek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8 18221, The Czech Republic
| | - Forough Rezaie
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahwaz 6135783151, Iran
| | - Babak Kaboudin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
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Kapitza P, Scherfler A, Salcher S, Sopper S, Cziferszky M, Wurst K, Gust R. Reaction Behavior of [1,3-Diethyl-4,5-diphenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-ylidene] Containing Gold(I/III) Complexes against Ingredients of the Cell Culture Medium and the Meaning on the Potential Use for Cancer Eradication Therapy. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37294951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The reactivities of halido[1,3-diethyl-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I) (chlorido (5), bromido (6), iodido (7)), bis[1,3-diethyl-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I) (8), and bis[1,3-diethyl-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylidene]dihalidogold(III) (chlorido (9), bromido (10), iodido (11)) complexes against ingredients of the cell culture medium were analyzed by HPLC. The degradation in the RPMI 1640 medium was studied, too. Complex 6 quantitatively reacted with chloride to 5, while 7 showed additionally ligand scrambling to 8. Interactions with non-thiol containing amino acids could not be detected. However, glutathione (GSH) reacted immediately with 5 and 6 yielding the (NHC)gold(I)-GSH complex 12. The most active complex 8 was stable under in vitro conditions and strongly participated on the biological effects of 7. The gold(III) species 9-11 were completely reduced by GSH to 8 and are prodrugs. All complexes were tested for inhibitory effects in Cisplatin-resistant cells, as well as against cancer stem cell-enriched cell lines and showed excellent activity. Such compounds are of utmost interest for the therapy of drug-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kapitza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Amelie Scherfler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Stefan Salcher
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Haematology & Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Haematology & Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Monika Cziferszky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
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Yang Z, Bian M, Lv L, Chang X, Wen Z, Li F, Lu Y, Liu W. Tumor-Targeting NHC-Au(I) Complex Induces Immunogenic Cell Death in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3934-3952. [PMID: 36827091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a promising direction of cancer immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A series of novel NHC-Au(I) complexes derived from 4,5-diarylimidazole, containing glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) as an efficient targeting ligand for HCC, were herein designed and synthesized. Among these, complex 4C exhibited excellent effectiveness for tumor targeting and antitumor activity, which induced the occurrence of ICD in HCC cells. Additionally, 4C can effectively inhibit TrxR enzyme activity, increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression, lead to redox homeostasis disorder, mediate mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and cause the characteristic discharge of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in HCC cells. More importantly, 4C showed a great ICD-inducing effect in a vaccination mouse model and activated antitumor immunity in a tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mouse model, which is consistent with the in vitro results. In conclusion, we found the potential of Au(I) complex with HCC-targeted capability for effective tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali 671000, P. R. China
| | - Mianli Bian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Lin Lv
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Chang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhenfan Wen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Fuwei Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Lu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wukun Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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Lu Y, Liu Y, Liang Z, Ma X, Liu L, Wen Z, Tolbatov I, Marrone A, Liu W. NHC-gold(I)-alkyne complexes induced hepatocellular carcinoma cell death through bioorthogonal activation by palladium complex in living system. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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New Insights into the Behavior of NHC-Gold Complexes in Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020466. [PMID: 36839788 PMCID: PMC9963827 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the non-platinum antitumor agents, gold complexes have received increased attention owing to their strong antiproliferative effects, which generally occur through non-cisplatin-like mechanisms of action. Several studies have revealed that many cytotoxic gold compounds, such as N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-gold(I) complexes, are potent thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibitors. Many other pathways have been supposed to be altered by gold coordination to protein targets. Within this frame, we have selected two gold(I) complexes based on aromatic ligands to be tested on cancer cells. Differently from bis [1,3-diethyl-4,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I) bromide (Au4BC), bis [1-methyl-3-acridineimidazolin-2-ylidene]gold(I) tetrafluoroborate (Au3BC) inhibited TrxR1 activity in vitro. Treatment of Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, and MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, with Au4BC inhibited cell viability, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, caused DNA damage, and induced autophagy and apoptosis. Notably, we found that, although Au3BC inhibited TrxR1 activity, no effect on the cell viabilities of HCC and BC cells was observed. At the molecular level, Au3BC induced a protective response mechanism in Huh7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, by inducing up-regulation of RAD51 and p62 protein expression, two proteins involved in DNA damage repair and autophagy, respectively. RAD51 gene knock-down in HCC cells increased cell sensitivity to Au3BC by significant reduction of cell viability, induction of DNA damage, and induction of apoptosis and autophagy. All together, these results suggest that the tested NHC-Gold complexes, Au3BC and Au4BC, showed different mechanisms of action, either dependent or independent of TrxR1 inhibition. As a result, Au3BC and Au4BC were found to be promising candidates as anticancer drugs for the treatment of HCC and BC.
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Hamdi N, Mansour L, Al-Tamimi J, Al-Hazmy SM, Gurbuz N, Özdemir I. Synthesis and Investigation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Enzymatic Inhibitory, and Antiproliferative Activities of Ruthenium (II) Complexes Bearing Benzimidazole-Based N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Ligands. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2150659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naceur Hamdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts at ArRass, Qassim University, ArRass, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamjed Mansour
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jameel Al-Tamimi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadeq M. Al-Hazmy
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nevin Gurbuz
- Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Chemistry, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
- İnönü University, Catalysis Research and Application Center, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ismail Özdemir
- Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Chemistry, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
- İnönü University, Catalysis Research and Application Center, Malatya, Turkey
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8
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Sulaiman AAA, Casagrande N, Borghese C, Corona G, Isab AA, Ahmad S, Aldinucci D, Altaf M. Design, Synthesis, and Preclinical Activity in Ovarian Cancer Models of New Phosphanegold(I)-N-heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14424-14440. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. A. Sulaiman
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naike Casagrande
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano 33081, Italy
| | - Cinzia Borghese
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano 33081, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Corona
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano 33081, Italy
| | - Anvarhusein A. Isab
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Donatella Aldinucci
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano 33081, Italy
| | - Muhammad Altaf
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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Xiao Q, Liu Y, Jiang G, Liu Y, Huang Y, Liu W, Zhang Z. Heteroleptic Gold(I)-bisNHC complex with excellent activity in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo against endometrial cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 236:114302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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10
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Relevance of Fluorinated Ligands to the Design of Metallodrugs for Their Potential Use in Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020402. [PMID: 35214133 PMCID: PMC8874657 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorination of pharmaceutical agents has afforded crucial modifications to their pharmacological profiles, leading to important advances in medicinal chemistry. On the other hand, metallodrugs are considered to be valuable candidates in the treatment of several diseases, albeit with the caveat that they may exhibit pharmacological disadvantages, such as poor water solubility, low bioavailability and short circulating time. To surmount these limitations, two approaches have been developed: one based on the design of novel metallodrug-delivering carriers and the other based on optimizing the structure of the ligands bound to the metal center. In this context, fluorination of the ligands may bring beneficial changes (physicochemical and biological) that can help to elude the aforementioned drawbacks. Thus, in this review, we discuss the use of fluorinated ligands in the design of metallodrugs that may exhibit potential anticancer activity.
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Bian M, Fan R, Yang Z, Chen Y, Xu Z, Lu Y, Liu W. Pt(II)-NHC Complex Induces ROS-ERS-Related DAMP Balance to Harness Immunogenic Cell Death in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1848-1866. [PMID: 35025488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) can engage a specific immune response and establish a long-term immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Herein, we design and synthesize a series of Pt(II)-N-heterocyclic carbene (Pt(II)-NHC) complexes derived from 4,5-diarylimidazole, which show strong anticancer activities in vitro. Among them, 2c displays much higher anticancer activities than cisplatin and other Pt(II)-NHC complexes, especially in HCC cancer cells. In addition, we find that 2c is a type II ICD inducer, which can successfully induce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and finally lead to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in HCC cells. Importantly, 2c shows a great anti-HCC potential in a vaccination mouse model and leads to the in vivo immune cell activation in the CCl4-induced liver injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianli Bian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Rong Fan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhibin Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhongren Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Lu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wukun Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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12
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Goetzfried SK, Kapitza P, Gallati CM, Nindl A, Cziferszky M, Hermann M, Wurst K, Kircher B, Gust R. Investigations of the reactivity, stability and biological activity of halido (NHC)gold(I) complexes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:1395-1406. [PMID: 34989741 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03528b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The significance of the halido ligand (Cl-, Br-, I-) in halido[3-ethyl-4-phenyl-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I) complexes (2-4) in terms of ligand exchange reactions, including the ligand scrambling to the bis[3-ethyl-4-phenyl-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I) complex (5), was evaluated by HPLC in acetonitrile/water = 50:50 (v/v) mixtures. In the presence of 0.9% NaCl, the bromido (NHC)gold(I) complex 3 was immediately transformed into the chlorido (NHC)gold(I) complex 2. The iodido (NHC)gold(I) complex 4 converted under the same conditions during 0.5 h of incubation by 52.83% to 2 and by 8.77% to 5. This proportion remained nearly constant for 72 h. The halido (NHC)gold(I) complexes also reacted very rapidly with 1 eq. of model nucleophiles, e.g., iodide or selenocysteine (Sec). For instance, Sec transformed 3 in the proportion 73.03% to the (NHC)Au(I)Sec complex during 5 min of incubation. This high reactivity against this amino acid, present in the active site of the thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), correlates with the complete inhibition of the isolated TrxR enzyme at 1 μM. Interestingly, in cellular systems (A2780cis cells), even at a 5-fold higher concentration, no increased ROS levels were detected. The concentration required for ROS generation was about 20 μM. Superficially considered, the antiproliferative and antimetabolic activities of the halido (NHC)Au(I) complexes correlate with the reactivity of the Au(I)-X bond (2 < 3 < 4). However, it is very likely that degradation products formed during the incubation in cell culture medium participated in the biological activity. In particular, the high-cytotoxic [(NHC)2Au(I)]+ complex (5) distorts the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Katharina Goetzfried
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Kapitza
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Caroline Marie Gallati
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Nindl
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology and Oncology), Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innrain 66, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monika Cziferszky
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Hermann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brigitte Kircher
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology and Oncology), Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innrain 66, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Gurba A, Taciak P, Sacharczuk M, Młynarczuk-Biały I, Bujalska-Zadrożny M, Fichna J. Gold (III) Derivatives in Colon Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:724. [PMID: 35054907 PMCID: PMC8775370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and the second in women. Standard patterns of antitumor therapy, including cisplatin, are ineffective due to their lack of specificity for tumor cells, development of drug resistance, and severe side effects. For this reason, new methods and strategies for CRC treatment are urgently needed. Current research includes novel platinum (Pt)- and other metal-based drugs such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), iridium (Ir), or ruthenium (Ru). Au(III) compounds are promising drug candidates for CRC treatment due to their structural similarity to Pt(II). Their advantage is their relatively good solubility in water, but their disadvantage is an unsatisfactory stability under physiological conditions. Due to these limitations, work is still underway to improve the formula of Au(III) complexes by combining with various types of ligands capable of stabilizing the Au(III) cation and preventing its reduction under physiological conditions. This review summarizes the achievements in the field of stable Au(III) complexes with potential cytotoxic activity restricted to cancer cells. Moreover, it has been shown that not nucleic acids but various protein structures such as thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) mediate the antitumor effects of Au derivatives. The state of the art of the in vivo studies so far conducted is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Gurba
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (P.T.); (M.S.); (M.B.-Z.)
| | - Przemysław Taciak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (P.T.); (M.S.); (M.B.-Z.)
| | - Mariusz Sacharczuk
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (P.T.); (M.S.); (M.B.-Z.)
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Izabela Młynarczuk-Biały
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Bujalska-Zadrożny
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (P.T.); (M.S.); (M.B.-Z.)
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
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14
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Annunziata A, Ferraro G, Cucciolito ME, Imbimbo P, Tuzi A, Monti DM, Merlino A, Ruffo F. Halo complexes of gold( i) containing glycoconjugate carbene ligands: synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity and interaction with proteins and DNA model systems. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10475-10485. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00423b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New neutral Au(i) glycoconjugate carbene complexes show stability in aqueous solutions and interact with both DNA and protein model systems. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrate that the activity depends on the halide ancillary ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Annunziata
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Cucciolito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Imbimbo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Tuzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daria Maria Monti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Ruffo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
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15
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Conceptual advances in the preparation and excited-state properties of neutral luminescent (C^N) and (C^C*) monocyclometalated gold(III) complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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16
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Huang S, Sheng X, Bian M, Yang Z, Lu Y, Liu W. Synthesis and in vitro anticancer activities of selenium N-heterocyclic carbene compounds. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:435-444. [PMID: 34051050 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen novel selenium N-heterocyclic carbene (Se-NHC) compounds derived from 4,5-diarylimidazole were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as antiproliferative agents. Most of them were more effective toward A2780 ovarian cancer cells than HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Among them, the most active compound 2b was about fourfold more active than the positive control ebselen against A2780 cells. In addition, this compound displayed twofold higher cytotoxicity to A2780 cells than to IOSE80 normal ovarian epithelial cells. Further studies revealed that 2b could induce reactive oxygen species production, damage mitochondrial membrane potential, block the cells in the G0/G1 phase, and finally promote A2780 cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Huang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Sheng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mianli Bian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhibin Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunlong Lu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wukun Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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17
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Goetzfried SK, Koenig SMC, Gallati CM, Gust R. Internal and External Influences on Stability and Ligand Exchange Reactions in Bromido[3-ethyl-4-aryl-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propyl-1,3-dihydro-2 H-imidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8546-8553. [PMID: 34097405 PMCID: PMC8277168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The ligand scrambling
reaction of gold(I) complexes is a phenomenon
occurring primarily in L–AuI–X (L = phosphine, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), and thiol; X = halide and
thiol) complexes and has been observed among others for e.g., the
bromido[3-ethyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I) complex (7a),
which underwent ligand rearrangement in aqueous solutions. In this
study, we investigated the influence of substituents on the 4-aryl
ring of the related (NHC)AuIBr complexes (1a–9a) in terms of the conversion to the [(NHC)2AuI]+ (1b–9b) and [(NHC)2AuIIIBr2]+ (1c–9c) species. Furthermore,
the influence of external factors such as solvent, temperature, concentration,
and presence of halides (Cl–, Br–, and I–) or hydroxyl ions was studied to gain
a deeper understanding of the ligand rearrangement reaction. The substituent
on the 4-aryl ring has a marginal impact on the scrambling reaction.
Out of the investigated organic solvents (dimethylformamide (DMF),
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), and acetonitrile
(ACN)), only ACN separates single complex molecules. In all other
solvents, relatively stable ((NHC)AuIBr)2 dimers
are present. The addition of water to ACN solutions forces the formation
of such dimeric units, starting the transformation to [(NHC)2AuI]+ and [(NHC)2AuIIIBr2]+. The rate-determining step is the release
of Br– from a T-shape intermediate because an excess
of KBr terminates this reaction. Furthermore, it is obvious that only
single molecules react with halides. The aurophilic interactions between
two (NHC)AuIBr molecules are too strong in the presence
of water and largely impeded reaction with halides. As a single molecule,
the reaction with Cl– (e.g., in a 0.9% NaCl solution)
is notable, while I– even leads to a fast and quantitative
conversion to (NHC)AuII and finally to [(NHC)2AuI]+. Internal
and external factors of the ligand scrambling reaction
in (NHC)AuIBr complexes were investigated by the means
of HPLC. The data represent the impact of substituents, temperature,
solvent, concentration and addition of halides on the conversion to
the respective [(NHC)2AuI]+ and the
oxidation to the [(NHC)2AuIIIBr2]+ complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Katharina Goetzfried
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Sophie Marie Charlotte Koenig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Caroline Marie Gallati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
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18
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van der Westhuizen D, Slabber CA, Fernandes MA, Joubert DF, Kleinhans G, van der Westhuizen CJ, Stander A, Munro OQ, Bezuidenhout DI. A Cytotoxic Bis(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene)carbazolide Gold(III) Complex Targets DNA by Partial Intercalation. Chemistry 2021; 27:8295-8307. [PMID: 33822431 PMCID: PMC8251726 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of bis(triazolium)carbazole precursors and their corresponding coinage metal (Au, Ag) complexes are reported. For alkylated triazolium salts, di- or tetranuclear complexes with bridging ligands were isolated, while the bis(aryl) analogue afforded a bis(carbene) AuI -CNC pincer complex suitable for oxidation to the redox-stable [AuIII (CNC)Cl]+ cation. Although the ligand salt and the [AuIII (CNC)Cl]+ complex were both notably cytotoxic toward the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, the AuIII complex was somewhat more selective. Electrophoresis, viscometry, UV-vis, CD and LD spectroscopy suggest the cytotoxic [AuIII (CNC)Cl]+ complex behaves as a partial DNA intercalator. In silico screening indicated that the [AuIII (CNC)Cl]+ complex can target DNA three-way junctions with good specificity, several other regular B-DNA forms, and Z-DNA. Multiple hydrophobic π-type interactions involving T and A bases appear to be important for B-form DNA binding, while phosphate O⋅⋅⋅Au interactions evidently underpin Z-DNA binding. The CNC ligand effectively stabilizes the AuIII ion, preventing reduction in the presence of glutathione. Both the redox stability and DNA affinity of the hit compound might be key factors underpinning its cytotoxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathryn A. Slabber
- Molecular Sciences InstituteSchool of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand2050JohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Manuel A. Fernandes
- Molecular Sciences InstituteSchool of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand2050JohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Daniël F. Joubert
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Pretoria0031PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - George Kleinhans
- Molecular Sciences InstituteSchool of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand2050JohannesburgSouth Africa
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of Pretoria0028PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - C. Johan van der Westhuizen
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of Pretoria0028PretoriaSouth Africa
- Future Production: ChemicalsPharmaceutical Technologies Research GroupCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)0184PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - André Stander
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Pretoria0031PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Orde Q. Munro
- Molecular Sciences InstituteSchool of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand2050JohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Daniela I. Bezuidenhout
- Molecular Sciences InstituteSchool of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand2050JohannesburgSouth Africa
- Laboratory of Inorganic ChemistryEnvironmental and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Oulu3000OuluFinland
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19
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Zou H, Zhang J, Wu C, He B, Hu Y, Sung HHY, Kwok RTK, Lam JWY, Zheng L, Tang BZ. Making Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogen More Valuable by Gold: Enhancing Anticancer Efficacy by Suppressing Thioredoxin Reductase Activity. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9176-9185. [PMID: 33939413 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gold complexes have been recognized as potential anticancer agents against various kinds of diseases due to their inherent suppressions of antioxidant thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity. Herein, a powerful aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen), TBP-Au, was designed and synthesized by integrating an anticancer Au(I) moiety with an AIE-active photosensitizer (TBP), in which both the production and consumption routes of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were elaborately considered simultaneously to boost the anticancer efficacy. It has been demonstrated that TBP-Au could realize superior two-photon fluorescence imaging in tumor tissues with high resolution and deep penetration as well as long-term imaging in live animals due to its AIE property. In addition, the introduction of a special Au(I) moiety could tune the organelle specificity and efficiently facilitate the ROS-determined photodynamic therapy (PDT). More impressively, TBP-Au could efficiently eliminate cancer cells under light irradiation through the preconceived synergetic approaches from the PDT and the effective suppression of TrxR, demonstrating that TBP-Au holds great potential for precise cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Changmeng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Benzhao He
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yubing Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Herman H Y Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ryan T K Kwok
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st Road, South Area Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st Road, South Area Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st Road, South Area Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
- AIE Institute, Guangzhou Development District, Huangpu, Guangzhou 510530, China
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20
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Rufino-Felipe E, Colorado-Peralta R, Reyes-Márquez V, Valdés H, Morales-Morales D. Fluorinated-NHC Transition Metal Complexes: Leading Characters as Potential Anticancer Metallodrugs. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:938-948. [PMID: 32900353 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200908103452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) ligands have been ubiquitous in biological and medicinal chemistry. Part of their success lies in the tremendous number of topologies that can be synthesized and thus finely tuned that have been described so far. This is particularly true in the case of those derivatives, including fluorine or fluorinated fragments on their NHC moieties, gaining much attention due to their enhanced biological properties and turning them into excellent candidates for the development of novel metallodrugs. Thus, this review summarizes the development that fluorinated-NHC transition metal complexes have had and their impact on cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Rufino-Felipe
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Raúl Colorado-Peralta
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Oriente 6 1009, Col. Rafael Alvarado, C.P. 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Viviana Reyes-Márquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimico-Biologicas, Universidad de Sonora, Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n. CP 83000. Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Hugo Valdés
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - David Morales-Morales
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 04510, Mexico
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21
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Guarra F, Pratesi A, Gabbiani C, Biver T. A focus on the biological targets for coinage metal-NHCs as potential anticancer complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 217:111355. [PMID: 33596529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexes of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands are the object of increasing attention for therapeutic purposes. Among the different metal centres, interest on Au-based compounds started with the application as anti-arthritis drugs. On the other hand, Ag(I) antimicrobial properties have been known for a long time. For Au(I)/Au(III)-NHC and Ag(I)-NHC anti-tumour and anti-proliferative properties have been quite recently demonstrated. In addition to these and as for Group 11, copper is a much less investigated metal centre, but a few papers underline its pharmacological potential. This review wants to focus on the different biological targets for these metal-based compounds. It is divided into chapters which are respectively devoted on: i) mitochondria and thiol oxidoreductase systems; ii) other relevant enzymes; iii) nucleic acids. Examples of representative coinage NHCs for each of the targets are provided together with significant references on recent advances on the topic. Moreover, a final comment summarises the aspects enlightened by each chapter and provides some hints to better understand the metal-NHCs mechanistic behaviour based on structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Guarra
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Gabbiani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tarita Biver
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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22
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Bär SI, Gold M, Schleser SW, Rehm T, Bär A, Köhler L, Carnell LR, Biersack B, Schobert R. Guided Antitumoural Drugs: (Imidazol-2-ylidene)(L)gold(I) Complexes Seeking Cellular Targets Controlled by the Nature of Ligand L. Chemistry 2021; 27:5003-5010. [PMID: 33369765 PMCID: PMC7986617 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Three [1,3-diethyl-4-(p-methoxyphenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene](L)gold(I) complexes, 4 a (L=Cl), 5 a (L=PPh3 ), and 6 a (L=same N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)), and their fluorescent [4-(anthracen-9-yl)-1,3-diethyl-5-phenylimidazol-2-ylidene](L)gold(I) analogues, 4 b, 5 b, and 6 b, respectively, were studied for their localisation and effects in cancer cells. Despite their identical NHC ligands, the last three accumulated in different compartments of melanoma cells, namely, the nucleus (4 b), mitochondria (5 b), or lysosomes (6 b). Ligand L was also more decisive for the site of accumulation than the NHC ligand because the couples 4 a/4 b, 5 a/5 b, and 6 a/6 b, carrying different NHC ligands, afforded similar results in cytotoxicity tests, and tests on targets typically found at their sites of accumulation, such as DNA in nuclei, reactive oxygen species and thioredoxin reductase in mitochondria, and lysosomal membranes. Regardless of the site of accumulation, cancer cell apoptosis was eventually induced. The concept of guiding a bioactive complex fragment to a particular subcellular target by secondary ligand L could reduce unwanted side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia I. Bär
- Organic Chemistry LaboratoryUniversity BayreuthUniversitaetsstr. 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Madeleine Gold
- Organic Chemistry LaboratoryUniversity BayreuthUniversitaetsstr. 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Sebastian W. Schleser
- Organic Chemistry LaboratoryUniversity BayreuthUniversitaetsstr. 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Tobias Rehm
- Organic Chemistry LaboratoryUniversity BayreuthUniversitaetsstr. 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Alexander Bär
- Organic Chemistry LaboratoryUniversity BayreuthUniversitaetsstr. 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Leonhard Köhler
- Organic Chemistry LaboratoryUniversity BayreuthUniversitaetsstr. 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Lucas R. Carnell
- Organic Chemistry LaboratoryUniversity BayreuthUniversitaetsstr. 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry LaboratoryUniversity BayreuthUniversitaetsstr. 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry LaboratoryUniversity BayreuthUniversitaetsstr. 3095447BayreuthGermany
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23
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Proetto MT, Alexander K, Melaimi M, Bertrand G, Gianneschi NC. Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbene (CAAC) Gold(I) Complexes as Chemotherapeutic Agents. Chemistry 2021; 27:3772-3778. [PMID: 33090571 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes (CAACs) have become forceful ligands for gold due to their ability to form very strong ligand-metal bonds. Inspired by the success of Auranofin and other gold complexes as antitumor agents, we have studied the cytotoxicity of bis- and mono-CAAC-gold complexes on different cancer cell lines: HeLa (cervical cancer), A549 (lung cancer), HT1080 (fibrosarcoma) and Caov-3 (ovarian cancer). Further investigations aimed at elucidating their mechanism of action are described. This includes quantification of affinities for TrxR, evaluation of their bioavailability and determination of associated cell death process. Moreover, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was used to study morphological changes upon exposure. Noticeably, a significant reduction in non-specific binding to serum proteins was observed with CAAC complexes when compared to Auranofin. These results confirm the potential of CAAC-gold complexes in biological environments, which may result in more specific drug-target interactions and decreased side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Proetto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Pharmacology, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute and Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Il, 60208, USA
| | - Kelsey Alexander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Pharmacology, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute and Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Il, 60208, USA
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24
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Goetzfried SK, Gallati CM, Cziferszky M, Talmazan RA, Wurst K, Liedl KR, Podewitz M, Gust R. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Gold(I) Complexes: Mechanism of the Ligand Scrambling Reaction and Their Oxidation to Gold(III) in Aqueous Solutions. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15312-15323. [PMID: 33006470 PMCID: PMC7581288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
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N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) gold(I) complexes offer great
prospects in medicinal chemistry as antiproliferative, anticancer,
and antibacterial agents. However, further development requires a
thorough understanding of their reaction behavior in aqueous media.
Herein, we report the conversion of the bromido[3-ethyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propylimidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I)
((NHC)AuIBr, 1) complex in acetonitrile/water
mixtures to the bis[3-ethyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propylimidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I)
([(NHC)2AuI]+, 7), which
is subsequently oxidized to the dibromidobis[3-ethyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propylimidazol-2-ylidene]gold(III)
([(NHC)2AuIIIBr2]+, 9). By combining experimental data from HPLC, NMR, and (LC-)/HR-MS
with computational results from DFT calculations, we outline a detailed
ligand scrambling reaction mechanism. The key step is the formation
of the stacked ((NHC)AuIBr)2 dimer (2) that rearranges to the T-shaped intermediate Br(NHC)2AuI–AuIBr (3). The dissociation
of Br– from 3 and recombination lead
to (NHC)2AuI–AuIBr2 (5) followed by the separation into [(NHC)2AuI]+ (7) and [AuIBr2]− (8). [AuIBr2]− is not stable in an aqueous environment
and degrades in an internal redox reaction to Au0 and Br2. The latter in turn oxidizes 7 to the gold(III)
species 9. The reported ligand rearrangement of the (NHC)AuIBr complex differs from that found for related silver(I) analogous.
A detailed understanding of this scrambling mechanism is of utmost
importance for the interpretation of their biological activity and
will help to further optimize them for biomedical and other applications. By means of experimental data from HPLC
and (LC-)MS in combination with DFT calculations, we present a detailed
mechanism for the ligand scrambling reaction of (NHC)AuIBr to the corresponding [(NHC)2AuI]+ complex and the oxidation to the [(NHC)2AuIIIBr2]+ species in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina K Goetzfried
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Caroline M Gallati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Monika Cziferszky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Radu A Talmazan
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
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25
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Zhang C, Fortin PY, Barnoin G, Qin X, Wang X, Fernandez Alvarez A, Bijani C, Maddelein ML, Hemmert C, Cuvillier O, Gornitzka H. An Artemisinin-Derivative-(NHC)Gold(I) Hybrid with Enhanced Cytotoxicity through Inhibition of NRF2 Transcriptional Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12062-12068. [PMID: 32304346 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A family of hybrid complexes combining two biologically active motifs, an artemisinin derivative and a cationic bis(NHC)-gold(I) unit, has been synthesized. One of these complexes, 2 a, has been analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. 2 a shows strong anticancer activities on a large panel of human cancer cell models (prostate, breast, lung, liver, bladder, bone, acute and chronic myeloid leukemias) with GI50 values in the nm range, together with a high selectivity. An original and distinctive mechanism of action, that is, through inhibition of the redox antioxidant NRF2 transcription factor (strongly associated with aggressiveness and resistance to cancer therapies) has been evidenced. 2 a could remarkably sensitize to sorafenib in HepG2 liver cells, in which dysregulated NRF2 signaling is linked to primary and acquired drug resistance. 2 a also inhibited NF-κB and HIF transcriptional activities, which are also associated with progression and resistance in cancer. Our findings provide evidence that hybrid (NHC)gold(I) compounds represent a new class of organometallic hybrid molecules that may yield new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Present address: Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Pierre-Yves Fortin
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Xue Qin
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Xing Wang
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Marie-Lise Maddelein
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Olivier Cuvillier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Heinz Gornitzka
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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26
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Zhang C, Fortin P, Barnoin G, Qin X, Wang X, Fernandez Alvarez A, Bijani C, Maddelein M, Hemmert C, Cuvillier O, Gornitzka H. An Artemisinin‐Derivative–(NHC)Gold(I) Hybrid with Enhanced Cytotoxicity through Inhibition of NRF2 Transcriptional Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse CNRS, UPS Toulouse France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale Université de Toulouse CNRS, UPS Toulouse France
- Present address: Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering School of Pharmacy East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Pierre‐Yves Fortin
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale Université de Toulouse CNRS, UPS Toulouse France
| | | | - Xue Qin
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse CNRS, UPS Toulouse France
| | - Xing Wang
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse CNRS, UPS Toulouse France
| | | | | | - Marie‐Lise Maddelein
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale Université de Toulouse CNRS, UPS Toulouse France
| | | | - Olivier Cuvillier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale Université de Toulouse CNRS, UPS Toulouse France
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27
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Gallati CM, Goetzfried SK, Ausserer M, Sagasser J, Plangger M, Wurst K, Hermann M, Baecker D, Kircher B, Gust R. Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of bromido[3-ethyl-4-aryl-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ylidene]gold(i) complexes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:5471-5481. [PMID: 32255443 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04824c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bromido[3-ethyl-4-aryl-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ylidene]gold(i) complexes (8a-h) with methoxy, methyl and fluorine substituents at different positions of the 4-aryl ring were synthesized and characterized. The relevance of the 2-methoxypyridin-5-yl residue and the substituents at the 4-aryl ring with regard to the activity against a series of cell lines was determined. Particularly against the Cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell line A2780cis, the most active bromido[3-ethyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ylidene]gold(i) complex 8c was more active than Auranofin. It also inhibited thioredoxin reductase more effectively and induced high amounts of reactive oxygen species in A2780cis cells. Furthermore, its influence on non-cancerous SV 80 lung fibroblasts was lower than that of Auranofin. This fact, together with a high accumulation rate in tumor cells, determined on the example of MCF-7 cells, makes this complex an interesting candidate for further extensive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Gallati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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28
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Zhang J, Zou H, Lei J, He B, He X, Sung HHY, Kwok RTK, Lam JWY, Zheng L, Tang BZ. Multifunctional Au
I
‐based AIEgens: Manipulating Molecular Structures and Boosting Specific Cancer Cell Imaging and Theranostics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Institute for Advanced Study Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Hang Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Jinping Lei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Benzhao He
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Institute for Advanced Study Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Xuewen He
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Institute for Advanced Study Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Herman H. Y. Sung
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Institute for Advanced Study Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Ryan T. K. Kwok
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Institute for Advanced Study Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Jacky W. Y. Lam
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Institute for Advanced Study Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Institute for Advanced Study Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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29
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Zhang J, Zou H, Lei J, He B, He X, Sung HHY, Kwok RTK, Lam JWY, Zheng L, Tang BZ. Multifunctional Au
I
‐based AIEgens: Manipulating Molecular Structures and Boosting Specific Cancer Cell Imaging and Theranostics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7097-7105. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Institute for Advanced Study Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Hang Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Jinping Lei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Benzhao He
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Institute for Advanced Study Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Xuewen He
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Institute for Advanced Study Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Herman H. Y. Sung
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Institute for Advanced Study Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Ryan T. K. Kwok
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Institute for Advanced Study Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Jacky W. Y. Lam
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Institute for Advanced Study Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Institute for Advanced Study Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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30
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Truong D, Sullivan MP, Tong KKH, Steel TR, Prause A, Lovett JH, Andersen JW, Jamieson SMF, Harris HH, Ott I, Weekley CM, Hummitzsch K, Söhnel T, Hanif M, Metzler-Nolte N, Goldstone DC, Hartinger CG. Potent Inhibition of Thioredoxin Reductase by the Rh Derivatives of Anticancer M(arene/Cp*)(NHC)Cl 2 Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:3281-3289. [PMID: 32073260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metal complexes provide a versatile platform to develop novel anticancer pharmacophores, and they form stable compounds with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, some of which have been shown to inhibit the cancer-related selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). To expand a library of isostructural NHC complexes, we report here the preparation of RhIII- and IrIII(Cp*)(NHC)Cl2 (Cp* = η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) compounds and comparison of their properties to the RuII- and OsII(cym) analogues (cym = η6-p-cymene). Like the RuII- and OsII(cym) complexes, the RhIII- and IrIII(Cp*) derivatives exhibit cytotoxic activity with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the low micromolar range against a set of four human cancer cell lines. In studies on the uptake and localization of the compounds in cancer cells by X-ray fluorescence microscopy, the Ru and Os derivatives were shown to accumulate in the cytoplasmic region of treated cells. In an attempt to tie the localization of the compounds to the inhibition of the tentative target TrxR, it was surprisingly found that only the Rh complexes showed significant inhibitory activity at IC50 values of ∼1 μM, independent of the substituents on the NHC ligand. This indicates that, although TrxR may be a potential target for anticancer metal complexes, it is unlikely the main target or the sole target for the Ru, Os, and Ir compounds described here, and other targets should be considered. In contrast, Rh(Cp*)(NHC)Cl2 complexes may be a scaffold for the development of TrxR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andre Prause
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstr. 55, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | | | | | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | | | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstr. 55, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Claire M Weekley
- Bio21 Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Nils Metzler-Nolte
- Inorganic Chemistry I-Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse, Bochum 44801, Germany
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31
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Hanif M, Hartinger CG. From the hypothesis-driven development of organometallic anticancer drugs to new methods in mode of action studies. Med Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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32
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33
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Chemistry, structure, and biological roles of Au-NHC complexes as TrxR inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 95:103552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Fan R, Bian M, Hu L, Liu W. A new rhodium(I) NHC complex inhibits TrxR: In vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo hepatocellular carcinoma suppression. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111721. [PMID: 31577978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is often overexpressed in different types of cancer cells including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and regarded as a target with great promise for anticancer drug research and development. Here, we have synthesized and characterized nine new designed rhodium(I) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. All of them were effective towards cancer cells, especially complex 1e was more active than cisplatin and manifested strong antiproliferative activity against HCC cells. In vivo anticancer studies showed that 1e significantly repressed tumor growth in an HCC nude mouse model and ameliorated liver lesions in a chronic HCC model caused by CCl4. Notably, a mechanistic study revealed that 1e can strongly inhibit TrxR system both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, 1e promoted intracellular ROS accumulation, damaged mitochondrial membrane potential, promoted cancer cell apoptosis and blocked the cells in the G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mianli Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lihong Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wukun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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35
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Montanel‐Pérez S, Elizalde R, Laguna A, Villacampa MD, Gimeno MC. Synthesis of Bioactive
N
‐Acyclic Gold(I) and Gold(III) Diamino Carbenes with Different Ancillary Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Montanel‐Pérez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC‐Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Raquel Elizalde
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC‐Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Antonio Laguna
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC‐Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - M. Dolores Villacampa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC‐Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - M. Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC‐Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain
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36
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Karaca EÖ, Çiftçi O, Özdemir İ, Yakali G, Aygün M, Gürbüz N, Özdemir İ. Platinum (II)
N
‐heterocyclic carbene complexes: Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic properties. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emine Özge Karaca
- Catalysis Research and Application Centerİnönü University 44280 Malatya Turkey
| | - Osman Çiftçi
- Department of PharmacologyPamukkale University Faculty of Medicine 20070 Denizli Turkey
| | - İlknur Özdemir
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistryİnönü University 4280 Malatya Turkey
| | - Gül Yakali
- Serik Gülsün‐Süleyman Süral Vocational School of Higher Education, Department of Opticianry ProgramAkdeniz University 07070‐Serik Antalya Turkey
| | - Muhittin Aygün
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of PhysicsDokuz Eylül University 35160‐Buca İzmir Turkey
| | - Nevin Gürbüz
- Catalysis Research and Application Centerİnönü University 44280 Malatya Turkey
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistryİnönü University 4280 Malatya Turkey
| | - İsmail Özdemir
- Catalysis Research and Application Centerİnönü University 44280 Malatya Turkey
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistryİnönü University 4280 Malatya Turkey
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37
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Choo KB, Mah WL, Lee SM, Lee WL, Cheow YL. Palladium complexes of bidentate pyridineN-heterocyclic carbenes: Optical resolution, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity studies. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kar Bee Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia; Jalan Lagoon Selatan 47500 Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
| | - Wee Li Mah
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia; Jalan Lagoon Selatan 47500 Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
| | - Sui Mae Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia; Jalan Lagoon Selatan 47500 Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
| | - Wai Leng Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia; Jalan Lagoon Selatan 47500 Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
| | - Yuen Lin Cheow
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia; Jalan Lagoon Selatan 47500 Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
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38
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Zhang C, Hemmert C, Gornitzka H, Cuvillier O, Zhang M, Sun RWY. Cationic and Neutral N-Heterocyclic Carbene Gold(I) Complexes: Cytotoxicity, NCI-60 Screening, Cellular Uptake, Inhibition of Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase, and Reactive Oxygen Species Formation. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1218-1229. [PMID: 29603648 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A structurally diverse library of 14 gold(I) cationic bis(NHC) and neutral mono(NHC) complexes (NHC: N-heterocyclic carbene) was synthesized and characterized in this work. Four of them were new cationic gold(I) complexes containing functionalized NHCs, and their X-ray crystal structures are presented herein. All of the complexes were investigated for their anticancer activities in four cancer cell lines, including a cisplatin-resistant variant, and a noncancerous cell line. Seven of the cationic gold(I) complexes were found to display high and specific cytotoxic activities toward cancer cells. Two of them were even able to overcome cisplatin resistance. Two highly potent cationic complexes (11 and 15) were also submitted to the NCI-60 cancer panel for further cytotoxicity evaluation. Complex 15 showed a surprisingly high potency toward leukemia among the nine examined cancer subtypes, particularly toward the CCRF-CEM leukemia cell line with a concentration for 50 % inhibition of growth down to 79.4 nm. In addition, cationic complex 13, which demonstrated a remarkable cytotoxicity against hepatocellular carcinoma, was selected to obtain insight into the mechanistic aspects in HepG2 cells. Cellular uptake measurements were indicative of good bioavailability. By various biochemical assays, this complex was found to effectively inhibit thioredoxin reductase and its cytotoxicity toward HepG2 cells was found to be reactive oxygen species dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Heinz Gornitzka
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Cuvillier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Raymond Wai-Yin Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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39
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Zhang J, Zhang B, Li X, Han X, Liu R, Fang J. Small molecule inhibitors of mammalian thioredoxin reductase as potential anticancer agents: An update. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:5-39. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Ruijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
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40
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Porchia M, Pellei M, Marinelli M, Tisato F, Del Bello F, Santini C. New insights in Au-NHCs complexes as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 146:709-746. [PMID: 29407992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Within the research field of antitumor metal-based agents alternative to platinum drugs, gold(I/III) coordination complexes have always been in the forefront due mainly to the familiarity of medicinal chemists with gold compounds, whose application in medicine goes back in the ancient times, and to the rich chemistry shown by this metal. In the last decade, N-heterocyclic carbene ligands (NHC), a class of ligands that largely resembles the chemical properties of phosphines, became of interest for gold(I) medicinal applications, and since then, the research on NHC-gold(I/III) coordination complexes as potential antiproliferative agents boosted dramatically. Different classes of gold(I/III)-NHC complexes often showed an outstanding in vitro antiproliferative activity, however up to now very few in vivo data have been reported to corroborate the in vitro results. This review summarizes all achievements in the field of gold (I/III) complexes comprising NHC ligands proposed as potential antiproliferative agents in the period 2004-2016, and critically analyses biological data (mainly IC50 values) in relation to the chemical structures of Au compounds. The state of art of the in vivo studies so far described is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maura Pellei
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Macerata, Italy.
| | - Marika Marinelli
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Carlo Santini
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Macerata, Italy
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41
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Priante-Flores A, Salazar-Pereda V, Rheingold AL, Mendoza-Espinosa D. Synthesis and characterization of a gold(i) bis(triazolylidene) complex featuring a large [(TpMe2)2K] anion. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03318h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, charaterization and catalytic performance of a unique bis(triazolylidene) gold(i) complex featuring a large [(TpMe2)2K] anion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- San Diego
- USA
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42
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Niu W, Teng IT, Chen X, Tan W, Veige AS. Aptamer-mediated selective delivery of a cytotoxic cationic NHC-Au(i) complex to cancer cells. Dalton Trans 2017; 47:120-126. [PMID: 29192701 PMCID: PMC5736135 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02616a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel cationic NHC-Au(i) complex was synthesized and studied for its antitumor activity. For all the cell lines tested, cationic NHC-Au(i) complex 2 shows much higher cytotoxicity than its neutral analogue 1. To achieve selective cancer cell targeting, complex 2 was covalently conjugated to aptamer AS1411, a DNA aptamer with strong binding affinity for nucleolin. The successful conjugation was confirmed by HPLC, gel electrophoresis, fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-Vis absorption. Conjugate AS1411-2 was then examined for its specific targeting and binding ability towards cancer cells over human normal cells using flow cytometry analysis and confocal microscopy. The cytotoxicity of AS1411-2 was then estimated by MTS assay. It was found that AS1411-2 exhibits higher activity than complex 2 towards targeted cells. Importantly, AS1411-2 exhibits much lower cytotoxicity towards healthy normal cell lines. Concurrently, the control groups without the AS1411 aptamer or without the NHC-Au(i) complex do have significant impact on cancer cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Niu
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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43
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Cucciolito ME, Trinchillo M, Iannitti R, Palumbo R, Tesauro D, Tuzi A, Ruffo F, D'Amora A. Sugar-Incorporated N-Heterocyclic-Carbene-Containing Gold(I) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxic Evaluation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Cucciolito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo; Via Cintia 21 80126 Napoli Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi; Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Marina Trinchillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo; Via Cintia 21 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Roberta Iannitti
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini (IBB) CNR; Via Mezzocannone 16 80134 Napoli Italy
| | - Rosanna Palumbo
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini (IBB) CNR; Via Mezzocannone 16 80134 Napoli Italy
| | - Diego Tesauro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia & CIRPeB Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II; Via Mezzocannone 16 80134 Napoli Italy
- Diagnostica e Farmaceutica Molecolari S.C.R.L (DFM); Via Mezzocannone 16 80134 Napoli Italy
| | - Angela Tuzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo; Via Cintia 21 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Francesco Ruffo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo; Via Cintia 21 80126 Napoli Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi; Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Angela D'Amora
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo; Via Cintia 21 80126 Napoli Italy
- Diagnostica e Farmaceutica Molecolari S.C.R.L (DFM); Via Mezzocannone 16 80134 Napoli Italy
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44
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McCall R, Miles M, Lascuna P, Burney B, Patel Z, Sidoran KJ, Sittaramane V, Kocerha J, Grossie DA, Sessler JL, Arumugam K, Arambula JF. Dual targeting of the cancer antioxidant network with 1,4-naphthoquinone fused Gold(i) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5918-5929. [PMID: 29619196 PMCID: PMC5859730 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02153d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve a systems-based approach to targeting the antioxidant pathway, 1,4-naphthoquinone annulated N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) [bis(1,3-dimesityl-4,5-naphthoquino-imidazol-2-ylidene)-gold(i)] [silver(i) dichloride] (1), [bis(1,3-dimesityl-4,5-naphthoquino-imidazol-2-ylidene)-gold(i)] chloride (2), and 1,3-dimesityl-4,5-naphthoquino-imidazol-2-ylidene)-gold(i) chloride (3)) were designed, synthesized, and tested for biological activity in a series of human cancer cell lines. The solution phase of complexes 1-3 were assigned using several spectroscopy techniques, including NMR spectroscopic analysis. Complexes 1 and 3 were further characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies revealed that quinone reductions are reversible and that the electrochemically generated semiquinone and quinone dianions are stable under these conditions. Complex 1, containing two NHC-quinone moieties (to accentuate exogenous ROS via redox cycling) centered around a Au(i) center (to inactivate thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) irreversibly), was found to inhibit cancer cell proliferation to a much greater extent than the individual components (i.e., Au(i)-NHC alone or naphthoquinone alone). Treatment of A549 lung cancer cells with 1 produced a 27-fold increase in exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) which was found to localize to the mitochondria. The inhibition of TrxR, an essential mediator of ROS homeostasis, was achieved in the same cell line at low administrated concentrations of 1. TrxR inhibition by 1 was similar to that of auranofin, a gold(i) containing complex known to inhibit TrxR irreversibly. Complex 1 was found to induce cell death via an apoptotic mechanism as confirmed by annexin-V staining. Complex 1 was demonstrated to be efficacious in zebrafish bearing A549 xenografts. These results provide support for the suggestion that a dual targeting approach that involves reducing ROS tolerance while concurrently increasing ROS production can perturb antioxidant homeostasis, enhance cancer cell death in vitro, and reduce tumor burden in vivo, as inferred from preliminary zebra fish model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R McCall
- Department of Chemistry , Georgia Southern University , Statesboro , GA 30460 , USA .
| | - M Miles
- Department of Chemistry , Wright State University , 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy , Dayton , Ohio 45435 , USA .
| | - P Lascuna
- Department of Biology , Georgia Southern University , Statesboro , GA 30460 , USA
| | - B Burney
- Department of Chemistry , Georgia Southern University , Statesboro , GA 30460 , USA .
| | - Z Patel
- Department of Chemistry , Georgia Southern University , Statesboro , GA 30460 , USA .
| | - K J Sidoran
- Department of Chemistry , St. Bonaventure University , St. Bonaventure , NY 14778 , USA
| | - V Sittaramane
- Department of Biology , Georgia Southern University , Statesboro , GA 30460 , USA
| | - J Kocerha
- Department of Chemistry , Georgia Southern University , Statesboro , GA 30460 , USA .
| | - D A Grossie
- Department of Chemistry , Wright State University , 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy , Dayton , Ohio 45435 , USA .
| | - J L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas , 105 E. 24th St. , Austin , TX 78712-1224 , USA
| | - K Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry , Wright State University , 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy , Dayton , Ohio 45435 , USA .
| | - J F Arambula
- Department of Chemistry , Georgia Southern University , Statesboro , GA 30460 , USA .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas , 105 E. 24th St. , Austin , TX 78712-1224 , USA
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45
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Schmidt C, Karge B, Misgeld R, Prokop A, Brönstrup M, Ott I. Biscarbene gold(i) complexes: structure-activity-relationships regarding antibacterial effects, cytotoxicity, TrxR inhibition and cellular bioavailability. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1681-1689. [PMID: 30108879 PMCID: PMC6072206 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00269f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of gold(i) complexes with two N-heterocyclic carbene ligands (biscarbene gold complexes) were prepared and evaluated for their effects against cancer cells and pathogenic bacteria. Proliferation inhibition was observed in cancer cells and in Gram-positive bacteria, whereas Gram-negative bacteria were less sensitive towards the compounds. The protein binding and cellular uptake were quantified and the combined results indicated a strong correlation between cellular bioavailability and antiproliferative effects. The biscarbene gold complexes inhibited bacterial and mammalian TrxRs with low to moderate potency. However, based on the obtained structure-activity-relationships and the high cellular accumulation levels, TrxR inhibition can be considered as a relevant contributor to the cellular pharmacology of biscarbene gold(i) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schmidt
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Technische Universität Braunschweig , Beethovenstr. 55 , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany .
| | - Bianka Karge
- Department of Chemical Biology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) , Inhoffenstr. 7 , 38124 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Rainer Misgeld
- Department of Pediatric Oncology , Children's Hospital Cologne , Amsterdamer Strasse 59 , 50735 Cologne , Germany
| | - Aram Prokop
- Department of Pediatric Oncology , Children's Hospital Cologne , Amsterdamer Strasse 59 , 50735 Cologne , Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) , Inhoffenstr. 7 , 38124 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Technische Universität Braunschweig , Beethovenstr. 55 , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany .
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46
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Bestgen S, Seidl C, Wiesner T, Zimmer A, Falk M, Köberle B, Austeri M, Paradies J, Bräse S, Schepers U, Roesky PW. Double-Strand DNA Breaks Induced by Paracyclophane Gold(I) Complexes. Chemistry 2017; 23:6315-6322. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bestgen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Carmen Seidl
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Thomas Wiesner
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Martina Falk
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Beate Köberle
- Institute of Applied Biosciences; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Adenauerring 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Martina Austeri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jan Paradies
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Paderborn University; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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47
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Aher SB, Dubey V, Muskawar PN, Thenmozhi K, Ghosh AR, Bhagat PR. Cytotoxic behavior of binuclear silver N-heterocyclic carbenes in HCT 116 cells and influence of substitution on cytotoxicity. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-017-2916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Chinthala CP, Angappan S. Effect of solvent coordination on the structure of β-diketone-based vanadyl complexes and assessment of in vitro
antidiabetic activity and cytotoxicity. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheela Angappan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences; VIT University; Vellore Tamil Nadu India
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49
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Mageed AH, Skelton BW, Baker MV. Stable AuIII complexes with four N-heterocyclic carbene groups can be prepared in high yield directly from KAuCl4. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:7844-7856. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01272a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AuIII complexes bearing four N-heterocyclic carbene groups are surprisingly stable and can be synthesized directly from KAuCl4 and azolium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H. Mageed
- School of Molecular Sciences M310
- The University of Western Australia
- Perth
- Australia
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Brian W. Skelton
- School of Molecular Sciences M310
- The University of Western Australia
- Perth
- Australia
- Centre for Microscopy
| | - Murray V. Baker
- School of Molecular Sciences M310
- The University of Western Australia
- Perth
- Australia
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50
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Liu W, Gust R. Update on metal N-heterocyclic carbene complexes as potential anti-tumor metallodrugs. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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