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Kaur A, Piplani S, Kaushik D, Fung J, Sakala IG, Honda-Okubo Y, Mehta SK, Petrovsky N, Salunke DB. Stereoisomeric Pam2CS Based TLR2 Agonists: Synthesis, Structural Modelling and Activity as Vaccine Adjuvants. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:622-637. [PMID: 35694694 PMCID: PMC9132229 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00372k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopeptides including diacylated Pam2CSK4 as well as triacylated Pam3CSK4 act as ligands of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, a promising target for the development of vaccine adjuvants. The highly investigated Pam2CSK4 and...
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Sakshi Piplani
- Vaxine Pty Ltd Warradale Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - Deepender Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Johnson Fung
- Vaxine Pty Ltd Warradale Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - Isaac G Sakala
- Vaxine Pty Ltd Warradale Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd Warradale Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - Surinder K Mehta
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd Warradale Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University Chandigarh India
- National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University Chandigarh India
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2
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The Role of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) Mediated Inflammation in Pancreatic Cancer Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312743. [PMID: 34884547 PMCID: PMC8657588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal forms of cancer, characterized by its aggressiveness and metastatic potential. Despite significant improvements in PC treatment and management, the complexity of the molecular pathways underlying its development has severely limited the available therapeutic opportunities. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in inflammation and immune response, as they are involved in pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Activation of TLRs initiates a signaling cascade, which in turn, leads to the transcription of several genes involved in inflammation and anti-microbial defense. TLRs are also deregulated in several cancers and can be used as prognostic markers and potential targets for cancer-targeted therapy. In this review we discuss the current knowledge about the role of TLRs in PC progression, focusing on the available TLRs-targeting compounds and their possible use in PC therapy.
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Bellotti R, Speth C, Adolph TE, Lass-Flörl C, Effenberger M, Öfner D, Maglione M. Micro- and Mycobiota Dysbiosis in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143431. [PMID: 34298645 PMCID: PMC8303110 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysbiosis of the intestinal flora has emerged as an oncogenic contributor in different malignancies. Recent findings suggest a crucial tumor-promoting role of micro- and mycobiome alterations also in the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS To summarize the current knowledge about this topic, a systematic literature search of articles published until October 2020 was performed in MEDLINE (PubMed). RESULTS An increasing number of publications describe associations between bacterial and fungal species and PDAC development. Despite the high inter-individual variability of the commensal flora, some studies identify specific microbial signatures in PDAC patients, including oral commensals like Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum or Gram-negative bacteria like Proteobacteria. The role of Helicobacter spp. remains unclear. Recent isolation of Malassezia globosa from PDAC tissue suggest also the mycobiota as a crucial player of tumorigenesis. Based on described molecular mechanisms and interactions between the pancreatic tissue and the immune system this review proposes a model of how the micro- and the mycobial dysbiosis could contribute to tumorigenesis in PDAC. CONCLUSIONS The presence of micro- and mycobial dysbiosis in pancreatic tumor tissue opens a fascinating perspective on PDAC oncogenesis. Further studies will pave the way for novel tumor markers and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Bellotti
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.B.); (D.Ö.)
| | - Cornelia Speth
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.S.); (C.L.-F.)
| | - Timon E. Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Metabolism & Endocrinology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (T.E.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.S.); (C.L.-F.)
| | - Maria Effenberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Metabolism & Endocrinology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (T.E.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Dietmar Öfner
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.B.); (D.Ö.)
| | - Manuel Maglione
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.B.); (D.Ö.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-504-51280 (ext. 809)
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Kaur A, Kaushik D, Piplani S, Mehta SK, Petrovsky N, Salunke DB. TLR2 Agonistic Small Molecules: Detailed Structure-Activity Relationship, Applications, and Future Prospects. J Med Chem 2020; 64:233-278. [PMID: 33346636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in microbial species. Among the various TLRs, TLR2 has a special place due to its ability to sense the widest repertoire of PAMPs owing to its heterodimerization with either TLR1 or TLR6, broadening its ligand diversity against pathogens. Various scaffolds are reported to activate TLR2, which include naturally occurring lipoproteins, synthetic lipopeptides, and small heterocyclic molecules. We described a detailed SAR in TLR2 agonistic scaffolds and also covered the design and chemistry for the conjugation of TLR2 agonists to antigens, carbohydrates, polymers, and fluorophores. The approaches involved in delivery of TLR2 agonists such as lipidation of antigen, conjugation to polymers, phosphonic acids, and other linkers to achieve surface adsorption, liposomal formulation, and encapsulating nanoparticles are elaborated. The crystal structure analysis and computational modeling are also included with the structural features that facilitate TLR2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Deepender Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sakshi Piplani
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Australia 5046.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia, 5042
| | - Surinder K Mehta
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Australia 5046.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia, 5042
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.,National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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5
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Federico S, Pozzetti L, Papa A, Carullo G, Gemma S, Butini S, Campiani G, Relitti N. Modulation of the Innate Immune Response by Targeting Toll-like Receptors: A Perspective on Their Agonists and Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13466-13513. [PMID: 32845153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and they are involved in the regulation of innate immune system. These transmembrane receptors, localized at the cellular or endosomal membrane, trigger inflammatory processes through either myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) or TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) signaling pathways. In the last decades, extensive research has been performed on TLR modulators and their therapeutic implication under several pathological conditions, spanning from infections to cancer, from metabolic disorders to neurodegeneration and autoimmune diseases. This Perspective will highlight the recent discoveries in this field, emphasizing the role of TLRs in different diseases and the therapeutic effect of their natural and synthetic modulators, and it will discuss insights for the future exploitation of TLR modulators in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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6
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Azizi M, Dianat-Moghadam H, Salehi R, Farshbaf M, Iyengar D, Sau S, Iyer AK, Valizadeh H, Mehrmohammadi M, Hamblin MR. Interactions Between Tumor Biology and Targeted Nanoplatforms for Imaging Applications. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1910402. [PMID: 34093104 PMCID: PMC8174103 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201910402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although considerable efforts have been conducted to diagnose, improve, and treat cancer in the past few decades, existing therapeutic options are insufficient, as mortality and morbidity rates remain high. Perhaps the best hope for substantial improvement lies in early detection. Recent advances in nanotechnology are expected to increase the current understanding of tumor biology, and will allow nanomaterials to be used for targeting and imaging both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Owing to their intrinsic physicochemical characteristics, nanostructures (NSs) are valuable tools that have received much attention in nanoimaging. Consequently, rationally designed NSs have been successfully employed in cancer imaging for targeting cancer-specific or cancer-associated molecules and pathways. This review categorizes imaging and targeting approaches according to cancer type, and also highlights some new safe approaches involving membrane-coated nanoparticles, tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles, circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNAs, and cancer stem cells in the hope of developing more precise targeting and multifunctional nanotechnology-based imaging probes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Azizi
- Proteomics Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran
| | - Hassan Dianat-Moghadam
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665621, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz 516615731, Iran
| | - Masoud Farshbaf
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 6581151656, Iran
| | - Disha Iyengar
- U-BiND Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Samaresh Sau
- U-BiND Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Arun K Iyer
- U-BiND Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz 516615731, Iran
| | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Guo X, Gai Y, Du F, Wang Q, Sun L, Ding X, Zeng D, Wu Z. Thermally sensitive fluorescence imaging system for radiofrequency ablation guidance. Int J Hyperthermia 2020; 37:308-315. [PMID: 32228185 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2020.1742934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been clinically used as a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of many solid tumors. However, the current imaging techniques have some shortages in RFA guidance, especially for the assessment of the margin of ablation. Herein, we developed a novel optical imaging platform to guide RFA utilizing fluorescence resonance energy transfer from a thermally sensitive fluorescent protein conjugated to a near-infrared fluorescent dye. Additionally, attaching receptor-targeting ligands further equipped the system with high specificity to tumors overexpressing the targeted receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Guo
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongkang Gai
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fang Du
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingbing Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyi Sun
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Ding
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dexing Zeng
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with poor prognosis in the modern era. Inflammatory processes have emerged as key mediators of pancreatic cancer development and progression. Recently, studies have been carried out to investigate the underlying mechanisms that contribute to tumorigenesis induced by inflammation. In this review, the role of inflammation in the initiation and progression of pancreatic cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamleshsingh Shadhu
- Pancreas Center of The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Pancreas Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- School of International Education of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Chunhua Xi
- Pancreas Center of The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Pancreas Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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9
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Guo X, Ling X, Du F, Wang Q, Huang W, Wang Z, Ding X, Bai M, Wu Z. Molecular Imaging of Pancreatic Duct Adenocarcinoma Using a Type 2 Cannabinoid Receptor-Targeted Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:1065-1073. [PMID: 30005208 PMCID: PMC6043890 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging probes targeting type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) overexpressed in pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tissue have the potential to improve early detection and surgical outcome of PDAC. The aim of our study was to evaluate the molecular imaging potential of a CB2R-targeted near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe (NIR760-XLP6) for PDAC. CB2R overexpression was observed in both PDAC patient tissues and various pancreatic cancer cell lines. In vitro fluorescence imaging indicated specific binding of NIR760-XLP6 to CB2R in human PDAC PANC-1 cells. In a xenograft mouse tumor model, NIR760-XLP6 showed remarkable 50- (ex vivo) and 3.2-fold (in vivo) tumor to normal contrast enhancement with minimal liver and kidney uptake. In a PDAC lymph node metastasis model, significant signal contrast was observed in bilateral axillary lymph nodes with PDAC metastasis after injection of the probe. In conclusion, NIR760-XLP6 exhibits promising characteristics for imaging PDAC, and CB2R appears to be an attractive target for PDAC imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Guo
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaoxi Ling
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Fang Du
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qingbing Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhongmin Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaoyi Ding
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Mingfeng Bai
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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10
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Li Q, Guo Z. Recent Advances in Toll Like Receptor-Targeting Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071583. [PMID: 29966261 PMCID: PMC6100623 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many malignant cell surface carbohydrates resulting from abnormal glycosylation patterns of certain diseases can serve as antigens for the development of vaccines against these diseases. However, carbohydrate antigens are usually poorly immunogenic by themselves, thus they need to be covalently coupled with immunologically active carrier molecules to be functional. The most well established and commonly used carriers are proteins. In recent years, the use of toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands to formulate glycoconjugate vaccines has gained significant attention because TLR ligands can serve not only as carrier molecules but also as built-in adjuvants to form fully synthetic and self-adjuvanting conjugate vaccines, which have several advantages over carbohydrate-protein conjugates and formulated mixtures with external adjuvants. This article reviews recent progresses in the development of conjugate vaccines based on TLR ligands. Two major classes of TLR ligands, lipopeptides and lipid A derivatives will be covered with more focus on monophosohoryl lipid A (MPLA) and related analogs, which are TLR4 ligands demonstrated to be able to provoke T cell-dependent, adaptive immune responses. Corresponding conjugate vaccines have shown promising application potentials to multiple diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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11
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Arai Y, Yokoyama K, Kawahara Y, Feng Q, Ohta I, Shimoyama A, Inuki S, Fukase K, Kabayama K, Fujimoto Y. Time-lapse monitoring of TLR2 ligand internalization with newly developed fluorescent probes. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:3824-3830. [PMID: 29745411 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob03205f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a mammalian toll-like receptor family member protein, TLR2 recognizes lipoproteins from bacteria and modulates the immune response by inducing the expression of various cytokines. We have developed fluorescence-labeled TLR2 ligands with either hydrophilic or hydrophobic fluorescence groups. The labeled ligands maintained the inflammatory IL-6 induction activity and enabled us to observe the internalization and colocalization of the TLR2 ligands using live-cell imaging. The time-lapse monitoring in the live-cell imaging of the fluorescence-labeled TLR2 ligand showed that TLR2/CD14 expression in the host cells enhanced the internalization of TLR2 ligand molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Arai
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Hiyoshi 3-14-1, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
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12
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Ignacio BJ, Albin TJ, Esser-Kahn AP, Verdoes M. Toll-like Receptor Agonist Conjugation: A Chemical Perspective. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:587-603. [PMID: 29378134 PMCID: PMC10642707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are vital elements of the mammalian immune system that function by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), bridging innate and adaptive immunity. They have become a prominent therapeutic target for the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, and allergies, with many TLR agonists currently in clinical trials or approved as immunostimulants. Numerous studies have shown that conjugation of TLR agonists to other molecules can beneficially influence their potency, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, or function. The functional properties of TLR agonist conjugates, however, are highly dependent on the ligation strategy employed. Here, we review the chemical structural requirements for effective functional TLR agonist conjugation. In addition, we provide similar analysis for those that have yet to be conjugated. Moreover, we discuss applications of covalent TLR agonist conjugation and their implications for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob J. Ignacio
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tyler J. Albin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Targeting Ligand Specificity Linked to Tumor Tissue Topological Heterogeneity via Single-Cell Micro-Pharmacological Modeling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3638. [PMID: 29483578 PMCID: PMC5827036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy has held promise to be a successful anticancer treatment due to its specificity towards tumor cells that express the target receptors. However, not all targeting drugs used in the clinic are equally effective in tumor eradication. To examine which biochemical and biophysical properties of targeted agents are pivotal for their effective distribution inside the tumor and their efficient cellular uptake, we combine mathematical micro-pharmacological modeling with in vivo imaging of targeted human xenograft tumors in SCID mice. The mathematical model calibrated to experimental data was used to explore properties of the targeting ligand (diffusion and affinity) and ligand release schemes (rates and concentrations) with a goal to identify the properties of cells and ligands that enable high receptor saturation. By accounting for heterogeneities typical of in vivo tumors, our model was able to identify cell- and tissue-level barriers to efficient drug uptake. This work provides a base for utilizing experimentally measurable properties of a ligand-targeted agent and patient-specific attributes of the tumor tissue to support the development of novel targeted imaging agents and for improvement in their delivery to individual tumor cells.
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Florea ID, Karaoulani C. Epigenetic Changes of the Immune System with Role in Tumor Development. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1856:203-218. [PMID: 30178253 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8751-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor development is closely related to chronic inflammation and to evasion of immune defense mechanisms by neoplastic cells. The mediators of the inflammatory process as well as proteins involved in immune response or immune response evasion can be subject to various epigenetic changes such as methylation, acetylation, or phosphorylation. Some of these, such as cytokine suppressors, are undergoing repression through epigenetic changes, and others such as cytokines or chemokines are undergoing activation through epigenetic changes, both modifications having as a result tumor progression. The activating changes can affect the receptor molecules involved in immune response and these promote inflammation and subsequently tumor development while the inactivating changes seem to be related to the tumor regression process. The proteins involved in antigen presentation, and, therefore in immune response escape, such as classical HLA proteins and related APM (antigen presentation machinery) with their epigenetic changes contribute to the tumor development process, either to tumor progression or regression, depending on the immune effector cells that are in play.
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15
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Cohen AS, Khalil FK, Welsh EA, Schabath MB, Enkemann SA, Davis A, Zhou JM, Boulware DC, Kim J, Haura EB, Morse DL. Cell-surface marker discovery for lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113373-113402. [PMID: 29371917 PMCID: PMC5768334 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Novel lung cancer targeted therapeutic and molecular imaging agents are needed to improve outcomes and enable personalized care. Since these agents typically cannot cross the plasma membrane while carrying cytotoxic payload or imaging contrast, discovery of cell-surface targets is a necessary initial step. Herein, we report the discovery and characterization of lung cancer cell-surface markers for use in development of targeted agents. To identify putative cell-surface markers, existing microarray gene expression data from patient specimens were analyzed to select markers with differential expression in lung cancer compared to normal lung. Greater than 200 putative cell-surface markers were identified as being overexpressed in lung cancers. Ten cell-surface markers (CA9, CA12, CXorf61, DSG3, FAT2, GPR87, KISS1R, LYPD3, SLC7A11 and TMPRSS4) were selected based on differential mRNA expression in lung tumors vs. non-neoplastic lung samples and other normal tissues, and other considerations involving known biology and targeting moieties. Protein expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and scoring of patient tumor and normal tissue samples. As further validation, marker expression was determined in lung cancer cell lines using microarray data and Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were performed for each of the markers using patient clinical data. High expression for six of the markers (CA9, CA12, CXorf61, GPR87, LYPD3, and SLC7A11) was significantly associated with worse survival. These markers should be useful for the development of novel targeted imaging probes or therapeutics for use in personalized care of lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison S Cohen
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Farah K Khalil
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Eric A Welsh
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matthew B Schabath
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Steven A Enkemann
- Molecular Genomics Shared Resource, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Davis
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jun-Min Zhou
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - David C Boulware
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jongphil Kim
- Department of Biostatistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - David L Morse
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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16
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Leppänen J, Helminen O, Huhta H, Kauppila JH, Isohookana J, Haapasaari KM, Lehenkari P, Saarnio J, Karttunen TJ. High toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 expression is associated with better prognosis in surgically treated pancreatic cancer patients. Virchows Arch 2017; 470:401-410. [PMID: 28191612 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest malignancies in the world. Inflammatory response and tumor environment are thought to play a major role in its pathogenesis. Knowledge on TLR expression and impact on patient survival in pancreatic cancer is limited. The study's aim was to clarify the role of different TLRs in pancreatic cancer. TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 expression was investigated in 65 surgically resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma specimens by immunohistochemistry. The association between TLR expression, clinical parameters, and local inflammatory response to the tumor was assessed using chi-square test. Relation between patient survival and TLR expression was calculated with multivariable Cox regression, adjusted for age, sex, and tumor stage. We found TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 to be expressed in pancreatic cancer. There was no association between TLR expression and tumor stage, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, or tumor necrosis. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, high cytoplasmic TLR9 expression was associated with longer patient survival, and multivariate analysis identified low TLR9 expression as an independent risk factor for cancer-specific death (HR 3.090, 95% CI 1.673-5.706). The results suggest that high TLR9 expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma indicates improved prognosis. The prognostic effect of TLR9 might be associated with bacterial exposure, but this needs further evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni Leppänen
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
- Department of Surgery, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
- Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
- Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Olli Helminen
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Surgery, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Huhta
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Surgery, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Joonas H Kauppila
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Surgery, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joel Isohookana
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kirsi-Maria Haapasaari
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri Lehenkari
- Department of Surgery, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Saarnio
- Department of Surgery, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 90029, Oulu, Finland
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17
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Dysregulation of signaling pathways associated with innate antibacterial immunity in patients with pancreatic cancer. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 41:404-418. [PMID: 28450804 PMCID: PMC5382886 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.65140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disorders of innate antibacterial response are of fundamental importance in the development of gastrointestinal cancers, including pancreatic cancer. Multi-regulatory properties of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (e.g., regulation of proliferation, the activity of NF-κB, gene transcription of apoptosis proteins, regulation of angiogenesis, HIF-1α protein expression) are used in experimental studies to better understand the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer, for early diagnosis, and for more effective therapeutic intervention. There are known numerous examples of TLR agonists (e.g., TLR2/5 ligands, TLR6, TLR9) of antitumor effect. The direction of these studies is promising, but a small number of them does not allow for an accurate assessment of the impact of TLR expression disorders, proteins of these signaling pathways, or attempts to block or stimulate them, on the results of treatment of pancreatic cancer patients. It is known, however, that the expression disorders of proteins of innate antibacterial response signaling pathways occur not only in tumor tissue but also in peripheral blood leukocytes of pancreatic cancer patients (e.g., increased expression of TLR4, NOD1, TRAF6), which is one of the most important factors facilitating further tumor development. This review mainly focuses on the genetic aspects of signaling pathway disorders associated with innate antibacterial response in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
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18
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Harpel K, Baker RD, Amirsolaimani B, Mehravar S, Vagner J, Matsunaga TO, Banerjee B, Kieu K. Imaging of targeted lipid microbubbles to detect cancer cells using third harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:2849-60. [PMID: 27446711 PMCID: PMC4948635 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of receptor-targeted lipid microbubbles imaged by ultrasound is an innovative method of detecting and localizing disease. However, since ultrasound requires a medium between the transducer and the object being imaged, it is impractical to apply to an exposed surface in a surgical setting where sterile fields need be maintained and ultrasound gel may cause the bubbles to collapse. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is an emerging tool for accurate, label-free imaging of tissues and cells with high resolution and contrast. We have recently determined a novel application of MPM to be used for detecting targeted microbubble adherence to the upregulated plectin-receptor on pancreatic tumor cells. Specifically, the third-harmonic generation response can be used to detect bound microbubbles to various cell types presenting MPM as an alternative and useful imaging method. This is an interesting technique that can potentially be translated as a diagnostic tool for the early detection of cancer and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Harpel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1127 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1609 N. Warren Ave., Tucson, Arizona, 85719, USA
| | - Robert Dawson Baker
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1603 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Babak Amirsolaimani
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1603 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Soroush Mehravar
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1603 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Josef Vagner
- Ligand Discovery Laboratory, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 1657 E. Helen Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Terry O. Matsunaga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1127 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1609 N. Warren Ave., Tucson, Arizona, 85719, USA
| | - Bhaskar Banerjee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1127 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1603 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell, Tucson, Arizona, 85724, USA
| | - Khanh Kieu
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1603 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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19
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Kourie HR, Gharios J, Elkarak F, Antoun J, Ghosn M. Is metastatic pancreatic cancer an untargetable malignancy? World J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 8:297-304. [PMID: 26989465 PMCID: PMC4789615 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v8.i3.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies, known to be chemo-resistant and have been recently considered resistant to some targeted therapies (TT). Erlotinib combined to gemcitabine is the only targeted therapy that showed an overall survival benefit in MPC. New targets and therapeutic approaches, based on new-TT, are actually being evaluated in MPC going from immunotherapy, epigenetics, tumor suppressor gene and oncogenes to stromal matrix regulators. We aim in this paper to present the major causes rendering MPC an untargetable malignancy and to focus on the new therapeutic modalities based on TT in MPC.
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20
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Ha Y, Choi HK. Recent conjugation strategies of small organic fluorophores and ligands for cancer-specific bioimaging. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 248:36-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Buonfiglio R, Engkvist O, Várkonyi P, Henz A, Vikeved E, Backlund A, Kogej T. Investigating Pharmacological Similarity by Charting Chemical Space. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:2375-90. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Buonfiglio
- Chemistry Innovation Centre, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ola Engkvist
- Chemistry Innovation Centre, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Péter Várkonyi
- Chemistry Innovation Centre, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Astrid Henz
- Division
of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC box 574, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Vikeved
- Division
of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC box 574, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Backlund
- Division
of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC box 574, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thierry Kogej
- Chemistry Innovation Centre, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
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22
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Cohen AS, Patek R, Enkemann SA, Johnson JO, Chen T, Toloza E, Vagner J, Morse DL. Delta-Opioid Receptor (δOR) Targeted Near-Infrared Fluorescent Agent for Imaging of Lung Cancer: Synthesis and Evaluation In Vitro and In Vivo. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 27:427-38. [PMID: 26488422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death and ranks second in the number of new cases annually among all types of cancers. Better methods or tools for diagnosing and treating this disease are needed to improve patient outcomes. The delta-opioid receptor (δOR) is reported to be overexpressed in lung cancers and not expressed in normal lung. Thus, we decided to develop a lung cancer-specific imaging agent targeting this receptor. We have previously developed a δOR-targeted fluorescent imaging agent based on a synthetic peptide antagonist (Dmt-Tic) conjugated to a Cy5 fluorescent dye. In this work, we describe the synthesis of Dmt-Tic conjugated to a longer wavelength near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye, Li-cor IR800CW. Binding affinity of Dmt-Tic-IR800 for the δOR was studied using lanthanide time-resolved fluorescence (LTRF) competitive binding assays in cells engineered to overexpress the δOR. In addition, we identified lung cancer cell lines with high and low endogenous expression of the δOR. We confirmed protein expression in these cell lines using confocal fluorescence microscopy imaging and used this technique to estimate the cell-surface receptor number in the endogenously expressing lung cancer cell lines. The selectivity of Dmt-Tic-IR800 for imaging of the δOR in vivo was shown using both engineered cell lines and endogenously expressing lung cancer cells in subcutaneous xenograft models in mice. In conclusion, the δOR-specific fluorescent probe developed in this study displays excellent potential for imaging of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Patek
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | | | | | | | - Eric Toloza
- Departments of Surgery and of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Josef Vagner
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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23
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Santoni M, Andrikou K, Sotte V, Bittoni A, Lanese A, Pellei C, Piva F, Conti A, Nabissi M, Santoni G, Cascinu S. Toll like receptors and pancreatic diseases: From a pathogenetic mechanism to a therapeutic target. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:569-76. [PMID: 26036357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate interactions between environmental stimuli and innate immunity. TLRs play a major role in the development of numerous pancreatic diseases, making these molecules attractive as potential therapeutic targets. TLR2, TLR7 and TLR9 are involved in the initiation of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), whereas TLR2 and TLR4 play a major role in the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Furthermore, TLRs cause derangements in several tumor suppressor proteins (such as p16, p21, p27, p53 and pRb), induce STAT3 activation and promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition as well as oncogene-induced senescence. In this review we will focus on the contribution of TLRs in pancreatic disease including cancer and we describe recent progress in TLR-modulation for the treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Santoni
- Clinica di Oncologia Medica, AOU "Ospedali Riuniti", Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Kalliopi Andrikou
- Clinica di Oncologia Medica, AOU "Ospedali Riuniti", Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Valeria Sotte
- Clinica di Oncologia Medica, AOU "Ospedali Riuniti", Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Bittoni
- Clinica di Oncologia Medica, AOU "Ospedali Riuniti", Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Andrea Lanese
- Clinica di Oncologia Medica, AOU "Ospedali Riuniti", Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Chiara Pellei
- Clinica di Oncologia Medica, AOU "Ospedali Riuniti", Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Conti
- Clinica di Oncologia Medica, AOU "Ospedali Riuniti", Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Massimo Nabissi
- School of Pharmacy, Experimental Medicine Section, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Santoni
- School of Pharmacy, Experimental Medicine Section, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- Clinica di Oncologia Medica, AOU "Ospedali Riuniti", Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
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24
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Vaz J, Andersson R. Intervention on toll-like receptors in pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:5808-5817. [PMID: 24914341 PMCID: PMC4024790 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i19.5808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a devastating disease with pronounced morbidity and a high mortality rate. Currently available treatments lack convincing cost-efficiency determinations and are in most cases not associated with relevant success rate. Experimental stimulation of the immune system in murine PDA models has revealed some promising results. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pillars of the immune system that have been linked to several forms of malignancy, including lung, breast and colon cancer. In humans, TLRs are expressed in the pancreatic cancer tissue and in several cancer cell lines, whereas they are not expressed in the normal pancreas. In the present review, we explore the current knowledge concerning the role of different TLRs associated to PDA. Even if almost all known TLRs are expressed in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment, there are only five TLRs suggested as possible therapeutic targets. Most data points at TLR2 and TLR9 as effective tumor markers and agonists could potentially be used as e.g. future adjuvant therapies. The elucidation of the role of TLR3 in PDA is only in its initial phase. The inhibition/blockage of TLR4-related pathways has shown some promising effects, but there are still many steps left before TLR4 inhibitors can be considered as possible therapeutic agents. Finally, TLR7 antagonists seem to be potential candidates for therapy. Independent of their potential in immunotherapies, all existing data indicate that TLRs are strongly involved in the pathophysiology and development of PDA.
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25
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Boi SK, Elsawa SF. Epigenetic Regulation of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling: Implications for Cancer Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1159/000353684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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