1
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Prabhakar PK, Batiha GES. Potential Therapeutic Targets for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:3167-3181. [PMID: 37125833 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230501172557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the lifelong chronic metabolic diseases which is prevalent globally. There is a continuous rise in the number of people suffering from this disease with time. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, which leads to severe damage to the body's system, such as blood vessels and nerves. Diabetes occurs due to the dysfunction of pancreatic β -cell which leads to the reduction in the production of insulin or body cells unable to use insulin produce efficiently. As per the data shared International diabetes federation (IDF), there are around 415 million affected by this disease worldwide. There are a number of hit targets available that can be focused on treating diabetes. There are many drugs available and still under development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and glucokinase activator is emerging targets for type 2 diabetes treatment. Diabetes management can be supplemented with drug intervention for obesity. The antidiabetic drug sale is the second-largest in the world, trailing only that of cancer. The future of managing diabetes will be guided by research on various novel targets and the development of various therapeutic leads, such as GLP-1 agonists, DPP-IV inhibitors, and SGLT2 inhibitors that have recently completed their different phases of clinical trials. Among these therapeutic targets associated with type 2 diabetes, this review focused on some common therapeutic targets for developing novel drug candidates of the newer generation with better safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Kumar Prabhakar
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab) 144411, India
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
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2
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Jackson JJ, Siegmund AC, Bai WJ, Reed AB, Birkholz AB, Campuzano IDG, Créquer-Grandhomme A, Hu R, Modak RV, Sudom A, Javier N, Sanders C, Lo MC, Xie F, Cee VJ, Manzanillo P, Allen JG. Imidazolone as an Amide Bioisostere in the Development of β-1,3- N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 (B3GNT2) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16120-16140. [PMID: 37988652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
B3GNT2 is responsible for elongation of cell surface long-chain polylactosamine, which influences the regulation of the immune response, making it an attractive target for immunomodulation. In the development of amide containing B3GNT2 inhibitors guided by structure-based drug design, imidazolones were found to successfully serve as amide bioisosteres. This novel imidazolone isosteric strategy alleviated torsional strain of the amide bond on binding to B3GNT2 and improved potency, isoform selectivity, as well as certain physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Herein, we present the synthesis, SAR, X-ray cocrystal structures, and in vivo PK properties of imidazol-4-ones in the context of B3GNT2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Jackson
- Small Molecule Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Aaron C Siegmund
- Small Molecule Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Wen-Ju Bai
- Small Molecule Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Anthony B Reed
- Small Molecule Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Adam B Birkholz
- Center for Research Acceleration by Digital Innovation, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Iain D G Campuzano
- Center for Research Acceleration by Digital Innovation, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Amandine Créquer-Grandhomme
- Inflammation, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., 750 Gateway Blvd, Ste 100, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ruozhen Hu
- Inflammation, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., 750 Gateway Blvd, Ste 100, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rucha V Modak
- Inflammation, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., 750 Gateway Blvd, Ste 100, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Athena Sudom
- Small Molecule Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Noelle Javier
- Lead Discovery & Characterization, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., 750 Gateway Blvd, Ste 100, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christiana Sanders
- Lead Discovery & Characterization, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Mei-Chu Lo
- Lead Discovery & Characterization, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., 750 Gateway Blvd, Ste 100, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Fang Xie
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., 750 Gateway Blvd, Ste 100, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Victor J Cee
- Small Molecule Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Paolo Manzanillo
- Inflammation, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., 750 Gateway Blvd, Ste 100, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John G Allen
- Small Molecule Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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3
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Malykhin RS, Sukhorukov AY. Nucleophilic Halogenation of Heterocyclic
N
‐Oxides: Recent Progress and a Practical Guide. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman S. Malykhin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prospect, 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Department of Chemistry Leninskie gory, 1, str. 3 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Yu. Sukhorukov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prospect, 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Stremyanny per. 36 Moscow 117997 Russia
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4
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Song G, Qu C, Lei J, Yan W, Tang D, Li H, Chen Z, Xu Z. A Decarboxylative C(
sp
3
)−N Bond Forming Reaction to Construct 4‐Imidazolidinones
via
Post‐Ugi Cascade Sequence in One Pot. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gui‐Ting Song
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan‐Hua Qu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lei
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 United States
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 United States
| | - Dian‐Yong Tang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 People's Republic of China
| | - Hong‐yu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 United States
| | - Zhong‐Zhu Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi‐Gang Xu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 People's Republic of China
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5
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Xing N, Huang J, Wang P, Luo L, Zheng S, He L. Novel one-pot synthesis of imidazolinones from esters: a concise synthesis of GSK2137305. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2175-2181. [PMID: 32147677 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02743b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new copper-catalyzed one-pot reaction resulted in the practical synthesis of imidazolinones in moderate yields from esters. The use of inexpensive copper iodide as the catalyst, (NH4)2CO3 as the nitrogen source and readily available starting materials makes this process economically viable. Applying this protocol to the synthesis of GSK2137305, a concise approach was developed to obtain GSK2137305 from the ester in only three steps with an overall yield of 26.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China.
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6
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Jassem AM, Raheemah AH, Radhi WA, Alid AM, Jaber HA. Highly Diastereoselective Metal-Free Catalytic Synthesis of Drug-Like Spiroimidazolidinone. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042801910021x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Reznikov AN, Ostrovskii VA, Klimochkin YN. Synthesis of Nonracemic Tetrazole GABA Analogs. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428018110155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Lu S, Zhang J. Small Molecule Allosteric Modulators of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Drug–Target Interactions. J Med Chem 2018; 62:24-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
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9
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Ozcan L, Xu X, Deng SX, Ghorpade DS, Thomas T, Cremers S, Hubbard B, Serrano-Wu MH, Gaestel M, Landry DW, Tabas I. Treatment of Obese Insulin-Resistant Mice With an Allosteric MAPKAPK2/3 Inhibitor Lowers Blood Glucose and Improves Insulin Sensitivity. Diabetes 2015; 64:3396-405. [PMID: 26068544 PMCID: PMC4587644 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity-induced type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing worldwide, and new treatment strategies are needed. We recently discovered that obesity activates a previously unknown pathway that promotes both excessive hepatic glucose production (HGP) and defective insulin signaling in hepatocytes, leading to exacerbation of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in obesity. At the hub of this new pathway is a kinase cascade involving calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and MAPKAPK2/3 (MK2/3). Genetic-based inhibition of these kinases improves metabolism in obese mice. Here, we report that treatment of obese insulin-resistant mice with an allosteric MK2/3 inhibitor, compound (cmpd) 28, ameliorates glucose homeostasis by suppressing excessive HGP and enhancing insulin signaling. The metabolic improvement seen with cmpd 28 is additive with the leading T2D drug, metformin, but it is not additive with dominant-negative MK2, suggesting an on-target mechanism of action. Allosteric MK2/3 inhibitors represent a potentially new approach to T2D that is highly mechanism based, has links to human T2D, and is predicted to avoid certain adverse effects seen with current T2D drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lale Ozcan
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Shi-Xian Deng
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Tiffany Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Serge Cremers
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Matthias Gaestel
- Department of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY
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10
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Yang DH, Zhou CH, Liu Q, Wang MW. Landmark studies on the glucagon subfamily of GPCRs: from small molecule modulators to a crystal structure. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:1033-42. [PMID: 26279155 PMCID: PMC4561977 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucagon subfamily of class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been proposed to be a crucial drug target for the tretmaent of type 2 diabetes. The challenges associated with determining the crystal structures of class B GPCRs relate to their large amino termini and the lack of available small molecule ligands to stabilize the receptor proteins. Following our discovery of non-peptidic agonists for glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) that have therapeutic effects, we initiated collaborative efforts in structural biology and recently solved the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the human glucagon receptor (GCGR) 7-transmembrane domain, providing in-depth information about the underlying signaling mechanisms. In this review, some key milestones in this endeavor are highlighted, including discoveries of small molecule ligands, their roles in receptor crystallization, conformational changes in transmembrane domains (TMDs) upon activation and structure-activity relationship analyses.
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11
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Sammons MF, Lee ECY. Recent progress in the development of small-molecule glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4057-64. [PMID: 26271588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine hormone glucagon stimulates hepatic glucose output via its action at the glucagon receptor (GCGr) in the liver. In the diabetic state, dysregulation of glucagon secretion contributes to abnormally elevated hepatic glucose output. The inhibition of glucagon-induced hepatic glucose output via antagonism of the GCGr using small-molecule ligands is a promising mechanism for improving glycemic control in the diabetic state. Clinical data evaluating the therapeutic potential of small-molecule GCGr antagonists is currently emerging. Recently disclosed clinical data demonstrates the potential efficacy and possible therapeutic limitations of small-molecule GCGr antagonists. Recent pre-clinical work on the development of GCGr antagonists is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Sammons
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Esther C Y Lee
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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12
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Zhao H, Huang Z, Chen W. Total synthesis of tricladins A and B and identification of their absolute configuration. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11290-4. [PMID: 25347211 DOI: 10.1021/jo502268k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A concise synthesis of both (S)- and (R)-enantiomers of tricladins A and B from l-Boc alanine was achieved. The diastereomeric intermediates were separated by chiral column chromatography, and the absolute configuration of the 2-position was assigned by observed NOE interactions with the known stereogenic center at the 5-position. By comparison of all synthesized final enantiomers with the corresponding natural products, we concluded that the natural tricladins A and B must have the (R)-configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhao
- AMRI , 26 Corporate Circle, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
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13
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McShane LM, Franklin ZJ, O'Harte FPM, Irwin N. Ablation of glucagon receptor signaling by peptide-based glucagon antagonists improves glucose tolerance in high fat fed mice. Peptides 2014; 60:95-101. [PMID: 25148830 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Modification to the structure of glucagon has provided a number of glucagon receptor antagonists with possible therapeutic application for diabetes. These novel peptide analogs include desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)-glucagon and desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)(Lys(30)PAL)-glucagon. This study has evaluated the metabolic benefits of once daily administration of desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)-glucagon and desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)(Lys(30)PAL)-glucagon in high fat (45%) fed mice for 15 days. Administration of desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)-glucagon and desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)(Lys(30)PAL)-glucagon had no significant effect on body weight, food intake or circulating glucose concentrations during the treatment period. However, both peptides significantly (P<0.05 to P<0.01) reduced circulating plasma insulin concentrations from day 6 onwards. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, as assessed by exogenous insulin administration, were significantly (P<0.01 to P<0.001) improved by both desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)-glucagon and desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)(Lys(30)PAL)-glucagon. These metabolic benefits were accompanied by significantly (P<0.01) increased pancreatic insulin stores. No significant differences in blood triacylglycerol or cholesterol levels were noted with desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)-glucagon, however desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)(Lys(30)PAL)-glucagon treatment significantly (P<0.01) increased HDL-cholesterol levels. Glucagon-mediated elevations of glucose and insulin were effectively (P<0.01 to P<0.001) annulled in both treatment groups on day 15. Interestingly, glucose levels during an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test were not altered by either desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)-glucagon or desHis(1)Pro(4)Glu(9)(Lys(30)PAL)-glucagon treatment. These data provide further evidence that glucagon antagonism could provide an effective means of treating T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M McShane
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Zara J Franklin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Finbarr P M O'Harte
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
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14
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Hasegawa F, Niidome K, Migihashi C, Murata M, Negoro T, Matsumoto T, Kato K, Fujii A. Discovery of furan-2-carbohydrazides as orally active glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4266-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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The use of spirocyclic scaffolds in drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3673-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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