1
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Morales P, Scharf MM, Bermudez M, Egyed A, Franco R, Hansen OK, Jagerovic N, Jakubík J, Keserű GM, Kiss DJ, Kozielewicz P, Larsen O, Majellaro M, Mallo-Abreu A, Navarro G, Prieto-Díaz R, Rosenkilde MM, Sotelo E, Stark H, Werner T, Wingler LM. Progress on the development of Class A GPCR-biased ligands. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 39261899 DOI: 10.1111/bph.17301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) continue to garner interest for their essential roles in cell signalling and their importance as drug targets. Although numerous drugs in the clinic target these receptors, over 60% GPCRs remain unexploited. Moreover, the adverse effects triggered by the available unbiased GPCR modulators, limit their use and therapeutic value. In this context, the elucidation of biased signalling has opened up new pharmacological avenues holding promise for safer therapeutics. Functionally selective ligands favour receptor conformations facilitating the recruitment of specific effectors and the modulation of the associated pathways. This review surveys the current drug discovery landscape of GPCR-biased modulators with a focus on recent advances. Understanding the biological effects of this preferential coupling is at different stages depending on the Class A GPCR family. Therefore, with a focus on individual GPCR families, we present a compilation of the functionally selective modulators reported over the past few years. In doing so, we dissect their therapeutic relevance, molecular determinants and potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena M Scharf
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcel Bermudez
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Attila Egyed
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group and National Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rafael Franco
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CiberNed. Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Spanish Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- School of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivia K Hansen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nadine Jagerovic
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan Jakubík
- Institute of Physiology Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group and National Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Judit Kiss
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group and National Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pawel Kozielewicz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olav Larsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ana Mallo-Abreu
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- CiberNed. Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Spanish Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Prieto-Díaz
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eddy Sotelo
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Holger Stark
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institut fuer Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Werner
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institut fuer Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura M Wingler
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Fu L, Luo Y, Niu L, Lin Y, Chen X, Zhang J, Tang W, Chen Y, Jiao Y. M 1/M 4 receptors as potential therapeutic treatments for schizophrenia: A comprehensive study. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 105:117728. [PMID: 38640587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) play a significant role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Although activating mAChRs holds potential in addressing the full range of schizophrenia symptoms, clinical application of many non-selective mAChR agonists in cognitive deficits, positive and negative symptoms is hindered by peripheral side effects (gastrointestinal disturbances and cardiovascular effects) and dosage restrictions. Ligands binding to the allosteric sites of mAChRs, particularly the M1 and M4 subtypes, demonstrate activity in improving cognitive function and amelioration of positive and negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia, enhancing our understanding of schizophrenia. The article aims to critically examine current design concepts and clinical advancements in synthesizing and designing small molecules targeting M1/M4, providing theoretical insights and empirical support for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingsheng Fu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Yi Luo
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Longyan Niu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Ying Lin
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Xingru Chen
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Junhao Zhang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Weifang Tang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China..
| | - Yadong Chen
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China..
| | - Yu Jiao
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China..
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3
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Montejo-López W, Sampieri-Cabrera R, Nicolás-Vázquez MI, Aceves-Hernández JM, Razo-Hernández RS. Analysing the effect caused by increasing the molecular volume in M1-AChR receptor agonists and antagonists: a structural and computational study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:8615-8640. [PMID: 38495977 PMCID: PMC10938299 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07380g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1-AChR), a member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) family, plays a crucial role in learning and memory, making it an important drug target for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. M1-AChR activation and deactivation have shown modifying effects in AD and PD preclinical models, respectively. However, understanding the pharmacology associated with M1-AChR activation or deactivation is complex, because of the low selectivity among muscarinic subtypes, hampering their therapeutic applications. In this regard, we constructed two quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, one for M1-AChR agonists (total and partial), and the other for the antagonists. The binding mode of 59 structurally different compounds, including agonists and antagonists with experimental binding affinity values (pKi), were analyzed employing computational molecular docking over different structures of M1-AChR. Furthermore, we considered the interaction energy (Einter), the number of rotatable bonds (NRB), and lipophilicity (ilogP) for the construction of the QSAR model for agonists (R2 = 89.64, QLMO2 = 78, and Qext2 = 79.1). For the QSAR model of antagonists (R2 = 88.44, QLMO2 = 82, and Qext2 = 78.1) we considered the Einter, the fraction of sp3 carbons fCsp3, and lipophilicity (MlogP). Our results suggest that the ligand volume is a determinant to establish its biological activity (agonist or antagonist), causing changes in binding energy, and determining the affinity for M1-AChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilber Montejo-López
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán Campo 1, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Avenida 1o de Mayo s/n, Colonia Santa María las Torres Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de Mexico 54740 Mexico
| | - Raúl Sampieri-Cabrera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias de Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico
| | - María Inés Nicolás-Vázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán Campo 1, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Avenida 1o de Mayo s/n, Colonia Santa María las Torres Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de Mexico 54740 Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Aceves-Hernández
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de Mexico 54714 Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Said Razo-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Av. Universidad 1001 Cuernavaca 62209 Mexico
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4
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Zha J, He J, Wu C, Zhang M, Liu X, Zhang J. Designing drugs and chemical probes with the dualsteric approach. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8651-8677. [PMID: 37990599 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00650f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, drugs are monovalent, targeting only one site on the protein surface. This includes orthosteric and allosteric drugs, which bind the protein at orthosteric and allosteric sites, respectively. Orthosteric drugs are good in potency, whereas allosteric drugs have better selectivity and are solutions to classically undruggable targets. However, it would be difficult to simultaneously reach high potency and selectivity when targeting only one site. Also, both kinds of monovalent drugs suffer from mutation-caused drug resistance. To overcome these obstacles, dualsteric modulators have been proposed in the past twenty years. Compared to orthosteric or allosteric drugs, dualsteric modulators are bivalent (or bitopic) with two pharmacophores. Each of the two pharmacophores bind the protein at the orthosteric and an allosteric site, which could bring the modulator with special properties beyond monovalent drugs. In this study, we comprehensively review the current development of dualsteric modulators. Our main effort reason and illustrate the aims to apply the dualsteric approach, including a "double win" of potency and selectivity, overcoming mutation-caused drug resistance, developments of function-biased modulators, and design of partial agonists. Moreover, the strengths of the dualsteric technique also led to its application outside pharmacy, including the design of highly sensitive fluorescent tracers and usage as molecular rulers. Besides, we also introduced drug targets, designing strategies, and validation methods of dualsteric modulators. Finally, we detail the conclusions and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyin Zha
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jixiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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5
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Steinmüller SAM, Tutov A, Hislop JN, Decker M. Bridging the Binding Sites 2.0: Photoswitchable Dualsteric Ligands for the Cannabinoid 2 Receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3737-3744. [PMID: 37792463 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) has high, unexploited therapeutic potential in several central nervous system disorders due to its involvement in neuroinflammatory processes and pathologies like neurodegeneration. Dualsteric/bitopic ligands are currently developed to achieve receptor subtype selectivity and biased signaling. To obtain a molecular tool compound with photoswitchable potential dualsteric properties, we applied two different approaches to link a positive allosteric modulator with an orthosteric agonist via a photochromic unit. We characterized the photophysical properties of all compounds and determined efficacy in internalization, calcium mobilization, and BRET studies. We report the first potentially dualsteric photoswitchable ligand for studying molecular mechanisms of CB2R-associated pathologies. Compound 17-para is a submicromolar "cis-on" agonist with >10-fold higher potency compared to its trans photoisomer and allows high spatiotemporal control of CB2R activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A M Steinmüller
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Tutov
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - James N Hislop
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Franco M, Silva RC, Rosa GHS, Flores LM, de Oliveira KT, de Assis FF. Synthesis of the Brivaracetam Employing Asymmetric Photocatalysis and Continuous Flow Conditions. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:23008-23016. [PMID: 37396260 PMCID: PMC10308561 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
An original total synthesis of the antiepileptic drug brivaracetam (BRV) is reported. The key step in the synthesis consists of an enantioselective photochemical Giese addition, promoted by visible-light and the chiral bifunctional photocatalyst Δ-RhS. Continuous flow conditions were employed to improve the efficiency and allow an easy scale-up of the enantioselective photochemical reaction step. The intermediate obtained from the photochemical step was converted into BRV by two different pathways, followed by one alkylation and amidation, thus giving the desired active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in 44% overall yield, 9:1 diastereoisomeric ratio (dr) and >99:1 enantiomeric ratio (er).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo
S. Franco
- Department
of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa
Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C. Silva
- Department
of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de São
Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis km 235, São
Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Gabriel H. S. Rosa
- Department
of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de São
Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis km 235, São
Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Lara M. Flores
- Department
of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa
Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Kleber T. de Oliveira
- Department
of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de São
Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis km 235, São
Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Francisco F. de Assis
- Department
of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa
Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
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7
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Heinz CS, Bermudez M, Jaiswal N, Große C, Kauk M, Hoffmann C, Holzgrabe U. Hybridization into a Bitopic Ligand Increased Muscarinic Receptor Activation for Isopilocarpine but Not for Pilocarpine Derivatives. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:869-881. [PMID: 37042802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pilocarpine (1), a secondary metabolite of several Pilocarpus species, is a therapeutically used partial agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The available pharmacological data and structure-activity relationships do not provide comparable data for all five receptor subtypes. In this study, pilocarpine (1), its epimer isopilocarpine (2), racemic analogues pilosinine (3) and desmethyl pilosinine (4), and the respective hybrid ligands with a naphmethonium fragment (5-C6 to 8-C6) were synthesized and analyzed in mini-G nano-BRET assays at the five mAChRs. In line with earlier studies, pilocarpine was the most active compound among the orthosteric ligands 1-4. Computational docking of pilocarpine and isopilocarpine to the active M2 receptor suggests that the trans-configuration of isopilocarpine leads to a loss of the hydrogen bond from the lactone carbonyl to N6.52, explaining the lower activity of isopilocarpine. Hybrid formation of pilocarpine (1) and isopilocarpine (2) led to an inverted activity rank, with the trans-configured isopilocarpine hybrid (6-C6) being more active. The hydrogen bond of interest is formed by the isopilocarpine hybrid (6-C6) but not by the pilocarpine hybrid (5-C6). Hybridization thus leads to a modified binding mode of the orthosteric moiety, as the binding mode of the hybrid is dominated by the high-affinity allosteric moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S Heinz
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Bermudez
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Natasha Jaiswal
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Große
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Kauk
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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8
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Matera C, Kauk M, Cirillo D, Maspero M, Papotto C, Volpato D, Holzgrabe U, De Amici M, Hoffmann C, Dallanoce C. Novel Xanomeline-Containing Bitopic Ligands of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Design, Synthesis and FRET Investigation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052407. [PMID: 36903650 PMCID: PMC10005175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) receptor sensors have contributed to the understanding of GPCR ligand binding and functional activation. FRET sensors based on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) have been employed to study dual-steric ligands, allowing for the detection of different kinetics and distinguishing between partial, full, and super agonism. Herein, we report the synthesis of the two series of bitopic ligands, 12-Cn and 13-Cn, and their pharmacological investigation at the M1, M2, M4, and M5 FRET-based receptor sensors. The hybrids were prepared by merging the pharmacophoric moieties of the M1/M4-preferring orthosteric agonist Xanomeline 10 and the M1-selective positive allosteric modulator 77-LH-28-1 (1-[3-(4-butyl-1-piperidinyl)propyl]-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone) 11. The two pharmacophores were connected through alkylene chains of different lengths (C3, C5, C7, and C9). Analyzing the FRET responses, the tertiary amine compounds 12-C5, 12-C7, and 12-C9 evidenced a selective activation of M1 mAChRs, while the methyl tetrahydropyridinium salts 13-C5, 13-C7, and 13-C9 showed a degree of selectivity for M1 and M4 mAChRs. Moreover, whereas hybrids 12-Cn showed an almost linear response at the M1 subtype, hybrids 13-Cn evidenced a bell-shaped activation response. This different activation pattern suggests that the positive charge anchoring the compound 13-Cn to the orthosteric site ensues a degree of receptor activation depending on the linker length, which induces a graded conformational interference with the binding pocket closure. These bitopic derivatives represent novel pharmacological tools for a better understanding of ligand-receptor interactions at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Matera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section “Pietro Pratesi”, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Kauk
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans Knoell Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Davide Cirillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section “Pietro Pratesi”, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Maspero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section “Pietro Pratesi”, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Papotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section “Pietro Pratesi”, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Volpato
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco De Amici
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section “Pietro Pratesi”, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans Knoell Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Clelia Dallanoce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section “Pietro Pratesi”, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-503-19327
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9
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Wakeham MCL, Davie BJ, Chalmers DK, Christopoulos A, Capuano B, Valant C, Scammells PJ. Structural Features of Iperoxo-BQCA Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Hybrid Ligands Determining Subtype Selectivity and Efficacy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:97-111. [PMID: 34905693 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective agonists for the human M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are attractive candidates for the treatment of cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Past efforts to optimize a ligand for selective agonism at any one of the M1-M5 mAChR subtypes has proven to be a significant challenge. Recently, research efforts have demonstrated that hybrid ligands may offer a potential solution to the lack of selectivity at mAChRs. In an attempt to design M1 mAChR selective agonists by hybridizing an M1 mAChR selective positive allosteric modulator [1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid] and a potent agonist [(4-[(4,5-dihydro-3-isoxazolyl)oxy]-N,N,N-trimethyl-2-butyn-1-aminium iodide) (iperoxo)], we unexpectedly discovered that these ligands possessed noticeable M2/M4 mAChR selectivity. Evaluation of truncated derivatives of the hybrid ligands at the M1-M5 mAChR subtypes suggests that the allosteric pharmacophore of iperoxo-based mAChR hybrid ligands likely sterically disrupts the allosteric site of the mAChRs, attenuating the efficacy of M1/M3/M5 mAChR responses compared to M2/M4 mAChRs, resulting in a preference for the M2/M4 mAChRs. However, at certain intermediate linker lengths, the effects of this apparent disruption of the allosteric site are diminished, restoring nonselective agonism and suggesting a possible allosteric interaction which is favorable to efficacy at all M1-M5 mAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. L. Wakeham
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Briana J. Davie
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David K. Chalmers
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ben Capuano
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Peter J. Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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10
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Weinhart CG, Wifling D, Schmidt MF, Neu E, Höring C, Clark T, Gmeiner P, Keller M. Dibenzodiazepinone-type muscarinic receptor antagonists conjugated to basic peptides: Impact of the linker moiety and unnatural amino acids on M 2R selectivity. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113159. [PMID: 33571911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The family of human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (MRs) is characterized by a high sequence homology among the five subtypes (M1R-M5R), being the reason for a lack of subtype selective MR ligands. In continuation of our work on dualsteric dibenzodiazepinone-type M2R antagonists, a series of M2R ligands containing a dibenzodiazepinone pharmacophore linked to small basic peptides was synthesized (64 compounds). The linker moiety was varied with respect to length, number of basic nitrogens (0-2) and flexibility. Besides proteinogenic basic amino acids (Lys, Arg), shorter homologues of Lys and Arg, containing three and two methylene groups, respectively, as well as D-configured amino acids were incorporated. The type of linker had a marked impact on M2R affinity and also effected M2R selectivity. In contrast, the structure of the basic peptide rather determined M2R selectivity than M2R affinity. For example, the most M2R selective compound (UR-CG188, 89) with picomolar M2R affinity (pKi 9.60), exhibited a higher M2R selectivity (ratio of Ki M1R/M2R/M3R/M4R/M5R: 110:1:5200:55:2300) compared to the vast majority of reported M2R preferring MR ligands. For selected ligands, M2R antagonism was confirmed in a M2R miniG protein recruitment assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna G Weinhart
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David Wifling
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian F Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer-Chemistry-Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eduard Neu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer-Chemistry-Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carina Höring
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer-Chemistry-Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Keller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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11
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Volpato D, Kauk M, Messerer R, Bermudez M, Wolber G, Bock A, Hoffmann C, Holzgrabe U. The Role of Orthosteric Building Blocks of Bitopic Ligands for Muscarinic M1 Receptors. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:31706-31715. [PMID: 33344823 PMCID: PMC7745449 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The muscarinic M1 acetylcholine receptor is an important drug target for the treatment of various neurological disorders. Designing M1 receptor-selective drugs has proven challenging, mainly due to the high conservation of the acetylcholine binding site among muscarinic receptor subtypes. Therefore, less conserved and topographically distinct allosteric binding sites have been explored to increase M1 receptor selectivity. In this line, bitopic ligands, which target orthosteric and allosteric binding sites simultaneously, may provide a promising strategy. Here, we explore the allosteric, M1-selective BQCAd scaffold derived from BQCA as a starting point for the design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of a series of novel bitopic ligands in which the orthosteric moieties and linker lengths are systematically varied. Since β-arrestin recruitment seems to be favorable to therapeutic implication, all the compounds were investigated by G protein and β-arrestin assays. Some bitopic ligands are partial to full agonists for G protein activation, some activate β-arrestin recruitment, and the degree of β-arrestin recruitment varies according to the respective modification. The allosteric BQCAd scaffold controls the positioning of the orthosteric ammonium group of all ligands, suggesting that this interaction is essential for stimulating G protein activation. However, β-arrestin recruitment is not affected. The novel set of bitopic ligands may constitute a toolbox to study the requirements of β-arrestin recruitment during ligand design for therapeutic usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Volpato
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kauk
- Institute
for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine,
University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Regina Messerer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Bermudez
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4 in 14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4 in 14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | - Andreas Bock
- Max
Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institute
for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine,
University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- . Tel.: +49 931 31-85460
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12
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Waleguele CC, Mba’ning BM, Awantu AF, Bankeu JJK, Fongang YSF, Ngouela AS, Tsamo E, Sewald N, Lenta BN, Krause RWM. Antiparasitic Constituents of Beilschmiedia louisii and Beilschmiedia obscura and Some Semisynthetic Derivatives (Lauraceae). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122862. [PMID: 32575860 PMCID: PMC7357032 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The MeOH/CH2Cl2 (1:1) extracts of the roots and leaves of Beilschmiedia louisii and B. obscura showed potent antitrypanosomal activity during preliminary screening on Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Phytochemical investigation of these extracts led to the isolation of a mixture of two new endiandric acid derivatives beilschmiedol B (1) and beilschmiedol C (2), and one new phenylalkene obscurene A (3) together with twelve known compounds (4–15). In addition, four new derivatives (11a–11d) were synthesized from compound 11. Their structures were elucidated based on their NMR and MS data. Compounds 5, 6, and 7 were isolated for the first time from the Beilschmiedia genus. Additionally, the NMR data of compound 4 are given here for the first time. The isolates were evaluated for their antitrypanosomal and antimalarial activities against Tb brucei and the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant strain Pf3D7 in vitro, respectively. From the tested compounds, the mixture of new compounds 1 and 2 exhibited the most potent antitrypanosomal activity in vitro with IC50 value of 4.91 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C. Waleguele
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (C.C.W.); (B.M.M.); (A.S.N.); (E.T.)
| | - Brice M. Mba’ning
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (C.C.W.); (B.M.M.); (A.S.N.); (E.T.)
| | - Angelbert F. Awantu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39 Bambili, Cameroon; (A.F.A.); (J.J.K.B.)
| | - Jean J. K. Bankeu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39 Bambili, Cameroon; (A.F.A.); (J.J.K.B.)
| | - Yannick S. F. Fongang
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, The University of Maroua, P.O. Box 55 Maroua, Cameroon
- Correspondence: (Y.S.F.F.); (B.N.L.); Tel.: +237-696-132-833(Y.S.F.F.); +237-675-097-561 (B.N.L.)
| | - Augustin S. Ngouela
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (C.C.W.); (B.M.M.); (A.S.N.); (E.T.)
| | - Etienne Tsamo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (C.C.W.); (B.M.M.); (A.S.N.); (E.T.)
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Bruno N. Lenta
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47 Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Correspondence: (Y.S.F.F.); (B.N.L.); Tel.: +237-696-132-833(Y.S.F.F.); +237-675-097-561 (B.N.L.)
| | - Rui W. M. Krause
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa;
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13
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Wang H, Reinecke BA, Zhang Y. Computational insights into the molecular mechanisms of differentiated allosteric modulation at the mu opioid receptor by structurally similar bitopic modulators. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2020; 34:879-895. [PMID: 32193867 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-020-00309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the mu opioid receptor (MOR) by applying orthosteric ligands is the most frequently employed method to treat opioid use disorder (OUD). Unfortunately, most of MOR orthosteric ligands produce severe side effects, mainly due to their low selectivity over other opioid receptors. In contrast, some G protein-coupled receptor allosteric modulators have been reported to exhibit high subtype selectivity and can effectively modulate the potency and/or efficacy of orthosteric ligands. Recently, NAQ and its analog NCQ were identified as novel MOR bitopic modulators. Interestingly, NAQ and NCQ were similar in structure but exhibited different efficacy profiles to the MOR. NAQ exhibited an antagonism activity to the MOR while NCQ showed a partial agonism activity to the MOR. In the present study, molecular modeling methods were applied to explore the putative molecular mechanisms of their different functional profiles to the MOR. When NAQ binding with the inactive MOR, the 'address' portion of NAQ interacted with the MOR allosteric site but showed no significant allosteric modulation of the efficacy of the 'message' portion of NAQ. However, when NCQ binding with the inactive and active MOR, the 'address' portion of NCQ seemed to be able to positively modulate the efficacy of the 'message' portion of NCQ at varying levels. Evidentially, the substituents at the 1'- and 4'-positions of the isoquinoline ring of NCQ seemed to play a critical role in the modulatory function of the 'address' portion of NCQ. These findings will be invaluable to develop our next generation of MOR bitopic modulators with high affinity and subtype selectivity to potentially treat OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Bethany A Reinecke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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14
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Maspero M, Volpato D, Cirillo D, Yuan Chen N, Messerer R, Sotriffer C, De Amici M, Holzgrabe U, Dallanoce C. Tacrine-xanomeline and tacrine-iperoxo hybrid ligands: Synthesis and biological evaluation at acetylcholinesterase and M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Reinecke BA, Wang H, Zhang Y. Recent Advances in the Drug Discovery and Development of Dualsteric/ Bitopic Activators of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2378-2392. [PMID: 31833462 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191009164609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of proteins targeted by drug design and discovery efforts. Of these efforts, the development of GPCR agonists is highly desirable, due to their therapeutic robust utility in treating diseases caused by deficient receptor signaling. One of the challenges in designing potent and selective GPCR agonists lies in the inability to achieve combined high binding affinity and subtype selectivity, due to the high homology between orthosteric sites among GPCR subtypes. To combat this difficulty, researchers have begun to explore the utility of targeting topographically distinct and less conserved binding sites, namely "allosteric" sites. Pursuing these sites offers the benefit of achieving high subtype selectivity, however, it also can result in a decreased binding affinity and potency as compared to orthosteric agonists. Therefore, bitopic ligands comprised of an orthosteric agonist and an allosteric modulator connected by a spacer and allowing binding with both the orthosteric and allosteric sites within one receptor, have been developed. It may combine the high subtype selectivity of an allosteric modulator with the high binding affinity of an orthosteric agonist and provides desired advantages over orthosteric agonists or allosteric modulators alone. Herein, we review the recent advances in the development of bitopic agonists/activators for various GPCR targets and their novel therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Reinecke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
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16
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Newman AH, Battiti FO, Bonifazi A. 2016 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship: Designing Bivalent or Bitopic Molecules for G-Protein Coupled Receptors. The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1779-1797. [PMID: 31499001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The genesis of designing bivalent or bitopic molecules that engender unique pharmacological properties began with Portoghese's work directed toward opioid receptors, in the early 1980s. This strategy has evolved as an attractive way to engineer highly selective compounds for targeted G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with optimized efficacies and/or signaling bias. The emergence of X-ray crystal structures of many GPCRs and the identification of both orthosteric and allosteric binding sites have provided further guidance to ligand drug design that includes a primary pharmacophore (PP), a secondary pharmacophore (SP), and a linker between them. It is critical to note the synergistic relationship among all three of these components as they contribute to the overall interaction of these molecules with their receptor proteins and that strategically designed combinations have and will continue to provide the GPCR molecular tools of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Francisco O Battiti
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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17
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Schramm S, Agnetta L, Bermudez M, Gerwe H, Irmen M, Holze J, Littmann T, Wolber G, Tränkle C, Decker M. Novel BQCA- and TBPB-Derived M 1 Receptor Hybrid Ligands: Orthosteric Carbachol Differentially Regulates Partial Agonism. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1349-1358. [PMID: 31166078 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recently, investigations of the complex mechanisms of allostery have led to a deeper understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation and signaling processes. In this context, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are highly relevant due to their exemplary role in the study of allosteric modulation. In this work, we compare and discuss two sets of putatively dualsteric ligands, which were designed to connect carbachol to different types of allosteric ligands. We chose derivatives of TBPB [1-(1'-(2-tolyl)-1,4'-bipiperidin-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one] as M1 -selective putative bitopic ligands, and derivatives of benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA) as an M1 positive allosteric modulator, varying the distance between the allosteric and orthosteric building blocks. Luciferase protein complementation assays demonstrated that linker length must be carefully chosen to yield either agonist or antagonist behavior. These findings may help to design biased signaling and/or different extents of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schramm
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Luca Agnetta
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Bermudez
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Gerwe
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Irmen
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Janine Holze
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Timo Littmann
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Tränkle
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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18
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Utilization of Biased G Protein-Coupled ReceptorSignaling towards Development of Safer andPersonalized Therapeutics. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112052. [PMID: 31146474 PMCID: PMC6600667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in a wide variety of physiological processes. Therefore, approximately 40% of currently prescribed drugs have targeted this receptor family. Discovery of β-arrestin mediated signaling and also separability of G protein and β-arrestin signaling pathways have switched the research focus in the GPCR field towards development of biased ligands, which provide engagement of the receptor with a certain effector, thus enriching a specific signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize possible factors that impact signaling profiles of GPCRs such as oligomerization, drug treatment, disease conditions, genetic background, etc. along with relevant molecules that can be used to modulate signaling properties of GPCRs such as allosteric or bitopic ligands, ions, aptamers and pepducins. Moreover, we also discuss the importance of inclusion of pharmacogenomics and molecular dynamics simulations to achieve a holistic understanding of the relation between genetic background and structure and function of GPCRs and GPCR-related proteins. Consequently, specific downstream signaling pathways can be enriched while those that bring unwanted side effects can be prevented on a patient-specific basis. This will improve studies that centered on development of safer and personalized therapeutics, thus alleviating the burden on economy and public health.
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19
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Agnetta L, Bermudez M, Riefolo F, Matera C, Claro E, Messerer R, Littmann T, Wolber G, Holzgrabe U, Decker M. Fluorination of Photoswitchable Muscarinic Agonists Tunes Receptor Pharmacology and Photochromic Properties. J Med Chem 2019; 62:3009-3020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Agnetta
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Bermudez
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabio Riefolo
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Carrer Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Network Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlo Matera
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Carrer Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Network Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Enrique Claro
- Institut de Neurociències (INc) and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Regina Messerer
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Timo Littmann
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Designing Hybrids Targeting the Cholinergic System by Modulating the Muscarinic and Nicotinic Receptors: A Concept to Treat Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123230. [PMID: 30544533 PMCID: PMC6320942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic hypothesis has been reported first being the cause of memory dysfunction in the Alzheimer's disease. Researchers around the globe have focused their attention on understanding the mechanisms of how this complicated system contributes to processes such as learning, memory, disorientation, linguistic problems, and behavioral issues in the indicated chronic neurodegenerative disease. The present review reports recent updates in hybrid molecule design as a strategy for selectively addressing multiple target proteins involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the study of their therapeutic relevance. The rationale and the design of the bifunctional compounds will be discussed in order to understand their potential as tools to investigate the role of the cholinergic system in AD.
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21
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Irmen M, Holze J, Bödefeld T, Tränkle C. Characterization of methanthelinium binding and function at human M 1-M 5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:1037-1052. [PMID: 29938305 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Firstly, it was determined whether methanthelinium bromide (MB) binds to human M1-M5 (hM1-hM5) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in comparison to the classical muscarinic antagonist N-methylscopolamine (NMS). [3H]NMS dissociation binding experiments revealed an allosteric retardation of dissociation at 100 μM of MB ranging from none in hM3 to 4.6-fold in hM2 receptors. Accordingly, global non-linear regression analysis of equilibrium inhibition binding curves between [3H]NMS (0.2 and 2.0 nM) and MB was applied and compared using either an allosteric or a competitive model. The allosteric cooperativity of MB binding within MB/NMS/hM receptor complexes was strongly negative and undistinguishable from a competitive interaction throughout all subtypes. Applying the competitive model to the equilibrium binding data of MB and NMS, suggested competition at all hM subtypes: logKI (± S.E.) hM3 = 8.71 ± 0.15, hM1 = 8.68 ± 0.14, hM5 = 8.58 ± 0.07, hM2 = 8.27 ± 0.07 to hM4 = 8.25 ± 0.11. Secondly, the effects of MB on acetylcholine (ACh) induced hM receptor function showed very strong negative allosteric cooperativity at all subtypes pointing against an allosteric antagonism of MB with ACh. Competition with ACh was characterized by logKB: hM1 = 9.53 ± 0.05, hM4 = 9.33 ± 0.05, hM5 = 8.80 ± 0.05, hM2 = 8,79 ± 0.06, to hM3 = 8.43 ± 0.04. In conclusion, MB, below 1 μM, binds competitively and non-selectively (except for the difference between hM3 vs. hM4) to all five hM receptor subtypes with nanomolar affinity and is able to functionally inhibit ACh responses in a competitive fashion, with a slight subtype preference for hM1 and hM4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Irmen
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Janine Holze
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Theresa Bödefeld
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Tränkle
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Alejandro Rodríguez-Soacha
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg; Würzburg 97074 Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg; Würzburg 97074 Germany
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23
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Sasaki R, Tanabe Y. Chiral syntheses of methyl (R)-2-Sulfanylcarboxylic esters and acids with optical purity determination using HPLC. Chirality 2018; 30:816-827. [PMID: 29659053 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accessible chiral syntheses of 3 types of (R)-2-sulfanylcarboxylic esters and acids were performed: (R)-2-sulfanylpropanoic (thiolactic) ester (53%, 98%ee) and acid (39%, 96%ee), (R)-2-sulfanylsucciinic diester (59%, 96%ee), and (R)-2-mandelic ester (78%, 90%ee) and acid (59%, 96%ee). The present practical and robust method involves (i) clean SN 2 displacement of methanesulfonates of (S)-2-hydroxyesters by using commercially available AcSK with tris(2-[2-methoxyethoxy])ethylamine and (ii) sufficiently mild deacetylation. The optical purity was determined by the corresponding (2R,5R)-trans-thiazolidin-4-one and (2S,5R)-cis-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives based on accurate high-performance liquid chromatography analysis with high-resolution efficiency. Compared with the reported method utilizing AcSCs (generated from AcSH and CsCO3 ), the present method has several advantages, that is, the use of odorless AcCOSK reagent, reasonable reaction velocity, isolation procedure, and accurate, reliable optical purity determination. The use of accessible AcSK has advantages because of easy-to-handle odorless and hygroscopic solid that can be used in a bench-top procedure. The Ti(OiPr)4 catalyst promoted smooth trans-cyclo-condensation to afford (2R,5R)-trans-thiazolidin-4-one formation of (R)-2-sulfanylcarboxylic esters with available N-(benzylidene)methylamine under neutral conditions without any racemization, whereas (2S,5R)-cis-thiazollidin-4-ones were obtained via cis-cyclo-condensation and no catalysts. Direct high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of methyl (R)-mandelate was also performed; however, the resolution efficiency was inferior to that of the thaizolidin-4-one derivatizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Yoo Tanabe
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
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24
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Abstract
GPCRs play a pervasive physiological role and, in turn, are the leading target class for pharmaceuticals. Beginning with the determination of the structure of rhodopsin, and dramatically accelerating since the reporting of the first ligand-mediated GPCR X-ray structures, our understanding of the structural and functional characteristics of these proteins has grown dramatically. Deploying this now rapidly emerging information for drug discovery has already been extensively demonstrated through a watershed of studies appearing in numerous scientific reports. Included in these expositions are areas such as sites and characteristics of ligand to GPCR binding, protein activation, effector bias, allosteric mechanisms, dimerization, polypharmacology and others. Computational chemistry studies are demonstrating an increasing role in capitalizing on the structural studies to further advance our understanding of these proteins as well as to drive drug discovery. Such drug discovery activities range from the design of orthosteric site inhibitors through, for example, allosteric modulators, biased ligands, partial agonists and bitopic ligands. Herein, these topics are outlined through specific examples in the hopes of providing a glimpse of the state of the field.
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25
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Bock A, Schrage R, Mohr K. Allosteric modulators targeting CNS muscarinic receptors. Neuropharmacology 2017; 136:427-437. [PMID: 28935216 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which are broadly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and other tissues in the periphery. They emerge as important drug targets for a number of diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. Muscarinic receptors are divided into five subtypes (M1-M5) of which M1-M4 have been crystalized. All subtypes possess at least one allosteric binding site which is located in the extracellular region of the receptor on top of the ACh (i.e. orthosteric) binding site. The former can be specifically targeted by chemical compounds (mostly small molecules) and binding of such allosteric modulators affects the affinity and/or efficacy of orthosteric ligands. This allows highly specific modulation of GPCR function and, from a drug discovery point of view, may be advantageous in terms of subtype selectivity and biased signaling. There is a plethora of allosteric modulators for all five muscarinic receptor subtypes. This review presents the basic principles of allosteric modulation of GPCRs on both the molecular and structural level focusing on allosteric modulators of the muscarinic receptor family. Further we discuss dualsteric (i.e. bitopic orthosteric/allosteric) ligands emphasizing their potential in modulating muscarinic receptor dynamics and signaling. The common mechanisms of muscarinic receptor allosteric modulation have been proven to be generalizable and are at play at many, if not all GPCRs. Given this paradigmatic role of muscarinic receptors we suggest that also new developments in muscarinic allosteric modulation may also be extended to other members of the GPCR superfamily. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neuropharmacology on Muscarinic Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bock
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Ramona Schrage
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Mohr
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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26
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Agnetta L, Kauk M, Canizal MCA, Messerer R, Holzgrabe U, Hoffmann C, Decker M. Ein photoschaltbarer Ligand zur Regulierung der Rezeptoraktivierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Agnetta
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie; Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Michael Kauk
- Pharmakologie und Toxikologie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Versbacher Str. 9 97078 Würzburg Deutschland
- Rudolf Virchow Zentrum für Experimentelle Biomedizin; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Josef-Schneider-Str. 2 97080 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Maria Consuelo Alonso Canizal
- Pharmakologie und Toxikologie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Versbacher Str. 9 97078 Würzburg Deutschland
- Rudolf Virchow Zentrum für Experimentelle Biomedizin; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Josef-Schneider-Str. 2 97080 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Regina Messerer
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie; Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie; Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Pharmakologie und Toxikologie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Versbacher Str. 9 97078 Würzburg Deutschland
- Rudolf Virchow Zentrum für Experimentelle Biomedizin; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Josef-Schneider-Str. 2 97080 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB - Zentrum für Molekulare Biomedizin; Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Hans-Knöll-Str. 2 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie; Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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27
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Agnetta L, Kauk M, Canizal MCA, Messerer R, Holzgrabe U, Hoffmann C, Decker M. A Photoswitchable Dualsteric Ligand Controlling Receptor Efficacy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7282-7287. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Agnetta
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Michael Kauk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg; Versbacher Strasse 9 97078 Würzburg Germany
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine; Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg; Josef Schneider Strasse 2 97080 Würzburg Germany
| | - Maria Consuelo Alonso Canizal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg; Versbacher Strasse 9 97078 Würzburg Germany
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine; Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg; Josef Schneider Strasse 2 97080 Würzburg Germany
| | - Regina Messerer
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg; Versbacher Strasse 9 97078 Würzburg Germany
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine; Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg; Josef Schneider Strasse 2 97080 Würzburg Germany
- Current address: Institute for Molecular Cell Biology; CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine; University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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28
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Messerer R, Kauk M, Volpato D, Alonso Canizal MC, Klöckner J, Zabel U, Nuber S, Hoffmann C, Holzgrabe U. FRET Studies of Quinolone-Based Bitopic Ligands and Their Structural Analogues at the Muscarinic M 1 Receptor. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:833-843. [PMID: 28117571 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to design partial agonists as well as allosteric modulators for the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine (M1AChR) receptor, two different series of bipharmacophoric ligands and their structural analogues were designed and synthesized. The hybrids were composed of the benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA)-derived subtype selective allosteric modulator 3 and the orthosteric building block 4-((4,5-dihydroisoxazol-3-yl)oxy)-N,N-dimethylbut-2-yn-1-amine (base of iperoxo) 1 or the endogenous ligand 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acetate (base of acetylcholine) 2, respectively. The two pharmacophores were linked via alkylene chains of different lengths (C4, C6, C8, and C10). Furthermore, the corresponding structural analogues of 1 and 2 and of modified BQCA 3 with varying alkyl chain length between C2 and C10 were investigated. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements in a living single cell system were investigated in order to understand how these compounds interact with a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) on a molecular level and how the single moieties contribute to ligand receptor interaction. The characterization of the modified orthosteric ligands indicated that a linker attached to an orthoster rapidly attenuates the receptor response. Linker length elongation increases the receptor response of bitopic ligands, until reaching a maximum, followed by a gradual decrease. The optimal linker length was found to be six methylene groups at the M1AChR. A new conformational change is described that is not of inverse agonistic origin for long linker bitopic ligands and was further investigated by exceptional fragment-based screening approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Messerer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kauk
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher
Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Rudolf
Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef Schneider Straße 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Volpato
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Consuelo Alonso Canizal
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher
Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Rudolf
Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef Schneider Straße 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jessika Klöckner
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zabel
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher
Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Rudolf
Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef Schneider Straße 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Nuber
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher
Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Rudolf
Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef Schneider Straße 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher
Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Rudolf
Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef Schneider Straße 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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29
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Fronik P, Gaiser BI, Sejer Pedersen D. Bitopic Ligands and Metastable Binding Sites: Opportunities for G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4126-4134. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Fronik
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgit I. Gaiser
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Hasan P, Aneja B, Masood M, Ahmad MB, Yadava U, Daniliuc CG, Abid M. Efficient synthesis of novel N-substituted 2-carboxy-4-quinolones via lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LiHMDS)-induced in situ cyclocondensation reaction. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28631c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient synthesis ofN-aryl-2-carboxy-substituted 4-quinolones with broad substrate scope and high regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phool Hasan
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Babita Aneja
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Mir M. Masood
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Md. Belal Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry
- TNB College
- TM Bhagalpur University
- Bhagalpur 812007
- India
| | - Umesh Yadava
- Department of Physics
- Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University
- Gorakhpur
- India
| | | | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi 110025
- India
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31
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Holzgrabe U, Decker M. Bitopic muscarinic agonists and antagonists and uses thereof: a patent evaluation of US20160136145A1. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:121-125. [PMID: 27967250 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1272577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bitopic M ligands, that is, ligands that interact both with the ortho- and allosteric binding sites of the M receptor subtypes, hold great potential as novel selective for muscarinic acetylcholine (M) ligands for several therapeutic applications. Areas covered: The patent application describes a set of compounds based on the neurotransmitter acetylcholine applying the Schulman-model for M ligands comprising heterocyclic (often quaternary) amines and a benzene ring (often as benzoic acid esters) to act as bitopic ligands. The compounds claimed hold functional selectivity and are supposed to be therapeutically applied as neuromuscular blocking agents, in asthma as well as CNS diseases. In vitro evaluations of selected compounds supported bitopic binding and some degree of functional selectivity was observed - albeit no selectivity was observed in binding studies. Expert opinion: The quaternary amine structure of the compounds claimed will prohibit penetration into the CNS and their ester structure will lead to significant metabolic instability which will hamper therapeutic applications for many indications. Furthermore, high affinity and subtype selectivity with regard to binding affinity which is observed for bitopic and allosteric ligands in the current literature is not observed for the compounds described in the patent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Holzgrabe
- a Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry , University of Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg , Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- a Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry , University of Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg , Germany
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32
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Bock A, Bermudez M, Krebs F, Matera C, Chirinda B, Sydow D, Dallanoce C, Holzgrabe U, De Amici M, Lohse MJ, Wolber G, Mohr K. Ligand Binding Ensembles Determine Graded Agonist Efficacies at a G Protein-coupled Receptor. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16375-89. [PMID: 27298318 PMCID: PMC4965584 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.735431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors constitute the largest family of membrane receptors and modulate almost every physiological process in humans. Binding of agonists to G protein-coupled receptors induces a shift from inactive to active receptor conformations. Biophysical studies of the dynamic equilibrium of receptors suggest that a portion of receptors can remain in inactive states even in the presence of saturating concentrations of agonist and G protein mimetic. However, the molecular details of agonist-bound inactive receptors are poorly understood. Here we use the model of bitopic orthosteric/allosteric (i.e. dualsteric) agonists for muscarinic M2 receptors to demonstrate the existence and function of such inactive agonist·receptor complexes on a molecular level. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, dynophores (i.e. a combination of static three-dimensional pharmacophores and molecular dynamics-based conformational sampling), ligand design, and receptor mutagenesis, we show that inactive agonist·receptor complexes can result from agonist binding to the allosteric vestibule alone, whereas the dualsteric binding mode produces active receptors. Each agonist forms a distinct ligand binding ensemble, and different agonist efficacies depend on the fraction of purely allosteric (i.e. inactive) versus dualsteric (i.e. active) binding modes. We propose that this concept may explain why agonist·receptor complexes can be inactive and that adopting multiple binding modes may be generalized also to small agonists where binding modes will be only subtly different and confined to only one binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bock
- From the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany,
| | - Marcel Bermudez
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2 und 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany,
| | - Fabian Krebs
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Carlo Matera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica "Pietro Pratesi," Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy, and
| | - Brian Chirinda
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominique Sydow
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2 und 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clelia Dallanoce
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica "Pietro Pratesi," Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy, and
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco De Amici
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica "Pietro Pratesi," Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy, and
| | - Martin J Lohse
- From the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2 und 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Mohr
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany,
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33
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Chen YR, Cho YC, Shih TL. Reinvestigation of ortho-amidoacetophenones' cyclization mediated by trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate. The Lewis-acid-assisted and Brønsted-acid-catalyzed reaction. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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34
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Schrage R, De Min A, Hochheiser K, Kostenis E, Mohr K. Superagonism at G protein-coupled receptors and beyond. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:3018-27. [PMID: 26276510 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligands targeting GPCRs can be categorized according to their intrinsic efficacy to trigger a specific, receptor-mediated response. A ligand endowed with the same level of efficacy as the endogenous agonist can be classified as a full agonist, whereas a compound that displays greater efficacy, that is, higher receptor signalling output than the endogenous agonist, can be called a superagonist. Subsequent to GPCR activation, an intracellular signalling cascade is set in motion, which may generate substantial amplification of the signal. This may obscure superagonism in pharmacological assays and, therefore, the definition of superagonism necessitates a combination of operational approaches, reduction of spare receptors or estimation of receptor activation close to the receptor level to quantify relative agonist efficacies in a particular system. The first part of this review will compare GPCR superagonism with superagonism in the field of immunology, where this term is well established. In the second part, known GPCR superagonists will be reviewed. Then, the experimental and analytical challenges in the deconvolution of GPCR superagonism will be addressed. Finally, the potential benefit of superagonism is discussed. The molecular mechanisms behind GPCR superagonism are not completely understood. However, crystallography shows that agonist binding alone is not sufficient for a fully active receptor state and that binding of the G protein is at least equally important. Accordingly, the emerging number of reported superagonists implies that ligand-induced receptor conformations more active than the ones stabilized by the endogenous agonist are indeed feasible. Superagonists may have therapeutic potential when receptor function is impaired or to induce negative feedback mechanisms. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schrage
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Section, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
| | - A De Min
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Section, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - K Hochheiser
- Peter Doherty Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3100, Australia
| | - E Kostenis
- Molecular-, Cellular-, and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - K Mohr
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Section, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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Huang G, Nimczick M, Decker M. Rational Modification of the Biological Profile of GPCR Ligands through Combination with Other Biologically Active Moieties. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:531-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guozheng Huang
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie; Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Martin Nimczick
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie; Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie; Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
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