1
|
Kaczor AA, Wróbel TM, Bartuzi D. Allosteric Modulators of Dopamine D 2 Receptors for Fine-Tuning of Dopaminergic Neurotransmission in CNS Diseases: Overview, Pharmacology, Structural Aspects and Synthesis. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010178. [PMID: 36615372 PMCID: PMC9822192 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is nowadays a hot topic in medicinal chemistry. Allosteric modulators, i.e., compounds which bind in a receptor site topologically distinct from orthosteric sites, exhibit a number of advantages. They are more selective, safer and display a ceiling effect which prevents overdosing. Allosteric modulators of dopamine D2 receptor are potential drugs against a number of psychiatric and neurological diseases, such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. In this review, an insightful summary of current research on D2 receptor modulators is presented, ranging from their pharmacology and structural aspects of ligand-receptor interactions to their synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A. Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-448-72-73
| | - Tomasz M. Wróbel
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Damian Bartuzi
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kashif Khan R, Meanwell NA, Hager HH. Pseudoprolines as stereoelectronically tunable proline isosteres. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 75:128983. [PMID: 36096342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic structure of proline (Pro) confers unique conformational properties on this natural amino acid that influences polypeptide structure and function. Pseudoprolines are a family of Pro isosteres that incorporate a heteroatom, most prominently oxygen or sulfur but also silicon and selenium, to replace the Cβ or Cγ carbon atom of the pyrrolidine ring. These readily synthetically accessible structural motifs can facilitate facile molecular editing in a fashion that allows modulation of the amide bond topology of dipeptide elements and influence over ring pucker. While the properties of pseudoprolines have been exploited most prominently in the design of oligopeptide analogues, they have potential application in the design and optimization of small molecules. In this Digest, we summarize the physicochemical properties of pseudoprolines and illustrate their potential in drug discovery by surveying examples of applications in the design of bioactive molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kashif Khan
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
| | - Harry H Hager
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Olson KM, Traynor JR, Alt A. Allosteric Modulator Leads Hiding in Plain Site: Developing Peptide and Peptidomimetics as GPCR Allosteric Modulators. Front Chem 2021; 9:671483. [PMID: 34692635 PMCID: PMC8529114 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.671483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulators (AMs) of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are desirable drug targets because they can produce fewer on-target side effects, improved selectivity, and better biological specificity (e.g., biased signaling or probe dependence) than orthosteric drugs. An underappreciated source for identifying AM leads are peptides and proteins-many of which were evolutionarily selected as AMs-derived from endogenous protein-protein interactions (e.g., transducer/accessory proteins), intramolecular receptor contacts (e.g., pepducins or extracellular domains), endogenous peptides, and exogenous libraries (e.g., nanobodies or conotoxins). Peptides offer distinct advantages over small molecules, including high affinity, good tolerability, and good bioactivity, and specific disadvantages, including relatively poor metabolic stability and bioavailability. Peptidomimetics are molecules that combine the advantages of both peptides and small molecules by mimicking the peptide's chemical features responsible for bioactivity while improving its druggability. This review 1) discusses sources and strategies to identify peptide/peptidomimetic AMs, 2) overviews strategies to convert a peptide lead into more drug-like "peptidomimetic," and 3) critically analyzes the advantages, disadvantages, and future directions of peptidomimetic AMs. While small molecules will and should play a vital role in AM drug discovery, peptidomimetics can complement and even exceed the advantages of small molecules, depending on the target, site, lead, and associated factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith M. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John R. Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrew Alt
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vaghi F, Bucci R, Clerici F, Contini A, Gelmi ML. Non-natural 3-Arylmorpholino-β-amino Acid as a PPII Helix Inducer. Org Lett 2020; 22:6197-6202. [PMID: 32790435 PMCID: PMC8009597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A new non-natural β-amino acid, named 3-Ar-β-Morph, was designed and synthesized via a regio- and diastereoselective Pd-catalyzed C(sp3)H-arylation of the corresponding 2S,6S-(6-methoxymorpholin-2-yl)carboxylic acid, readily available from glucose. According to the computational prevision and confirmed by IR and NMR data, the insertion of 3-Ar-β-Morph in a model foldamer represents a way to stabilize a PPII-like helix through the presence of two γ-turns, secondary structure motifs induced by the morpholine ring, and the trans-tertiary amide bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesca Clerici
- DISFARM-Sez. Chimica Generale
e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Contini
- DISFARM-Sez. Chimica Generale
e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - M. Luisa Gelmi
- DISFARM-Sez. Chimica Generale
e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A Novel Cosegregating DCTN1 Splice Site Variant in a Family with Bipolar Disorder May Hold the Key to Understanding the Etiology. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040446. [PMID: 32325768 PMCID: PMC7231292 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel cosegregating splice site variant in the Dynactin-1 (DCTN1) gene was discovered by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) in a family with a history of bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive diagnosis (MDD). Psychiatric illness in this family follows an autosomal dominant pattern. DCTN1 codes for the largest dynactin subunit, namely p150Glued, which plays an essential role in retrograde axonal transport and in neuronal autophagy. A GT→TT transversion in the DCTN1 gene, uncovered in the present work, is predicted to disrupt the invariant canonical splice donor site IVS22 + 1G > T and result in intron retention and a premature termination codon (PTC). Thus, this splice site variant is predicted to trigger RNA nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) and/or result in a C-terminal truncated p150Glued protein (ct-p150Glued), thereby negatively impacting retrograde axonal transport and neuronal autophagy. BD prophylactic medications, and most antipsychotics and antidepressants, are known to enhance neuronal autophagy. This variant is analogous to the dominant-negative GLUED Gl1 mutation in Drosophila, which is responsible for a neurodegenerative phenotype. The newly identified variant may reflect an autosomal dominant cause of psychiatric pathology in this affected family. Factors that affect alternative splicing of the DCTN1 gene, leading to NMD and/or ct-p150Glued, may be of fundamental importance in contributing to our understanding of the etiology of BD as well as MDD.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wold EA, Chen J, Cunningham KA, Zhou J. Allosteric Modulation of Class A GPCRs: Targets, Agents, and Emerging Concepts. J Med Chem 2019; 62:88-127. [PMID: 30106578 PMCID: PMC6556150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been tractable drug targets for decades with over one-third of currently marketed drugs targeting GPCRs. Of these, the class A GPCR superfamily is highly represented, and continued drug discovery for this family of receptors may provide novel therapeutics for a vast range of diseases. GPCR allosteric modulation is an innovative targeting approach that broadens the available small molecule toolbox and is proving to be a viable drug discovery strategy, as evidenced by recent FDA approvals and clinical trials. Numerous class A GPCR allosteric modulators have been discovered recently, and emerging trends such as the availability of GPCR crystal structures, diverse functional assays, and structure-based computational approaches are improving optimization and development. This Perspective provides an update on allosterically targeted class A GPCRs and their disease indications and the medicinal chemistry approaches toward novel allosteric modulators and highlights emerging trends and opportunities in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Wold
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Kathryn A. Cunningham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arpa EM, González-Esguevillas M, Pascual-Escudero A, Adrio J, Carretero JC. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Bicycloprolines by a 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition/Intramolecular Alkylation Strategy. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6128-35. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique M. Arpa
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María González-Esguevillas
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pascual-Escudero
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Adrio
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Carretero
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Chingle
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P.
6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec Canada H3C 3J7
| | - William D. Lubell
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P.
6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec Canada H3C 3J7
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Michino M, Beuming T, Donthamsetti P, Newman AH, Javitch JA, Shi L. What can crystal structures of aminergic receptors tell us about designing subtype-selective ligands? Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:198-213. [PMID: 25527701 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are integral membrane proteins that represent an important class of drug targets. In particular, aminergic GPCRs interact with a significant portion of drugs currently on the market. However, most drugs that target these receptors are associated with undesirable side effects, which are due in part to promiscuous interactions with close homologs of the intended target receptors. Here, based on a systematic analysis of all 37 of the currently available high-resolution crystal structures of aminergic GPCRs, we review structural elements that contribute to and can be exploited for designing subtype-selective compounds. We describe the roles of secondary binding pockets (SBPs), as well as differences in ligand entry pathways to the orthosteric binding site, in determining selectivity. In addition, using the available crystal structures, we have identified conformational changes in the SBPs that are associated with receptor activation and explore the implications of these changes for the rational development of selective ligands with tailored efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayako Michino
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (M.M., L.S.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (P.D., J.A.J.); and Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (A.H.N.)
| | - Thijs Beuming
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (M.M., L.S.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (P.D., J.A.J.); and Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (A.H.N.)
| | - Prashant Donthamsetti
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (M.M., L.S.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (P.D., J.A.J.); and Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (A.H.N.)
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (M.M., L.S.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (P.D., J.A.J.); and Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (A.H.N.)
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (M.M., L.S.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (P.D., J.A.J.); and Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (A.H.N.)
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (M.M., L.S.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (P.D., J.A.J.); and Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (A.H.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aillard B, Kilburn JD, Blaydes JP, Tizzard GJ, Findlow S, Werner JM, Bloodworth S. Synthesis and evaluation of a (3R,6S,9S)-2-oxo-1-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane scaffold as a mimic of Xaa-trans-Pro in poly-l-proline type II helix conformation. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4562-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00180c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective synthesis of a (3R,6S,9S)-2-oxo-1-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane mimic of Xaa-trans-Pro in poly-l-proline type II helix conformation is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Aillard
- Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Jeremy D. Kilburn
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences
- Queen Mary
- University of London
- London
- UK
| | - Jeremy P. Blaydes
- Cancer Sciences
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Stuart Findlow
- Centre for Biological Sciences
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Jörn M. Werner
- Centre for Biological Sciences
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Sally Bloodworth
- Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rémond E, Martin C, Martinez J, Cavelier F. Silaproline, a Silicon-Containing Proline Surrogate. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2015_177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
12
|
Martin C, Legrand B, Lebrun A, Berthomieu D, Martinez J, Cavelier F. Silaproline Helical Mimetics Selectively Form an All-transPPII Helix. Chemistry 2014; 20:14240-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
13
|
Ferreira da Costa J, Caamaño O, Fernández F, García-Mera X, Sampaio-Dias IE, Brea JM, Cadavid MI. Synthesis and allosteric modulation of the dopamine receptor by peptide analogs of l-prolyl-l-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG) modified in the l-proline or l-proline and l-leucine scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:146-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
14
|
Basu D, Tian Y, Bhandari J, Jiang JR, Hui P, Johnson RL, Mishra RK. Effects of the dopamine D2 allosteric modulator, PAOPA, on the expression of GRK2, arrestin-3, ERK1/2, and on receptor internalization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70736. [PMID: 23940634 PMCID: PMC3735488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is intricately regulated by a range of intracellular proteins, including G protein-coupled kinases (GRKs) and arrestins. Understanding the effects of ligands on these signaling pathways could provide insights into disease pathophysiologies and treatment. The dopamine D2 receptor is a GPCR strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of a range of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia. Previous studies from our lab have shown the preclinical efficacy of a novel allosteric drug, 3(R)- [(2(S)-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide (PAOPA), in attenuating schizophrenia-like behavioural abnormalities in rodent models of the disease. As an allosteric modulator, PAOPA binds to a site on the D2 receptor, which is distinct from the endogenous ligand-binding site, in order to modulate the binding of the D2 receptor ligand, dopamine. The exact signaling pathways affected by this allosteric modulator are currently unknown. The objectives of this study were to decipher the in vivo effects, in rats, of chronic PAOPA administration on D2 receptor regulatory and downstream molecules, including GRK2, arrestin-3 and extracellular receptor kinase (ERK) 1/2. Additionally, an in vitro cellular model was also used to study PAOPA’s effects on D2 receptor internalization. Results from western immunoblots showed that chronic PAOPA treatment increased the striatal expression of GRK2 by 41%, arrestin-3 by 34%, phospho-ERK1 by 51% and phospho-ERK2 by 36%. Results also showed that the addition of PAOPA to agonist treatment in cells increased D2 receptor internalization by 33%. This study provides the foundational evidence of putative signaling pathways, and changes in receptor localization, affected by treatment with PAOPA. It improves our understanding on the diverse mechanisms of action of allosteric modulators, while advancing PAOPA’s development into a novel drug for the improved treatment of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipannita Basu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuxin Tian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jayant Bhandari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jian Ru Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Hui
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodney L. Johnson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ram K. Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bhagwanth S, Mishra RK, Johnson RL. Development of peptidomimetic ligands of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH(2) as allosteric modulators of the dopamine D(2) receptor. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:204-14. [PMID: 23400263 PMCID: PMC3566759 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of stable, small-molecule peptidomimetic ligands have been developed to elucidate the mechanism by which the neuropeptide Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (PLG) modulates dopaminergic neurotransmission. Photoaffinity labeling ligands based upon PLG peptidomimetics have been used to establish that PLG binds to the D2 dopamine receptor at a site that is different from the orthosteric site, thus making PLG and its peptidomimetics allosteric modulators of the dopamine receptor. Through the design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of conformationally constrained peptidomimetics containing lactam, bicyclic, and spiro-bicyclic scaffolds, support was provided for the hypothesis that the bioactive conformation of PLG is a type II β-turn. In addition, studies with peptidomimetics designed to mimic either a type VI β-turn or polyproline II helix conformation yielded molecules that were able to modulate dopamine receptors because of their ability to place the carboxamide NH2 pharmacophore in the same topological space as that seen in the type II β-turn. Extensive studies with the spiro-bicyclic PLG peptidomimetics also established that both positive and negative modes of modulation were possible for the same series of peptidomimetics simply as a result of minor differences in the stereochemistry about the bridgehead carbon within the scaffold. This information was used to transform existing positive modulators into negative modulators, which demonstrated that small structural changes in the spiro-bicyclic dopamine receptor modulators are capable of causing major changes in the modulatory activity of PLG peptidomimetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Bhagwanth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chaubet G, Coursindel T, Morelli X, Betzi S, Roche P, Guari Y, Lebrun A, Toupet L, Collette Y, Parrot I, Martinez J. Stereoselective synthesis of original spirolactams displaying promising folded structures. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:4719-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40643a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
17
|
Scully CCG, Rai V, Poda G, Zaretsky S, Burns DC, Houliston RS, Lou T, Yudin AK. Bending Rigid Molecular Rods: Formation of Oligoproline Macrocycles. Chemistry 2012; 18:15612-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
18
|
Bhagwanth S, Mishra S, Daya R, Mah J, Mishra RK, Johnson RL. Transformation of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 peptidomimetic positive allosteric modulators of the dopamine D2 receptor into negative modulators. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:274-84. [PMID: 22860194 DOI: 10.1021/cn200096u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of dimethyl derivatives of 5.6.5 spiro bicyclic lactam Pro-Leu-Gly-NH(2) peptidomimetics was carried out to test the hypothesis that by placing methyl groups on the β-methylene carbon of the thiazolidine ring steric bulk would be introduced into the topological space that the β-methylene carbon is believed to occupy in the negative allosteric modulators of the dopamine D(2) receptor. With such a modification, a positive allosteric modulator would be converted into a negative allosteric modulator. This hypothesis was shown to be correct as 3a and 4a where found to be negative allosteric modulators, whereas their unmethylated derivatives were positive allosteric modulators of the dopamine D(2) receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Bhagwanth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Satyendra Mishra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ritesh Daya
- Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street W, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jordan Mah
- Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street W, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Ram K. Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street W, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Rodney L. Johnson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Carreras J, Avenoza A, Busto JH, Peregrina JM. Ring-Rearrangement Metathesis of 1-Substituted 7-Azanorbornenes as an Entry to 1-Azaspiro[4.5]decane systems. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3381-91. [PMID: 21463002 DOI: 10.1021/jo200321t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carreras
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, U.A.-C.S.I.C., E-26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Alberto Avenoza
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, U.A.-C.S.I.C., E-26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Jesús H. Busto
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, U.A.-C.S.I.C., E-26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Peregrina
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, U.A.-C.S.I.C., E-26006 Logroño, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sacchetti A, Silvani A, Lesma G, Pilati T. Phe-Ala-Based Diazaspirocyclic Lactam as Nucleator of Type II′ β-Turn. J Org Chem 2011; 76:833-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1019927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sacchetti
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica ‘Giulio Natta’, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Silvani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giordano Lesma
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Tullio Pilati
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari − CNR, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dyck B, Guest K, Sookram C, Basu D, Johnson R, Mishra RK. PAOPA, a potent analogue of Pro-Leu-glycinamide and allosteric modulator of the dopamine D2 receptor, prevents NMDA receptor antagonist (MK-801)-induced deficits in social interaction in the rat: implications for the treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011; 125:88-92. [PMID: 21036015 PMCID: PMC3010311 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether a potent analogue of the endogenous brain peptide l-prolyl-l-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG), (3(R)-[(2(S)-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide (PAOPA), can prevent the induction of social withdrawal caused by sub-chronic treatment with the non-competitive NMDA (N-methyl-l-aspartate) receptor antagonist, MK-801. Results indicate that MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg) significantly decreased social interaction following sub-chronic treatment (7 days). Treatment with PAOPA (1 mg/kg) blocked the effects of MK-801, and increased the amount of time spent in social interaction in comparison to control animals. These results provide evidence for the development of peptidomimetic compounds for the treatment of social withdrawal and related negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bailee Dyck
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly Guest
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Christal Sookram
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dipannita Basu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rodney Johnson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MI, USA
| | - Ram K. Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mann A, Verma V, Basu D, Skoblenick KJ, Beyaert MGR, Fisher A, Thomas N, Johnson RL, Mishra RK. Specific binding of photoaffinity-labeling peptidomimetics of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 to the dopamine D2L receptor: evidence for the allosteric modulation of the dopamine receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 641:96-101. [PMID: 20639138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanistic role of l-prolyl-l-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG) in modulating agonist binding to the dopamine D(2L) receptor. Competition and displacement assays indicate that the photoaffinity-labeling peptidomimetics of PLG, 3(R)-[(4(S)-(4-azido-2-hydroxy-benzoyl) amino-2(S)-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide hydrochloride (1a) and 3(R)-[(4(S)-(4-azido-2-hydroxy-5-iodo-benzoyl)amino-2(S)-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide hydrochloride (1b) bind at the same site as PLG. Autoradiography was used to establish the covalent binding of [(125)I]-1b to an approximately 51kDa protein in bovine striatal membranes. Western blot analysis with a dopamine D(2L)-specific antibody, in combination with autoradiography, following a two-dimensional gel separation, suggested this approximately 51kDa protein to be the dopamine D(2L) receptor. Further evidence for binding of 1b to dopamine D(2L) was provided by samples immunoprecipitated with the D(2L) antibody. These samples were analyzed by western blotting in parallel with autoradiography of [(125)I]-1b labeled protein. Both methods revealed bands at approximately 51kDa. Furthermore, PLG is shown to compete with 1b for binding to the dopamine D(2L) receptor as determined by autoradiography, as well as competition experiments with PLG and 1a. Collectively, these findings suggest the successful development of a photoaffinity-labeling agent, compound 1b, that has been used to elucidate the interaction of PLG specifically with the dopamine D(2L) receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Mann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|