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An Q, Li N, Zhao Z, Wang N, Wang X, Yang X, Yang D, Zhang L, Lu Y, Du G, Chan HCS. Two Novel Metformin Carboxylate Salts and the Accidental Discovery of Two 1,3,5-Triazine Antihyperglycemic Agent. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:48028-48041. [PMID: 38144133 PMCID: PMC10734001 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Metformin (MET), commonly marketed as a hydrochloride salt (MET-HCl) for better pharmacokinetic profile over the free base, would release a high concentration of chloride ions and cause adverse gastrointestinal effects. The preparation of chloride-free MET salts could potentially circumvent this issue. In this study, seven carboxylic acids (formic acid, acetic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, cinnamic acid, and acetylsalicylic acid) were used for preparing MET carboxylate salts. When compared with MET-HCl, all MET salts/salt hydrates show lower dissolution rates in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. However, the cinnamic acid and acetylsalicylic acid show significantly higher dissolution rates in the forms of MET salt/salt hydrate. In the permeability test, the permeability of the MET in all of the salts was not improved. However, the permeability of cinnamic acid in the MET cinnamate is reduced, and the permeability of acetylsalicylic acid in the MET acetylsalicylate is increased. Meanwhile, at a higher crystallization temperature, the acetone solvent and a hydrolyzed product of acetylsalicylic acid react with MET respectively, leading to two unexpected 1,3,5-triazine derivatives. The results of in vitro bioactivity assays indicate that one of the triazine molecules promote glucose consumption more effectively than MET-HCl, and had relatively weak lactate production ability at low concentration. This glucose metabolism regulating compound may serve as a novel lead antihyperglycemic agent for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi An
- Beijing
City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical
Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- Beijing
City Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, National
Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Zhehui Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability
Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Nuoqi Wang
- Beijing
City Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, National
Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xueying Wang
- BayRay
Innovation Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, A2202, Gaoke Innovation Center, Guangqiao Road,
Guangming District Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Xiuying Yang
- Beijing
City Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, National
Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Dezhi Yang
- Beijing
City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical
Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing
City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical
Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing
City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical
Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing
City Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, National
Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - H. C. Stephen Chan
- Shenzhen
Zhongke Cedar Tree Trading Company, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518017, P.R. China
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2
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Torunoglu ST, Zajda A, Tampio J, Markowicz-Piasecka M, Huttunen KM. Metformin derivatives - Researchers' friends or foes? Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115743. [PMID: 37591450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Metformin has been used for ages to treat diabetes mellitus due to its safety profile and low cost. However, metformin has variable pharmacokinetics in patients, and due to its poor oral absorption, the therapeutic doses are relatively high, causing unpleasant gastrointestinal adverse effects. Therefore, novel derivatives of metformin have been synthesized during the past decades. Particularly, after the mid-2000 s, when organic cation transporters were identified as the main metformin carriers, metformin derivatives have been under intensive investigation. Nevertheless, due to the biguanide structure, derivatives of metformin have been challenging to synthesize. Moreover, the mechanisms of metformin's action are not fully understood to date, and since it has multifunctional properties, the interests have switched to re-purposing for other diseases. Indeed, metformin derivatives have been demonstrated in many cases to be more effective than metformin itself and have the potential to be used in different diseases, including several types of cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. On the other hand, the pleiotropic nature of metformin and its derivatives can also create challenges. Not all properties are fit for all diseases. In this review, the history of the development of metformin-like compounds is summarized, and insights into their potential for future drug discovery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Tuna Torunoglu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Agnieszka Zajda
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Janne Tampio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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3
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Metformin, a biological and synthetic overview. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 86:129241. [PMID: 36933671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is the most widely known anti-hyperglycemic, officially acquired by the USA government in 1995 and in 2001 it became the most prescribed treatment for type II diabetes. But how did it become the must-use drug for this disease in such a short period of time? it all started with traditional medicine, by using a plant known as "goat's rue" for the reduction of blood glucose levels. Its use arose in 1918 and evolved to the metformin synthesis in laboratories a couple of years later, using very rudimentary methods which involved melting and strong heating. Thus, a first synthetic route that allowed the preparation of the initial metformin derivates was established. Some of these resulted toxics, and others outperformed the metformin, reducing the blood glucose levels in such efficient way. Nevertheless, the risk and documented cases of lactic acidosis increased with metformin derivatives like buformin and phenformin. Recently, metformin has been widely studied, and it has been associated and tested in the treatment of type II diabetes, cancer, polycystic ovarian syndrome, cell differentiation to oligodendrocytes, reduction of oxidative stress in cells, weight reduction, as anti-inflammatory and even in the recent COVID-19 disease. Herein we briefly review and analyze the history, synthesis, and biological applications of metformin and its derivates.
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4
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Hong M, Wang Q, Wang K, Li J, Qi MH, Ren GB. Transdermal Delivery of Metformin Utilizing Ionic Liquid Technology: Insight Into the Relationship Between Counterion Structures and Properties. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2459-2474. [PMID: 36171345 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to explore the feasibility of transdermal delivery of metformin, a commonly used oral antidiabetic drug, by ionic liquid (IL) technology. METHODS Metformin hydrochloride (MetHCl) was first transformed into three kinds of ILs with different counterions. The physicochemical properties of the obtained ILs were characterized in depth. The simulation of stable configuration and calculation of interaction energies were conducted based on density functional theory (DFT). Skin-PAMPA was used to evaluate the intrinsic transdermal permeation properties. The cytotoxicity assay of these ILs was conducted using HaCaT cells to evaluate the toxicity to skin. These metformin ILs were then formulated into transdermal patch, and the transdermal potential was further evaluated using in vitro dissolution test and skin permeation assay. Finally, the pharmacokinetic profiles of these metformin IL-containing patches were determined. RESULTS Among all the three Met ILs, metformin dihexyl sulfosuccinate (MetDH) with proper overall physiochemical and biological properties demonstrated the highest relative bioavailability. Metformin docusate (MetD) with the highest lipophilicity and intrinsic transdermal permeability exhibited the most significant sustained release profile in vivo. Both MetDH and MetD were the promising candidates for further clinical investigations. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the properties of ILs were closely related to the structures of counterion. IL technology provided the opportunities to finely tune the solid-state and biological properties of Metformin and facilitated the successful delivery by transdermal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghuang Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qinglin Wang
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghui Li
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Hui Qi
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Basavaraj M, Giles D, Das AK, Janadri S, Andhale GS. Design, synthesis and chemical stability of indolizine derivatives for antidiabetic activity. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 41:1127-1140. [PMID: 35856484 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2022.2100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Prodrugs of metformin were synthesized with the goal of enhancing biological activity of metformin. They were synthesized by combining metformin with 2-substituted indolizine (C7-C12). The synthesized prodrugs were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The chemical hydrolysis of C7-C12 was carried out at pH 1.2, 6.8, and 7.4. All compounds showed encouraging chemical stability at pH 1.2 and 6.8, whereas mild hydrolysis was shown at pH 7.4. Further prodrugs were screened for antidiabetic activity using a streptozotocin-induced model in rat. These derivatives showed substantial results. Among them C8 showed significant activity in the reduction of streptozotocin-induced blood glucose in rats when compared to that of metformin, indicating the effectiveness of prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Basavaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nitte College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - D Giles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Amit Kumar Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Suresh Janadri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nitte College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesh S Andhale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Alard College of Pharmacy, Pune, India
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6
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Basavaraj M, Giles D, Das AK, Janadri S, Andhale GS. Design, synthesis and chemical stability of indolizine derivatives for antidiabetic activity. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 41:579-591. [PMID: 35435147 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2022.2055058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Prodrugs of metformin were synthesized with the goal of enhancing biological activity of metformin. They were synthesized by combining metformin with 2-substituted indolizine (C7-C12). The synthesized prodrugs were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The chemical hydrolysis of C7-C12 was carried out at pH 1.2, 6.8, and 7.4. All compounds showed encouraging chemical stability at pH 1.2 and 6.8, whereas mild hydrolysis was shown at pH 7.4. Further prodrugs were screened for antidiabetic activity using a streptozotocin-induced model in rat. These derivatives showed notable results. Among them C8 showed significant activity in the reduction of STZ-induced blood glucose in rats when compared to that of metformin, indicating the effectiveness of prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matada Basavaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nitte College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - D Giles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Amit Kumar Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Suresh Janadri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesh S Andhale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Alard College of Pharmacy, Pune, India
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7
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Rusanov DA, Zou J, Babak MV. Biological Properties of Transition Metal Complexes with Metformin and Its Analogues. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040453. [PMID: 35455450 PMCID: PMC9031419 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a widely prescribed medication for the treatment and management of type 2 diabetes. It belongs to a class of biguanides, which are characterized by a wide range of diverse biological properties, including anticancer, antimicrobial, antimalarial, cardioprotective and other activities. It is known that biguanides serve as excellent N-donor bidentate ligands and readily form complexes with virtually all transition metals. Recent evidence suggests that the mechanism of action of metformin and its analogues is linked to their metal-binding properties. These findings prompted us to summarize the existing data on the synthetic strategies and biological properties of various metal complexes with metformin and its analogues. We demonstrated that coordination of biologically active biguanides to various metal centers often resulted in an improved pharmacological profile, including reduced drug resistance as well as a wider spectrum of activity. In addition, coordination to the redox-active metal centers, such as Au(III), allowed for various activatable strategies, leading to the selective activation of the prodrugs and reduced off-target toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil A. Rusanov
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (D.A.R.); (J.Z.)
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Avenue 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jiaying Zou
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (D.A.R.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maria V. Babak
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (D.A.R.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Lin X, Bai Y, Jiang Q. Precise Fabrication of Folic Acid-Targeted Therapy on Metformin Encapsulated β-Cyclodextrin Nanomaterials for Treatment of Lung Cancer. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Ye H, He Y, Zheng C, Wang F, Yang M, Lin J, Xu R, Zhang D. Type 2 Diabetes Complicated With Heart Failure: Research on Therapeutic Mechanism and Potential Drug Development Based on Insulin Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:816588. [PMID: 35308248 PMCID: PMC8927800 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.816588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure (HF) are diseases characterized by high morbidity and mortality. They often occur simultaneously and increase the risk of each other. T2DM complicated with HF, as one of the most dangerous disease combinations in modern medicine, is more common in middle-aged and elderly people, making the treatment more difficult. At present, the combination of blood glucose control and anti-heart failure is a common therapy for patients with T2DM complicated with HF, but their effect is not ideal, and many hypoglycemic drugs have the risk of heart failure. Abnormal insulin signaling pathway, as a common pathogenic mechanism in T2DM and HF, could lead to pathological features such as insulin resistance (IR), myocardial energy metabolism disorders, and vascular endothelial disorders. The therapy based on the insulin signaling pathway may become a specific therapeutic target for T2DM patients with HF. Here, we reviewed the mechanisms and potential drugs of insulin signaling pathway in the treatment of T2DM complicated with HF, with a view to opening up a new perspective for the treatment of T2DM patients with HF and the research and development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanan He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Zheng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Innovation Medicine and High Efficiency and Energy Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Innovation Medicine and High Efficiency and Energy Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Junzhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Runchun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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10
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Low-dose metformin targets the lysosomal AMPK pathway through PEN2. Nature 2022; 603:159-165. [PMID: 35197629 PMCID: PMC8891018 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metformin, the most prescribed antidiabetic medicine, has shown other benefits such as anti-ageing and anticancer effects1-4. For clinical doses of metformin, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has a major role in its mechanism of action4,5; however, the direct molecular target of metformin remains unknown. Here we show that clinically relevant concentrations of metformin inhibit the lysosomal proton pump v-ATPase, which is a central node for AMPK activation following glucose starvation6. We synthesize a photoactive metformin probe and identify PEN2, a subunit of γ-secretase7, as a binding partner of metformin with a dissociation constant at micromolar levels. Metformin-bound PEN2 forms a complex with ATP6AP1, a subunit of the v-ATPase8, which leads to the inhibition of v-ATPase and the activation of AMPK without effects on cellular AMP levels. Knockout of PEN2 or re-introduction of a PEN2 mutant that does not bind ATP6AP1 blunts AMPK activation. In vivo, liver-specific knockout of Pen2 abolishes metformin-mediated reduction of hepatic fat content, whereas intestine-specific knockout of Pen2 impairs its glucose-lowering effects. Furthermore, knockdown of pen-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans abrogates metformin-induced extension of lifespan. Together, these findings reveal that metformin binds PEN2 and initiates a signalling route that intersects, through ATP6AP1, the lysosomal glucose-sensing pathway for AMPK activation. This ensures that metformin exerts its therapeutic benefits in patients without substantial adverse effects.
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11
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Liao W, Xu J, Li B, Ruan Y, Li T, Liu J. Deciphering the Roles of Metformin in Alzheimer's Disease: A Snapshot. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:728315. [PMID: 35153733 PMCID: PMC8829062 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.728315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease predominantly affecting millions of elderly people. To date, no effective therapy has been identified to reverse the progression of AD. Metformin, as a first-line medication for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), exerts multiple beneficial effects on various neurodegenerative disorders, including AD. Evidence from clinical studies has demonstrated that metformin use contributes to a lower risk of developing AD and better cognitive performance, which might be modified by interactors such as diabetic status and APOE-ε4 status. Previous mechanistic studies have gradually unveiled the effects of metformin on AD pathology and pathophysiology, including neuronal loss, neural dysfunction, amyloid-β (Aβ) depositions, tau phosphorylation, chronic neuroinflammation, insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction. Current evidence remains ambiguous and even conflicting. Herein, we review the current state of knowledge concerning the mechanisms of metformin in AD pathology while summarizing current evidence from clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Liao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Ruan
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Babak MV, Chong KR, Rapta P, Zannikou M, Tang HM, Reichert L, Chang MR, Kushnarev V, Heffeter P, Meier‐Menches SM, Lim ZC, Yap JY, Casini A, Balyasnikova IV, Ang WH. Interfering with Metabolic Profile of Triple‐Negative Breast Cancers Using Rationally Designed Metformin Prodrugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Babak
- Drug Discovery Lab Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong 83 Tat Chee Avenue 999077 Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Kai Ren Chong
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 2 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Peter Rapta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemistry Physics Slovak Technical University of Technology Radlinského 9 82137 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Markella Zannikou
- Department of Neurological Surgery The Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Hui Min Tang
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 2 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Lisa Reichert
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 2 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Meng Rui Chang
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 2 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Vladimir Kushnarev
- FSBI “National Medical Research Center of Oncology, named after N.N Petrov” Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation 68 Leningradskaya Street, Pesochny 197758 St Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center Department of Medicine I Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | | | - Zhi Chiaw Lim
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 2 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jian Yu Yap
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 2 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Angela Casini
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching, München Germany
| | - Irina V. Balyasnikova
- Department of Neurological Surgery The Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 2 117543 Singapore Singapore
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13
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Babak MV, Chong KR, Rapta P, Zannikou M, Tang HM, Reichert L, Chang MR, Kushnarev V, Heffeter P, Meier-Menches SM, Lim ZC, Yap JY, Casini A, Balyasnikova IV, Ang WH. Interfering with Metabolic Profile of Triple-Negative Breast Cancers Using Rationally Designed Metformin Prodrugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13405-13413. [PMID: 33755286 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, characterized by an aberrant metabolic phenotype with high metastatic capacity, resulting in poor patient prognoses and low survival rates. We designed a series of novel AuIII cyclometalated prodrugs of energy-disrupting Type II antidiabetic drugs namely, metformin and phenformin. Prodrug activation and release of the metformin ligand was achieved by tuning the cyclometalated AuIII fragment. The lead complex 3met was 6000-fold more cytotoxic compared to uncoordinated metformin and significantly reduced tumor burden in mice with aggressive breast cancers with lymphocytic infiltration into tumor tissues. These effects was ascribed to 3met interfering with energy production in TNBCs and inhibiting associated pro-survival responses to induce deadly metabolic catastrophe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Babak
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Kai Ren Chong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter Rapta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemistry Physics, Slovak Technical University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 82137, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Markella Zannikou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Hui Min Tang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa Reichert
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Meng Rui Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vladimir Kushnarev
- FSBI "National Medical Research Center of Oncology, named after N.N Petrov", Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 68 Leningradskaya Street, Pesochny, 197758, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Samuel M Meier-Menches
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zhi Chiaw Lim
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian Yu Yap
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angela Casini
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, München, Germany
| | - Irina V Balyasnikova
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Qushawy M. Effect of the Surfactant and Liquid Lipid Type in the Physico-chemical Characteristics of Beeswax-based Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) of Metformin. Pharm Nanotechnol 2021; 9:200-209. [PMID: 33618652 DOI: 10.2174/2211738509666210222143716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin (MF) is an antidiabetic drug that belongs to class III of the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) characterized by high solubility and low permeability. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to prepare metformin as nanostructured lipid carriers (MF-NLCs) to control the drug release and enhance its permeability through the biological membrane. METHODS 22 full factorial design was used to make the design of MF-NLCs formulations. MFNLCs were prepared by hot-melt homogenization-ultra sonication technique using beeswax as solid lipid in the presence of liquid lipid (either capryol 90 or oleic acid) and surfactant (either poloxamer 188 or tween 80). RESULTS The entrapment efficiency (EE%) of MF-NLCs was ranged from 85.2±2.5 to 96.5±1.8%. The particle size was in the nanoscale (134.6±4.1 to 264.1±4.6 nm). The value of zeta potential has a negative value ranged from -25.6±1.1 to -39.4±0.9 mV. The PDI value was in the range of 0.253±0.01 to 0.496±0.02. The cumulative drug release was calculated for MF-NLCs and it was found that Q12h ranged from 90.5±1.7% for MF-NLC1 to 99.3±2.8 for MF-NLC4. Infra-red (IR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies revealed the compatibility of the drug with other ingredients. MF-NLC4 was found to be the optimized formulation with the best responses. CONCLUSION 22 full factorial design succeed to obtain an optimized formulation which controls the drug release and increases the drug penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Qushawy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Xin G, Ming Y, Ji C, Wei Z, Li S, Morris-Natschke SL, Zhang X, Yu K, Li Y, Zhang B, Zhang J, Xing Z, He Y, Chen Z, Yang X, Niu H, Lee KH, Huang W. Novel potent antiplatelet thrombotic agent derived from biguanide for ischemic stroke. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112462. [PMID: 32464472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Platelet thrombosis is the main pathogeny resulting in the low curability of ischemic stroke, a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Metformin, a biguanide derivative that is the first-line oral medicine for type 2 diabetes, alleviates the severity of ischemic stroke in diabetic patients and suppresses platelet activation in experimental animal model. However, the clinical implementation of commercial biguanide analogs for stroke related to platelet thrombosis remains challenging due to its weak potency, poor pharmacokinetic characteristics and possible hypoglycemia. Here, twenty-three biguanide derivatives were designed and synthesized based on the principles of bioisosteres. These derivatives were evaluated for the activity of antiplatelet thrombosis in vivo. We found that N-trifluoromethanesulfonyl biguanide derivative, compound b10, uniquely prevented cerebral infarction as well as neuronal function injury, and significantly decrease the mortality rate of ischemic stroke in the middle cerebral artery occlusion mice without significant side effects. We verified that b10 directly inhibited platelets thrombus formation and decreased the compactness of stroke thrombi. Particularly, b10 exhibited good potency to inhibit human platelet activation including platelet aggregation, adhesion, pseudopodia formation, integrin GPIIb/IIIa activation, CD62P expression and clot retraction. Meanwhile, the pharmacokinetics assessment showed that b10 had satisfying pharmacological characteristics including a longer duration and a higher oral absorption ratio than its parent compound. In addition, b10 remarkably ameliorated not only stroke related to platelet thrombosis but also carotid artery thrombus formation. It is concluded that the novel potent antiplatelet thrombotic agent derived from biguanide is a promising candidate for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Xin
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Ming
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengjie Ji
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zeliang Wei
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyi Li
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kui Yu
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Youping Li
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Boli Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhihua Xing
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yarong He
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xijing Yang
- Animal Experiment Center, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hai Niu
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; College of Mathematics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
| | - Wen Huang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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16
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Sadkowska A, Huttunen KM, Podsiedlik M, Mikiciuk-Olasik E, Sikora J. An investigation into the pleiotropic activity of metformin. A glimpse of haemostasis. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 872:172984. [PMID: 32017937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The most characteristic features of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance, however, patients with T2DM are at higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and atherosclerosis. Diabetes, frequently related to metabolic and vascular impairments, is also associated with thrombosis, increased blood coagulation and an imbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis. Metformin is the most often used oral glucose-lowering agent; its beneficial properties include lowering insulin resistance, weight reduction and cardioprotection. Available data suggest that the advantageous properties of metformin stem from its favourable effects on endothelium, and anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. This paper reviews the favourable impact of metformin on endothelial function, with particular emphasis on the release of endogenous molecules modulating the state of the vascular endothelium and coagulation. It also summarizes the present knowledge on the influence of metformin on platelet activity and plasma haemostasis, including clot formation, stabilization and fibrinolysis. Its findings confirm that metformin should constitute first line therapy of T2DM subjects; however, more comprehensive methodical studies are required to discover the full potential of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Adrianna Sadkowska
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Maria Podsiedlik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Mikiciuk-Olasik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
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17
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Huttunen KM, Sadkowska A, Sikora J. Pleiotropic Activity of Metformin and Its Sulfonamide Derivatives on Vascular and Platelet Haemostasis. Molecules 2019; 25:E125. [PMID: 31905674 PMCID: PMC6982810 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) predisposes patients to endothelial cell injury and dysfunction, improvement of vascular function should be an important target for therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of metformin, its sulfenamide and sulfonamide derivatives on selected parameters of endothelial and smooth muscle cell function, and platelet activity. Metformin was not found to significantly affect the viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) or aortal smooth muscle cells (AoSMC); however, it decreased cell migration by approximately 21.8% in wound healing assays after 24 h stimulation (wound closure 32.5 µm versus 41.5 µm for control). Metformin reduced platelet aggregation manifested by 19.0% decrease in maximum of aggregation (Amax), and 20% reduction in initial platelet aggregation velocity (v0). Furthermore, metformin decreased spontaneous platelet adhesion by 27.7% and ADP-induced adhesion to fibrinogen by 29.6% in comparison to control. Metformin sulfenamide with an n-butyl alkyl chain (compound 1) appeared to exert the most unfavourable effects on AoSMC cell viability (IC50 = 0.902 ± 0.015 μmol/mL), while 4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (compound 3) and 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (compound 4) derivatives of metformin did not affect AoSMC and HUVEC viability at concentrations up to 2.0 μmol/mL. These compounds were also found to significantly reduce migration of smooth muscle cells by approximately 81.0%. Furthermore, sulfonamides 3 and 4 decreased the initial velocity of platelet aggregation by 11.8% and 20.6%, respectively, and ADP-induced platelet adhesion to fibrinogen by 76.3% and 65.6%. Metformin and its p- and o-nitro-benzenesulfonamide derivatives 3, 4 appear to exert beneficial effects on some parameters of vascular and platelet haemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Kristiina M. Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Adrianna Sadkowska
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
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18
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Sikora J, Zajda A, Huttunen KM. Novel halogenated sulfonamide biguanides with anti-coagulation properties. Bioorg Chem 2019; 94:103444. [PMID: 31776031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Apart from its hypoglycaemic properties, metformin also offers beneficial effects for the cardiovascular system resulting in significant reduction of diabetes-related death, and all-cause mortality. The aim of this study was to synthesize nine new benzenesulfonamide derivatives of metformin with a halogen substituent, and estimate their influence on selected parameters of plasma and vascular hemostasis. The study describes the synthesis of nine benzenesulfonamide biguanides with o-, m-, and p- chloro-, bromo-, and fluoro substituents. All orto- derivatives (chloro- (1), bromo- (4), and fluoro- (7)) significantly prolong prothrombin time (PT) and partially activated thromboplastin time (APTT). In addition compounds 4 and 7 slow the process of fibrin polymerization, and contribute to increased TT. Multiparametric CL-test revealed that compounds 1, 4, 7 and p-fluorobenzenesulfonamide (9) significantly prolong the onset of clot formation, decrease initial clot formation velocity, and maximum clotting. Analysis of human endothelial cell (HUVECs) and human aortal smooth muscle cell (AoSMCs) viability over the entire tested concentration range (0.001-3.0 μmol/mL) indicated that the examined compounds can undergo further tests up to 1.5 µmol/mL concentration without decreasing cellular viability. Furthermore, none of the synthesized compounds exert an unfavourable effect on erythrocyte integrity, and thus do not interact strongly with the lipid-protein bilayer. In summary, chemical modification of the metformin backbone into benzenesulfonamides containing halogen substituents at the o- position leads to the formation of potential agents with stronger anti-coagulant properties than the parent drug, metformin. Therefore, o-halogenated benzenesulfonamides can be regarded as an initial promising step in the development of novel biguanide-based compounds with anti-coagulant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Zajda
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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19
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Chaves OA, Mathew B, Parambi DGT, C S de Oliveira CH, Cesarin-Sobrinho D, Lakshminarayanan B, Najeeb S, Nafna EK, Marathakam A, Uddin MS, Joy M, Carlos Netto-Ferreira J. Studies on the interaction between HSA and new halogenated metformin derivatives: influence of lipophilic groups in the binding ability. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2128-2140. [PMID: 31184536 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1627247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the type II diabetes mellitus, Metformin hydrochloride is recommended as a common FAD approved drug. Synthesis of novel metformin series has been widely explored, mainly due to its biological importance and to improve their pharmacokinetic profile. Generally, human serum albumin (HSA) is the main protein used to study drug viability in vitro analysis. Thus, the present study reports the synthesis of three new halogenated metformin derivatives (MFCl, MFBr and MFCF3) and its interaction toward HSA by multiple spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, circular dichroism, steady-state, time-resolved and synchronous fluorescence), combined to computational methods (molecular docking and quantum chemical calculation). The interaction between each halogenated metformin derivative and HSA is spontaneous (ΔG°<0), entropically driven (ΔS°>0), moderate (Ka and Kb ≈ 104 M-1) and occurs preferentially in the subdomain IIA (close to Trp-214 residue). Molecular docking results suggested hydrogen bonding, van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions as the main binding forces. Quantum chemical calculations suggested imino groups as the most intense electrostatic negative potentials, while the positive electrostatic potential is located at the hydrogen atoms on N,N-dimethyl and the phenyl systems which can help the hydrophobic interactions. [Formula: see text]Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otávio Augusto Chaves
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil.,SENAI Innovation Institute for Green Chemisry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | | | - Cosme Henrique C S de Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Dari Cesarin-Sobrinho
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Balasubramanian Lakshminarayanan
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, Kerala, India.,Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sadiya Najeeb
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - E K Nafna
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Akash Marathakam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National College of Pharmacy, Calicut, Kerala
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Monu Joy
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - José Carlos Netto-Ferreira
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil.,Divisão de Metrologia Química, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia - INMETRO, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
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20
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Preparation, preliminary pharmacokinetic and brain targeting study of metformin encapsulated W/O/W composite submicron emulsions promoted by borneol. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 133:160-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Huttunen KM, Broncel M, Sikora J. Sulfenamide and Sulfonamide Derivatives of Metformin - A New Option to Improve Endothelial Function and Plasma Haemostasis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6573. [PMID: 31024058 PMCID: PMC6484023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multi-factorial disease which can cause multiple organ dysfunction, including that of the vascular endothelium. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of metformin, and its sulfenamide and sulfonamide derivatives (compounds 1–8) on the selected markers of endothelial function and blood coagulation. The integrity of endothelial cells(ECs) was examined using the real-time cell electric impedance system. Tissue Factor(TF) production, the release of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and tissue plasminogen activator(t-PA) from ECs were determined using immunoenzymatic assays, while the process of platelet thrombus formation using the Total Thrombus-Formation Analysis System. Sulfenamide with n-butyl alkyl chain(3) does not interfere with ECs integrity, and viability (nCI(24h) = 1.03 ± 0.03 vs. 1.06 ± 0.11 for control), but possesses anticoagulation properties manifested by prolonged platelet-dependent thrombus formation (Occlusion Time 370.3 ± 77.0 s vs. 286.7 ± 65.5 s for control) in semi-physiological conditions. Both p- and o-nitro-benzenesulfonamides (compounds7,8) exhibit anti-coagulant properties demonstrated by decreased vWF release and prolonged parameters of platelet thrombus formation and total blood thrombogenicity. In conclusion, chemical modification of metformin scaffold into sulfenamides or sulfonamides might be regarded as a good starting point for the design and synthesis of novel biguanide-based compounds with anticoagulant properties and valuable features regarding endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School Of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marlena Broncel
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
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22
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Iida K, Ishida S, Watanabe T, Arai T. Disulfide-Catalyzed Iodination of Electron-Rich Aromatic Compounds. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7411-7417. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Iida
- Soft Molecular Activation Research Center (SMARC), Chiba Iodine Resource Innovation Center (CIRIC), Molecular Chirality Research Center (MCRC), and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ishida
- Soft Molecular Activation Research Center (SMARC), Chiba Iodine Resource Innovation Center (CIRIC), Molecular Chirality Research Center (MCRC), and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takamichi Watanabe
- Nippoh Chemicals Co., Ltd. Neo Kawai Building, 8-15,4-Chome, Nihonbashi-Honchou,
Chuo-Ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Arai
- Soft Molecular Activation Research Center (SMARC), Chiba Iodine Resource Innovation Center (CIRIC), Molecular Chirality Research Center (MCRC), and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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23
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Huttunen J, Sikora J, Huttunen KM. Sulfenamide derivatives can improve transporter-mediated cellular uptake of metformin and induce cytotoxicity in human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:321-334. [PMID: 30913467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metformin, the most frequently administered oral anti-diabetic drug, is a substrate for organic cation transporters (OCTs). This determines not only its pharmacokinetic properties but also its biochemical effects in humans, including its recently-discovered antiproliferative properties. The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis whether chemical modification of its biguanide backbone may increase the cellular uptake and antiproliferative efficacy of metformin. The study examines five sulfenamide derivatives of metformin with differing lengths of alkyl chains. It determines their cellular uptake and the role of OCTs in their transport in human breast adenocarcinoma cells (epithelial-like MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231). It also evaluates whether increased cellular uptake of metformin derivatives is associated with their cytotoxic properties. Sulfenamide derivatives were characterized by a greater ability to bind to OCTs than metformin. Compound 2 with n-octyl alkyl chain was found to possess the greatest affinity towards OCTs, as measured by determination of [14C]choline uptake inhibition (IC50 = 236.1 ± 1.28 μmol/L, and 217.4 ± 1.33 μmol/L, for MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 respectively). Sulfenamides were also found to exhibit better cellular uptake in comparison with the parent drug, metformin. For instance, the uptake of cyclohexyl derivative 1 was 1.28 ± 0.19 nmol/min/mg of proteins and thus was 12-fold higher than the metformin in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, higher uptake was associated with the greatest antiproliferative properties expressed as the lowest IC50 value i.e. inhibiting the growth of 50% of the cells (IC50 = 0.72 ± 1.31 μmol/L). Collectively, chemical modification of metformin into sulfenamides with different alkyl substituents obtains better substrates for OCTs, and subsequently higher cellular uptake in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Additionally, the length of alkyl chain introduced to the sulfenamides was found to influence selectivity and transport efficiency via OCT1 compared to other possible transporters, as well as potential intracellular activity and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Johanna Huttunen
- School Of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School Of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Huttunen KM, Mateusiak Ł, Mikiciuk-Olasik E, Sikora J. Sulfenamide and sulfonamide derivatives of metformin can exert anticoagulant and profibrinolytic properties. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 284:126-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Allocati N, Masulli M, Di Ilio C, Federici L. Glutathione transferases: substrates, inihibitors and pro-drugs in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:8. [PMID: 29362397 PMCID: PMC5833873 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-017-0025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferase classical GSH conjugation activity plays a critical role in cellular detoxification against xenobiotics and noxious compounds as well as against oxidative stress. However, this feature is also exploited by cancer cells to acquire drug resistance and improve their survival. As a result, various members of the family were found overexpressed in a number of different cancers. Moreover several GST polymorphisms, ranging from null phenotypes to point mutations, were detected in members of the family and found to correlate with the onset of neuro-degenerative diseases. In the last decades, a great deal of research aimed at clarifying the role played by GSTs in drug resistance, at developing inhibitors to counteract this activity but also at exploiting GSTs for prodrugs specific activation in cancer cells. Here we summarize some of the most important achievements reached in this lively area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerino Allocati
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.
| | - Michele Masulli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Carmine Di Ilio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Luca Federici
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.,CESI-MET, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
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Biocompatible sulfenamide and sulfonamide derivatives of metformin can exert beneficial effects on plasma haemostasis. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 280:15-27. [PMID: 29217384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As the pharmacokinetic properties of metformin are unfavourable, several analogues and prodrugs have been synthesised to improve its bioavailability. The aim of this study was to assess the plasma stability of sulfenamide and sulfonamide derivatives of metformin and establish their effects on plasma haemostasis and integrity of red blood cells (RBCs). The overall haemostasis potential was evaluated spectrophotometrically by clot formation and lysis test (CL-test). PT (Prothrombin Time) and APTT (Activated Partial Tromboplastin Time) were used to evaluate the effects if the compounds on the extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation pathway. Haemolysis assay, microscopy and flow cytometry studies were conducted to determine the effect of the compounds on RBCs. Two sulfonamide and one sulfenamide derivatives of metformin were associated with a statistically significant decrease in the overall potential of clot formation and fibrinolysis (↓ CLAUC), suggesting that these compounds may exert beneficial effects regarding plasma haemostasis, which is frequently impaired in diabetic patients. p- and o-Nitrobenzene sulfonamides contributed to the beneficial change in kinetic parameters of clot formation and fibrinolysis. o-Nitrobenzene sulfonamide significantly increased thrombin generation time (↑ TGt) and was also found to prolong both APTT and PT. All compounds did not exert any effects on the integrity of RBCs over the concentration range 0.006-0.6 μmol/mL which constitutes the expected therapeutic concentration. In conclusion, sulfonamide derivatives of metformin present potentially beneficial properties in terms of plasma haemostasis which is frequently impaired in T2DM patients. Therefore, metformin sulfonamides may become a prototype for further design and synthesis of novel metformin analogues and prodrugs with improved pharmacokinetic properties.
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Sikora J, Szydłowska A, Skupień A, Mikiciuk-Olasik E, Huttunen KM. Metformin - a Future Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases : Theme: Drug Discovery, Development and Delivery in Alzheimer's Disease Guest Editor: Davide Brambilla. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2614-2627. [PMID: 28589443 PMCID: PMC5736777 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex, chronic and progressive metabolic disease, which is characterized by relative insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, and high glucose levels in blood. Esteemed published articles and epidemiological data exhibit an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in diabetic pateints. Metformin is the most frequently used oral anti-diabetic drug, which apart from hypoglycaemic activity, improves serum lipid profiles, positively influences the process of haemostasis, and possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, scientists have put their efforts in establishing metformin's role in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson's disease. Results of several clinical studies confirm that long term use of metformin in diabetic patients contributes to better cognitive function, compared to participants using other anti-diabetic drugs. The exact mechanism of metformin's advantageous activity in AD is not fully understood, but scientists claim that activation of AMPK-dependent pathways in human neural stem cells might be responsible for the neuroprotective activity of metformin. Metformin was also found to markedly decease Beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) protein expression and activity in cell culture models and in vivo, thereby reducing BACE1 cleavage products and the production of Aβ (β-amyloid). Furthermore, there is also some evidence that metformin decreases the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is responsible for the degradation of acetylcholine (Ach), a neurotransmitter involved in the process of learning and memory. In regard to the beneficial effects of metformin, its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties cannot be omitted. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that metformin ameliorates oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szydłowska
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Skupień
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Mikiciuk-Olasik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul., Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kristiina M. Huttunen
- School Of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland,, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Sikora J, Mateusiak Ł, Mikiciuk-Olasik E, Huttunen KM. New prodrugs of metformin do not influence the overall haemostasis potential and integrity of the erythrocyte membrane. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 811:208-221. [PMID: 28606852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although metformin, an oral anti-diabetic drug, has been found to have multidirectional effects over the past decade, it is characterised by unfavourable pharmacokinetic properties. This study discusses the effects of metformin, phenformin and three prodrugs of metformin on the haemostasis and integrity of Red Blood Cells (RBCs). The influence of examined biguanide derivatives on haemostasis was evaluated spectrophotometrically by clot formation and lysis test (CL-test) at 405nm. The extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation pathway were examined by measuring the PT (Prothrombin Time) and aPTT (Activated Partial Tromboplastin Time). Haemolysis assay, microscopy and flow cytometry studies were used to assess the effect of the tested compounds on RBCs. Although none of the tested biguanide derivatives significantly influenced the overall potential of clot formation and fibrinolysis (CLAUC constants), statistically significant changes were seen in the values of the kinetic parameters of fibrinolysis. Furthermore, only prodrug 2, with an 8-carbon alkyl chain, unfavourably affected RBCs by interaction with the erythrocyte membrane leading to significant haemolysis. Our results provide a further insight into the effects of metformin and its prodrugs on haemostasis and RBCs and underscore the necessity for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Mateusiak
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Mikiciuk-Olasik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School Of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Taneja G, Gupta CP, Mishra S, Srivastava R, Rahuja N, Rawat AK, Pandey J, Gupta AP, Jaiswal N, Gayen JR, Tamrakar AK, Srivastava AK, Goel A. Synthesis of substituted 2 H-benzo[ e]indazole-9-carboxylate as a potent antihyperglycemic agent that may act through IRS-1, Akt and GSK-3β pathways. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:329-337. [PMID: 30108748 PMCID: PMC6072481 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00467a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on high throughput screening of our chemical library, we identified two 4,5-dihydro-2H-benzo[e]indazole derivatives (5d and 5g), which displayed a significant effect on glucose uptake in L6 skeletal muscle cells. Based on these lead molecules, a series of benzo[e]indazole derivatives were prepared. Among all the synthesized dihydro-2H-benzo[e]indazoles, 8-(methylthio)-2-phenyl-6-p-tolyl-4,5-dihydro-2H-benzo[e]indazole-9-carboxylate (5e) showed significant glucose uptake stimulation in L6 skeletal muscle cells, even better than lead compounds. Additionally, 5e decreased glucagon-induced glucose release in HepG2 hepatoma cells. The 2H-benzo[e]indazole 5e exerted an antihyperglycemic effect in normal, sucrose challenged streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Treatment with 5e at a dose of 30 mg kg-1 in db/db mice caused a significant decrease in triglyceride and total cholesterol levels and increased the HDL-C level in a significant manner. The mechanistic studies revealed that the 2H-benzo[e]indazole 5e significantly stimulated insulin-induced signaling at the level of IRS-1, Akt and GSK-3β in L6 skeletal muscle cells, possibly by inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B. This new 2H-benzo[e]indazole derivative has potential for the treatment of diabetes with improved lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Taneja
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow 226031 , India .
| | - Chandra Prakash Gupta
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow 226031 , India .
| | - Shachi Mishra
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow 226031 , India .
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Biochemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow 226031 , India
| | - Neha Rahuja
- Biochemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow 226031 , India
| | - Arun Kumar Rawat
- Biochemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow 226031 , India
| | - Jyotsana Pandey
- Biochemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow 226031 , India
| | - Anand P Gupta
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow 226031 , India
| | - Natasha Jaiswal
- Biochemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow 226031 , India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow 226031 , India
| | - Akhilesh K Tamrakar
- Biochemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow 226031 , India
| | | | - Atul Goel
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow 226031 , India .
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30
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Spectroscopic and molecular modelling studies of binding mechanism of metformin with bovine serum albumin. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Lee C, Lim YN, Jang HY. Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis ofN-Formyl/Acylsulfenamides and -thiosulfonamides. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhang C, Huang B, Bao AQ, Li X, Guo S, Zhang JQ, Xu JZ, Zhang R, Cui DM. Copper-catalyzed arylation of biguanide derivatives via C–N cross-coupling reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:11432-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed an efficient copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of biguanide hydrochloride derivatives with both aryl iodides and bromides under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- PR China
| | - Bo Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- PR China
| | - Ai-Qing Bao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- PR China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- PR China
| | - Shunna Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- PR China
| | - Jin-Quan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- PR China
| | - Jun-Zhi Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- PR China
| | - Rihao Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- PR China
| | - Dong-Mei Cui
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- PR China
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Rautio J, Vernerová M, Aufderhaar I, Huttunen KM. Glutathione-S-transferase selective release of metformin from its sulfonamide prodrug. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5034-6. [PMID: 25248681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, three sulfonamide prodrugs of metformin were designed and synthesized. The bioconversion of the sulfonamide prodrugs by glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was evaluated in rat and human liver S9 fractions as well as with recombinant human GST forms. One of the prodrugs (3) was bioactivated by GST and released metformin in a quantitative manner, whereas the two others were enzymatically stable. Prodrug 3 had a much higher logD value relative to metformin and it was reasonably stable in both acidic buffer and rat small intestine homogenate, which indicates that this prodrug has the potential to increase the oral absorption of metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Monika Vernerová
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Imke Aufderhaar
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Goel A, Nag P, Rahuja N, Srivastava R, Chaurasia S, Gautam S, Chandra S, Siddiqi MI, Srivastava AK. Discovery of biaryl-4-carbonitriles as antihyperglycemic agents that may act through AMPK-p38 MAPK pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 394:1-12. [PMID: 24993155 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of functionalized biaryl-4-carbonitriles was synthesized in three steps and evaluated for PTP-1B inhibitory activity. Among the synthesized compounds, four biaryls 6a-d showed inhibition (IC50 58-75 μM) against in vitro PTP-1B assay possibly due to interaction with amino acid residues Lys120, Tyr46 through hydrogen bonding and aromatic-aromatic interactions, respectively. Two biaryl-4-carbonitriles 6b and 6c showed improved glucose tolerance, fasting as well as postprandial blood glucose, serum total triglycerides, and increased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in SLM, STZ, STZ-S and C57BL/KsJ-db/db animal models. The bioanalysis of 4'-bromo-2,3-dimethyl-5-(piperidin-1-yl)biphenyl-4-carbonitrile (6b) revealed that like insulin, it increased 2-deoxyglucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells (L6 and C2C12 myotubes). The compound 6b significantly up-regulated the genes related to the insulin signaling pathways like AMPK, MAPK including glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) gene in muscle tissue of C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. Furthermore, it was observed that the compound 6b up-regulated PPARα, UCP2 and HNF4α, which are key regulator of glucose, lipid, and fatty acid metabolism. Western blot analysis of the compound 6b showed that it significantly increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and p38 MAPK and ameliorated glucose uptake in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice through the AMPK-p38 MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Goel
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
| | - Pankaj Nag
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Neha Rahuja
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sumit Chaurasia
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sudeep Gautam
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sharat Chandra
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Arvind K Srivastava
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
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Rattanangkool E, Krailat W, Vilaivan T, Phuwapraisirisan P, Sukwattanasinitt M, Wacharasindhu S. Hypervalent Iodine(III)-Promoted Metal-Free S-H Activation: An Approach for the Construction of S-S, S-N, and S-C Bonds. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Peura L, Huttunen KM. Sustained release of metformin via red blood cell accumulated sulfenamide prodrug. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2207-2210. [PMID: 24891115 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is a first-line antidiabetic drug to treat type 2 diabetes. It is rapidly eliminated from plasma but also accumulated into red blood cells (RBCs) from which it is slowly released back into plasma. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the amount of metformin in the RBCs could be increased by a sulfenamide prodrug approach, which could provide longer duration of metformin in systemic circulation. Pharmacokinetic properties of metformin and its cyclohexyl sulfenamide prodrug were evaluated in plasma and in whole blood after intravenous and oral administration in rats. Once the sulfenamide prodrug reached the bloodstream, it was rapidly and efficiently accumulated into the RBCs, where it was converted to metformin by free thiols. The RBC-whole blood ratio of metformin was increased approximately from 42% to 96% when metformin was administered intravenously as its sulfenamide prodrug, and the proportion of metformin in the RBCs was found to be concentration and time independent. Because metformin was slowly liberated into plasma, the prodrug showed a sustained-release pharmacokinetic profile and longer plasma half-life for metformin after oral administration. Therefore, this sulfenamide prodrug has great potential to improve metformin therapy as the daily doses could be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Peura
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, KuopioFI-70211, Finland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, KuopioFI-70211, Finland.
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Huttunen KM, Leppänen J, Laine K, Vepsäläinen J, Rautio J. Convenient microwave-assisted synthesis of lipophilic sulfenamide prodrugs of metformin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:624-8. [PMID: 23732628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A convenient microwave-assisted synthesis of lipophilic sulfenamide prodrugs of antidiabetic agent, metformin, is reported in this study. These acyclic prodrugs were synthesized directly from selected disulfides with basic metformin and silver nitrate by a one-pot reaction under microwave irradiation. The prepared prodrugs had significantly increased lipophilicity, which resulted in excellent permeability of the octylthio prodrug of metformin across a Caco-2 cell monolayer. According to our preliminary in vivo studies, the octylthio prodrug was also absorbed mostly intact after oral administration in rats. In conclusion, this study shows that these types of more lipophilic sulfenamide prodrugs can be promising candidates to improve permeability and passive absorption of highly water-soluble metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Synthesis, crystal structure, spectral characterization and fluorescence studies of salts of α-mangostin with APIs. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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McMorran DA, McAdam CJ, van der Salm H, Gordon KC. 1,5-Diarylbiguanides and their nickel(II) complexes. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:2948-62. [PMID: 23249988 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32483k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1,5-Diarylbiguanides, where the aryl groups are phenyl (HL1), 3,5-dimethylphenyl (HL2), 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl (HL3), 4-t-butylphenyl (HL4) or 4-bromophenyl (HL5), have been prepared and characterised. HL3 and HL5 have been structurally characterised by X-ray crystallography, which shows them to adopt the expected tautomeric form for biguanides. They have extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions in the solid state, involving the biguanide NH groups supported by, in the case of HL3, the OCH3 aryl substituents or, in the case of HL5, Br···Br interactions. Reactions of HL1–HL4 with Ni(BF4)2 gives complexes of the type [Ni(HL)2](BF4)2, while reactions of HL1–HL4 with Ni(BF4)2 and triethylamine give neutral complexes of the type [Ni(L)2], where the biguanide ligand has been deprotonated at the N(ring) nitrogen. Both series of complexes were characterised in solution and the solid state. Cyclic voltammetry shows a largely irreversible Ni(II)/Ni(III) oxidation which becomes easier by ca. 70 mV upon ligand deprotonation, with more subtle variations resulting from the changes in aryl ring substituents. Infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopies both provide evidence for ligand deprotonation leading to the chelate ring becoming increasingly aromatised. X-ray crystallographic analyses of five of the complexes also show changes in bond lengths and angles within the chelate ring, consistent with increased electron delocalisation. A variety of hydrogen bonding motifs involving the complex ions, counterions and solvent molecules are found. The results of DFT calculations on both cationic and neutral complexes provide calculated structures consistent with the experimental ones and these, along with the results of vibrational spectroscopic studies, provide further evidence for increased aromatisation upon deprotonation. The potential for the complexes to act as tectons for the rational assembly of hydrogen bonded metallosupramolecules is discussed and the X-ray structure of such an assembly, between [Ni(L3)2] and 1,8-naphthalimide, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A McMorran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Zhang B, Chen T, Chen Z, Wang M, Zheng D, Wu J, Jiang X, Li X. Synthesis and anti-hyperglycemic activity of hesperidin derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7194-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nti-Addae KW, Guarino VR, Dalwadi G, Stella VJ. Determination of the Permeability Characteristics of Two Sulfenamide Prodrugs of Linezolid Across Caco-2 Cells. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3134-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Syntheses, crystal structures and properties of copper(II) complexes of 1-amidinoisourea and biguanide nitrates. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Huttunen KM, Leppänen J, Vepsäläinen J, Sirviö J, Laine K, Rautio J. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of a Sulfenamide Prodrug of Basic Metformin. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2854-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Dahan A, Khamis M, Agbaria R, Karaman R. Targeted prodrugs in oral drug delivery: the modern molecular biopharmaceutical approach. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:1001-13. [PMID: 22703376 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.697055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The molecular revolution greatly impacted the field of drug design and delivery in general, and the utilization of the prodrug approach in particular. The increasing understanding of membrane transporters has promoted a novel 'targeted-prodrug' approach utilizing carrier-mediated transport to increase intestinal permeability, as well as specific enzymes to promote activation to the parent drug. AREAS COVERED This article provides the reader with a concise overview of this modern approach to prodrug design. Targeting the oligopeptide transporter PEPT1 for absorption and the serine hydrolase valacyclovirase for activation will be presented as examples for the successful utilization of this approach. Additionally, the use of computational approaches, such as DFT and ab initio molecular orbital methods, in modern prodrugs design will be discussed. EXPERT OPINION Overall, in the coming years, more and more information will undoubtedly become available regarding intestinal transporters and potential enzymes that may be exploited for the targeted modern prodrug approach. Hence, the concept of prodrug design can no longer be viewed as merely a chemical modification to solve problems associated with parent compounds. Rather, it opens promising opportunities for precise and efficient drug delivery, as well as enhancement of treatment options and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Dahan
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Maag H. Overcoming poor permeability – the role of prodrugs for oral drug delivery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY: TECHNOLOGIES 2012; 9:e71-e174. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Guarino VR, Nti-Addae K, Stella VJ. Reprint of "MDCK cell permeability characteristics of a sulfenamide produg: strategic implications in considering sulfenamide prodrugs for oral delivery of NH acids" [Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 21 (2011) 172-175]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2780-3. [PMID: 21513867 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(11)00473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this Letter is both to report the permeability results of a linezolid-based sulfenamide prodrug in an MDCK cell model (enterocyte surrogate system) and to discuss the strategic implications of these results for considering sulfenamide prodrugs to enhance the oral delivery of weakly acidic NH-acids (e.g., amides, ureas, etc.). The two main findings from this study are that the sulfenamide prodrug does not appear to survive intracellular transport due to conversion to linezolid and that there appears to be an apically-oriented surface conversion pathway that can additionally serve to convert the sulfenamide prodrug to linezolid upon approach of the apical membrane. It is hoped that these findings, along with the discussion of the strategic implications, will facilitate a greater awareness of the potential strengths and weaknesses inherent in the sulfenamide prodrug approach for enhancing the oral delivery of weakly acidic NH-acid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor R Guarino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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Srinivas NR. The rationality for using prodrug approach in drug discovery programs for new xenobiotics: opportunities and challenges. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 36:49-59. [PMID: 21404122 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-011-0035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The concept of prodrugs has been successfully executed for life cycle management options of several approved drugs and drugs in development. In addition to imparting ideal biopharmaceutical properties, such as solubility, permeability and lipophilicity, some prodrug concepts have also enabled site-specific drug delivery, prolonged the duration of therapeutic effect and improved therapeutic index. The strategic inclusion of prodrug concept during drug discovery and early development process brings in some unique challenges. The communication provides balanced perspectives on the rational use and challenges of prodrug concept during the drug discovery and development process.
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Sun J, Miller JM, Beig A, Rozen L, Amidon GL, Dahan A. Mechanistic enhancement of the intestinal absorption of drugs containing the polar guanidino functionality. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:313-23. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.550875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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MDCK cell permeability characteristics of a sulfenamide prodrug: Strategic implications in considering sulfenamide prodrugs for oral delivery of NH-acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:172-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Berlinck RGS, Burtoloso ACB, Trindade-Silva AE, Romminger S, Morais RP, Bandeira K, Mizuno CM. The chemistry and biology of organic guanidine derivatives. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1871-907. [DOI: 10.1039/c0np00016g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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