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Brat C, Huynh Phuoc HP, Awad O, Parmar BS, Hellmuth N, Heinicke U, Amr S, Grimmer J, Sürün D, Husnjak K, Carlsson M, Fahrer J, Bauer T, Krieg SC, Manolikakes G, Zacharowski K, Steinhilber D, Münch C, Maier TJ, Roos J. Endogenous anti-tumorigenic nitro-fatty acids inhibit the ubiquitin-proteasome system by directly targeting the 26S proteasome. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1277-1294.e12. [PMID: 37473760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitro-fatty acids (NFAs) are endogenous lipid mediators causing a spectrum of anti-inflammatory effects by covalent modification of key proteins within inflammatory signaling pathways. Recent animal models of solid tumors have helped demonstrate their potential as anti-tumorigenic therapeutics. This study evaluated the anti-tumorigenic effects of NFAs in colon carcinoma cells and other solid and leukemic tumor cell lines. NFAs inhibited the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) by directly targeting the 26S proteasome, leading to polyubiquitination and inhibition of the proteasome activities. UPS suppression induced the unfolded protein response, resulting in tumor cell death. The NFA-mediated effects were substantial, specific, and enduring, representing a unique mode of action for UPS suppression. This study provides mechanistic insights into the biological actions of NFAs as possible endogenous tumor-suppressive factors, indicating that NFAs might be key structures for designing a novel class of direct proteasome inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Brat
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main 60590 Hesse, Germany
| | - Hai Phong Huynh Phuoc
- Department Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, 63225 Hesse, Germany
| | - Omar Awad
- Department Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, 63225 Hesse, Germany
| | - Bhavesh S Parmar
- Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, 60590 Hesse, Germany
| | - Nadine Hellmuth
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main 60590 Hesse, Germany
| | - Ulrike Heinicke
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main 60590 Hesse, Germany
| | - Shady Amr
- Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, 60590 Hesse, Germany
| | - Jennifer Grimmer
- Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, 67663 Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
| | - Duran Sürün
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, 01307 Saxony, Germany
| | - Koraljka Husnjak
- Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, 60590 Hesse, Germany
| | - Max Carlsson
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, 67663 Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, 67663 Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
| | - Tom Bauer
- Department Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, 63225 Hesse, Germany
| | - Sara-Cathrin Krieg
- Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, 67663 Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
| | - Georg Manolikakes
- Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, 67663 Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main 60590 Hesse, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, 60438 Hesse, Germany
| | - Christian Münch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, 60590 Hesse, Germany
| | - Thorsten Jürgen Maier
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main 60590 Hesse, Germany; Department Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, 63225 Hesse, Germany
| | - Jessica Roos
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main 60590 Hesse, Germany; Department Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, 63225 Hesse, Germany.
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2
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Synthesis of Amino-Acid-Based Nitroalkenes. ORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/org3020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty-acid-based nitroalkenes have recently received great attention because of their bioactivities. On the contrary, peptide- or amino-acid-based nitroalkenes have been scarcely explored so far, although they may exhibit interesting biological properties, for example, as enzyme inhibitors. In this work, we study protocols for the efficient synthesis of nitroalkenes based on natural amino acids. A variety of N-protected amino alcohols and Weinreb amides, derived from α-amino acids, were converted to the corresponding N-protected amino aldehydes, and, through a Henry reaction with nitroalkanes, produced the corresponding nitro alcohols. The subsequent elimination reaction led to the (E)-isomer of amino-acid-based nitroalkenes in moderate to high yields.
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Nitro Fatty Acids (NO 2-FAs): An Emerging Class of Bioactive Fatty Acids. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247536. [PMID: 34946618 PMCID: PMC8708353 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsaturated nitro fatty acids (NO2-FAs) constitute a category of molecules that may be formed endogenously by the reaction of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) with secondary species of nitrogen monoxide and nitrite anions. The warhead of NO2-FAs is a nitroalkene moiety, which is a potent Michael acceptor and can undergo nucleophilic attack from thiol groups of biologically relevant proteins, showcasing the value of these molecules regarding their therapeutic potential against many diseases. In general, NO2-FAs inhibit nuclear factorκ-B (NF-κB), and simultaneously they activate nuclear factor (erythroid derived)-like 2 (Nrf2), which activates an antioxidant signaling pathway. NO2-FAs can be synthesized not only endogenously in the organism, but in a synthetic laboratory as well, either by a step-by-step synthesis or by a direct nitration of UFAs. The step-by-step synthesis requires specific precursor compounds and is in position to afford the desired NO2-FAs with a certain position of the nitro group. On the contrary, the direct nitration of UFAs is not a selective methodology; thus, it affords a mixture of all possible nitro isomers.
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4
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Woodcock SR, Salvatore SR, Freeman BA, Schopfer FJ. Synthesis of 9- and 12-nitro conjugated linoleic acid: Regiospecific isomers of naturally occurring conjugated nitrodienes. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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O’Brien J, Wendell SG. Electrophile Modulation of Inflammation: A Two-Hit Approach. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110453. [PMID: 33182676 PMCID: PMC7696920 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophilic small molecules have gained significant attention over the last decade in the field of covalent drug discovery. Long recognized as mediators of the inflammatory process, recent evidence suggests that electrophiles may modulate the immune response through the regulation of metabolic networks. These molecules function as pleiotropic signaling mediators capable of reversibly reacting with nucleophilic biomolecules, most notably at reactive cysteines. More specifically, electrophiles target critical cysteines in redox regulatory proteins to activate protective pathways such as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2-Keap1) antioxidant signaling pathway while also inhibiting Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB). During inflammatory states, reactive species broadly alter cell signaling through the oxidation of lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids, effectively propagating the inflammatory sequence. Subsequent changes in metabolic signaling inform immune cell maturation and effector function. Therapeutic strategies targeting inflammatory pathologies leverage electrophilic drug compounds, in part, because of their documented effect on the redox balance of the cell. With mounting evidence demonstrating the link between redox signaling and metabolism, electrophiles represent ideal therapeutic candidates for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Through their pleiotropic signaling activity, electrophiles may be used strategically to both directly and indirectly target immune cell metabolism.
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Piesche M, Roos J, Kühn B, Fettel J, Hellmuth N, Brat C, Maucher IV, Awad O, Matrone C, Comerma Steffensen SG, Manolikakes G, Heinicke U, Zacharowski KD, Steinhilber D, Maier TJ. The Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Nitro Fatty Acids and Other Michael Acceptor-Containing Drugs for the Treatment of Inflammation and Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1297. [PMID: 33013366 PMCID: PMC7495092 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitro fatty acids (NFAs) are endogenously generated lipid mediators deriving from reactions of unsaturated electrophilic fatty acids with reactive nitrogen species. Furthermore, Mediterranean diets can be a source of NFA. These highly electrophilic fatty acids can undergo Michael addition reaction with cysteine residues, leading to post-translational modifications (PTM) of selected regulatory proteins. Such modifications are capable of changing target protein function during cell signaling or in biosynthetic pathways. NFA target proteins include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), the pro-inflammatory and tumorigenic nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, the pro-inflammatory 5-lipoxygenases (5-LO) biosynthesis pathway as well as soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which is essentially involved in the regulation of vascular tone. In several animal models of inflammation and cancer, the therapeutic efficacy of well-tolerated NFA has been demonstrated. This has already led to clinical phase II studies investigating possible therapeutic effects of NFA in subjects with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Albeit Michael acceptors feature a broad spectrum of bioactivity, they have for a rather long time been avoided as drug candidates owing to their presumed unselective reactivity and toxicity. However, targeted covalent modification of regulatory proteins by Michael acceptors became recognized as a promising approach to drug discovery with the recent FDA approvals of the cancer therapeutics, afatanib (2013), ibrutinib (2013), and osimertinib (2015). Furthermore, the Michael acceptor, neratinib, a dual inhibitor of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and epidermal growth factor receptor, was recently approved by the FDA (2017) and by the EMA (2018) for the treatment of breast cancer. Finally, a number of further Michael acceptor drug candidates are currently under clinical investigation for pharmacotherapy of inflammation and cancer. In this review, we focus on the pharmacology of NFA and other Michael acceptor drugs, summarizing their potential as an emerging class of future antiphlogistics and adjuvant in tumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Piesche
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile.,Oncology Center, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Jessica Roos
- Department of Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Langen, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kühn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jasmin Fettel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nadine Hellmuth
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Camilla Brat
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Isabelle V Maucher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Omar Awad
- Department of Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Langen, Germany
| | - Carmela Matrone
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simon Gabriel Comerma Steffensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Medicine Faculty, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Animal Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Georg Manolikakes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ulrike Heinicke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kai D Zacharowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten J Maier
- Department of Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Langen, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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7
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Jiang H, Zhou XE, Shi J, Zhou Z, Zhao G, Zhang X, Sun Y, Suino-Powell K, Ma L, Gao H, Yu X, Li J, Li J, Melcher K, Xu HE, Yi W. Identification and structural insight of an effective PPARγ modulator with improved therapeutic index for anti-diabetic drug discovery. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2260-2268. [PMID: 32190280 PMCID: PMC7059199 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a key regulator of glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism, and an important target for the development of modern anti-diabetic drugs. However, current PPARγ-targeting anti-diabetic drugs such as classical thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are associated with undesirable side effects. To address this concern, we here describe the structure-based design, synthesis, identification and detailed in vitro and in vivo characterization of a novel, decanoic acid (DA)-based and selective PPARγ modulator (SPPARγM), VSP-77, especially (S)-VSP-77, as the potential "hit" for the development of improved and safer anti-diabetic therapeutics. We have also determined the co-crystal structure of the PPARγ ligand-binding domain (LBD) in complex with two molecules of (S)-VSP-77, which reveal a previously undisclosed allosteric binding mode. Overall, these findings not only demonstrate the therapeutic advantage of (S)-VSP-77 over current TZD drugs and representative partial agonist INT131, but also provide a rational basis for the development of future SPPARγMs as safe and highly efficacious anti-diabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Jiang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology , State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 511436 , China . .,National Center for Drug Screening , State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China . ;
| | - X Edward Zhou
- Structural Biology Program , Center for Cancer and Cell Biology , Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , USA
| | - Jingjing Shi
- VARI/SIMM Center , Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets , CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China .
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology , State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 511436 , China .
| | - Guanguan Zhao
- VARI/SIMM Center , Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets , CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China .
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- National Center for Drug Screening , State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China . ;
| | - Yili Sun
- National Center for Drug Screening , State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China . ;
| | - Kelly Suino-Powell
- Structural Biology Program , Center for Cancer and Cell Biology , Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , USA
| | - Lei Ma
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology , State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 511436 , China .
| | - Hui Gao
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology , State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 511436 , China .
| | - Xiyong Yu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology , State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 511436 , China .
| | - Jia Li
- National Center for Drug Screening , State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China . ;
| | - Jingya Li
- National Center for Drug Screening , State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China . ;
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Structural Biology Program , Center for Cancer and Cell Biology , Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology , State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 511436 , China . .,VARI/SIMM Center , Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets , CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China . .,Structural Biology Program , Center for Cancer and Cell Biology , Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , USA
| | - Wei Yi
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology , State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 511436 , China . .,VARI/SIMM Center , Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets , CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China .
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8
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Lamas Bervejillo M, Bonanata J, Franchini GR, Richeri A, Marqués JM, Freeman BA, Schopfer FJ, Coitiño EL, Córsico B, Rubbo H, Ferreira AM. A FABP4-PPARγ signaling axis regulates human monocyte responses to electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkenes. Redox Biol 2020; 29:101376. [PMID: 31926616 PMCID: PMC6926352 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitro-fatty acids (NO2-FA) are electrophilic lipid mediators derived from unsaturated fatty acid nitration. These species are produced endogenously by metabolic and inflammatory reactions and mediate anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory responses. NO2-FA have been postulated as partial agonists of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ), which is predominantly expressed in adipocytes and myeloid cells. Herein, we explored molecular and cellular events associated with PPARγ activation by NO2-FA in monocytes and macrophages. NO2-FA induced the expression of two PPARγ reporter genes, Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 (FABP4) and the scavenger receptor CD36, at early stages of monocyte differentiation into macrophages. These responses were inhibited by the specific PPARγ inhibitor GW9662. Attenuated NO2-FA effects on PPARγ signaling were observed once cells were differentiated into macrophages, with a significant but lower FABP4 upregulation, and no induction of CD36. Using in vitro and in silico approaches, we demonstrated that NO2-FA bind to FABP4. Furthermore, the inhibition of monocyte FA binding by FABP4 diminished NO2-FA-induced upregulation of reporter genes that are transcriptionally regulated by PPARγ, Keap1/Nrf2 and HSF1, indicating that FABP4 inhibition mitigates NO2-FA signaling actions. Overall, our results affirm that NO2-FA activate PPARγ in monocytes and upregulate FABP4 expression, thus promoting a positive amplification loop for the downstream signaling actions of this mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lamas Bervejillo
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, CP 11600, Uruguay
| | - J Bonanata
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica y Computacional, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR, Montevideo, CP 11400, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CeInBio), UdelaR, Montevideo, CP 11800, Uruguay
| | - G R Franchini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - A Richeri
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, CP 11600, Uruguay
| | - J M Marqués
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Vacunas, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, UdelaR, Montevideo, CP 11600, Uruguay
| | - B A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - F J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - E L Coitiño
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica y Computacional, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR, Montevideo, CP 11400, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CeInBio), UdelaR, Montevideo, CP 11800, Uruguay.
| | - B Córsico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - H Rubbo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CeInBio), UdelaR, Montevideo, CP 11800, Uruguay; Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, UdelaR, Montevideo, CP 11800, Uruguay
| | - A M Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, CP 11600, Uruguay.
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9
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Melo T, Montero-Bullón JF, Domingues P, Domingues MR. Discovery of bioactive nitrated lipids and nitro-lipid-protein adducts using mass spectrometry-based approaches. Redox Biol 2019; 23:101106. [PMID: 30718106 PMCID: PMC6859590 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitro-fatty acids (NO2-FA) undergo reversible Michael adduction reactions with cysteine and histidine residues leading to the post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins. This electrophilic character of NO2-FA is strictly related to their biological roles. The NO2-FA-induced PTM of signaling proteins can lead to modifications in protein structure, function, and subcellular localization. The nitro lipid-protein adducts trigger a series of downstream signaling events that culminates with anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, and cytoprotective effects mediated by NO2-FA. These lipoxidation adducts have been detected and characterized both in model systems and in biological samples by using mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches. These MS approaches allow to unequivocally identify the adduct together with the targeted residue of modification. The identification of the modified proteins allows inferring on the possible impact of the NO2-FA-induced modification. This review will focus on MS-based approaches as valuable tools to identify NO2-FA-protein adducts and to unveil the biological effect of this lipoxidation adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Melo
- Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Departamento de Química & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Javier-Fernando Montero-Bullón
- Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Departamento de Química & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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10
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Abstract
The concept of cell signaling in the context of nonenzyme-assisted protein modifications by reactive electrophilic and oxidative species, broadly known as redox signaling, is a uniquely complex topic that has been approached from numerous different and multidisciplinary angles. Our Review reflects on five aspects critical for understanding how nature harnesses these noncanonical post-translational modifications to coordinate distinct cellular activities: (1) specific players and their generation, (2) physicochemical properties, (3) mechanisms of action, (4) methods of interrogation, and (5) functional roles in health and disease. Emphasis is primarily placed on the latest progress in the field, but several aspects of classical work likely forgotten/lost are also recollected. For researchers with interests in getting into the field, our Review is anticipated to function as a primer. For the expert, we aim to stimulate thought and discussion about fundamentals of redox signaling mechanisms and nuances of specificity/selectivity and timing in this sophisticated yet fascinating arena at the crossroads of chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Parvez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Marcus J. C. Long
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Jesse R. Poganik
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Yimon Aye
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New
York, New York, 10065, USA
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11
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Anti-inflammatory nitro-fatty acids suppress tumor growth by triggering mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in colorectal cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:48-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Gao X, Peng X, Chen K. The application of nitrogen oxides in industrial preparations of nitro compounds. CAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xinhua Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Kaihao Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing 210094, China
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13
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Freeman BA, O'Donnell VB, Schopfer FJ. The discovery of nitro-fatty acids as products of metabolic and inflammatory reactions and mediators of adaptive cell signaling. Nitric Oxide 2018; 77:106-111. [PMID: 29742447 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Foundational advances in eicosanoid signaling, the free radical biology of oxygen and nitric oxide and mass spectrometry all converged to enable the discovery of nitrated unsaturated fatty acids. Due to the unique biochemical characteristics of fatty acid nitroalkenes, these species undergo rapid and reversible Michael addition of biological nucleophiles such as cysteine, leading to the post-translational modification of low molecular weight and protein thiols. This capability has led to the present understanding that nitro-fatty acid reaction with the alkylation-sensitive cysteine proteome leads to physiologically-beneficial alterations in transcriptional regulatory protein function, gene expression and in vivo rodent model responses to metabolic and inflammatory stress. These findings motivated the preclinical and clinical development of nitro-fatty acids as new drug candidates for treating acute and chronic metabolic and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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14
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Collaborative Power of Nrf2 and PPAR γ Activators against Metabolic and Drug-Induced Oxidative Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1378175. [PMID: 28928902 PMCID: PMC5591982 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1378175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have evolved a unique strategy to protect themselves against oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Especially, two transcription factors, nuclear factor erythroid 2p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), have been shown to play key roles in establishing this cellular antioxidative defense system. Recently, several researchers reported ameliorating effects of pharmacological activators for these Nrf2 and PPARγ pathways on the progression of various metabolic disorders and drug-induced organ injuries by oxidative stress. In this review, general features of Nrf2 and PPARγ pathways in the context of oxidative protection will be summarized first. Then, a number of successful applications of natural and synthetic Nrf2 and PPARγ activators to the alleviation of pathological and drug-related oxidative damage will be discussed later.
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15
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Xin Z, Lu Y, Xing X, Long J, Li J, Xue X. Synthesis of (−)-agathic acid and (−)-copalic acid from andrographolide via a regioselective Barton-McCombie reaction. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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The role of nitrated fatty acids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in modulating inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:283-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Vitturi DA, Chen CS, Woodcock SR, Salvatore SR, Bonacci G, Koenitzer JR, Stewart NA, Wakabayashi N, Kensler TW, Freeman BA, Schopfer FJ. Modulation of nitro-fatty acid signaling: prostaglandin reductase-1 is a nitroalkene reductase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25626-25637. [PMID: 23878198 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.486282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, characterized by the activation of both resident and infiltrated immune cells, is accompanied by increased production of oxidizing and nitrating species. Nitrogen dioxide, the proximal nitrating species formed under these conditions, reacts with unsaturated fatty acids to yield nitroalkene derivatives. These electrophilic products modulate protein function via post-translational modification of susceptible nucleophilic amino acids. Nitroalkenes react with Keap1 to instigate Nrf2 signaling, activate heat shock response gene expression, and inhibit NF-κB-mediated signaling, inducing net anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective metabolic responses. We report the purification and characterization of a NADPH-dependent liver enzyme that reduces the nitroalkene moiety of nitro-oleic acid, yielding the inactive product nitro-stearic acid. Prostaglandin reductase-1 (PtGR-1) was identified as a nitroalkene reductase by protein purification and proteomic studies. Kinetic measurements, inhibition studies, immunological and molecular biology approaches as well as clinical analyses confirmed this identification. Overexpression of PtGR-1 in HEK293T cells promoted nitroalkene metabolism to inactive nitroalkanes, an effect that abrogated the Nrf2-dependent induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression by nitro-oleic acid. These results situate PtGR-1 as a critical modulator of both the steady state levels and signaling activities of fatty acid nitroalkenes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen-Shan Chen
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas A Stewart
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Center. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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18
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Lipoxidation adducts with peptides and proteins: deleterious modifications or signaling mechanisms? J Proteomics 2013; 92:110-31. [PMID: 23770299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein lipoxidation refers to the modification by electrophilic lipid oxidation products to form covalent adducts, which for many years has been considered as a deleterious consequence of oxidative stress. Oxidized lipids or phospholipids containing carbonyl moieties react readily with lysine to form Schiff bases; alternatively, oxidation products containing α,β-unsaturated moieties are susceptible to nucleophilic attack by cysteine, histidine or lysine residues to yield Michael adducts, overall corresponding to a large number of possible protein adducts. The most common detection methods for lipoxidized proteins take advantage of the presence of reactive carbonyl groups to add labels, or use antibodies. These methods have limitations in terms of specificity and identification of the modification site. The latter question is satisfactorily addressed by mass spectrometry, which enables the characterization of the adduct structure. This has allowed the identification of lipoxidized proteins in physiological and pathological situations. While in many cases lipoxidation interferes with protein function, causing inhibition of enzymatic activity and increased immunogenicity, there are a small number of cases where lipoxidation results in gain of function or activity. For certain proteins lipoxidation may represent a form of redox signaling, although more work is required to confirm the physiological relevance and mechanisms of such processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Posttranslational Protein modifications in biology and Medicine.
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19
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Hao BY, Liu JQ, Zhang WH, Chen XZ. Chiral Pool Synthesis of N-Cbz-cis-(3R,4R)-3-methylamino-4-methylpiperidine from L-Malic acid. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.5.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Salvatore SR, Vitturi DA, Baker PRS, Bonacci G, Koenitzer JR, Woodcock SR, Freeman BA, Schopfer FJ. Characterization and quantification of endogenous fatty acid nitroalkene metabolites in human urine. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1998-2009. [PMID: 23620137 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m037804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidation and nitration of unsaturated fatty acids transforms cell membrane and lipoprotein constituents into mediators that regulate signal transduction. The formation of 9-NO2-octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid and 12-NO2-octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid stems from peroxynitrite- and myeloperoxidase-derived nitrogen dioxide reactions as well as secondary to nitrite disproportionation under the acidic conditions of digestion. Broad anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective responses are mediated by nitro-fatty acids. It is now shown that electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkenes are present in the urine of healthy human volunteers (9.9 ± 4.0 pmol/mg creatinine); along with electrophilic 16- and 14-carbon nitroalkenyl β-oxidation metabolites. High resolution mass determinations and coelution with isotopically-labeled metabolites support renal excretion of cysteine-nitroalkene conjugates. These products of Michael addition are in equilibrium with the free nitroalkene pool in urine and are displaced by thiol reaction with mercury chloride. This reaction increases the level of free nitroalkene fraction >10-fold and displays a K(D) of 7.5 × 10(-6) M. In aggregate, the data indicates that formation of Michael adducts by electrophilic fatty acids is favored under biological conditions and that reversal of these addition reactions is critical for detecting both parent nitroalkenes and their metabolites. The measurement of this class of mediators can constitute a sensitive noninvasive index of metabolic and inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia R Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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21
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Yang J, Dong J, Lü X, Zhang Q, Ding W, Shi X. Ethylenediamine: A Highly Effective Catalyst for One-Pot Synthesis of Aryl Nitroalkenes via Henry Reaction and Dehydration. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201201094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Ferreira AM, Minarrieta L, Lamas Bervejillo M, Rubbo H. Nitro-fatty acids as novel electrophilic ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1654-63. [PMID: 22982052 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipid nitration has been observed during oxidative/nitrative stress conditions generating a variety of biomolecules capable of modulating cellular responses. This concept has grown as a result of studies with nitro-derivatives of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids containing a nitroalkene group (nitro-fatty acids). This review focuses on the interactions of nitro-fatty acids with members of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) family. These nuclear receptors belong to a superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors, which serve as sensors of lipophilic molecules and regulate the expression of a set of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Here we discuss how nitro-fatty acids bind and activate PPARs, including the current knowledge of the molecular interactions and cell signaling events involved as well as their therapeutic potential associated with chronic inflammation and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Ferreira
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias/Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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23
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Schopfer FJ, Cipollina C, Freeman BA. Formation and signaling actions of electrophilic lipids. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5997-6021. [PMID: 21928855 PMCID: PMC3294277 DOI: 10.1021/cr200131e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Chiara Cipollina
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Piazza Sett’Angeli 10, 90134 Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Italian National Research Council, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Bruce A. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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24
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Bonacci G, Asciutto EK, Woodcock SR, Salvatore SR, Freeman BA, Schopfer FJ. Gas-phase fragmentation analysis of nitro-fatty acids. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:1534-51. [PMID: 21953257 PMCID: PMC3286133 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitro-fatty acids are electrophilic signaling mediators formed in increased amounts during inflammation by nitric oxide and nitrite-dependent redox reactions. A more rigorous characterization of endogenously-generated species requires additional understanding of their gas-phase induced fragmentation. Thus, collision induced dissociation (CID) of nitroalkane and nitroalkene groups in fatty acids were studied in the negative ion mode to provide mass spectrometric tools for their structural characterization. Fragmentation of nitroalkanes occurred mainly through loss of the NO(2)(-) anion or neutral loss of HNO(2). The CID of nitroalkenes proceeds via a more complex cyclization, followed by fragmentation to nitrile and aldehyde products. Gas-phase fragmentation of nitroalkene functional groups with additional γ or δ unsaturation occurred through a multiple step cyclization reaction process, leading to 5 and 6 member ring heterocyclic products and carbon chain fragmentation. Cyclization products were not obtained during nitroalkane fragmentation, highlighting the role of double bond π electrons during NO(2)(-) rearrangements, stabilization and heterocycle formation. The proposed structures, mechanisms and products of fragmentation are supported by analysis of (13)C and (15)N labeled parent molecules, 6 different nitroalkene positional isomers, 6 nitroalkane positional isomers, accurate mass determinations at high resolution and quantum mechanics calculations. Multiple key diagnostic ion fragments were obtained through this analysis, allowing for the precise placement of double bonds and sites of fatty acid nitration, thus supporting an ability to predict nitro positions in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Bonacci
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, E1340 BST, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Eliana K. Asciutto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Computational Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven R. Woodcock
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, E1340 BST, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Sonia R. Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, E1340 BST, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Bruce A. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, E1340 BST, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Francisco J. Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, E1340 BST, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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25
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Bates DJP, Smitherman PK, Townsend AJ, King SB, Morrow CS. Nitroalkene fatty acids mediate activation of Nrf2/ARE-dependent and PPARγ-dependent transcription by distinct signaling pathways and with significantly different potencies. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7765-73. [PMID: 21827153 DOI: 10.1021/bi2005784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring nitroalkene fatty acids (NAs) derived from oleic (NO(2)-OA) and linoleic (NO(2)-LA) acids mediate a variety of cellular responses. We examined the signaling pathways involved in NA activation of Nrf2/ARE-dependent versus PPARγ/PPRE-dependent transcription in human MCF7 breast cancer cells. Additionally, we compared the relative potencies of NO(2)-OA and NO(2)-LA in activating these two transcriptional programs. Here it is demonstrated that, in addition to the direct adduct formation of NA with the Nrf2 inhibitory protein, Keap1, shown by others, NA activation of Nrf2/ARE-mediated transcription results from increased nuclear Nrf2 levels and depends upon activation of the PI3K/AKT and PKC, but not ERK and JNK MAPK, signaling pathways. Examination of the relationship between NA stimulation of the Nrf2/ARE versus PPARγ/PPRE transcriptional programs revealed concentration-dependent activation of distinct signaling pathways that were readily distinguished by selective attenuation of Nrf2/ARE-dependent, but not PPARγ-dependent, transcription by inhibitors of PI3K and PKC. Moreover, measurable, statistically significant activation of PPARγ/PPRE-dependent transcription occurred at nanomolar concentrations of NAs-the 12-NO(2) isomer of NO(2)-LA showing the most potent activity-whereas significant activation of Nrf2/ARE-dependent transcription occurred at much higher NA concentrations (≥3 μM) with the NO(2)-OA isomers the most potent. These findings have implications for the physiological roles of NAs, suggesting that, at concentrations likely to be encountered in vivo, their direct activation of PPARγ transcription will dominate over their electrophilic activation of Nrf2 antioxidant/protective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy J P Bates
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
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26
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Kansanen E, Bonacci G, Schopfer FJ, Kuosmanen SM, Tong KI, Leinonen H, Woodcock SR, Yamamoto M, Carlberg C, Ylä-Herttuala S, Freeman BA, Levonen AL. Electrophilic nitro-fatty acids activate NRF2 by a KEAP1 cysteine 151-independent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:14019-27. [PMID: 21357422 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.190710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitro-fatty acids (NO(2)-FAs) are electrophilic signaling mediators formed in vivo via nitric oxide (NO)- and nitrite (NO(2)(-))-dependent reactions. Nitro-fatty acids modulate signaling cascades via reversible covalent post-translational modification of nucleophilic amino acids in regulatory proteins and enzymes, thus altering downstream signaling events, such as Keap1-Nrf2-antioxidant response element (ARE)-regulated gene expression. In this study, we investigate the molecular mechanisms by which 9- and 10-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid (OA-NO(2)) activate the transcription factor Nrf2, focusing on the post-translational modifications of cysteines in the Nrf2 inhibitor Keap1 by nitroalkylation and its downstream responses. Of the two regioisomers, 9-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid was a more potent ARE inducer than 10-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid. The most OA-NO(2)-reactive Cys residues in Keap1 were Cys(38), Cys(226), Cys(257), Cys(273), Cys(288), and Cys(489). Of these, Cys(273) and Cys(288) accounted for ∼50% of OA-NO(2) reactions in a cellular milieu. Notably, Cys(151) was among the least OA-NO(2)-reactive of the Keap1 Cys residues, with mutation of Cys(151) having no effect on net OA-NO(2) reaction with Keap1 or on ARE activation. Unlike many other Nrf2-activating electrophiles, OA-NO(2) enhanced rather than diminished the binding between Keap1 and the Cul3 subunit of the E3 ligase for Nrf2. OA-NO(2) can therefore be categorized as a Cys(151)-independent Nrf2 activator, which in turn can influence the pattern of gene expression and therapeutic actions of nitroalkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Kansanen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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27
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Zanoni G, Valli M, Bendjeddou L, Porta A, Bruno P, Vidari G. Improved Synthesis of (E)-12-Nitrooctadec-12-enoic acid, a Potent PPARγ Activator. Development of a “Buffer-Free” Enzymatic Method for Hydrolysis of Methyl Esters. J Org Chem 2010; 75:8311-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101806m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Zanoni
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Valli
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Porta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bruno
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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28
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Dunny E, Evans P. Stereocontrolled Synthesis of the PPAR-γ Agonist 10-Nitrolinoleic Acid. J Org Chem 2010; 75:5334-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1007493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Dunny
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paul Evans
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Tang X, Guo Y, Nakamura K, Huang H, Hamblin M, Chang L, Villacorta L, Yin K, Ouyang H, Zhang J. Nitroalkenes induce rat aortic smooth muscle cell apoptosis via activation of caspase-dependent pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 397:239-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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30
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Cole MP, Rudolph TK, Khoo NKH, Motanya UN, Golin-Bisello F, Wertz JW, Schopfer FJ, Rudolph V, Woodcock SR, Bolisetty S, Ali MS, Zhang J, Chen YE, Agarwal A, Freeman BA, Bauer PM. Nitro-fatty acid inhibition of neointima formation after endoluminal vessel injury. Circ Res 2009; 105:965-72. [PMID: 19797175 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.199075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fatty acid nitroalkenes are endogenously generated electrophilic byproducts of nitric oxide and nitrite-dependent oxidative inflammatory reactions. Existing evidence indicates nitroalkenes support posttranslational protein modifications and transcriptional activation that promote the resolution of inflammation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess whether in vivo administration of a synthetic nitroalkene could elicit antiinflammatory actions in vivo using a murine model of vascular injury. METHODS AND RESULTS The in vivo administration (21 days) of nitro-oleic acid (OA-NO(2)) inhibited neointimal hyperplasia after wire injury of the femoral artery in a murine model (OA-NO(2) treatment resulted in reduced intimal area and intima to media ratio versus vehicle- or oleic acid (OA)-treated animals,P<0.0001). Increased heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression accounted for much of the vascular protection induced by OA-NO(2) in both cultured aortic smooth muscle cells and in vivo. Inhibition of HO by Sn(IV)-protoporphyrin or HO-1 small interfering RNA reversed OA-NO(2)-induced inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated rat aortic smooth muscle cell migration. The upregulation of HO-1 expression also accounted for the antistenotic actions of OA-NO(2) in vivo, because inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia following femoral artery injury was abolished in HO-1(-/-) mice (OA-NO(2)-treated wild-type versus HO-1(-/-) mice, P=0.016). CONCLUSIONS In summary, electrophilic nitro-fatty acids induce salutary gene expression and cell functional responses that are manifested by a clinically significant outcome, inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia induced by arterial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha P Cole
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
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