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Khatua K, Alugubelli YR, Yang KS, Vulupala VR, Blankenship LR, Coleman D, Atla S, Chaki SP, Geng ZZ, Ma XR, Xiao J, Chen PH, Cho CCD, Sharma S, Vatansever EC, Ma Y, Yu G, Neuman BW, Xu S, Liu WR. Azapeptides with unique covalent warheads as SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2024; 225:105874. [PMID: 38555023 PMCID: PMC11070182 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The main protease (MPro) of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, is a pivotal nonstructural protein critical for viral replication and pathogenesis. Its protease function relies on three active site pockets for substrate recognition and a catalytic cysteine for enzymatic activity. To develop potential SARS-CoV-2 antivirals, we successfully synthesized a diverse range of azapeptide inhibitors with various covalent warheads to target MPro's catalytic cysteine. Our characterization identified potent MPro inhibitors, including MPI89 that features an aza-2,2-dichloroacetyl warhead with a remarkable EC50 value of 10 nM against SARS-CoV-2 infection in ACE2+ A549 cells and a selective index of 875. MPI89 is also remarkably selective and shows no potency against SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease and several human proteases. Crystallography analyses demonstrated that these inhibitors covalently engaged the catalytic cysteine and used the aza-amide carbonyl oxygen to bind to the oxyanion hole. MPI89 stands as one of the most potent MPro inhibitors, suggesting the potential for further exploration of azapeptides and the aza-2,2-dichloroacetyl warhead for developing effective therapeutics against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Khatua
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA
| | - Yugendar R Alugubelli
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA
| | - Kai S Yang
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA
| | - Veerabhadra R Vulupala
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA
| | - Lauren R Blankenship
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA
| | - Demonta Coleman
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA
| | - Sandeep Atla
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA
| | - Sankar P Chaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Zhi Zachary Geng
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA
| | - Xinyu R Ma
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA
| | - Jing Xiao
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA
| | - Peng-Hsun Chen
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA
| | - Chia-Chuan D Cho
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA
| | - Shivangi Sharma
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA
| | - Erol C Vatansever
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA
| | - Yuying Ma
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA
| | - Ge Yu
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA
| | - Benjamin W Neuman
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Texas A&M Global Health Research Complex, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Health Science Centre, Department of Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shiqing Xu
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Wenshe Ray Liu
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77854, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology and Department of Translational Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Khatua K, Alugubelli YR, Yang KS, Vulupala VR, Blankenship LR, Coleman DD, Atla S, Chaki SP, Geng ZZ, Ma XR, Xiao J, Chen PHC, Cho CCD, Vatansever EC, Ma Y, Yu G, Neuman BW, Xu S, Liu WR. An Azapeptide Platform in Conjunction with Covalent Warheads to Uncover High-Potency Inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.11.536467. [PMID: 37090597 PMCID: PMC10120698 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.11.536467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Main protease (M Pro ) of SARS-CoV-2, the viral pathogen of COVID-19, is a crucial nonstructural protein that plays a vital role in the replication and pathogenesis of the virus. Its protease function relies on three active site pockets to recognize P1, P2, and P4 amino acid residues in a substrate and a catalytic cysteine residue for catalysis. By converting the P1 Cα atom in an M Pro substrate to nitrogen, we showed that a large variety of azapeptide inhibitors with covalent warheads targeting the M Pro catalytic cysteine could be easily synthesized. Through the characterization of these inhibitors, we identified several highly potent M Pro inhibitors. Specifically, one inhibitor, MPI89 that contained an aza-2,2-dichloroacetyl warhead, displayed a 10 nM EC 50 value in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 from infecting ACE2 + A549 cells and a selectivity index of 875. The crystallography analyses of M Pro bound with 6 inhibitors, including MPI89, revealed that inhibitors used their covalent warheads to covalently engage the catalytic cysteine and the aza-amide carbonyl oxygen to bind to the oxyanion hole. MPI89 represents one of the most potent M Pro inhibitors developed so far, suggesting that further exploration of the azapeptide platform and the aza-2,2-dichloroacetyl warhead is needed for the development of potent inhibitors for the SARS-CoV-2 M Pro as therapeutics for COVID-19.
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Farhang M, Akbarzadeh AR, Rabbani M, Ghadiri AM. A retrospective-prospective review of Suzuki–Miyaura reaction: From cross-coupling reaction to pharmaceutical industry applications. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kasznel AJ, Harris T, Porter NJ, Zhang Y, Chenoweth DM. Aza-proline effectively mimics l-proline stereochemistry in triple helical collagen. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6979-6983. [PMID: 31588264 PMCID: PMC6761869 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02211b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chenoweth and co-workers provide an atomic resolution crystal structure and computational analysis illustrating that aza-proline mimics l-proline stereochemistry in collagen.
The prevalence of l-amino acids in biomolecules has been shown to have teleological importance in biomolecular structure and self-assembly. Recently, biophysical studies have demonstrated that natural l-amino acids can be replaced with non-natural achiral aza-amino acids in folded protein structures such as triple helical collagen. However, the structural consequences of achiral aza-amino acid incorporation has not been elucidated in the context of any relevant folded biomolecule. Herein, we use X-ray crystallography to provide the first atomic resolution crystal structure of an achiral aza-amino acid residue embedded within a folded protein structure, definitively illustrating that achiral aza-proline has the capacity to effectively mimic the stereochemistry of natural amino acids within the context of triple helical collagen. We further corroborate this finding with density functional theory computational analysis showing that the natural l-amino acid stereochemistry for aza-proline is energetically favored when arranged in the aza-proline-hydroxyproline-glycine motif. In addition to providing fundamental insight into peptide and protein structure, the incorporation of achiral stereochemical mimics such as aza-amino acids could have far reaching impacts in areas ranging from synthetic materials to drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Kasznel
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 S. 34th St. , Philadelphia , PA 19104-6323 , USA . .,Department of Bioengineering , University of Pennsylvania , 210 S. 33rd St. , Philadelphia , PA 19104-6323 , USA
| | - Trevor Harris
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 S. 34th St. , Philadelphia , PA 19104-6323 , USA .
| | - Nicholas J Porter
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 S. 34th St. , Philadelphia , PA 19104-6323 , USA .
| | - Yitao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 S. 34th St. , Philadelphia , PA 19104-6323 , USA .
| | - David M Chenoweth
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 S. 34th St. , Philadelphia , PA 19104-6323 , USA .
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The Medicinal Chemistry of Antihepatitis Agents I. STUDIES ON HEPATITIS VIRUSES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7149832 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813330-9.00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since viral hepatitis, as discussed in preceding chapters, has emerged as a major public health problem throughout the world affecting several hundreds of millions of people, and since no effective chemotherapy has been developed so far that can completely treat viral hepatitis, attempts are continued to find potential drugs against this disease. In this respect, the development of medicinal chemistry has been rewarding, as it covers all aspects of drug design such as recognition of important drug targets, computational chemistry, optimization of drug activity based on their structure-activity relationship, finding the three-dimensional structures of compounds by X-ray crystallography, NMR, molecular dynamics, and then synthesis of the drugs and evaluating their activity. The present chapter, thus, presents such medicinal chemistry study on anti-HAV, anti-HDV, and anti-HEV drugs.
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Mastitski A, Niinepuu S, Haljasorg T, Järv J. One-pot Synthesis of Protected Alkylhydrazines from Acetals and Ketals. Scope and Limitations. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2015.1088760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Chéron N, Jasty N, Shakhnovich EI. OpenGrowth: An Automated and Rational Algorithm for Finding New Protein Ligands. J Med Chem 2015; 59:4171-88. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chéron
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Naveen Jasty
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Eugene I. Shakhnovich
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Motwani HV, De Rosa M, Odell LR, Hallberg A, Larhed M. Aspartic protease inhibitors containing tertiary alcohol transition-state mimics. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:462-90. [PMID: 25481814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aspartic proteases (APs) are a class of enzymes engaged in the proteolytic digestion of peptide substrates. APs play important roles in physiological and infectious pathways, making them plausible drug targets. For instance in the treatment of HIV infections, access to an efficient combination of protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors have changed a terminal illness to a chronic but manageable disease. However, the benefits have been limited due to the emergence of drug resistant viral strains, poor pharmacokinetic properties of peptidomimetic inhibitors and adverse effects associated with the treatment. In the 1980s, D. Rich and co-workers proposed a novel strategy for the development of AP inhibitors by replacing the secondary hydroxyl group with a tertiary alcohol as part of the transition state (TS) mimicking moiety. This strategy has been extensively explored over the last decade with a common belief that masking of the polar group, e.g. by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, has the potential to enhance transcellular transport. This is the first review presenting the advances of AP inhibitors comprising a tertiary hydroxyl group. The inhibitors have been classified into different tert-hydroxy TS mimics and their design strategies, synthesis, biological activities, structure-activity-relationships and X-ray structures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh V Motwani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria De Rosa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luke R Odell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Avan I, Hall CD, Katritzky AR. Peptidomimetics via modifications of amino acids and peptide bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:3575-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60384a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Dey S, Subhasis Patro S, Suresh Babu N, Murthy PN, Panda SK. Development and validation of a stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for estimation of atazanavir sulfate in bulk. J Pharm Anal 2013; 7:134-140. [PMID: 29404029 PMCID: PMC5686860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A stability-indicating reverse phase–high performance liquid chromatography (RP–HPLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of atazanavir sulfate in tablet dosage forms using C18 column Phenomenix (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of 900 mL of HPLC grade methanol and 100 mL of water of HPLC grade. The pH was adjusted to 3.55 with acetic acid. The mobile phase was sonicated for 10 min and filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane filter at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The detection was carried out at 249 nm and retention time of atazanavir sulfate was found to be 8.323 min. Linearity was observed from 10 to 90 μg/mL (coefficient of determination R2 was 0.999) with equation, y=23.427x+37.732. Atazanavir sulfate was subjected to stress conditions including acidic, alkaline, oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation, and the results showed that it was more sensitive towards acidic degradation. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dey
- Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Sciences, Meghnad Saha Sarani, Bidhannagar, Durgapur 713206, West Bengal, India
| | - S Subhasis Patro
- Royal College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Dist.-Ganjam, Berhampur 760002, Orissa, India
| | - N Suresh Babu
- Royal College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Dist.-Ganjam, Berhampur 760002, Orissa, India
| | - P N Murthy
- Royal College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Dist.-Ganjam, Berhampur 760002, Orissa, India
| | - S K Panda
- Royal College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Dist.-Ganjam, Berhampur 760002, Orissa, India
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12
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Glória PM, Gut J, Gonçalves LM, Rosenthal PJ, Moreira R, Santos MM. Aza vinyl sulfones: Synthesis and evaluation as antiplasmodial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7635-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Loughlin WA, Tyndall JDA, Glenn MP, Hill TA, Fairlie DP. Update 1 of: Beta-Strand Mimetics. Chem Rev 2011; 110:PR32-69. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900395y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A. Loughlin
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Joel D. A. Tyndall
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Matthew P. Glenn
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Timothy A. Hill
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - David P. Fairlie
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
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Öhrngren P, Wu X, Persson M, Ekegren JK, Wallberg H, Vrang L, Rosenquist Å, Samuelsson B, Unge T, Larhed M. HIV-1 protease inhibitors with a tertiary alcohol containing transition-state mimic and various P2 and P1′ substituents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Russo F, Wångsell F, Sävmarker J, Jacobsson M, Larhed M. Synthesis and evaluation of a new class of tertiary alcohol based BACE-1 inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tsantrizos YS. Peptidomimetic therapeutic agents targeting the protease enzyme of the human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. Acc Chem Res 2008; 41:1252-63. [PMID: 18681464 DOI: 10.1021/ar8000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades, great strides have been made in the design of peptidomimetic drugs for the treatment of viral infections, despite the stigma of poor drug-like properties, low oral absorption, and high clearance associated with such compounds. This Account summarizes the progress made toward overcoming such liabilities and highlights the drug discovery efforts that have focused specifically on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease inhibitors. The arsenal against the incurable disease AIDS, which is caused by HIV infection, includes peptidomimetic compounds that target the virally encoded aspartic protease enzyme. This enzyme is essential to the production of mature HIV particles and plays a key role in maintaining infectivity. However, because of the rapid genomic evolution of viruses, an inevitable consequence in the treatment of all viral infections is the emergence of resistance to the drugs. Therefore, the incomplete suppression of HIV in treatment-experienced AIDS patients will continue to drive the search for more effective therapeutic agents that exhibit efficacy against the mutants raised by the earlier generation of protease inhibitors. Currently, a number of substrate-based peptidomimetic agents that target the virally encoded HCV NS3/4A protease are in clinical development. Mechanistically, these inhibitors can be generally divided into activated carbonyls that are transition-state mimics or compounds that tap into the feedback mode of enzyme-product inhibition. In the HCV field, there is justified optimism that a number of these compounds will soon reach commercialization as therapeutic agents for the treatment of HCV infections. Structural research has guided the successful design of both HIV and HCV protease inhibitors. X-ray crystallography, NMR, and computational studies have provided valuable insight in to the free-state preorganization of peptidomimetic ligands and their enzyme-bound conformation. Researchers have designed a variety of novel bioisosteric replacements of amino acids and short peptides that contain all of the required pharmacophore moieties and play a key role in inducing conformational changes to the overall molecule. The knowledge gained from these studies will undoubtedly guide the future design of therapeutic agents and further contribute to the success of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youla S. Tsantrizos
- Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada
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Laungani AC, Slattery JM, Krossing I, Breit B. Supramolecular bidentate ligands by metal-directed in situ formation of antiparallel beta-sheet structures and application in asymmetric catalysis. Chemistry 2008; 14:4488-502. [PMID: 18449870 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The principles of protein structure design, molecular recognition, and supramolecular and combinatorial chemistry have been applied to develop a convergent metal-ion-assisted self-assembly approach that is a very simple and effective method for the de novo design and the construction of topologically predetermined antiparallel beta-sheet structures and self-assembled catalysts. A new concept of in situ generation of bidentate P-ligands for transition-metal catalysis, in which two complementary, monodentate, peptide-based ligands are brought together by employing peptide secondary structure motif as constructing tool to direct the self-assembly process, is achieved through formation of stable beta-sheet motifs and subsequent control of selectivity. The supramolecular structures were studied by (1)H, (31)P, and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry, X-ray structure analysis, and theoretical calculations. Our initial catalysis results confirm the close relationship between the self-assembled sheet conformations and the catalytic activity of these metallopeptides in the asymmetric rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation. Good catalyst activity and moderate enantioselectivity were observed for the selected combination of catalyst and substrate, but most importantly the concept of this new methodology was successfully proven. This work presents a perspective interface between protein design and supramolecular catalysis for the design of beta-sheet mimetics and screening of libraries of self-organizing supramolecular catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C Laungani
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Righi G, Ciambrone S, Bonini C, Campaner P. Stereocontrolled synthesis and biological activity of two diastereoisomers of the potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor saquinavir. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:902-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Maibaum J, Stutz S, Göschke R, Rigollier P, Yamaguchi Y, Cumin F, Rahuel J, Baum HP, Cohen NC, Schnell CR, Fuhrer W, Gruetter MG, Schilling W, Wood JM. Structural modification of the P2' position of 2,7-dialkyl-substituted 5(S)-amino-4(S)-hydroxy-8-phenyl-octanecarboxamides: the discovery of aliskiren, a potent nonpeptide human renin inhibitor active after once daily dosing in marmosets. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4832-44. [PMID: 17824680 DOI: 10.1021/jm070316i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to its function in the rate limiting initial step of the renin-angiotensin system, renin is a particularly promising target for drugs designed to control hypertension, a growing risk to health worldwide. Despite vast efforts over more than two decades, no orally efficacious renin inhibitor had reached the market. As a result of a structure-based topological design approach, we have identified a novel class of small-molecule inhibitors with good oral blood-pressure lowering effects in primates. Further lead optimization aimed for improvement of in vivo potency and duration of action, mainly by P2' modifications at the hydroxyethylene transition-state isostere. These efforts resulted in the discovery of aliskiren (46, CGP060536B, SPP100), a highly potent, selective inhibitor of renin, demonstrating excellent efficacy in sodium-depleted marmosets after oral administration, with sustained duration of action in reducing dose-dependently mean arterial blood pressure. Aliskiren has recently received regulatory approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Maibaum
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, NOVARTIS Pharma AG, WKL-136.683, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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Kiran Kumar Reddy GS, Ali A, Nalam MNL, Anjum SG, Cao H, Nathans RS, Schiffer CA, Rana TM. Design and synthesis of HIV-1 protease inhibitors incorporating oxazolidinones as P2/P2' ligands in pseudosymmetric dipeptide isosteres. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4316-28. [PMID: 17696512 PMCID: PMC3862176 DOI: 10.1021/jm070284z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors based on two pseudosymmetric dipeptide isosteres have been synthesized and evaluated. The inhibitors were designed by incorporating N-phenyloxazolidinone-5-carboxamides into the hydroxyethylene and (hydroxyethyl)hydrazine dipeptide isosteres as P2 and P2' ligands. Compounds with (S)-phenyloxazolidinones attached at a position proximal to the central hydroxyl group showed low nM inhibitory activities against wild-type HIV-1 protease. Selected compounds were further evaluated for their inhibitory activities against a panel of multidrug-resistant protease variants and for their antiviral potencies in MT-4 cells. The crystal structures of lopinavir (LPV) and two new inhibitors containing phenyloxazolidinone-based ligands in complex with wild-type HIV-1 protease have been determined. A comparison of the inhibitor-protease structures with the LPV-protease structure provides valuable insight into the binding mode of the new inhibitors to the protease enzyme. Based on the crystal structures and knowledge of structure-activity relationships, new inhibitors can be designed with enhanced enzyme inhibitory and antiviral potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. S. Kiran Kumar Reddy
- Chemical Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Akbar Ali
- Chemical Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Madhavi N. L. Nalam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Saima Ghafoor Anjum
- Chemical Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Hong Cao
- Chemical Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Robin S. Nathans
- Chemical Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Celia A. Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Tariq M. Rana
- Chemical Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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Gohda K. A quantitative structure-activity relationship study for structurally diverse HIV-1 protease inhibitors: Contribution of conformational flexibility to inhibitory activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2006; 21:609-15. [PMID: 17194035 DOI: 10.1080/14756360600810233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated by linear regression model the SAR data of the 15 HIV-1 protease inhibitors possessing structurally diverse scaffolds. First, a regression model was developed only using the enzyme-inhibitor interaction energy as a term of the model, but did not provide a good correlation with the inhibitory activity (R2 = 0.580 and Q2 = 0.500). Then, we focused on the conformational flexibility of the inhibitors which may represent the diversity of the inhibitors, and added two conformational parameters into the model, respectively: the number of rotatable bonds of ligands (deltaSrot) and the distortion energy of ligands (deltaElig). The regression model by adding deltaElig successfully improved the quality of the model (R2 = 0.771 and Q2 = 0.713) while the model with deltaSrot was unsuccessful. The prediction for a training inhibitor by the deltaElig model also showed good agreement with experimental activity. These results suggest that the conformational flexibility of HIV-1 protease inhibitors directly contributes to the enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Gohda
- Computer-Aided Molecular Modeling Research Center Kansai (CAMM Kansai), 2-8-20-404, Mikagehonmachi, Higashinada-ku Kobe 658-0046, Japan.
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22
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Soper DL, Sheville J, O'Neil SV, Wang Y, Laufersweiler MC, Oppong KA, Wos JA, Ellis CD, Fancher AN, Lu W, Suchanek MK, Wang RL, De B, Demuth TP. Synthesis and evaluation of novel 1-(2-acylhydrazinocarbonyl)-cycloalkyl carboxamides as interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4233-6. [PMID: 16782334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel 1-(2-acylhydrazinocarbonyl)cycloalkyl carboxamides were designed as peptidomimetic inhibitors of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE). A short synthesis was developed and moderately potent ICE inhibitors were identified (IC(50) values <100 nM). Most of the synthesized examples were selective for ICE versus the related cysteine proteases caspase-3 and caspase-8, although several dual-acting inhibitors of ICE and caspase-8 were identified. Several of the more potent ICE inhibitors were also shown to inhibit IL-1beta production in a whole cell assay (IC(50) < 500 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Soper
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Mason, OH 45040, USA
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Ekegren JK, Ginman N, Johansson A, Wallberg H, Larhed M, Samuelsson B, Unge T, Hallberg A. Microwave-accelerated synthesis of P1'-extended HIV-1 protease inhibitors encompassing a tertiary alcohol in the transition-state mimicking scaffold. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1828-32. [PMID: 16509598 DOI: 10.1021/jm051239z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two series of P1'-extended HIV-1 protease inhibitors comprising a tertiary alcohol in the transition-state mimic exhibiting Ki values ranging from 2.1 to 93 nM have been synthesized. Microwave-accelerated palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings were utilized to rapidly optimize the P1' side chain. High cellular antiviral potencies were encountered when the P1' benzyl group was elongated with a 3- or 4-pyridyl substituent (EC50 = 0.18-0.22 microM). X-ray crystallographic data were obtained for three inhibitors cocrystallized with the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny K Ekegren
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Ekegren JK, Unge T, Safa MZ, Wallberg H, Samuelsson B, Hallberg A. A new class of HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing a tertiary alcohol in the transition-state mimicking scaffold. J Med Chem 2006; 48:8098-102. [PMID: 16335934 DOI: 10.1021/jm050790t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors encompassing a tertiary alcohol as part of the transition-state mimicking unit have been synthesized. Variation of the P1'-P3' residues and alteration of the tertiary alcohol absolute stereochemistry afforded 10 inhibitors. High potencies for the compounds with (S)-configuration at the carbon carrying the tertiary hydroxyl group were achieved with Ki values down to 2.4 nM. X-ray crystallographic data for a representative compound in complex with HIV-1 protease are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny K Ekegren
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Boeglin D, Lubell WD. Aza-Amino Acid Scanning of Secondary Structure Suited for Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis with Fmoc Chemistry and Aza-Amino Acids with Heteroatomic Side Chains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:864-78. [PMID: 16283795 DOI: 10.1021/cc050043h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aza-peptides, peptide analogues in which the alpha-carbon of one or more of the amino acid residues is replaced with a nitrogen atom, exhibit a propensity for adopting beta-turn conformations. A general Fmoc-protection protocol for the stepwise solid-phase synthesis of aza-peptides has now been developed based on the activation of N'-alkyl fluoren-9-ylmethyl carbazates with phosgene for coupling the aza-amino acid residues. This method has proven effective for introducing aza-amino acid residues with aliphatic (Ala, Leu, Val, and Gly) and aromatic (Phe, Tyr, and Trp) side chains. Acid promoted loss of aromatic side chains was noted with aza-Trp and aza-Tyr residues during peptide cleavage and suppressed by temperature control in the case of the latter. In addition, aza-peptides with heteroatomic side chain residues (Lys, Orn, Arg, and Asp) were conveniently synthesized using this protocol. Partial aza-amino acid scans were performed on three biologically active peptides: the potent tetrapeptide melanocortin receptor agonist, Ac-His-d-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH2; the growth hormone secretagogue hexapeptide, GHRP-6, His-d-Trp-Ala-Trp-d-Phe-Lys-NH2; and the human calcitonin gene-related peptide (hCGRP) antagonist, FVPTDVGPFAF-NH2. This practical procedure for aza-amino acid scanning using Fmoc-based solid-phase synthesis should find general utility for probing the existence and importance of beta-turn conformations in bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Boeglin
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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26
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Synthesis, biological activity and modelling studies of two novel anti HIV PR inhibitors with a thiophene containing hydroxyethylamino core. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Synthesis of13C6-labeled Reyataz? (BMS-232632). J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Zhang H, Bonacorsi SJ, Chen BC, Leith LW, Kent Rinehart J, Balasubramanian B, Barrish JC. A facile and efficient synthesis of d3-labelled Reyataz™. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Loughlin
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
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James KE, Asgian JL, Li ZZ, Ekici OD, Rubin JR, Mikolajczyk J, Salvesen GS, Powers JC. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Aza-Peptide Epoxides as Selective and Potent Inhibitors of Caspases-1, -3, -6, and -8. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1553-74. [PMID: 14998341 DOI: 10.1021/jm0305016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aza-peptide epoxides, a novel class of irreversible protease inhibitors, are specific for the clan CD cysteine proteases. Aza-peptide epoxides with an aza-Asp residue at P1 are excellent irreversible inhibitors of caspases-1, -3, -6, and -8 with second-order inhibition rates up to 1 910 000 M(-1) s(-1). In general, the order of reactivity of aza-peptide epoxides is S,S > R,R > trans > cis. Interestingly, some of the R,R epoxides while being less potent are actually more selective than the S,S epoxides. Our aza-peptide epoxides designed for caspases are stable, potent, and specific inhibitors, as they show little to no inhibition of other proteases such as the aspartyl proteases porcine pepsin, human cathepsin D, plasmepsin 2 from P. falciparum, HIV-1 protease, and the secreted aspartic proteinase 2 (SAP-2) from Candida albicans; the serine proteases granzyme B and alpha-chymotrypsin; and the cysteine proteases cathepsin B and papain (clan CA), and legumain (clan CD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ellis James
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
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Diastereoselective microbial reduction of (S)-[3-chloro-2-oxo-1-(phenylmethyl)propyl]carbamic acid, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2003.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Nilsson JW, Kvarnström I, Musil D, Nilsson I, Samulesson B. Synthesis and SAR of thrombin inhibitors incorporating a novel 4-amino-morpholinone sscaffold: analysis of X-ray crystal structure of enzyme inhibitor complex. J Med Chem 2003; 46:3985-4001. [PMID: 12954052 DOI: 10.1021/jm0307990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 4-amino-2-carboxymethyl-3-morpholinone structural motif derived from malic acid has been used to mimic d-Phe-Pro in the thrombin inhibiting tripeptide d-Phe-Pro-Arg. The arginine in D-Phe-Pro-Arg was replaced by the more rigid P1 truncated p-amidinobenzylamine (Pab). These new thrombin inhibitors were used to probe the inhibitor binding site of alpha-thrombin. The best candidate in this series of thrombin inhibitors exhibits an in vitro IC50 of 0.130 microM. Interestingly, the stereochemistry of the 4-amino-2-carboxymethyl-3-morpholinone motif is reversed for the most active compounds compared to that of a previously reported 2-carboxymethyl-3-morpholinone series. The X-ray crystal structure of the lead inhibitor cocrystallized with alpha-thrombin is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas W Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, Linköping University, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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37
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Hidaka K, Kimura T, Hayashi Y, McDaniel KF, Dekhtyar T, Colletti L, Kiso Y. Design and synthesis of pseudo-symmetric HIV protease inhibitors containing a novel hydroxymethylcarbonyl (HMC)-hydrazide isostere. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:93-6. [PMID: 12467624 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pseudo-symmetric HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing a novel HMC-hydrazide isostere as the transition-state mimic were designed and synthesized. Most of the synthetic compounds with varied structures at the P and P' sites around this core unit showed potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 protease with nanomolar K(i) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushi Hidaka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center of Frontier Reseach in Medicinal Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Japan
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38
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Obreza A, Urleb U. A Two-Step Synthesis of Hexahydropyrrolo-[1,2-d][1,2,4]triazine-1,4-dione and Related Compounds. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120016366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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39
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Portlock DE, Naskar D, West L, Li M. Petasis boronic acid–Mannich reactions of substituted hydrazines: synthesis of α-hydrazinocarboxylic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Braslau R, Anderson MO, Rivera F, Jimenez A, Haddad T, Axon JR. Acyl hydrazines as precursors to acyl radicals. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Xu Z, Singh J, Schwinden MD, Zheng B, Kissick TP, Patel B, Humora MJ, Quiroz F, Dong L, Hsieh DM, Heikes JE, Pudipeddi M, Lindrud MD, Srivastava SK, Kronenthal DR, Mueller RH. Process Research and Development for an Efficient Synthesis of the HIV Protease Inhibitor BMS-232632. Org Process Res Dev 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/op025504r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Xu
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A., Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A. and Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A
| | - Janak Singh
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A., Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A. and Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A
| | - Mark D. Schwinden
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A., Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A. and Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A
| | - Bin Zheng
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A., Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A. and Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A
| | - Thomas P. Kissick
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A., Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A. and Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A
| | - Bharat Patel
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A., Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A. and Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A
| | - Michael J. Humora
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A., Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A. and Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A
| | - Fernando Quiroz
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A., Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A. and Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A
| | - Lin Dong
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A., Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A. and Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A
| | - Dau-Ming Hsieh
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A., Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A. and Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A
| | - James E. Heikes
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A., Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A. and Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A
| | - Madhusudhan Pudipeddi
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A., Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A. and Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A
| | - Mark D. Lindrud
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A., Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A. and Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A
| | - Sushil K. Srivastava
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A., Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A. and Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A
| | - David R. Kronenthal
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A., Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A. and Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A
| | - Richard H. Mueller
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A., Process Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A. and Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A
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Chapter 24. Pharmacokinetics and design of aspartyl protease inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(01)36064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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43
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Solid phase synthesis of azapeptides utilising reversible amide bond protection to prevent hydantoin formation. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)00534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Huang Y, Malcolm BA, Vederas JC. Synthesis and testing of azaglutamine derivatives as inhibitors of hepatitis A virus (HAV) 3C proteinase. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:607-19. [PMID: 10353640 PMCID: PMC7172622 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/1998] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) 3C proteinase is a picornaviral cysteine proteinase that is essential for cleavage of the initially synthesized viral polyprotein precursor to mature fragments and is therefore required for viral replication in vivo. Since the enzyme generally recognizes peptide substrates with L-glutamine at the P1 site, four types of analogues having an azaglutamine residue were chemically synthesized: hydrazo-o-nitrophenylsulfenamides A (e.g. 16); frame-shifted hydrazo-o-nitrophenylsulfenamides B (e.g. 25-28); the azaglutamine sulfonamides C (e.g. 7, 8, 11, 12); and haloacetyl azaglutamine analogues 2 and 3. Testing of these compounds for inhibition of the HAV 3C proteinase employed a C24S mutant in which the non-essential surface cysteine was replaced with serine and which displays identical catalytic parameters to the wild-type enzyme. Sulfenamide 16 (type A) showed no significant inhibition. Sulfenamide 27 (type B) had an IC50 of ca 100 microM and gave time-dependent inactivation of the enzyme due to disulfide bond formation with the active site cysteine thiol, as demonstrated by electrospray mass spectrometry. Sulfonamide 8 (type C) was a weak competitive inhibitor with an IC50 of approximately 75 microM. The haloacetyl azaglutamine analogues 2 and 3 were time-dependent irreversible inactivators of HAV 3C proteinase with rate constants k(obs)/[I] of 680 M(-1) s(-1) and 870 M(-1) s(-1), respectively, and were shown to alkylate the active site thiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Bruce A Malcolm
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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Bold G, Fässler A, Capraro HG, Cozens R, Klimkait T, Lazdins J, Mestan J, Poncioni B, Rösel J, Stover D, Tintelnot-Blomley M, Acemoglu F, Beck W, Boss E, Eschbach M, Hürlimann T, Masso E, Roussel S, Ucci-Stoll K, Wyss D, Lang M. New aza-dipeptide analogues as potent and orally absorbed HIV-1 protease inhibitors: candidates for clinical development. J Med Chem 1998; 41:3387-401. [PMID: 9719591 DOI: 10.1021/jm970873c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of previously described X-ray studies of an enzyme/aza-dipeptide complex,8 aza-dipeptide analogues carrying N-(bis-aryl-methyl) substituents on the (hydroxethyl)hydrazine moiety have been designed and synthesized as HIV-1 protease inhibitors. By using either equally (12) or orthogonally (13) protected dipeptide isosteres, symmetrically and asymmetrically acylated aza-dipeptides can be synthesized. This approach led to the discovery of very potent inhibitors with antiviral activities (ED50) in the subnanomolar range. Acylation of the (hydroxethyl)hydrazine dipeptide isostere with the L-tert-leucine derivative 29 increased the oral bioavailability significantly when compared to the corresponding L-valine or L-isoleucine derivatives. The bis(L-tert-leucine) derivatives CGP 75355, CGP 73547, CGP 75136, and CGP 75176 combine excellent antiviral activity with high blood concentration after oral administration. Furthermore, they show no cross-resistance with saquinavir-resistant strains and maintain activity against indinavir-resistant ones. Consequently they qualify for further profiling as potential clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bold
- Research Laboratories Cancer and Infectious Diseases, Ciba-Geigy AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Latchman DS. How can we use our growing understanding of gene transcription to discover effective new medicines? Curr Opin Biotechnol 1997; 8:713-7. [PMID: 9425662 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(97)80125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although drugs that target gene transcription are in wide therapeutic use, they were all identified on the basis of their effect on a specific biological process, such as inflammation or hormone responses, and were only subsequently shown to target transcription. The recent progress in understanding the mechanism of action of these drugs, and the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in general, offers hope for a new generation of drugs isolated on the basis of their ability to modulate either the synthesis of transcription factors, the regulation of their activity by ligands or phosphorylation events, their protein-protein interactions or their binding to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Latchman
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Windeyer Institute of Medical Science, University College London Medical School, UK.
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Tamura K, Agrios KA, Vander Velde D, Aubé J, Borchardt RT. Effect of stereochemistry on the transport of Aca-linked beta-turn peptidomimetics across a human intestinal cell line. Bioorg Med Chem 1997; 5:1859-66. [PMID: 9354242 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(97)00115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcellular transport is one of the most important barriers facing the development of new therapeutic agents. However, little is known about the specific effects of structure and particularly stereochemistry on cell permeability. An attractive in vitro model has been developed for the direct assessment of cell transport, using the immortalized human epithelial cell line, Caco-2. The present study assesses the effects of stereochemistry on transport in a commonly used beta-turn model system. Thus, L,L- and L,D-Ala-Ala were cyclized with aminocaproic acid, resulting in macrocycles in which the dipeptides correspond to the i + 1 and i + 2 positions of a beta-turn. The transport of these dipeptides across a Caco-2 cell monolayer was determined, along with corresponding acyclic models (L,L- and L,D-CH3CH2C(O)-Ala-Ala-n-Pr). The transport studies were carried out in the presence and absence of verapamil, a known inhibitor of the apically polarized efflux system present in Caco-2 cells. Both apical-->basolateral and basolateral-->apical transport were measured. Measurements made in the presence of verapamil showed that the cyclic peptides experienced a ca. 4-5-fold difference in intrinsic flux depending on stereochemistry, with the L,D isomer being transported at a higher rate. These differences disappeared in the acyclic cases examined (permeability coefficient ratios of the L,D/L,L isomers were 1.04-1.13). These observations are discussed in terms of the conformations and hydrogen-bonding characteristics of the compounds as determined by NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tamura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045-2506, USA
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Semple J, Rowley DC, Brunck TK, Ripka WC. Synthesis and biological activity of P2–P4 azapeptidomimetic P1-argininal and P1-ketoargininamide derivatives: a novel class of serine protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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