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Xu L, Xu Y, Wang G, Tu X, Xu J, Zheng H, Wang D, Su Y, Zhang XK, Zeng Z. Halogenated retinoid derivatives as dual RARα and RXRα modulators for treating acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 277:116779. [PMID: 39163777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a distinctive subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), is characterized by the t(15; 17) translocation forming the PML-RARα fusion protein. Recent studies have revealed a crucial role of retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) in PML-RARα's tumorigenesis. This necessitates the development of dual RARα and RXRα targeting compounds for treating APL. Here, we developed a pair of brominated retinoid isomers, 5a and 5b, exhibiting RARα agonistic selectivity among the RAR subtypes and RXRα partial agonistic activities. In the treatment of APL cells, low doses (RARα activation range) of 5a and 5b degrade PML-RARα and strongly induce differentiation, while higher doses (RXRα activation range) induce G2/M arrest and apoptosis in both all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-sensitive and resistant cells. We replaced the bromine in 5a with chlorine or iodine to obtain compounds 7 or 8a. Interestingly, the chlorinated compound 7 tends to activate RXRα and induce G2/M arrest and apoptosis, while the iodinated compound 8a tends to activate RARα and induce differentiation. Together, our work underscores several advantages and characteristics of halogens in the rational design of RARα and RXRα ligands, offering three promising drug candidates for treating both ATRA-sensitive and resistant APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yunqing Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Guijiang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xuhuang Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jiale Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Hongzhi Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Daohu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Ying Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; NucMito Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Zhiping Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
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2
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Liang C, Qiao G, Liu Y, Tian L, Hui N, Li J, Ma Y, Li H, Zhao Q, Cao W, Liu H, Ren X. Overview of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and its analogues: Structures, activities, and mechanisms in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113451. [PMID: 33895500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) is effective for preventing cancer and treating skin diseases and acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL). These pharmacological effects of ATRA are mainly mediated by retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and retinoic acid receptors (RARs). This article provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical progress on and the molecular mechanisms of ATRA in the treatment of APL. ATRA can promote the transcriptional activation of differentiation-related genes and regulate autophagy by inhibiting mTOR, which results in anti-APL effects. In detail, the structures, pharmacological effects, and clinical studies of 68 types of ATRA analogues are described. These compounds have excellent antitumour therapeutic potential and could be used as lead compounds for further development and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Liang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
| | - Guaiping Qiao
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Lei Tian
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Nan Hui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Yuling Ma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Han Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
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3
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Borthwick AD, Goncalves MB, Corcoran JPT. Recent advances in the design of RAR α and RAR β agonists as orally bioavailable drugs. A review. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115664. [PMID: 33069074 PMCID: PMC7588594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) α, β, and γ are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Compounds which bind to and activate the RARs are termed retinoids which regulate a wide variety of biological processes such as vertebrate embryonic morphogenesis and organogenesis, cell growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis, as well as their disorders. Although many synthetic selective RARα, RARβ, and RARγ agonists have been designed and prepared, these have generally been lipophilic acids without good drug-like properties and with low oral bioavailability. Recently this has been changing and drug design approaches to highly potent and selective RARα and RARβ agonists with low lipophilicity that are orally bioavailable and less toxic have been developed, that have a range of potential therapeutic uses. This review covers these new advances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria B Goncalves
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jonathan P T Corcoran
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Abstract
This chapter has been conceived as an introductory text to aid in the understanding of the key design strategies for the development of synthetic analogs of endogenous retinoids as ligands for the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). The structure and binding characteristics of the endogenous retinoids are first explained to put the main chemical design challenges in context. Existing biochemical and structural data is then used to describe the guiding principles used to develop agonists and antagonists of the RARs and RXRs. In light of the increasing proliferation of biophysical methods that employ fluorescence measurements or molecular tags, we also examine the application of retinoids as probes and the chemical principles required to develop these tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Durham, United Kingdom
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5
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Mashayekh K, Shiri P. An Overview of Recent Advances in the Applications of Click Chemistry in the Synthesis of Bioconjugates with Anticancer Activities. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koroush Mashayekh
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research InstituteShahid Beheshti University, Tehran Iran
| | - Pezhman Shiri
- Department of ChemistryShiraz University, Shiraz Iran
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6
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Clarke E, Jarvis CI, Goncalves MB, Kalindjian SB, Adams DR, Brown JT, Shiers JJ, Taddei DM, Ravier E, Barlow S, Miller I, Smith V, Borthwick AD, Corcoran JP. Design and synthesis of a potent, highly selective, orally bioavailable, retinoic acid receptor alpha agonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:798-814. [PMID: 29288071 PMCID: PMC5823845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A ligand-based virtual screening exercise examining likely bioactive conformations of AM 580 (2) and AGN 193836 (3) was used to identify the novel, less lipophilic RARα agonist 4-(3,5-dichloro-4-ethoxybenzamido)benzoic acid 5, which has good selectivity over the RARβ, and RARγ receptors. Analysis of the medicinal chemistry parameters of the 3,5-substituents of derivatives of template 5 enabled us to design a class of drug-like molecules with lower intrinsic clearance and higher oral bioavailability which led to the novel RARα agonist 4-(3-chloro-4-ethoxy-5-isopropoxybenzamido)-2-methylbenzoic acid 56 that has high RARα potency and excellent selectivity versus RARβ (2 orders of magnitude) and RARγ (4 orders of magnitude) at both the human and mouse RAR receptors with improved drug-like properties. This RARα specific agonist 56 has high oral bioavailability (>80%) in both mice and dogs with a good PK profile and was shown to be inactive in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl Clarke
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy’s Campus, King’s College, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Christopher I. Jarvis
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy’s Campus, King’s College, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Maria B. Goncalves
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy’s Campus, King’s College, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - S. Barret Kalindjian
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy’s Campus, King’s College, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - David R. Adams
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, UK
| | - Jane T. Brown
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, UK
| | - Jason J. Shiers
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, UK
| | - David M.A. Taddei
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, UK
| | - Elodie Ravier
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, UK
| | - Stephanie Barlow
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, UK
| | - Iain Miller
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, UK
| | - Vanessa Smith
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, UK
| | | | - Jonathan P.T. Corcoran
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy’s Campus, King’s College, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Haffez H, Chisholm DR, Valentine R, Pohl E, Redfern C, Whiting A. The molecular basis of the interactions between synthetic retinoic acid analogues and the retinoic acid receptors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:578-592. [PMID: 30108774 PMCID: PMC6072416 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00680a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and its synthetic analogues EC23 and EC19 direct cellular differentiation by interacting as ligands for the retinoic acid receptor (RARα, β and γ) family of nuclear receptor proteins. To date, a number of crystal structures of natural and synthetic ligands complexed to their target proteins have been solved, providing molecular level snap-shots of ligand binding. However, a deeper understanding of receptor and ligand flexibility and conformational freedom is required to develop stable and effective ATRA analogues for clinical use. Therefore, we have used molecular modelling techniques to define RAR interactions with ATRA and two synthetic analogues, EC19 and EC23, and compared their predicted biochemical activities to experimental measurements of relative ligand affinity and recruitment of coactivator proteins. A comprehensive molecular docking approach that explored the conformational space of the ligands indicated that ATRA is able to bind the three RAR proteins in a number of conformations with one extended structure being favoured. In contrast the biologically-distinct isomer, 9-cis-retinoic acid (; 9CRA), showed significantly less conformational flexibility in the RAR binding pockets. These findings were used to inform docking studies of the synthetic retinoids EC23 and EC19, and their respective methyl esters. EC23 was found to be an excellent mimic for ATRA, and occupied similar binding modes to ATRA in all three target RAR proteins. In comparison, EC19 exhibited an alternative binding mode which reduces the strength of key polar interactions in RARα/γ but is well-suited to the larger RARβ binding pocket. In contrast, docking of the corresponding esters revealed the loss of key polar interactions which may explain the much reduced biological activity. Our computational results were complemented using an in vitro binding assay based on FRET measurements, which showed that EC23 was a strongly binding, pan-agonist of the RARs, while EC19 exhibited specificity for RARβ, as predicted by the docking studies. These findings can account for the distinct behaviour of EC23 and EC19 in cellular differentiation assays, and additionally, the methods described herein can be further applied to the understanding of the molecular basis for the selectivity of different retinoids to RARα, β and γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Haffez
- Department of Chemistry Durham University , South Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK .
- Department of Biosciences & Biophysical Sciences , Institute Durham University , South Road , Durham DH1 3LE , UK
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research , Medical School , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE2 4HH , UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Pharmacy College , Helwan University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - David R Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry Durham University , South Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK .
| | - Roy Valentine
- High Force Research Ltd. , Bowburn North Industrial Estate , Bowburn , Durham , DH6 5PF , UK
| | - Ehmke Pohl
- Department of Biosciences & Biophysical Sciences , Institute Durham University , South Road , Durham DH1 3LE , UK
| | - Christopher Redfern
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research , Medical School , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE2 4HH , UK
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry Durham University , South Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK .
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8
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Brown G, Marchwicka A, Cunningham A, Toellner KM, Marcinkowska E. Antagonizing Retinoic Acid Receptors Increases Myeloid Cell Production by Cultured Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:69-81. [PMID: 27412076 PMCID: PMC5274652 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activities of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR)α and RARγ are important to hematopoiesis. Here, we have investigated the effects of receptor selective agonists and antagonists on the primitive human hematopoietic cell lines KG1 and NB-4 and purified normal human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Agonizing RARα (by AGN195183) was effective in driving neutrophil differentiation of NB-4 cells and this agonist synergized with a low amount (10 nM) of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to drive monocyte differentiation of NB-4 and KG1 cells. Treatment of cultures of human HSCs (supplemented with stem cell factor ± interleukin 3) with an antagonist of all RARs (AGN194310) or of RARα (AGN196996) prolonged the lifespan of cultures, up to 55 days, and increased the production of neutrophils and monocytes. Slowing down of cell differentiation was not observed, and instead, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells had expanded in number. Antagonism of RARγ (by AGN205728) did not affect cultures of HSCs. Studies of CV-1 and LNCaP cells transfected with RAR expression vectors and a reporter vector revealed that RARγ and RARβ are activated by sub-nM all-trans retinoic acid (EC50-0.3 nM): ~50-fold more is required for activation of RARα (EC50-16 nM). These findings further support the notion that the balance of expression and activity of RARα and RARγ are important to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell expansion and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Brown
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Aleksandra Marchwicka
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alan Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ewa Marcinkowska
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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Marchwicka A, Cunningham A, Marcinkowska E, Brown G. Therapeutic use of selective synthetic ligands for retinoic acid receptors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:957-71. [PMID: 27336223 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1205586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Differentiation therapy using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) revolutionised the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia to such an extent that it is now one of the most curable types of leukaemia, with ATRA and anthracycline-based chemotherapy providing cure rates above 80%. Isotretinoin is used to treat chronic acne. Here, we examine the information described in recent patents and the extent to which new findings are influencing extending retinoid-based differentiation therapy to other cancers, as well as the development of new therapies for other disorders. AREAS COVERED A search has been performed on the literature and worldwide patents filed during 2014 to the present time, focusing on synthetic agonists and antagonists of retinoic acid receptors and novel compositions for the delivery of these agents. EXPERT OPINION New potential therapeutic applications have been described, including lung, breast and head and neck cancers, T cell lymphoma and neurodegenerative, metabolic, ophthalmic, muscle, and inflammatory disorders. Recent patents have described the means to maximise retinoid activity. Two decades of efforts to extend retinoid-based therapies have been disappointing and new synthetic retinoids, target diseases and modes of delivery may well resolve this long standing issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Marchwicka
- a Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology , University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Alan Cunningham
- b Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Ewa Marcinkowska
- a Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology , University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Geoffrey Brown
- c Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Huang
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Vikas Chandra
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Fraydoon Rastinejad
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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11
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Conaway HH, Pirhayati A, Persson E, Pettersson U, Svensson O, Lindholm C, Henning P, Tuckermann J, Lerner UH. Retinoids stimulate periosteal bone resorption by enhancing the protein RANKL, a response inhibited by monomeric glucocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31425-36. [PMID: 21715325 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.247734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased vitamin A (retinol) intake has been suggested to increase bone fragility. In the present study, we investigated effects of retinoids on bone resorption in cultured neonatal mouse calvarial bones and their interaction with glucocorticoids (GC). All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), retinol, retinalaldehyde, and 9-cis-retinoic acid stimulated release of (45)Ca from calvarial bones. The resorptive effect of ATRA was characterized by mRNA expression of genes associated with osteoclast differentiation, enhanced osteoclast number, and bone matrix degradation. In addition, the RANKL/OPG ratio was increased by ATRA, release of (45)Ca stimulated by ATRA was blocked by exogenous OPG, and mRNA expression of genes associated with bone formation was decreased by ATRA. All retinoid acid receptors (RARα/β/γ) were expressed in calvarial bones. Agonists with affinity to all receptor subtypes or specifically to RARα enhanced the release of (45)Ca and mRNA expression of Rankl, whereas agonists with affinity to RARβ/γ or RARγ had no effects. Stimulation of Rankl mRNA by ATRA was competitively inhibited by the RARα antagonist GR110. Exposure of calvarial bones to GC inhibited the stimulatory effects of ATRA on (45)Ca release and Rankl mRNA and protein expression. This inhibitory effect was reversed by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU 486. Increased Rankl mRNA stimulated by ATRA was also blocked by GC in calvarial bones from mice with a GR mutation that blocks dimerization (GR(dim) mice). The data suggest that ATRA enhances periosteal bone resorption by increasing the RANKL/OPG ratio via RARα receptors, a response that can be inhibited by monomeric GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Herschel Conaway
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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12
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Schinke C, Goel S, Bhagat TD, Zhou L, Mo Y, Gallagher R, Kabalka GW, Platanias LC, Verma A, Das B. Design and synthesis of novel derivatives of all-trans retinoic acid demonstrate the combined importance of acid moiety and conjugated double bonds in its binding to PML-RAR-alpha oncogene in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51:1108-14. [PMID: 20536349 PMCID: PMC4104194 DOI: 10.3109/10428191003786766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The binding of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to retinoid receptor-alpha (RAR-alpha) relieves transcriptional repression induced by the promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor (PML-RAR) oncoprotein. The ATRA molecule contains a cyclohexenyl ring, a polyene chain containing conjugated double alkene bonds, and a terminal carboxyl group. To determine the contributions of these structural components of ATRA to its clinical efficacy, we synthesized three novel retinoids. These consisted of either a modified conjugated alkene backbone with an intact acid moiety (13a) or a modified conjugated alkene backbone and conversion of the acid group to either an ester (13b) or an aromatic amide (13c). Reporter assays demonstrated that compound 13a successfully relieved transcriptional repression by RAR-alpha, while 13b and 13c could not, demonstrating the critical role of the acid moiety in this binding. However, only ATRA was able to significantly inhibit the proliferation of APL cells while 13a, 13b, or 13c was not. Furthermore, only 13a led to partial non-significant differentiation of NB4 cells, demonstrating the importance of C9-C10 double bonds in differentiation induced CD11 expression. Our results demonstrate that both the acid moiety and conjugated double bonds present in the ATRA molecule are important for its biological activity in APL and have important implications for the design of future novel retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swati Goel
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Li Zhou
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yongkai Mo
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Leonidas C. Platanias
- Northwestern University School of Medicine and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amit Verma
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Bhaskar Das
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Barnard JH, Collings JC, Whiting A, Przyborski SA, Marder TB. Synthetic retinoids: structure-activity relationships. Chemistry 2010; 15:11430-42. [PMID: 19821467 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid signalling pathways are involved in numerous processes in cells, particularly those mediating differentiation and apoptosis. The endogenous ligands that bind to the retinoid receptors, namely all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9-cis-retinoic acid, are prone to double-bond isomerisation and to oxidation by metabolic enzymes, which can have significant and deleterious effects on their activities and selectivities. Many of these problems can be overcome through the use of synthetic retinoids, which are often much more stable, as well as being more active. Modification of their molecular structures can result in retinoids that act as antagonists, rather than agonists, or exhibit a large degree of selectivity for particular retinoid-receptor isotypes. Several such selective retinoids are likely to be of value as pharmaceutical agents with reduced toxicities, particularly in cancer therapy, as reagents for controlling cell differentiation, and as tools for elucidating the precise roles that specific retinoid signalling pathways play within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Barnard
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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14
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Collop AH, Broomfield JA, Chandraratna RA, Yong Z, Deimling SJ, Kolker SJ, Weeks DL, Drysdale TA. Retinoic acid signaling is essential for formation of the heart tube in Xenopus. Dev Biol 2006; 291:96-109. [PMID: 16423341 PMCID: PMC3539789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid is clearly important for the development of the heart. In this paper, we provide evidence that retinoic acid is essential for multiple aspects of cardiogenesis in Xenopus by examining embryos that have been exposed to retinoic acid receptor antagonists. Early in cardiogenesis, retinoic acid alters the expression of key genes in the lateral plate mesoderm including Nkx2.5 and HAND1, indicating that early patterning of the lateral plate mesoderm is, in part, controlled by retinoic acid. We found that, in Xenopus, the transition of the heart from a sheet of cells to a tube required retinoic acid signaling. The requirement for retinoic acid signaling was determined to take place during a narrow window of time between embryonic stages 14 and 18, well before heart tube closure. At the highest doses used, the lateral fields of myocardium fail to fuse, intermediate doses lead to a fusion of the two sides but failure to form a tube, and embryos exposed to lower concentrations of antagonist form a heart tube that failed to complete all the landmark changes that characterize looping. The myocardial phenotypes observed when exposed to the retinoic acid antagonist resemble the myocardium from earlier stages of cardiogenesis, although precocious expression of cardiac differentiation markers was not seen. The morphology of individual cells within the myocardium appeared immature, closely resembling the shape and size of cells at earlier stages of development. However, the failures in morphogenesis are not merely a slowing of development because, even when allowed to develop through stage 40, the heart tubes did not close when embryos were exposed to high levels of antagonist. Indeed, some aspects of left-right asymmetry also remained even in hearts that never formed a tube. These results demonstrate that components of the retinoic acid signaling pathway are necessary for the progression of cardiac morphogenesis in Xenopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Collop
- Childrens Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Rd. E. London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Canada
| | - Joel A.S. Broomfield
- Childrens Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Rd. E. London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Zhao Yong
- Childrens Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Rd. E. London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven J. Deimling
- Childrens Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Rd. E. London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra J. Kolker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Daniel L. Weeks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Thomas A. Drysdale
- Childrens Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Rd. E. London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author. Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, Canada. Fax: +1 519 685 8186
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15
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16
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Kagechika H, Shudo K. Synthetic Retinoids: Recent Developments Concerning Structure and Clinical Utility. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5875-83. [PMID: 16161990 DOI: 10.1021/jm0581821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kagechika
- School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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17
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Yost CC, Denis MM, Lindemann S, Rubner FJ, Marathe GK, Buerke M, McIntyre TM, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA. Activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes rapidly synthesize retinoic acid receptor-alpha: a mechanism for translational control of transcriptional events. J Exp Med 2004; 200:671-80. [PMID: 15337793 PMCID: PMC2212748 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20040224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to releasing preformed granular proteins, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) synthesize chemokines and other factors under transcriptional control. Here we demonstrate that PMNs express an inducible transcriptional modulator by signal-dependent activation of specialized mechanisms that regulate messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. HL-60 myelocytic cells differentiated to surrogate PMNs respond to activation by platelet activating factor by initiating translation and with appearance of specific mRNA transcripts in polyribosomes. cDNA array analysis of the polyribosome fraction demonstrated that retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-alpha, a transcription factor that controls the expression of multiple genes, is one of the polyribosome-associated transcripts. Quiescent surrogate HL60 PMNs and primary human PMNs contain constitutive message for RAR-alpha but little or no protein. RAR-alpha protein is rapidly synthesized in response to platelet activating factor under the control of a specialized translational regulator, mammalian target of rapamycin, and is blocked by the therapeutic macrolide rapamycin, events consistent with features of the 5' untranslated region of the transcript. Newly synthesized RAR-alpha modulates production of interleukin-8. Rapid expression of a transcription factor under translational control is a previously unrecognized mechanism in human PMNs that indicates unexpected diversity in gene regulation in this critical innate immune effector cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C Yost
- Department of Pediatrics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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18
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Zusi FC, Lorenzi MV, Vivat-Hannah V. Selective retinoids and rexinoids in cancer therapy and chemoprevention. Drug Discov Today 2002; 7:1165-74. [PMID: 12547017 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(02)02526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic retinoids are effective inhibitors of tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. However, the toxicity of natural derivatives of vitamin A limits their therapeutic use. Recently, synthetic compounds selective for the different retinoid receptor isotypes have been generated that circumvent pan-retinoid toxicity. The tumor-suppressive activity of selective retinoid and/or rexinoid ligands has been established preclinically, and emerging clinical trials are supportive of the chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive potential of these compounds in multiple oncology indications, with reduced toxicity. Moreover, the combination of retinoids and/or rexinoids with chemotherapeutic agents for the synergistic modulation of specific pathways could also be of benefit in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Christopher Zusi
- Wallingford Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 03492-1996, USA
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19
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Beard RL, Duong TT, Teng M, Klein ES, Standevan AM, Chandraratna RAS. Synthesis and biological activity of retinoic acid receptor-alpha specific amides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3145-8. [PMID: 12372520 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids are analogues of all-trans-retinoic acid, a powerful hormone that mediates many fundamental biological processes. Cancer and other serious hyperproliferative diseases are attractive therapeutic targets for retinoids, but the therapeutic use of retinoids is limited due to severe toxicity. We report here the design of retinoid receptor-alpha specific ligands with growth inhibitory activity in breast cancer cell lines, and which do not cause the cutaneous toxicity associated with the currently available nonselective retinoid agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Beard
- Retinoid Research, Department of Chemistry, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA 92623-9534, USA.
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20
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Weston AD, Chandraratna RAS, Torchia J, Underhill TM. Requirement for RAR-mediated gene repression in skeletal progenitor differentiation. J Cell Biol 2002; 158:39-51. [PMID: 12105181 PMCID: PMC2173026 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200112029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is a multistep process culminating in the establishment of a precisely patterned template for bone formation. Previously, we identified a loss in retinoid receptor-mediated signaling as being necessary and sufficient for expression of the chondroblast phenotype (Weston et al., 2000. J. Cell Biol. 148:679-690). Here we demonstrate a close association between retinoic acid receptor (RAR) activity and the transcriptional activity of Sox9, a transcription factor required for cartilage formation. Specifically, inhibition of RAR-mediated signaling in primary cultures of mouse limb mesenchyme results in increased Sox9 expression and activity. This induction is attenuated by the histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A, and by coexpression of a dominant negative nuclear receptor corepressor-1, indicating an unexpected requirement for RAR-mediated repression in skeletal progenitor differentiation. Inhibition of RAR activity results in activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase A (PKA) pathways, indicating their potential role in the regulation of chondrogenesis by RAR repression. Accordingly, activation of RAR signaling, which attenuates differentiation, can be rescued by activation of p38 MAPK or PKA. In summary, these findings demonstrate a novel role for active RAR-mediated gene repression in chondrogenesis and establish a hierarchical network whereby RAR-mediated signaling functions upstream of the p38 MAPK and PKA signaling pathways to regulate emergence of the chondroblast phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Weston
- Department of Physiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
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21
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Kobayashi N, Kaku Y, Higurashi K, Yamauchi T, Ishibashi A, Okamoto Y. A library construction of 2,5-disubstituted pyrrole compounds by using solid/solution-phase syntheses. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1747-50. [PMID: 12067552 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Using solid- and solution-phase synthesis, a library of 2,5-disubstituted pyrrole compounds was constructed. This is the first report that Stetter reaction was applied to the solid-phase synthesis for C-C bond formation. Some of 2,5-disubstituted pyrrole compounds showed the inhibitory activity of LPS-induced mouse B-lymphocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kobayashi
- Discovery Technology Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 1-3, Tokodai 5-chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan.
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22
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Thacher SM, Vasudevan J, Tsang KY, Nagpal S, Chandraratna RA. New dermatological agents for the treatment of psoriasis. J Med Chem 2001; 44:281-97. [PMID: 11462969 DOI: 10.1021/jm0000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Thacher
- Department of Biology, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California 92623, USA
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23
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Dawson MI, Park JH, Chen G, Chao W, Dousman L, Waleh N, Hobbs PD, Jong L, Toll L, Zhang X, Gu J, Agadir A, Merchant JL, Bai L, Verma AK, Thacher SM, Chandraratna RA, Shroot B, Hill DL. Retinoic acid (RA) receptor transcriptional activation correlates with inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity by retinoids: a potential role for trans-RA-induced ZBP-89 in ODC inhibition. Int J Cancer 2001; 91:8-21. [PMID: 11149424 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20010101)91:1<8::aid-ijc1007>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) subtype-selective alpha and gamma agonists and antagonists and a retinoid X receptor (RXR) class-selective agonist for efficacy at inhibiting both induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in mouse epidermis and rat tracheal epithelial cells and the appearance of papillomas in mouse epidermis treated in the 2-stage tumor initiation-promotion model indicated that (i) RXR class-selective transcriptional agonists, such as MM11246, were not involved in ODC inhibition; (ii) RAR-selective agonists that induce gene transcription from RA-responsive elements (RAREs) were active at low concentrations; (iii) RAR-selective antagonists that bind RARs and inhibit AP-1 activation on the collagenase promoter but do not activate RAREs to induce gene transcription were less effective inhibitors; and (iv) RARgamma-selective retinoid agonists were more effective inhibitors of TPA-induced ODC activity than RARalpha-selective agonists. These results suggest that RARE activation has a more important role in inhibition of ODC activity than RXR activation or AP-1 inhibition and that RARgamma-selective agonists would be the most useful inhibitors of epithelial cell proliferation induced by tumor promoters. The natural retinoid all-trans-RA induced expression of transcription factor ZBP-89, which represses activation of the GC box in the ODC promoter by the transcription factor Sp1.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinogens
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Collagenases/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Epidermis/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Hairless
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Ornithine Decarboxylase Inhibitors
- Papilloma/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/chemistry
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Response Elements
- Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha
- Retinoids/metabolism
- Retinoids/pharmacology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Trachea/metabolism
- Transcription Factor AP-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- Ultraviolet Rays
- Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Dawson
- Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
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24
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Boyle BJ, Harris VK, Liaudet-Coopman ED, Riegel AT, Wellstein A. Differential regulation of a fibroblast growth factor-binding protein by receptor-selective analogs of retinoic acid. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:1677-84. [PMID: 11077050 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00507-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated earlier that a secreted fibroblast growth factor-binding protein (FGF-BP) can enhance angiogenesis and promote tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, we found that FGF-BP expression in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is reduced by concentrations of retinoids that are effective in the treatment of SCC and that this repression can occur at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. To further examine the mechanism of regulation of FGF-BP by retinoids and the role played by retinoid receptor subtypes, we utilized retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-selective (TTNPB) and retinoid X receptor (RXR)-selective (LG100268) ligands. In ME-180 SCC cells, FGF-BP mRNA was down-regulated by TTNPB with an IC(50) value of 1 nM, whereas transcription was only repressed at 10,000-fold higher concentrations (IC(50) > 10 microM). This suggests that the major effects of retinoids on FGF-BP occur at the post-transcriptional level. In four additional SCC cell lines, FGF-BP was also down-regulated by TTNPB with IC(50) values of </= 1 nM, demonstrating that RAR receptors can modulate FGF-BP mRNA levels very effectively in SCC cells. The RXR-selective ligand on its own was only effective in two of the five cell lines (IC(50) of approximately 1 nM). In all of the SCC cell lines, a low concentration of RAR sensitized FGF-BP mRNA to treatment with the RXR ligand and the combination of the RXR and RAR ligands enhanced the efficacy beyond that of the individual ligands. We conclude that RAR receptors are major regulators of FGF-BP mRNA at the post-transcriptional level and propose that an RAR-induced gene product mediates the RXR effects on FGF-BP mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Boyle
- Departments of Oncology and Pharmacology, Vincent T. Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 20007, USA, Washington, DC, USA
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25
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Yoshimura H, Kikuchi K, Hibi S, Tagami K, Satoh T, Yamauchi T, Ishibahi A, Tai K, Hida T, Tokuhara N, Nagai M. Discovery of novel and potent retinoic acid receptor alpha agonists: syntheses and evaluation of benzofuranyl-pyrrole and benzothiophenyl-pyrrole derivatives. J Med Chem 2000; 43:2929-37. [PMID: 10956201 DOI: 10.1021/jm000098s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the course of our studies on retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists, we have designed and synthesized a series of benzofuran and benzothiophene derivatives. Some of these compounds (1a,b,e,f,j) markedly inhibited LPS-induced B-lymphocyte proliferation and exerted RARalpha selectivity. One of them, 4-[5-(4,7-dimethylbenzofuran-2-yl)pyrrol-2-yl]benzoic acid (1b), when orally administered significantly inhibited mouse antibody production and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses from a dose of 0.1 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yoshimura
- Tsukuba Basic Research Laboratories for Drug Discovery, Eisai Company, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
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26
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Kikuchi K, Hibi S, Yoshimura H, Tai K, Hida T, Tokuhara N, Yamauchi T, Nagai M. Novel retinoic acid receptor alpha agonists: syntheses and evaluation of pyrazole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:619-22. [PMID: 10762038 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized a series of pyrazole derivatives as candidate retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists. One of them, 4-[5-(1, 5-diisopropyl-1H-3-pyrazolyl)-1H-2-pyrrolyl]benzoic acid (11b), which possesses a 2,5-disubstituted pyrrole moiety, showed selective transactivation activity for the RAR alpha receptor, and had highly potent cell-differentiating activity on HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kikuchi
- Tsukuba Basic Research Laboratories for Drug Discovery, Eisai Co. Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
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27
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Bachmair F, Hoffmann R, Daxenbichler G, Langer T. Studies on structure-activity relationships of retinoic acid receptor ligands by means of molecular modeling. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2000; 59:159-215. [PMID: 10714240 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(00)59007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A and its biologically active derivatives, retinal and retinoic acid, play an important role in vision, are required for reproduction, act as morphogenic agents during embryonic development, and regulate the growth and differentiation of a wide variety of cell types throughout the life of an organism. The biological action of retinoic acid and synthetic analogs, referred to as retinoids, is mediated by RAR alpha, RAR beta, or RAR gamma and/or by RXR alpha, RXR beta, or RXR gamma, all being nuclear receptors. Since retinoids exert profound effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, these compounds seem to be promising agents for the treatment of cancer. Consequently, a large number of retinoids have been synthesized and examined to determine if they exert their biological activity according to retinoic acid receptor interaction. These screening methods are often expensive, time-consuming, and labor-intensive procedures. Since one can construct the pharmacophores of congeneric groups of drug molecules, molecular modeling techniques offer a new way to determine the binding abilities of different agents. We examined the structural properties of retinoids, which allow them to specifically bind to the different receptor subtypes. The thus-generated 3D pharmacophore models were used to predict the binding affinities of several retinoids to the retinoic receptor subtypes. Finally, the 3D models served as criteria for searching the Derwent World Drug Index for compounds that possess the features necessary for favorable ligand receptor interaction. The search resulted in a "hit list" containing 323 compounds, some of which are worth further investigation to determine if they act via retinoic acid receptor binding or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bachmair
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria
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28
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Kikuchi K, Hibi S, Yoshimura H, Tokuhara N, Tai K, Hida T, Yamauchi T, Nagai M. Syntheses and structure-activity relationships of 5,6,7, 8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-quinoxaline derivatives with retinoic acid receptor alpha agonistic activity. J Med Chem 2000; 43:409-19. [PMID: 10669568 DOI: 10.1021/jm990063w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the course of our studies on retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists, we have designed and synthesized a series of quinoxaline derivatives. One of them, 4-[5-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8, 8-tetramethyl-2-quinoxalinyl)-1H-2-pyrrolyl]benzoic acid (3a), which possesses a 2,5-disubstituted pyrrole moiety, showed selectivity for the RARalpha receptor and exerted highly potent cell-differentiating activity on HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kikuchi
- Tsukuba Basic Research Laboratories for Drug Discovery, Eisai Co., Ltd., 1-3, Tokodai 5-chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
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29
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Schapira M, Raaka BM, Samuels HH, Abagyan R. Rational discovery of novel nuclear hormone receptor antagonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:1008-13. [PMID: 10655475 PMCID: PMC15503 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.3.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/1999] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) are potential targets for therapeutic approaches to many clinical conditions, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological diseases. The crystal structure of the ligand binding domain of agonist-bound NRs enables the design of compounds with agonist activity. However, with the exception of the human estrogen receptor-alpha, the lack of antagonist-bound "inactive" receptor structures hinders the rational design of receptor antagonists. In this study, we present a strategy for designing such antagonists. We constructed a model of the inactive conformation of human retinoic acid receptor-alpha by using information derived from antagonist-bound estrogen receptor-alpha and applied a computer-based virtual screening algorithm to identify retinoic acid receptor antagonists. Thus, the currently available crystal structures of NRs may be used for the rational design of antagonists, which could lead to the development of novel drugs for a variety of diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Algorithms
- Binding Sites
- Computer Simulation
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Databases, Factual
- Drug Design
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Estrogen Receptor alpha
- False Positive Reactions
- HeLa Cells
- Hormone Antagonists/chemistry
- Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology
- Hormones/agonists
- Humans
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Monte Carlo Method
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry
- Receptors, Estrogen/chemistry
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/agonists
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/chemistry
- Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Transfection
- Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schapira
- Structural Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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30
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Qing FL, Ying J, Zhang Y. A stereoselective synthesis of ethyl 9-cis-7,8-didehydro-19-trifluoromethylretinoate. J Fluor Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(99)00186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Johnson AT, Wang L, Standeven AM, Escobar M, Chandraratna RA. Synthesis and biological activity of high-affinity retinoic acid receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:1321-38. [PMID: 10465407 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the synthesis and biological activity of new high affinity retinioic acid receptor (RAR) antagonists. The effect of introducing heteroatoms in the bicyclic ring system of the potent dihydronaphthalene RAR antagonist 8, and the variation of the pendant aromatic group on the ability of these compounds to function as RAR antagonists is discussed. The use of binding, transcriptional, and in vivo assays revealed that the 2,2-dimethylthiochromene analogue 59, and the 2,2-dimethylchromene derivative 85, were the most effective in blocking retinoid agonist induced activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA 92623-9534, USA.
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32
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Synthesis of the trifluoromethylated retinoial aromatic amide—4-[1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3-trifluoromethyl-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)carbamoyl]benzoic acid. J Fluor Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(99)00070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Vuligonda V, Lin Y, Thacher SM, Standeven AM, Kochar DM, Chandraratna RA. A new class of RAR subtype selective retinoids: correlation of pharmacological effects with receptor activity. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:263-70. [PMID: 10218817 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(98)00212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological activity of a series of structurally related retinoids with different RAR subtype selectivities are described. These retinoids bind to all three RAR subtypes but in functional transactivation assays, they show RARbeta or RARbeta,gamma selectivity with weak RARalpha activity. The subtype selectivity of these retinoids was found to correlate with their efficacy (ODC inhibition) and toxicity (topical irritation and teratogenicity) profiles. The degree of RARgamma transactivation activity correlates with their topical toxicity and teratogenicity as measured by the inhibition of chondrogenesis. Of the RARbeta selective retinoids reported here, retinoid 12 is the most promising, as it is completely devoid of two common retinoid related toxicities, namely topical irritation and teratogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vuligonda
- Department of Chemistry, Retinoid Research, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA 92614, USA
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34
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Umemiya H, Fukasawa H, Ebisawa M, Eyrolles L, Kawachi E, Eisenmann G, Gronemeyer H, Hashimoto Y, Shudo K, Kagechika H. Regulation of retinoidal actions by diazepinylbenzoic acids. Retinoid synergists which activate the RXR-RAR heterodimers. J Med Chem 1997; 40:4222-34. [PMID: 9435893 DOI: 10.1021/jm9704309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells, diazepinylbenzoic acid derivatives can exhibit either antagonistic or synergistic effects on the differentiation-inducing activities of natural or synthetic retinoids, the activity depending largely on the nature of the substituents on the diazepine ring. Thus, a benzolog of the retinoid antagonist LE135 (6), 4-(13H-10,11,12,13-tetrahydro-10, 10,13,13,15-pentamethyldinaphtho[2,3-b][1,2-e]diazepin-7-yl) benzoic acid (LE540, 17), exhibits a 1 order of magnitude higher antagonistic potential than the parental LE135 (6). In contrast, 4-[5H-2,3-(2,5-dimethyl-2,5-hexano)-5-methyldibenzo[b,e] [1,4]diazepin-11-yl]-benzoic acid (HX600, 7), a structural isomer of the antagonistic LE135 (6), enhanced HL-60 cell differentiation induced by RAR agonists, such as Am80 (2). This synergistic effect was further increased for a thiazepine, HX630 (29), and an azepine derivative, HX640 (30); both synergized with Am80 (2) more potently than HX600 (7). Notably, the negative and positive effects of the azepine derivatives on retinoidal actions can be related to their RAR-antagonistic and RXR-agonistic properties, respectively, in the context of the RAR-RXR heterodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Umemiya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Beard RL, Teng M, Colon DF, Duong TT, Thacher SM, Arefieg T, Chandraratna RA. Synthesis and biological activity of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline and 3,4-(1H)-dihydroquinolin-2-one analogs of retinoic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Diaz P, Michel S, Stella L, Charpentier B. Synthesis and biological activities of new heterocyclic aromatic retinoids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Standeven AM, Teng M, Chandraratna RA. Lack of involvement of retinoic acid receptor alpha in retinoid-induced skin irritation in hairless mice. Toxicol Lett 1997; 92:231-40. [PMID: 9334834 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(97)00065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that RAR gamma, the major retinoic acid receptor (RAR) subtype in skin, mediates retinoid-induced skin irritation. However, RAR alpha is also found in skin, and its role in retinoid-induced skin irritation has not been tested. In this study, RAR subtype-specific agonists and antagonists were used to test the possible contribution of RAR alpha to retinoid-induced skin irritation. Female hairless mice were treated topically on the dorsal skin for 5 days with various retinoids over a 2-log dose range, and cutaneous toxicity was scored by semiquantitative visual observations of skin flaking and abrasions daily up to 3 days post-treatment. Three RAR alpha-selective agonists were > or = 100-fold less potent as skin irritants than the structurally-related RAR pan-agonist, TTNPB. Skin irritation potency decreased in the following order: TTNPB > > Am580 > AGN 193835 > > 193836 and correlated with RAR beta and/or RAR gamma binding affinity rather than RAR alpha binding affinity. TTNPB-induced skin irritation was blocked in a dose-dependent fashion by co-treatment with the RAR pan-antagonist AGN 193109 but was not blocked by co-treatment with the RAR alpha-specific antagonist AGN 194301. In contrast, skin irritation induced by the RAR alpha-selective agonist AGN 193835 was almost completely blocked by co-treatment with AGN 193644, an RAR beta/gamma-selective antagonist. These data demonstrate that RAR alpha is not significantly involved in mediating retinoid-induced skin irritation in mice and suggest that RAR alpha-selective agonists may have reduced mucocutaneous side effects relative to other retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Standeven
- Retinoid Research, Department of Biology, Allergan, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
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38
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39
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Teng M, Duong TT, Johnson AT, Klein ES, Wang L, Khalifa B, Chandraratna RA. Identification of highly potent retinoic acid receptor alpha-selective antagonists. J Med Chem 1997; 40:2445-51. [PMID: 9258350 DOI: 10.1021/jm9703911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The syntheses and full retinoid receptor characterization of a novel series of retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR alpha) antagonists, 1-5, are described. These compounds bind with high affinity to RAR alpha but were completely inactive in gene transactivation. They were also potent and effective antagonists of retinoic acid (RA) induced gene transcription at RAR alpha. Compounds 1-5 exhibited varying degrees of selectivity for RAR alpha relative to RAR beta/gamma, with compound 5 being the most selective in both binding and functional antagonism assays. These compounds will be invaluable tools in delineating the physiological roles of RAR alpha in development and in the adult animal and may themselves be useful therapeutic agents in human diseases associated with RAR alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teng
- Department of Chemistry, Allergan Incorporated, Irvine, California 92623-9534, USA
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40
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Tazarotene: The first receptor-selective topical retinoid for the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(97)70411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Scafonas A, Wolfgang CL, Gabriel JL, Soprano KJ, Soprano DR. Differential role of homologous positively charged amino acid residues for ligand binding in retinoic acid receptor alpha compared with retinoic acid receptor beta. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:11244-9. [PMID: 9111026 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.17.11244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The diverse biological actions of retinoic acid (RA) are mediated by retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors. Although it has been suggested that the ligand binding domains (LBDs) of RARs share the same novel folding pattern, many RAR subtype-specific agonists and antagonists have been synthesized demonstrating that the LBD of each RAR subtype has unique features. We have examined the role of several positively charged amino acid residues located in the LBD of RARalpha in RA binding. These results are compared with previously published data for the homologous mutations in RARbeta. Lys227 of RARalpha does not appear to be important for RA binding or RA-dependent transactivation, whereas the homologous residue in RARbeta, Lys220, plays an important synergistic role with Arg269 in these two activities. In addition, Arg276 of RARalpha, like its homologous residue Arg269 of RARbeta, was found to play an important role in the binding of RA most likely by interacting with the carboxylate group of RA. However, the orientation of and electronic environment associated with Arg276 in RARalpha appears to be different from that of Arg269 in RARbeta, thus contributing to the uniqueness of the ligand binding pocket of each receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scafonas
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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42
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Johnson AT, Klein ES, Wang L, Pino ME, Chandraratna RA. Identification of retinoic acid receptor beta subtype specific agonists. J Med Chem 1996; 39:5027-30. [PMID: 8978832 DOI: 10.1021/jm960687r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A T Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California 92623-9534, USA
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