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Abstract
Dinucleoside phosphorochloridite were synthesized from phosphorus trichloride and three nucleoside analogues, 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (FLT), 2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine (FTC), and 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC), in a multistep synthesis. Polymer-bound N-Boc p-acetoxybenzyl 5'-O-2'-deoxythymidine was reacted with dinucleoside phosphorochloridite in the presence of 2,6-lutidine, followed by the reaction with dodecyl alcohol and 5-(ethylthio)-1H-tetrazole, oxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide, and acidic cleavage, respectively, to afford the β-triphosphotriester derivatives containing three different nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Beni
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA 37209
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA 37208
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, USA 92618
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Shanbrom Hall, 101 The City Drive, Orange, CA, USA 92868
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2
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Siodła T, Ozimiński WP, Hoffmann M, Koroniak H, Krygowski TM. Toward a physical interpretation of substituent effects: the case of fluorine and trifluoromethyl groups. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7321-31. [PMID: 25046196 DOI: 10.1021/jo501013p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of ab initio and DFT computational methods at six different levels of theory (MP2/cc-pVDZ, MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ, B3LYP/cc-pVDZ, B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ, M06/cc-pVDZ, and M06/aug-cc-pVTZ) to meta- and para-substituted fluoro- and trifluoromethylbenzene derivatives and to 1-fluoro- and 1-trifluoromethyl-2-substituted trans-ethenes allowed the study of changes in the electronic and geometric properties of F- and CF3-substituted systems under the impact of other substituents (BeH, BF2, BH2, Br, CFO, CHO, Cl, CN, F, Li, NH2, NMe2, NO, NO2, OH, H, CF3, and CH3). Various parameters of these systems have been investigated, including homodesmotic reactions in terms of the substituent effect stabilization energy (SESE), the π and σ electron donor-acceptor indexes (pEDA and sEDA, respectively), the charge on the substituent active region (cSAR, known earlier as qSAR), and bond lengths, which have been regressed against Hammett constants, resulting mostly in an accurate correspondence except in the case of p-fluorobenzene derivatives. Moreover, changes in the characteristics of the ability of the substituent to attract or donate electrons under the impact of the kind of moiety to which the substituent is attached have been considered as the indirect substituent effect and investigated by means of the cSAR model. Regressions of cSAR(X) versus cSAR(Y) for any systems X and Y allow final results to be obtained on the same scale of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Siodła
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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3
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Dash C, Ahmadibeni Y, Hanley MJ, Pandhare J, Gotte M, Le Grice SFJ, Parang K. Inhibition of multi-drug resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by nucleoside β-triphosphates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3519-22. [PMID: 21605974 PMCID: PMC3114884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of potent reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in combination regimens, the development of drug resistant RTs constitutes a major hurdle for the long-term efficacy of current antiretroviral therapy. Nucleoside β-triphosphate analogs of adenosine and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) (3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT), 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (FLT), and 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (d4T)) were synthesized and their inhibitory activities were evaluated against wild-type and multidrug resistant HIV-1 RTs. Adenosine β-triphosphate (1) and AZT β-triphosphate (2) completely inhibited the DNA polymerase activity of wild type, the NRTI multi resistant, and nonnucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTI) resistant HIV-1 RT at 10nM, 10 and 100 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandravanu Dash
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas J. Forsman
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland
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5
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Srivastav NC, Shakya N, Mak M, Agrawal B, Tyrrell DL, Kumar R. Antiviral Activity of Various 1-(2′-Deoxy-β-d-lyxofuranosyl), 1-(2′-Fluoro-β-d-xylofuranosyl), 1-(3′-Fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosyl), and 2′-Fluoro-2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxyribose Pyrimidine Nucleoside Analogues against Duck Hepatitis B Virus (DHBV) and Human Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Replication. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7156-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100803c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen C. Srivastav
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 1-71 Medical Sciences Building
| | - Neeraj Shakya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 1-71 Medical Sciences Building
| | - Michelle Mak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 1-71 Medical Sciences Building
| | | | | | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 1-71 Medical Sciences Building
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Wińska P, Miazga A, Poznański J, Kulikowski T. Partial selective inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and human DNA polymerases γ and β by thiated 3'-fluorothymidine analogue 5'-triphosphates. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:176-81. [PMID: 20739003 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
3'-Deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine (FLT, alovudine(®)) belongs to the most potent agents inhibiting HIV-1 replication. Its 5'-triphosphate (FLTTP) is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV RT). Unfortunately, FLT exerts substantial hematologic toxicity both in vitro and in vivo. It was suggested that this toxicity may be related to inhibition of human DNA polymerases, especially mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ, by nucleoside analogue 5'-triphosphates leading to termination of DNA synthesis and mitochondrial dysfunction. To decrease the toxicity of FLT, its thiated analogues, 4-SFLT and 2-SFLT, were previously synthesized and shown to be potent inhibitors of HIV-1 with low in vitro cytotoxicity. To explain this phenomenon in the present study the synthesis of 5'-triphosphates of thiated FLT analogues was undertaken and their interaction with recombinant HIV-1 RT and human DNA polymerases γ (pol γ) and β (pol β) was investigated. It was shown that 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoro-4-thiothymidine 5'-triphosphate (4-SFLTTP) and 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoro-2-thiothymidine 5'-triphosphate (2-SFLTTP) were, similarly to FLTTP, potent competitive inhibitors of HIV-1 RT, with K(i)(app) values of 0.091 and 0.022 μM respectively. It is of interest that 2-SFLTTP, a compound in an unusual syn conformation around the glycosidic bond was an uncompetitive inhibitor of human mitochondrial DNA pol γ with K(i)(app) of 0.174 μM, while 4-SFLTTP in anti conformation inhibited this enzyme similarly to FLTTP, i.e., non-competitively, with K(i)(app) of 0.055 μM. Both 4-SFLTTP and 2-SFLTTP were competitive inhibitors of human DNA pol β, with K(i)(app) values of 16.84 and 4.04 μM, respectively. The results point to partially selective inhibition of HIV RT by thiated 3'-fluorothymidine 5'-triphosphate analogues. Of special interest is that 2-SFLTTP, showing syn conformation, is a less potent inhibitor of human mitochondrial pol γ than 4-SFLTTP and FLTTP, both in the anti conformation, and has a higher inhibitory activity against HIV-1 RT than 4-SFLTTP. Moreover, the parent nucleoside 2-SFLT possessing the syn conformation shows a more potent anti-HIV-1 activity and a better selectivity index than its 4-thio isomer in the anti conformation (Matthes et al., 1989; Poopeiko et al., 1995), 2-SFLT is a potent and selective anti-HIV-1 agent with the selectivity index 4-fold higher than that of FLT. Findings regarding the mechanisms of antiviral and cytotoxic activities of FLT and its thioanalogues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Wińska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5A Pawińskiego St., 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
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Ahmadibeni Y, Dash C, Hanley MJ, Le Grice SFJ, Agarwal HK, Parang K. Synthesis of nucleoside 5'-O-alpha,beta-methylene-beta-triphosphates and evaluation of their potency towards inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1271-4. [PMID: 20204192 PMCID: PMC2928660 DOI: 10.1039/b922846b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A polymer-bound alpha,beta-methylene-beta-triphosphitylating reagent was synthesized and subjected to reactions with unprotected nucleosides, followed by oxidation, deprotection of cyanoethoxy groups, and acidic cleavage to afford nucleoside 5'-O-alpha,beta-methylene-beta-triphosphates. Among all the compounds, cytidine 5'-O-alpha,beta-methylene-beta-triphosphate inhibited RNase H activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with a K(i) value of 225 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Ahmadibeni
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA; Fax: +1-401-874-5787; Tel: +1-401-874-4471
- Department of Chemistry, Columbus State University, Columbus, Georgia 31907, USA
| | - C. Dash
- Centre for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - M. J. Hanley
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA; Fax: +1-401-874-5787; Tel: +1-401-874-4471
| | - S. F. J. Le Grice
- Resistance Mechanism Laboratory, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institute of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - H. K. Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA; Fax: +1-401-874-5787; Tel: +1-401-874-4471
| | - K. Parang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA; Fax: +1-401-874-5787; Tel: +1-401-874-4471
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA 30602
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Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of 5-haloethynyl and 5-(1,2-dihalo)vinyl analogues of AZT and FLT. Tetrahedron 2008; 64:4444-4452. [PMID: 34321697 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the synthesis of hitherto unknown 5-haloethynyl and 5-(1,2-dihalo)vinyluracil nucleoside analogues of the anti-HIV AZT, and FLT drugs. The key step of those syntheses is a Pd(0) cross-coupling at C5 position under Sonogashira conditions. Finally, based on their in vitro anti-HIV activities and their cytotoxicity on PBM, CEM, and VERO cell lines, the best compounds were the 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro-5-(bromo-2-iodo)vinyluridine (10b, EC50 of 0.6 μM), and the 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5-(bromo-2-iodo)vinyluridine (16b, EC50 of 1.1 μM).
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Ahmadibeni Y, Parang K. Application of a solid-phase beta-triphosphitylating reagent in the synthesis of nucleoside beta-triphosphates. J Org Chem 2007; 71:5837-9. [PMID: 16839180 DOI: 10.1021/jo0610107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A beta-triphosphitylating reagent was subjected to reaction with aminomethyl polystyrene resin-bound p-acetoxybenzyl alcohol to yield the corresponding polymer-bound beta-triphosphitylating reagent. The solid-phase reagent was reacted with unprotected nucleosides (e.g., 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, cytidine, thymidine, uridine, inosine, or adenosine) in the presence of 1H-tetrazole. Polymer-bound nucleosides underwent oxidation with t-butyl hydroperoxide, deprotection of cyanoethoxy groups with DBU, and the acidic cleavage, respectively, to afford only monosubstituted 5'-O-beta-triphosphorylated nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Ahmadibeni
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
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12
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Matthes E, Funk A, Krahn I, Gaertner K, von Janta-Lipinski M, Lin L, Will H, Sirma H. Strong and selective inhibitors of hepatitis B virus replication among novel N4-hydroxy- and 5-methyl-beta-L-deoxycytidine analogues. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:2523-30. [PMID: 17404006 PMCID: PMC1913238 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00001-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel N(4)-hydroxy- and 5-methyl-modified beta-L-deoxycytidine analogues were synthesized and evaluated as anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) agents. Their in vitro efficiencies were investigated in HepG2.2.15 cells stably transfected with HBV. beta-L-2',3'-Didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-N(4)-hydroxycytidine (beta-L-Hyd4C) was most effective in reducing secreted HBV DNA (50% effective concentration [EC(50)], 0.03 microM), followed by beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thia-N(4)-hydroxycytidine (EC(50), 0.51 microM), beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-N(4)-hydroxycytidine (EC(50), 0.55 microM), and beta-L-5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (EC(50), 0.9 microM). The inhibition of the presumed target, the HBV DNA polymerase, by the triphosphates of some of the beta-L-cytidine derivatives was also assessed. In accordance with the cell culture data, beta-L-Hyd4C triphosphate was the most active inhibitor, with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 0.21 microM. The cytotoxicities of some of the 4-NHOH-modified beta-L-nucleosides were dramatically lower than those of the corresponding cytidine analogues with the unmodified 4-NH(2) group. The 50% cytotoxic concentrations for beta-L-Hyd4C in HepG2 and HL-60 cells were 2,500 microM and 3,500 microM, respectively. In summary, our results demonstrate that at least beta-L-Hyd4C can be recommended as a highly efficient and extremely selective inhibitor of HBV replication for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Matthes
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
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Zhou JM, Zhou JH, Zhang HB, Dong XC, Chen MB. Fluoro-substitution effects in deoxyfluoro-d-glucose derivatives: random conformational search and quantum chemical calculation. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:2224-32. [PMID: 16839523 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2005] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of substitution by the fluorine atom at different positions of D-glucose was investigated by quantum chemical calculation of the low-energy conformers. These were obtained through the Random conformational search method. The geometries of conformers were optimized at the RHF/6-31(d) level, then reoptimization and vibrational analysis were performed at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level. Single-point energies were calculated at the B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p) level. The free energies of solvation in water were calculated utilizing the AM1-SM5.4 solvation model. For all substitution positions, the ring conformation does not change much, and the pyranoid 4C1 conformers are dominant, while variations in the substitution site result in different effects in the network of hydrogen bonds, anomeric effect, the solvation free energy, and the ratio of alpha- and beta-anomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ming Zhou
- Department of Computer Chemistry and Cheminformatics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, 200032 Shanghai, China.
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McGuigan C, Carangio A, Snoeck R, Andrei G, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of some 3'-fluoro bicyclic nucleoside analogues. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2004; 23:1-5. [PMID: 15043132 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120027813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 3'-fluoro analogues of recently discovered highly potent anti-VZV furanopyrimidine deoxynucleosides (BCNAs) is herein reported, for both the alkyl and alkylphenyl series. The compounds are tested against a range of herpes viruses and display poor activity, strongly supporting the notion of the importance of the presence of a 3'-OH for antiviral activity.
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Carangio A, McGuigan C, Andrei G, Snoeck R, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Bicyclic nucleoside inhibitors of varicella-zoster virus: synthesis and biological evaluation of 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro and 2'-deoxy-xylo derivatives. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2003; 22:935-7. [PMID: 14565315 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120022689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Carangio
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
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Anastasi C, Vlieghe P, Hantz O, Schorr O, Pannecouque C, Witvrouw M, De Clercq E, Clayette P, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Dormont D, Gondois-Rey F, Hirsch I, Kraus JL. Are 5'-O-carbamate-2',3'-dideoxythiacytidine new anti-HIV and anti-HBV nucleoside drugs or prodrugs? Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2459-63. [PMID: 12852943 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to 5'-O-carbonate 3TC derivatives (23, 24), which are clearly 3TC prodrugs, the corresponding 3TC carbamates (15-21 and 25), found to be very stable compounds with respect to enzymatic hydrolysis (cellular lysates and culture cell media) and still active on both HIV-1 and HBV infected cells, may not be 3TC prodrugs. The antiviral properties as well as the mechanism of action of 3TC analogues have been studied and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Anastasi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biomoléculaire, INSERM U-382, IBDM, Université Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 163 avenue de Luminy, case 901, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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Vanheusden V, Munier-Lehmann H, Pochet S, Herdewijn P, Van Calenbergh S. Synthesis and evaluation of thymidine-5'-O-monophosphate analogues as inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidylate kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2695-8. [PMID: 12217356 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of 2'- and 3'-modified thymidine 5'-O-monophosphate analogues were synthesized as potential leads for new anti-mycobacterial drugs. Evaluation of their affinity for Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidine monophosphate kinase showed that a 2'-halogeno substituent and a 3'-azido function are the most favorable leads for further development of potent inhibitors of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Vanheusden
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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Maury G. The enantioselectivity of enzymes involved in current antiviral therapy using nucleoside analogues: a new strategy? Antivir Chem Chemother 2000; 11:165-89. [PMID: 10901289 DOI: 10.1177/095632020001100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is primarily intended for synthetic bio-organic chemists and enzymologists who are interested in new strategies in the design of virus inhibitors. It is an attempt to assess the importance of the enzymatic properties of L-nucleosides and their analogues, particularly those that are active against viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), etc. Only data obtained with purified enzymes have been considered and discussed. The examined enzymes include nucleoside- or nucleotide-phosphorylating enzymes, catabolic enzymes, viral target enzymes and cellular polymerases. The enantioselectivities of these enzymes were determined from existing data and are significant only when a sufficient number of enantiomeric pairs of substrates could be examined. The reported data emphasize the weak enantioselectivities of cellular or viral nucleoside kinases and some viral DNA polymerases. Thus, cellular deoxycytidine kinase has a considerably relaxed enantioselectivity with respect to a large number of nucleosides or their analogues, and it occupies a strategic position in the intracellular activation of the compounds. Similarly, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase often has a relatively weak enantioselectivity and can be inhibited by the 5-triphosphates of a large series of L-nucleosides and analogues. In contrast, degradation enzymes, such as adenosine or cytidine deaminases, generally demonstrate strict enantioselectivities favouring D-enantiomers and are used by chemists in asymmetric syntheses. The weak enantioselectivities of some enzymes involved in nucleoside metabolism are more or less pronounced, and one enantiomer or the other is favoured depending on the substrate. This suggests that the low enantioselectivity is fortuitous and does not result from evolutionary pressure, since these enzymes do not create or modify asymmetric centres in substrates. The combined enantioselectivities of the enzymes examined in this review strongly suggest that the field of L-nucleosides and their analogues should be systematically explored in the search for new virus inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maury
- UMR 5625 du CNRS, Université Montpellier II, France.
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