1
|
Cozzolino R, De Giulio B, Martignetti A, Forte G, Dallio M, Romeo M, Scognamiglio F, Ventriglia L, Stocchero M, Federico A. Urinary volatile Organic compounds in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and NAFLD-T2DM coexistence. Metabolomics 2022; 18:98. [PMID: 36441279 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating evidence have shown a significant correlation between urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile and the manifestation of several physiological and pathological states, including liver diseases. Previous studies have investigated the urinary metabolic signature as a non-invasive tool for the early discrimination between non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which nowadays represents one of the most important challenges in this context, feasible only by carrying out liver biopsy. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the differences in the urinary VOCs profiles of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients, diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects and NAFLD/T2DM patients. METHODS Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to profile the urinary VOCs. Urine samples were analysed both under acid and alkaline conditions, to obtain a range of urinary volatiles with different physicochemical properties. RESULTS Urinary VOCs profiles of 13 NAFLD patients, 13 T2DM subjects and 13 NAFLD/T2DM patients were investigated by multivariate and univariate data analysis techniques which allowed to identify 21 volatiles under alkaline conditions able to describe the NAFLD/T2DM group concerning the other two groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that VOCs signatures can improve the knowledge of the pathological condition where NAFLD coexists with T2DM and discovering new features that are not simply the sum of the two diseases. These preliminary findings may be considered as hypothesis-generating, to be clearly confirmed by larger prospective investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Cozzolino
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (CNR), via Roma 64, 83100, Avellino, Italy.
| | - Beatrice De Giulio
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (CNR), via Roma 64, 83100, Avellino, Italy.
| | - A Martignetti
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (CNR), via Roma 64, 83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - G Forte
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (CNR), via Roma 64, 83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - M Dallio
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - M Romeo
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - F Scognamiglio
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - L Ventriglia
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - M Stocchero
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - A Federico
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (CNR), via Roma 64, 83100, Avellino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Di L, Balesano A, Jordan S, Shi SM. The Role of Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Drug Metabolism: Beyond Ethanol Oxidation. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:20. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
3
|
Knudsen TB, Pierro JD, Baker NC. Retinoid signaling in skeletal development: Scoping the system for predictive toxicology. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 99:109-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
4
|
Kim K, Plapp BV. Substitutions of Amino Acid Residues in the Substrate Binding Site of Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase Have Small Effects on the Structures but Significantly Affect Catalysis of Hydrogen Transfer. Biochemistry 2020; 59:862-879. [PMID: 31994873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the L57F and F93W alcohol dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidation of benzyl alcohol with some quantum mechanical hydrogen tunneling, whereas the V203A enzyme has diminished tunneling. Here, steady-state kinetics for the L57F and F93W enzymes were studied, and microscopic rate constants for the ordered bi-bi mechanism were estimated from simulations of transient kinetics for the S48T, F93A, S48T/F93A, F93W, and L57F enzymes. Catalytic efficiencies for benzyl alcohol oxidation (V1/EtKb) vary over a range of ∼100-fold for the less active enzymes up to the L57F enzyme and are mostly associated with the binding of alcohol rather than the rate constants for hydride transfer. In contrast, catalytic efficiencies for benzaldehyde reduction (V2/EtKp) are ∼500-fold higher for the L57F enzyme than for the less active enzymes and are mostly associated with the rate constants for hydride transfer. Atomic-resolution structures (1.1 Å) for the F93W and L57F enzymes complexed with NAD+ and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl alcohol or 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol are almost identical to previous structures for the wild-type, S48T, and V203A enzymes. Least-squares refinement with SHELXL shows that the nicotinamide ring is slightly strained in all complexes and that the apparent donor-acceptor distances from C4N of NAD to C7 of pentafluorobenzyl alcohol range from 3.28 to 3.49 Å (±0.02 Å) and are not correlated with the rate constants for hydride transfer or hydrogen tunneling. How the substitutions affect the dynamics of reorganization during hydrogen transfer and the extent of tunneling remain to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keehyuk Kim
- Department of Biochemistry , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Bryce V Plapp
- Department of Biochemistry , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wallbaum L, Weismann D, Löber D, Bruhn C, Prochnow P, Bandow JE, Siemeling U. Stable and Persistent Acyclic Diaminocarbenes with Cycloalkyl Substituents and Their Transformation to β-Lactams by Uncatalysed Carbonylation with CO. Chemistry 2019; 25:1488-1497. [PMID: 30408240 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Four new acyclic diaminocarbenes (ADACs), viz. [(cyclo-Cn H2n-1 )2 N]2 C (n=5-7) and iPr2 N-C-N(cyclo-C6 H11 )2 , were synthesised by reacting the corresponding formamidinium hexafluorophosphates with NaN(SiMe3 )2 . Their nucleophilicities and electrophilicities were respectively judged from the 1 JCH values determined for the N2 CH unit of the corresponding formamidinium cations and from the 77 Se NMR chemical shifts of the selenourea derivatives obtained from the reaction of elemental selenium with the corresponding ADACs. An ambiphilic profile essentially identical to that of the "Alder carbene" (iPr2 N)2 C was found in each case. Similar to the latter carbene, the new ADACs undergo a well-defined thermal decomposition by β-fragmentation, affording an alkene and a formamidine. The stabilities of [(cyclo-Cn H2n-1 )2 N]2 C depend strongly on the value of n, following the order 6>5>7, with the latter congener being too unstable for isolation. [(cyclo-C6 H11 )2 N]2 C shows no thermal decomposition at room temperature in solution and is thus significantly more stable than (iPr2 N)2 C. The stability of iPr2 N-C-N(cyclo-C6 H11 )2 is intermediate between that of (iPr2 N)2 C and [(cyclo-C6 H11 )2 N]2 C, its β-fragmentation selectively affording propene and iPrN=CH-N(cyclo-C6 H11 )2 . [(cyclo-Cn H2n-1 )2 N]2 C (n=5-7) react readily with CO under mild conditions, selectively affording trisubstituted spirocyclic β-lactam derivatives with an antimicrobial activity spectrum similar to that of penicillin G.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wallbaum
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Daniel Weismann
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Dennis Löber
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Pascal Prochnow
- Biology of Microorganisms, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia E Bandow
- Biology of Microorganisms, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen AY, Adamek RN, Dick BL, Credille CV, Morrison CN, Cohen SM. Targeting Metalloenzymes for Therapeutic Intervention. Chem Rev 2019; 119:1323-1455. [PMID: 30192523 PMCID: PMC6405328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes are central to a wide range of essential biological activities, including nucleic acid modification, protein degradation, and many others. The role of metalloenzymes in these processes also makes them central for the progression of many diseases and, as such, makes metalloenzymes attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Increasing awareness of the role metalloenzymes play in disease and their importance as a class of targets has amplified interest in the development of new strategies to develop inhibitors and ultimately useful drugs. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of several drug discovery efforts focused on metalloenzymes and attempt to map out the current landscape of high-value metalloenzyme targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allie Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Rebecca N Adamek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Benjamin L Dick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Cy V Credille
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Christine N Morrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Plapp BV, Savarimuthu BR, Ferraro DJ, Rubach JK, Brown EN, Ramaswamy S. Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Zinc Coordination and Catalysis. Biochemistry 2017. [PMID: 28640600 PMCID: PMC5518280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
During catalysis
by liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), a water
bound to the catalytic zinc is replaced by the oxygen of the substrates.
The mechanism might involve a pentacoordinated zinc or a double-displacement
reaction with participation by a nearby glutamate residue, as suggested
by studies of human ADH3, yeast ADH1, and some other tetrameric ADHs.
Zinc coordination and participation of water in the enzyme mechanism
were investigated by X-ray crystallography. The apoenzyme and its
complex with adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose have an open protein
conformation with the catalytic zinc in one position, tetracoordinated
by Cys-46, His-67, Cys-174, and a water molecule. The bidentate chelators
2,2′-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline displace the water
and form a pentacoordinated zinc. The enzyme–NADH complex has
a closed conformation similar to that of ternary complexes with coenzyme
and substrate analogues; the coordination of the catalytic zinc is
similar to that found in the apoenzyme, except that a minor, alternative
position for the catalytic zinc is ∼1.3 Å from the major
position and closer to Glu-68, which could form the alternative coordination
to the catalytic zinc. Complexes with NADH and N-1-methylhexylformamide
or N-benzylformamide (or with NAD+ and
fluoro alcohols) have the classical tetracoordinated zinc, and no
water is bound to the zinc or the nicotinamide rings. The major forms
of the enzyme in the mechanism have a tetracoordinated zinc, where
the carboxylate group of Glu-68 could participate in the exchange
of water and substrates on the zinc. Hydride transfer in the Michaelis
complexes does not involve a nearby water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce V Plapp
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Baskar Raj Savarimuthu
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Daniel J Ferraro
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jon K Rubach
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Eric N Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - S Ramaswamy
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tsotinis A, Papanastasiou I, B. Foscolos G, Ol� J, Ov�i J, Radhika Prathalingam S, M. Kelly J. Conformationally Constrained Adamantaneoxazolines of Pharmacological Interest. HETEROCYCLES 2008. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-11377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
9
|
Berreau LM. Bioinorganic Chemistry of Group 12 Complexes Supported by Tetradentate Tripodal Ligands Having Internal Hydrogen‐Bond Donors. Eur J Inorg Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200500886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Berreau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322‐0300, USA, Fax: + 1‐435‐797‐3390
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Collins XH, Harmon SD, Kaduce TL, Berst KB, Fang X, Moore SA, Raju TV, Falck JR, Weintraub NL, Duester G, Plapp BV, Spector AA. ω-Oxidation of 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid (20-HETE) in Cerebral Microvascular Smooth Muscle and Endothelium by Alcohol Dehydrogenase 4. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:33157-64. [PMID: 16081420 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504055200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
20-Carboxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-COOH-AA) is a bioactive metabolite of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), an eicosanoid that produces vasoconstriction in the cerebral circulation. We found that smooth muscle (MSMC) and endothelial (MEC) cultures obtained from mouse brain microvessels convert [3H]20-HETE to 20-COOH-AA, indicating that the cerebral vasculature can produce this metabolite. The [3H]20-COOH-AA accumulated primarily in the culture medium, together with additional radiolabeled metabolites identified as the chain-shortened dicarboxylic acids 18-COOH-18:4, 18-COOH-18:3, and 16-COOH-16:3. N-Heptylformamide, a potent inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), decreased the conversion of [3H]20-HETE to 20-COOH-AA by the MSMC and MEC and also by isolated mouse brain microvessels. Purified mouse and human ADH4, human ADH3, and horse liver ADH1 efficiently oxidized 20-HETE, and ADH4 and ADH3 were detected in MSMC and MEC by Western blotting. N-Heptylformamide inhibited the oxidation of 20-HETE by mouse and human ADH4 but not by ADH3. These results demonstrated that cerebral microvessels convert 20-HETE to 20-COOH-AA and that ADH catalyzes the reaction. Although ADH4 and ADH3 are expressed in MSMC and MEC, the inhibition produced by N-heptylformamide suggests that ADH4 is primarily responsible for 20-COOH-AA formation in the cerebral microvasculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xixuan H Collins
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gibbons BJ, Hurley TD. Structure of Three Class I Human Alcohol Dehydrogenases Complexed with Isoenzyme Specific Formamide Inhibitors,. Biochemistry 2004; 43:12555-62. [PMID: 15449945 DOI: 10.1021/bi0489107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Formamides are aldehyde analogues that have demonstrated potent and selective inhibition of human alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes. The alphaalpha, beta(1)beta(1), gamma(2)gamma(2), and sigmasigma isoforms have all been found to be strongly inhibited by substituted formamides. In this paper, the structure of the alphaalpha isoform of human alcohol dehydrogenase complexed with N-cyclopentyl-N-cyclobutylformamide was determined by X-ray crystallography to 2.5 A resolution, the beta(1)beta(1) isoform of human alcohol dehydrogenase complexed with N-benzylformamide and with N-heptylformamide was determined to 1.6 and 1.65 A resolution, respectively, and the structure of the gamma(2)gamma(2) isoform complexed with N-1-methylheptylformamide was determined to 1.45 A resolution. These structures provide the first substrate-level view of the local structural differences that give rise to the individual substrate preferences shown by these highly related isoenzymes. Consistent with previous work, the carbonyl oxygen of the inhibitors interacts directly with the catalytic zinc and the hydroxyl group of Thr48 (Ser48 for gamma(2)gamma(2)) of the enzyme. The benzene ring of N-benzylformamide and the carbon chains of N-heptylformamide and N-1-methylheptylformamide interact with the sides of the hydrophobic substrate pocket whose size and shape is dictated by residue exchanges between the beta(1)beta(1) and gamma(2)gamma(2) isoenzymes. In particular, the exchange of Ser for Thr at position 48 and the exchange of Val for Leu at position 141 in the gamma(2)gamma(2) isoenzyme create an environment with stereoselectivity for the R-enantiomer of the branched N-1-methylheptylformamide inhibitor in this isoenzyme. The primary feature of the alphaalpha isoform is the Ala for Phe93 exchange that enlarges the active site near the catalytic zinc and creates the specificity for the branched N-cyclopentyl-N-cyclobutylformamide inhibitor, which shows the greatest selectivity for this unique isoenzyme of any of the formamide inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Gibbons
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Room MS 4017, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5122, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Venkataramaiah TH, Plapp BV. Formamides mimic aldehydes and inhibit liver alcohol dehydrogenases and ethanol metabolism. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:36699-706. [PMID: 12855684 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305419200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Formamides are unreactive analogues of the aldehyde substrates of alcohol dehydrogenases and are useful for structure-function studies and for specific inhibition of alcohol metabolism. They bind to the enzyme-NADH complex and are uncompetitive inhibitors against varied concentrations of alcohol. Fourteen new branched chain and chiral formamides were prepared and tested as inhibitors of purified Class I liver alcohol dehydrogenases: horse (EqADH E), human (HsADH1C*2), and mouse (MmADH1). In general, larger, substituted formamides, such as N-1-ethylheptylformamide, are better inhibitors of HsADH1C*2 and MmADH1 than of EqADH, reflecting a few differences in amino acid residues that change the sizes of the active sites. In contrast, the linear, alkyl (n-propyl and n-butyl) formamides are better inhibitors of EqADH and MmADH1 than of HsADH1C*2, probably because water disrupts van der Waals interactions. These enzymes are also inhibited strongly by sulfoxides and 4-substituted pyrazoles. The structure of EqADH complexed with NADH and (R)-N-1-methylhexylformamide was determined by x-ray crystallography at 1.6 A resolution. The structure resembles the expected Michaelis complex with NADH and aldehyde, and shows for the first time that the reduced nicotinamide ring of NADH is puckered, as predicted for the transition state for hydride transfer. Metabolism of ethanol in mice was inhibited by several formamides. The data were fitted with kinetic simulation to a mechanism that describes the non-linear progress curves and yields estimates of the in vivo inhibition constants and the rate constants for elimination of inhibitors. Some small formamides, such as N-isopropylformamide, may be useful inhibitors in vivo.
Collapse
|
13
|
Plapp BV, Berst KB. Specificity of human alcohol dehydrogenase 1C*2 (gamma2gamma2) for steroids and simulation of the uncompetitive inhibition of ethanol metabolism. Chem Biol Interact 2003; 143-144:183-93. [PMID: 12604203 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The steady-state kinetics of the recombinant human alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) 1C*2 with steroids were studied in order to determine substrate and inhibitor specificity. The assays were carried out under conditions of pH and temperature that are similar to those found in vivo. The enzyme has measurable activity on 5beta-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one, 5beta-androstan-3beta-ol-17-one, 5beta-pregnan-3beta-ol-20-one and 5beta-pregnan-3,20-dione, but much less activity with 5beta-cholanic acid-3-one or 5alpha-pregnan-3beta-ol-20-one. The determinants of specificity appear to include a 5beta configuration (cis A/B ring fusion) and a 3beta-hydroxy or 3-keto group. None of the reactive steroids has a known function in vivo. The activities with the human ADH1C*2 are <10% of those found with the recombinant horse ADH1S, but higher than the activities with recombinant horse ADH1E, which has an active site very similar to human ADH1C. 5alpha-Dihydrotestosterone is a ketone and a competitive inhibitor against varied concentrations of the substrate cyclohexanone, whereas it is an uncompetitive inhibitor against ethanol or NAD(+). Such patterns are expected for the binding of the steroid as a dead-end inhibitor to the enzyme-NADH complex. Thus, it does not appear that 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone is an allosteric inhibitor of the enzyme. Another dead-end inhibitor that gives uncompetitive inhibition of alcohol oxidation, 3-butylthiolane 1-oxide, is a potent inhibitor of alcohol metabolism in rats and mice. Simulation of the kinetics of ethanol elimination in rats with varied concentrations of the inhibitor is shown to yield the in vivo inhibition constant and an estimate of the rate of elimination of the inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce V Plapp
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Makowska-Grzyska MM, Jeppson PC, Allred RA, Arif AM, Berreau LM. Modeling substrate- and inhibitor-bound forms of liver alcohol dehydrogenase: chemistry of mononuclear nitrogen/sulfur-ligated zinc alcohol, formamide, and sulfoxide complexes. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:4872-87. [PMID: 12230391 DOI: 10.1021/ic0255609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Using a mixed nitrogen/sulfur ligand possessing a single internal hydrogen bond donor (N,N-bis-2-(methylthio)ethyl-N-(6-amino-2-pyridylmethyl)amine (bmapa)), we prepared and structurally and spectroscopically characterized a series of zinc complexes possessing a single alcohol ([(bmapa)Zn(MeOH)](ClO(4))(2) (1)), formamide ([(bmapa)Zn(DMF)](ClO(4))(2) (3), [(bmapa)Zn(NMF)](ClO(4))(2) (4)), or sulfoxide ([(bmapa)Zn(DMSO)](ClO(4))(2) (7), [(bmapa)Zn(TMSO)](ClO(4))(2) (8)) ligand. X-ray crystallographic characterization was obtained for 1.MeOH, 3, 4, 7.DMSO, and 8. To enable studies of the influence of the single hydrogen bond donor amino group of the bmapa ligand on the chemistry of zinc/neutral oxygen donor binding interactions, analogous alcohol ([(bmpa)Zn(MeOH)](ClO(4))(2) (2)), formamide ([(bmpa)Zn(DMF)](ClO(4))(2) (5), [(bmpa)Zn(NMF)](ClO(4))(2) (6)), and sulfoxide ([(bmpa)Zn(DMSO)](ClO(4))(2) (9), [(bmpa)Zn(TMSO)](ClO(4))(2) (10)) complexes of the bmpa (N,N-bis-2-(methylthio)ethyl-N-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) ligand system were generated and characterized. Of these, 2, 5, 6, and 9.2DMSO were characterized by X-ray crystallography. Solution spectroscopic methods ((1)H and (13)C NMR, FTIR) were utilized to examine the formamide binding properties of 3-6 in CH(3)CN and CH(3)NO(2) solutions. Conclusions derived from this work include the following: (1) the increased donicity of formamide and sulfoxide donors (versus alcohols) makes these competitive ligands for a cationic N/S-ligated zinc center, even in alcohol solution, (2) the inclusion of a single internal hydrogen bond donor, characterized by a heteroatom distance of approximately 2.80-2.95 A, produces subtle structural perturbations in N/S-ligated zinc alcohol, formamide, or sulfoxide complexes, (3) the heteroatom distance of a secondary hydrogen-bonding interaction involving the oxygen atom of a zinc-coordinated alcohol, formamide, and sulfoxide ligand is reduced with increasing donicity of the exogenous ligand, and (4) formamide displacement on a N/S-ligated zinc center is rapid, regardless of the presence of an internal hydrogen bond donor. These results provide initial insight into the chemical factors governing the binding of a neutral oxygen donor to a N/S-ligated zinc center.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wan Y, Alterman M, Larhed M, Hallberg A. Dimethylformamide as a carbon monoxide source in fast palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylations of aryl bromides. J Org Chem 2002; 67:6232-5. [PMID: 12182668 DOI: 10.1021/jo025965a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylformamide (DMF) acts as an efficient source of carbon monoxide and dimethylamine in the palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation (Heck carbonylation) of p-tolyl bromide to provide the dimethylamide. Addition of amines to the reaction mixture in excess delivers the corresponding aryl amides in good yields. The amines employed, benzylamine, morpholine, and aniline, all constitute good reaction partners. The reaction proceeds smoothly with bromobenzene and more electron-rich aryl bromides, but electron-deficient aryl bromides fail to undergo aminocarbonylation. The reactions are conducted at 180-190 degrees C for 15-20 min with microwave heating in a reaction mixture containing imidazole and potassium tert-butoxide: the latter is required to promote decomposition of the DMF solvent at a suitable rate. The beneficial effects of controlled microwave irradiation as an energy source for the rapid heating of the carbonylation reaction mixture are demonstrated. The carbonylation procedure reported herein, which relies on the in situ generation of carbon monoxide, serves as a convenient alternative to other carbonylation methods and is particularly applicable to small-scale reactions where short reaction times are desired and the direct use of carbon monoxide gas is impractical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Wan
- Department of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
This paper reviews current concepts on tools for studying the pharmacokinetics of alcohol. It has been known that ethanol metabolism occurs mainly in the liver via alcohol dehydrogenase and an accessory microsomal pathway. The contribution of each pathway has been examined by administration of metabolic inhibitors. The role of gastric alcohol dehydrogenase in the first-pass effects of ethanol has been speculative and may be relatively low. Some pharmacokinetic approaches with mathematical models have elucidated the role of gastric alcohol dehydorgenase, hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450 2E1 in ethanol elimination. The scale-up of ethanol elimination kinetics has enabled extrapolation from animal models to human kinetics. The clarification of the pharmacokinetics of ethanol is very important for estimating the effects of ethanol on biological events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Matsumoto
- Department of Legal Medicine, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Berreau LM, Makowska-Grzyska MM, Arif AM. Modeling the active site chemistry of liver alcohol dehydrogenase: mononuclear zinc methanol and N,N-dimethylformamide complexes of a nitrogen/sulfur ligand possessing an internal hydrogen bond donor. Inorg Chem 2001; 40:2212-3. [PMID: 11327890 DOI: 10.1021/ic001190h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L M Berreau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Niederhut MS, Gibbons BJ, Perez-Miller S, Hurley TD. Three-dimensional structures of the three human class I alcohol dehydrogenases. Protein Sci 2001; 10:697-706. [PMID: 11274460 PMCID: PMC2373965 DOI: 10.1110/ps.45001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In contrast with other animal species, humans possess three distinct genes for class I alcohol dehydrogenase and show polymorphic variation in the ADH1B and ADH1C genes. The three class I alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes share approximately 93% sequence identity but differ in their substrate specificity and their developmental expression. We report here the first three-dimensional structures for the ADH1A and ADH1C*2 gene products at 2.5 and 2.0 A, respectively, and the structure of the ADH1B*1 gene product in a binary complex with cofactor at 2.2 A. Not surprisingly, the overall structure of each isoenzyme is highly similar to the others. However, the substitution of Gly for Arg at position 47 in the ADH1A isoenzyme promotes a greater extent of domain closure in the ADH1A isoenzyme, whereas substitution at position 271 may account for the lower turnover rate for the ADH1C*2 isoenzyme relative to its polymorphic variant, ADH1C*1. The substrate-binding pockets of each isoenzyme possess a unique topology that dictates each isoenzyme's distinct but overlapping substrate preferences. ADH1*B1 has the most restrictive substrate-binding site near the catalytic zinc atom, whereas both ADH1A and ADH1C*2 possess amino acid substitutions that correlate with their better efficiency for the oxidation of secondary alcohols. These structures describe the nature of their individual substrate-binding pockets and will improve our understanding of how the metabolism of beverage ethanol affects the normal metabolic processes performed by these isoenzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Niederhut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5122, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Svensson S, Höög JO, Schneider G, Sandalova T. Crystal structures of mouse class II alcohol dehydrogenase reveal determinants of substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency. J Mol Biol 2000; 302:441-53. [PMID: 10970744 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The structure of mouse class II alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH2) has been determined in a binary complex with the coenzyme NADH and in a ternary complex with both NADH and the inhibitor N-cyclohexylformamide to 2.2 A and 2.1 A resolution, respectively. The ADH2 dimer is asymmetric in the crystal with different orientations of the catalytic domains relative to the coenzyme-binding domains in the two subunits, resulting in a slightly different closure of the active-site cleft. Both conformations are about half way between the open apo structure and the closed holo structure of horse ADH1, thus resembling that of ADH3. The semi-open conformation and structural differences around the active-site cleft contribute to a substantially different substrate-binding pocket architecture as compared to other classes of alcohol dehydrogenase, and provide the structural basis for recognition and selectivity of alcohols and quinones. The active-site cleft is more voluminous than that of ADH1 but not as open and funnel-shaped as that of ADH3. The loop with residues 296-301 from the coenzyme-binding domain is short, thus opening up the pocket towards the coenzyme. On the opposite side, the loop with residues 114-121 stretches out over the inter-domain cleft. A cavity is formed below this loop and adds an appendix to the substrate-binding pocket. Asp301 is positioned at the entrance of the pocket and may control the binding of omega-hydroxy fatty acids, which act as inhibitors rather than substrates. Mouse ADH2 is known as an inefficient ADH with a slow hydrogen-transfer step. By replacing Pro47 with His, the alcohol dehydrogenase activity is restored. Here, the structure of this P47H mutant was determined in complex with NADH to 2.5 A resolution. His47 is suitably positioned to act as a catalytic base in the deprotonation of the substrate. Moreover, in the more closed subunit, the coenzyme is allowed a position closer to the catalytic zinc. This is consistent with hydrogen transfer from an alcoholate intermediate where the Pro/His replacement focuses on the function of the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Svensson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Previous studies showed that natural human liver alcohol dehydrogenase gamma exhibits negative cooperativity (substrate activation) with ethanol. Studies with the recombinant gamma(2) isoenzyme now confirm that observation and show that the saturation kinetics with other alcohols are also nonhyperbolic, whereas the kinetics for reactions with NAD(+), NADH, and acetaldehyde are hyperbolic. The substrate activation with ethanol and 1-butanol are explained by an ordered mechanism with an abortive enzyme-NADH-alcohol complex that releases NADH more rapidly than does the enzyme-NADH complex. In contrast, high concentrations of cyclohexanol produce noncompetitive substrate inhibition against varied concentrations of NAD(+) and decrease the maximum velocity to 25% of the value that is observed at optimal concentrations of cyclohexanol. Transient kinetics experiments show that cyclohexanol inhibition is due to a slower rate of dissociation of NADH from the abortive enzyme-NADH-cyclohexanol complex than from the enzyme-NADH complex. Fluorescence quenching experiments confirm that the alcohols bind to the enzyme-NADH complex. The nonhyperbolic saturation kinetics for oxidation of ethanol, cyclohexanol, and 1-butanol are quantitatively explained with the abortive complex mechanism. Physiologically relevant concentrations of ethanol would be oxidized predominantly by the abortive complex pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H A Charlier
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Plapp BV, Chadha VK, Leidal KG, Cho H, Scholze M, Schindler JF, Berst KB, Ramaswamy S. Uncompetitive inhibitors of alcohol dehydrogenases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 463:295-303. [PMID: 10352698 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4735-8_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B V Plapp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Deng H, Schindler JF, Berst KB, Plapp BV, Callender R. A Raman spectroscopic characterization of bonding in the complex of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase with NADH and N-cyclohexylformamide. Biochemistry 1998; 37:14267-78. [PMID: 9760265 DOI: 10.1021/bi981477e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The binding of N-cyclohexylformamide (CXF) to the complex of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase with NADH mimics that of the Michaelis complex for aldehyde reduction catalyzed by the enzyme. The Raman spectra of bound CXF and its 13C- and 15N-substituted derivatives have been obtained using Raman difference techniques, and the results are compared with CXF spectra in aqueous solution and in methylene chloride. The results indicate that the amide N-H bond is trans to the C=O bond of CXF both in solution and in the enzyme ternary complex. The C=O stretch and N-H bending modes of the amide of CXF shift -16 and -9 cm-1, respectively, in the enzyme ternary complex relative to that in aqueous solution and -48 and 36 cm-1, respectively, relative to that in methylene chloride. Ab initio normal mode calculations on various model systems of CXF show that the observed frequency changes of the C=O stretch mode have contributions from the frequency changes induced by the environmental changes near both the local C=O bond and the remote N-H bond. The same is true for the observed N-H bending frequency change. Our calculations also show that the environmentally induced frequency changes are additive so that it is possible to determine the C=O stretch (or N-H bending) frequency change that is due to the local interaction change near the C=O (or N-H) bond from the observed frequency changes. On the basis of these results and the empirical relationship between the C=O stretch frequency shift and the interaction enthalpy change on the C=O bond developed here, it is found that the C=O group of CXF in the enzyme/NADH/CXF complex binds with a favorable interaction enthalpy of approximately 5.5 kcal/mol relative to water. Similar analysis suggests that the N-H moiety of CXF is destabilized in the ternary complex by about 1.5 kcal/mol relative to water but is stabilized by about 1.5 kcal/mol relative to a hydrophobic environment. The analysis describes quantitatively the binding of the C=O of CXF with the catalytic zinc and the hydroxyl group of Ser-48 and the interaction of the N-H with the benzene ring of Phe-93 of the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|