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Wang Y, Tinsley B, Spolitu S, Zadroga JA, Agarwal H, Sarecha AK, Ozcan L. Geranylgeranyl isoprenoids and hepatic Rap1a regulate basal and statin-induced expression of PCSK9. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100515. [PMID: 38309417 PMCID: PMC10910342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
LDL-C lowering is the main goal of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition is now a validated therapeutic strategy that lowers serum LDL-C and reduces coronary events. Ironically, the most widely used medicine to lower cholesterol, statins, has been shown to increase circulating PCSK9 levels, which limits their efficacy. Here, we show that geranylgeranyl isoprenoids and hepatic Rap1a regulate both basal and statin-induced expression of PCSK9 and contribute to LDL-C homeostasis. Rap1a prenylation and activity is inhibited upon statin treatment, and statin-mediated PCSK9 induction is dependent on geranylgeranyl synthesis and hepatic Rap1a. Accordingly, treatment of mice with a small-molecule activator of Rap1a lowered PCSK9 protein and plasma cholesterol and inhibited statin-mediated PCSK9 induction in hepatocytes. The mechanism involves inhibition of the downstream RhoA-ROCK pathway and regulation of PCSK9 at the post-transcriptional level. These data further identify Rap1a as a novel regulator of PCSK9 protein and show that blocking Rap1a prenylation through lowering geranylgeranyl levels contributes to statin-mediated induction of PCSK9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Brea Tinsley
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefano Spolitu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John A Zadroga
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heena Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amesh K Sarecha
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lale Ozcan
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Wang Y, Tinsley B, Spolitu S, Zadroga JA, Agarwal H, Sarecha AK, Ozcan L. Geranylgeranyl Isoprenoids and Hepatic Rap1a Regulate Basal and Statin-Induced Expression of PCSK9. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.23.563509. [PMID: 37961667 PMCID: PMC10634727 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.23.563509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering is the main goal of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition is now a validated therapeutic strategy that lowers serum LDL-C and reduces coronary events. Ironically, the most widely used medicine to lower cholesterol, statins, has been shown to increase circulating PCSK9 levels, which limits their efficacy. Here, we show that geranylgeranyl isoprenoids and hepatic Rap1a regulate both basal and statin induced expression of PCSK9 and contribute to LDL-C homeostasis. Rap1a prenylation and activity is inhibited upon statin treatment, and statin mediated PCSK9 induction is dependent on geranylgeranyl synthesis and hepatic Rap1a. Accordingly, treatment of mice with a small molecule activator of Rap1a lowered PCSK9 protein and plasma cholesterol and inhibited statin mediated PCSK9 induction in hepatocytes. The mechanism involves inhibition of the downstream RhoA-ROCK pathway and regulation of PCSK9 at the post transcriptional level. These data further identify Rap1a as a novel regulator of PCSK9 protein and show that blocking Rap1a prenylation through lowering geranylgeranyl levels contributes to statin-mediated induction of PCSK9.
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3
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Wang Y, Spolitu S, Zadroga JA, Sarecha AK, Ozcan L. Hepatocyte Rap1a contributes to obesity- and statin-associated hyperglycemia. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111259. [PMID: 36001955 PMCID: PMC9446800 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive hepatic glucose production contributes to the development of hyperglycemia and is a key feature of type 2 diabetes. Here, we report that activation of hepatocyte Rap1a suppresses gluconeogenic gene expression and glucose production, whereas Rap1a silencing stimulates them. Rap1a activation is suppressed in obese mouse liver, and restoring its activity improves glucose intolerance. As Rap1a′s membrane localization and activation depends on its geranylgeranylation, which is inhibited by statins, we show that statin-treated hepatocytes and the human liver have lower active-Rap1a levels. Similar to Rap1a inhibition, statins stimulate hepatic gluconeogenesis and increase fasting blood glucose in obese mice. Geranylgeraniol treatment, which acts as the precursor for geranylgeranyl isoprenoids, restores Rap1a activity and improves statin-mediated glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, Rap1a activation induces actin polymerization, which suppresses gluconeogenesis by Akt-mediated FoxO1 inhibition. Thus, Rap1a regulates hepatic glucose homeostasis, and blocking its activity, via lowering geranylgeranyl isoprenoids, contributes to statin-induced glucose intolerance. Wang et al. show that activation of hepatic Rap1a suppresses gluconeogenic gene expression and improves glucose intolerance via Akt-mediated FoxO1 inhibition. Statins lower intracellular isoprenoid levels and inhibit Rap1a activation, which contributes to their hyperglycemic effect. These findings identify a role of hepatic Rap1a in obesity- and statin-associated glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Stefano Spolitu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John A Zadroga
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Amesh K Sarecha
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lale Ozcan
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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4
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Jeong A, Suazo KF, Wood WG, Distefano MD, Li L. Isoprenoids and protein prenylation: implications in the pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention of Alzheimer's disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:279-310. [PMID: 29718780 PMCID: PMC6101676 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1458070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mevalonate-isoprenoid-cholesterol biosynthesis pathway plays a key role in human health and disease. The importance of this pathway is underscored by the discovery that two major isoprenoids, farnesyl and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, are required to modify an array of proteins through a process known as protein prenylation, catalyzed by prenyltransferases. The lipophilic prenyl group facilitates the anchoring of proteins in cell membranes, mediating protein-protein interactions and signal transduction. Numerous essential intracellular proteins undergo prenylation, including most members of the small GTPase superfamily as well as heterotrimeric G proteins and nuclear lamins, and are involved in regulating a plethora of cellular processes and functions. Dysregulation of isoprenoids and protein prenylation is implicated in various disorders, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, cancers, bone diseases, infectious diseases, progeria, and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, isoprenoids and/or prenyltransferases have emerged as attractive targets for developing therapeutic agents. Here, we provide a general overview of isoprenoid synthesis, the process of protein prenylation and the complexity of prenylated proteins, and pharmacological agents that regulate isoprenoids and protein prenylation. Recent findings that connect isoprenoids/protein prenylation with AD are summarized and potential applications of new prenylomic technologies for uncovering the role of prenylated proteins in the pathogenesis of AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Jeong
- Departments of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacolog,University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - W. Gibson Wood
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Mark D. Distefano
- Departments of Chemistry,University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ling Li
- Departments of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacolog,University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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5
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Brock EJ, Ji K, Reiners JJ, Mattingly RR. How to Target Activated Ras Proteins: Direct Inhibition vs. Induced Mislocalization. Mini Rev Med Chem 2016; 16:358-69. [PMID: 26423696 DOI: 10.2174/1389557515666151001154002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic Ras proteins are a driving force in a significant set of human cancers and wildtype, unmutated Ras proteins likely contribute to the malignant phenotype of many more. The overall challenge of targeting activated Ras proteins has great promise to treat cancer, but this goal has yet to be achieved. Significant efforts and resources have been committed to inhibiting Ras, but these energies have so far made little impact in the clinic. Direct attempts to target activated Ras proteins have faced many obstacles, including the fundamental nature of the gain-of-function oncogenic activity being produced by a loss-of-function at the biochemical level. Nevertheless, there has been very promising recent pre-clinical progress. The major strategy that has so far reached the clinic aimed to inhibit activated Ras indirectly through blocking its post-translational modification and inducing its mislocalization. While these efforts to indirectly target Ras through inhibition of farnesyl transferase (FTase) were rationally designed, this strategy suffered from insufficient attention to the distinctions between the isoforms of Ras. This led to subsequent failures in large-scale clinical trials targeting K-Ras driven lung, colon, and pancreatic cancers. Despite these setbacks, efforts to indirectly target activated Ras through inducing its mislocalization have persisted. It is plausible that FTase inhibitors may still have some utility in the clinic, perhaps in combination with statins or other agents. Alternative approaches for inducing mislocalization of Ras through disruption of its palmitoylation cycle or interaction with chaperone proteins are in early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raymond R Mattingly
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Ave, Detroit MI, USA.
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6
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Palsuledesai CC, Distefano MD. Protein prenylation: enzymes, therapeutics, and biotechnology applications. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:51-62. [PMID: 25402849 PMCID: PMC4301080 DOI: 10.1021/cb500791f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Protein
prenylation is a ubiquitous covalent post-translational modification
found in all eukaryotic cells, comprising attachment of either a farnesyl
or a geranylgeranyl isoprenoid. It is essential for the proper cellular
activity of numerous proteins, including Ras family GTPases and heterotrimeric
G-proteins. Inhibition of prenylation has been extensively investigated
to suppress the activity of oncogenic Ras proteins to achieve antitumor
activity. Here, we review the biochemistry of the prenyltransferase
enzymes and numerous isoprenoid analogs synthesized to investigate
various aspects of prenylation and prenyltransferases. We also give
an account of the current status of prenyltransferase inhibitors as
potential therapeutics against several diseases including cancers,
progeria, aging, parasitic diseases, and bacterial and viral infections.
Finally, we discuss recent progress in utilizing protein prenylation
for site-specific protein labeling for various biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charuta C. Palsuledesai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mark D. Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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7
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Zhou X, Ferree SD, Wills VS, Born EJ, Tong H, Wiemer DF, Holstein SA. Geranyl and neryl triazole bisphosphonates as inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2791-8. [PMID: 24726306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
When inhibitors of enzymes that utilize isoprenoid pyrophosphates are based on the natural substrates, a significant challenge can be to achieve selective inhibition of a specific enzyme. One element in the design process is the stereochemistry of the isoprenoid olefins. We recently reported preparation of a series of isoprenoid triazoles as potential inhibitors of geranylgeranyl transferase II but these compounds were obtained as a mixture of olefin isomers. We now have accomplished the stereoselective synthesis of these triazoles through the use of epoxy azides for the cycloaddition reaction followed by regeneration of the desired olefin. Both geranyl and neryl derivatives have been prepared as single olefin isomers through parallel reaction sequences. The products were assayed against multiple enzymes as well as in cell culture studies and surprisingly a Z-olefin isomer was found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sarah D Ferree
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Veronica S Wills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ella J Born
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Huaxiang Tong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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8
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Srinivasan K, Subramanian T, Spielmann HP, Janetopoulos C. Identification of a farnesol analog as a Ras function inhibitor using both an in vivo Ras activation sensor and a phenotypic screening approach. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 387:177-86. [PMID: 24194124 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in Ras isoforms such as K-Ras, N-Ras, and H-Ras contribute to roughly 85, 15, and 1% of human cancers, respectively. Proper membrane targeting of these Ras isoforms, a prerequisite for Ras activity, requires farnesylation or geranylgeranylation at the C-terminal CAAX box. We devised an in vivo screening strategy based on monitoring Ras activation and phenotypic physiological outputs for assaying synthetic Ras function inhibitors (RFI). Ras activity was visualized by the translocation of RBD Raf1 -GFP to activated Ras at the plasma membrane. By using this strategy, we screened one synthetic farnesyl substrate analog (AGOH) along with nine putative inhibitors and found that only m-CN-AGOH inhibited Ras activation. Phenotypic analysis of starving cells could be used to monitor polarization, motility, and the inability of these treated cells to aggregate properly during fruiting body formation. Incorporation of AGOH and m-CN-AGOH to cellular proteins was detected by western blot. These screening assays can be incorporated into a high throughput screening format using Dictyostelium discoideum and automated microscopy to determine effective RFIs. These RFI candidates can then be further tested in mammalian systems.
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9
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Activated Ras as a Therapeutic Target: Constraints on Directly Targeting Ras Isoforms and Wild-Type versus Mutated Proteins. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:536529. [PMID: 24294527 PMCID: PMC3833460 DOI: 10.1155/2013/536529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability to selectively and directly target activated Ras would provide immense utility for treatment of the numerous cancers that are driven by oncogenic Ras mutations. Patients with disorders driven by overactivated wild-type Ras proteins, such as type 1 neurofibromatosis, might also benefit from progress made in that context. Activated Ras is an extremely challenging direct drug target due to the inherent difficulties in disrupting the protein:protein interactions that underlie its activation and function. Major investments have been made to target Ras through indirect routes. Inhibition of farnesyl transferase to block Ras maturation has failed in large clinical trials. Likely reasons for this disappointing outcome include the significant and underappreciated differences in the isoforms of Ras. It is still plausible that inhibition of farnesyl transferase will prove effective for disease that is driven by activated H-Ras. The principal current focus of drugs entering clinic trial is inhibition of pathways downstream of activated Ras, for example, trametinib, a first-in-class MEK inhibitor. The complexity of signaling that is driven by activated Ras indicates that effective inhibition of oncogenic transduction through this approach will be difficult, with resistance being likely to emerge through switch to parallel pathways. Durable disease responses will probably require combinatorial block of several downstream targets.
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10
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Subramanian T, Parkin S, Spielmann HP. Synthesis of Farnesol Analogues Containing Triazoles in Place of Isoprenes through 'Click Chemistry'. Synlett 2012; 23:2539-2543. [PMID: 23125482 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1290461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase three-component Huisgen reaction has been used to generate polar farnesol and farnesyl diphosphate analogues. The Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-cycloadditions of various azides with solid supported (E)-3-methylhept-2-en-6-yn-1-ol provided only the 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole regioisomers. The organic azides were generated in situ to minimize handling of potentially explosive azides. We have employed this powerful 'click chemistry' to make farnesol analogues where both β- and γ-isoprenes were replaced by triazole and substituted aromatic rings, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaiah Subramanian
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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11
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Global Identification of Protein Prenyltransferase Substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381339-8.00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
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12
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Placzek AT, Krzysiak AJ, Gibbs RA. Chemical Probes of Protein Prenylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415922-8.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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13
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Sane KM, Mynderse M, Lalonde DT, Dean IS, Wojtkowiak JW, Fouad F, Borch RF, Reiners JJ, Gibbs RA, Mattingly RR. A novel geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor in combination with lovastatin inhibits proliferation and induces autophagy in STS-26T MPNST cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:23-33. [PMID: 20086055 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.160192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenylation inhibitors have gained increasing attention as potential therapeutics for cancer. Initial work focused on inhibitors of farnesylation, but more recently geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitors (GGTIs) have begun to be evaluated for their potential antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we have developed a nonpeptidomimetic GGTI, termed GGTI-2Z [(5-nitrofuran-2-yl)methyl-(2Z,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraenyl 4-chlorobutyl(methyl)phosphoramidate], which in combination with lovastatin inhibits geranylgeranyl transferase I (GGTase I) and GGTase II/RabGGTase, without affecting farnesylation. The combination treatment results in a G(0)/G(1) arrest and synergistic inhibition of proliferation of cultured STS-26T malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cells. We also show that the antiproliferative activity of drugs in combination occurs in the context of autophagy. The combination treatment also induces autophagy in the MCF10.DCIS model of human breast ductal carcinoma in situ and in 1c1c7 murine hepatoma cells, where it also reduces proliferation. At the same time, there is no detectable toxicity in normal immortalized Schwann cells. These studies establish GGTI-2Z as a novel geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate derivative that may work through a new mechanism involving the induction of autophagy and, in combination with lovastatin, may serve as a valuable paradigm for developing more effective strategies in this class of antitumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal M Sane
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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14
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Wojtkowiak JW, Gibbs RA, Mattingly RR. Working together: Farnesyl transferase inhibitors and statins block protein prenylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 1:1-6. [PMID: 20419048 DOI: 10.4255/mcpharmacol.09.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs) have so far proved to have limited value as single agents in clinical trials. This PharmSight will focus on the use of a novel group of FTIs that are most effective in vitro when used in combination with the "statin" class of anti-hypercholesterolemic agents, which also block protein prenylation. We recently showed that these novel FTIs in combination with lovastatin reduce Ras prenylation and induce an apoptotic response in malignant peripheral nerve sheath cells. The combination of statins with these new FTIs may produce profound synergistic cytostatic and cytotoxic effects against a variety of tumors and other proliferative disorders. Since statins are well tolerated in the clinic, we suggest that this combination approach should be tested in in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Wojtkowiak
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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15
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Subramanian T, Liu S, Troutman JM, Andres DA, Spielmann HP. Protein farnesyltransferase-catalyzed isoprenoid transfer to peptide depends on lipid size and shape, not hydrophobicity. Chembiochem 2009; 9:2872-82. [PMID: 18985644 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Protein farnesyl transferase (FTase) catalyzes transfer of a 15-carbon farnesyl group from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to a conserved cysteine in the C-terminal Ca(1)a(2)X motif of a range of proteins, including the oncoprotein H-Ras ("C" refers to the cysteine, "a" to any aliphatic amino acid, and "X" to any amino acid) and the lipid chain interacts with, and forms part of the Ca(1)a(2)X peptide binding site. Previous studies have shown that H-Ras biological function is ablated when it is modified with lipids that are 3-5 orders of magnitude less hydrophobic than FPP. Here, we employed a library of anilinogeranyl diphosphate (AGPP) and phenoxygeranyl diphosphate (PGPP) derivatives with a range of polarities (log P (lipid alcohol) = 0.7-6.8, log P (farnesol) = 6.1) and shapes to examine whether FTase-catalyzed transfer to peptide is dependent on the hydrophobicity of the lipid. Analysis of steady-state transfer kinetics for analogues to dansyl-GCVLS peptide revealed that the efficiency of lipid transfer was highly dependent on both the shape and size, but was independent of the polarity of the analogue. These observations indicate that hydrophobic features of isoprenoids critical for their association with membranes and/or protein receptors are not required for efficient transfer to Ca(1)a(2)X peptides by FTase. Furthermore, the results of these studies indicate that the role played by the farnesyl lipid in the FTase mechanism is primarily structural. To explain these results we propose a model in which the FTase active site stabilizes a membrane interface-like environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaiah Subramanian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084, USA
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16
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Muramatsu M, Ohto C, Obata S, Sakuradani E, Shimizu S. Various oils and detergents enhance the microbial production of farnesol and related prenyl alcohols. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 106:263-7. [PMID: 18930003 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.106.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The object of this research was improvement of prenyl alcohol production with squalene synthase-deficient mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 64031. On screening of many kinds of additives, we found that oils and detergents significantly enhanced the extracellular production of prenyl alcohols. Soybean oil showed the most prominent effect among the additives tested. Its effect was accelerated by a high concentration of glucose in the medium. The combination of these cultivation conditions led to the production of more than 28 mg/l of farnesol in the soluble fraction of the broth. The addition of these compounds to the medium was an effective method for large-scale production of prenyl alcohols with microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Muramatsu
- Bio Research Laboratory, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1 Toyota-cho, Toyota, Aichi 471-8572, Japan
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17
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Joo JH, Jetten AM. NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional activation in lung carcinoma cells by farnesol involves p65/RelA(Ser276) phosphorylation via the MEK-MSK1 signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:16391-9. [PMID: 18424438 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800945200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that treatment of human lung adenocarcinoma H460 cells with farnesol induces the expression of a number of immune response and inflammatory genes, including IL-6, CXCL3, IL-1alpha, and COX-2. This response was dependent on the activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Farnesol treatment reduces the level of IkappaBalpha and induces translocation of p65/RelA to the nucleus, its phosphorylation at Ser(276), and transactivation of NF-kappaB-dependent transcription. Moreover, overexpression of IkappaBalpha or treatment with the NF-kappaB inhibitor caffeic acid phenethyl ester greatly diminishes the induction of inflammatory gene expression by farnesol. We provide evidence indicating that the farnesol-induced phosphorylation of p65/RelA at Ser(276) is important for optimal transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB. The MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 and knockdown of MEK1/2 expression with small interfering RNAs effectively blocked the phosphorylation of p65/RelA(Ser(276)) but not that of Ser(536), suggesting that this phosphorylation is dependent on the activation of the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway. We further show that inhibition of MSK1, a kinase acting downstream of MEK1/2-ERK1/2, by H89 or knockdown of MSK1 expression also inhibited phosphorylation of p65/RelA(Ser(276)), suggesting that this phosphorylation is dependent on MSK1. Knockdown of MEK1/2 or MSK1 expression inhibits farnesol-induced expression of CXCL3, IL-1alpha, and COX-2 mRNA. Our results indicate that the induction of inflammatory genes by farnesol is mediated by the activation of the NF-kappaB pathway and involves MEK1/2-ERK1/2-MSK1-dependent phosphorylation of p65/RelA(Ser(276)). The activation of the NF-kappaB pathway by farnesol might be part of a prosurvival response during farnesol-induced ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung Hyuck Joo
- Cell Biology Section, LRB, Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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18
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Synthesis and evaluation of 3- and 7-substituted geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1889-92. [PMID: 18321704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein prenyl transferases have been a focus of anti-cancer drug discovery in recent years due to their roles in post-translational modification of small GTP binding proteins. Attention is now turning to the development of GGTase I inhibitors. Here, we present the synthesis and biological evaluation of four GGPP analogs versus mammalian GGTase I and the discovery that 7-allyl GGPP is a surprisingly efficient GGTase I substrate.
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19
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Rawat DS, Krzysiak AJ, Gibbs RA. Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of 3,7-disubstituted farnesyl diphosphate analogues. J Org Chem 2008; 73:1881-7. [PMID: 18225915 DOI: 10.1021/jo701725b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) analogues have proven to be both potent inhibitors of protein-farnesyltransferase (FTase) and valuable probes for the investigation of the function of prenylated proteins. Previously, we have demonstrated that certain 3-substituted and 7-substituted FPP analogues can act as inhibitors of FTase, while others are effective alternative substrates. We have now utilized our vinyl triflate-mediated route to synthesize the first seven FPP variants bearing substituents in both the 3- and 7-positions of the isoprene unit. Despite their exceptional steric bulk with respect to FPP itself, six of the seven analogues bind to FTase. Two of the analogues are potent inhibitors of the enzyme, but a more striking finding is that three FPP variants (4a, 4b, and 4f) are efficient alternative substrates for FTase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwan S Rawat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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20
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Troutman JM, Subramanian T, Andres DA, Spielmann HP. Selective modification of CaaX peptides with ortho-substituted anilinogeranyl lipids by protein farnesyl transferase: competitive substrates and potent inhibitors from a library of farnesyl diphosphate analogues. Biochemistry 2007; 46:11310-21. [PMID: 17854205 DOI: 10.1021/bi700516m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein farnesyl transferase (FTase) catalyzes transfer of a 15-carbon farnesyl group from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to a conserved cysteine in the C-terminal Ca1a2X motif of a range of proteins ("C" refers to the cysteine, "a" to any aliphatic amino acid, and "X" to any amino acid), and the lipid chain interacts with, and forms part of, the Ca1a2X peptide binding site. Here, we employed a library of anilinogeranyl diphosphate (AGPP) derivatives to examine whether altering the interacting surface between the two substrates could be exploited to generate Ca1a2X peptide selective FPP analogues. Analysis of transfer kinetics to dansyl-GCVLS peptide revealed that AGPP analogues with substituents smaller than or equal in size to a thiomethyl group supported FTase function, while analogues with larger substituents did not. Analogues with small meta-substitutions on the aniline ring such as iodo and cyano increased reactivity with dansyl-GCVLS and provided analogues that were effective FPP competitors. Other analogues with ortho-substitutions on the aniline were potent dansyl-GCVLS modification FTase inhibitors (Ki in the 2.4-18 nM range). Both meta- and para-trifluoromethoxy-AGPP are transferred to dansyl-GCVLS while the ortho-substituted isomer was a potent farnesyl transferase inhibitor (FTI) with an inhibition constant Ki = 3.0 nM. In contrast, ortho-trifluoromethoxy-AGPP was efficiently transferred to dansyl-GCVIM. Competition for dansyl-GCVLS and dansyl-GCVIM peptides by FPP and ortho-trifluoromethoxy-AGPP gave both analogue and farnesyl modified dansyl-GCVIM but only farnesylated dansyl-GCVLS. We provide evidence that competitive modification of dansyl-GCVIM by ortho-trifluoromethoxy-AGPP stems from a prechemical step discrimination between the competing peptides by the FTase-analogue complex. These results show that subtle changes engineered into the isoprenoid structure can alter the reactivity and FPP competitiveness of the analogues, which may be important for the development of prenylated protein function inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Troutman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084, USA
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21
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Krzysiak AJ, Rawat DS, Scott SA, Pais JE, Handley M, Harrison ML, Fierke CA, Gibbs RA. Combinatorial modulation of protein prenylation. ACS Chem Biol 2007; 2:385-9. [PMID: 17530735 PMCID: PMC2922964 DOI: 10.1021/cb700062b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cell has >60 different farnesylated proteins. Many critically important signal transduction proteins are post-translationally modified with attachment of a farnesyl isoprenoid catalyzed by protein farnesyltransferase (FTase). Recently, it has been shown that farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) analogues can alter the peptide substrate specificity of FTase. We have used combinatorial screening of FPP analogues and peptide substrates to identify patterns in FTase substrate selectivity. Each FPP analogue displays a unique pattern of substrate reactivity with the tested peptides; FTase efficiently catalyzes the transfer of an FPP analogue selectively to one peptide and not another. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that these analogues can enter cells and be incorporated into proteins. These FPP analogues could serve as selective tools to examine the role prenylation plays in individual protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Krzysiak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | | | - Sarah A. Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - June E. Pais
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Misty Handley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Marietta L. Harrison
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Carol A. Fierke
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Corresponding author,
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22
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Clark MK, Scott SA, Wojtkowiak J, Chirco R, Mathieu P, Reiners JJ, Mattingly RR, Borch RF, Gibbs RA. Synthesis, biochemical, and cellular evaluation of farnesyl monophosphate prodrugs as farnesyltransferase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2007; 50:3274-82. [PMID: 17555307 DOI: 10.1021/jm0701829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Certain farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) analogs are potent inhibitors of the potential anticancer drug target protein farnesyltransferase (FTase), but these compounds are not suitable as drug candidates. Thus, phosphoramidate prodrug derivatives of the monophosphate precursors of FPP-based FTase inhibitors have been synthesized. The monophosphates themselves were significantly more potent inhibitors of FTase than the corresponding FPP analogs. The effects of the prodrug 5b (a derivative of 3-allylfarnesyl monophosphate) have been evaluated on prenylation of RhoB and on the cell cycle in a human malignant schwannoma cell line (STS-26T). In combination treatments, 1-3 microM 5b plus 1 microM lovastatin induced a significant inhibition of RhoB prenylation, and a combination of these drugs at 1 microM each also resulted in significant cell cycle arrest in G1. Indeed, combinations as low as 50 nM lovastatin + 1 microM 5c or 250 nM lovastatin + 50 nM 5c were highly cytostatic in STS-26T cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Clark
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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23
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Miller DJ, Yu F, Young NJ, Allemann RK. Competitive inhibition of aristolochene synthase by phenyl-substituted farnesyl diphosphates: evidence of active site plasticity. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:3287-98. [PMID: 17912381 DOI: 10.1039/b713301b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP, ) containing phenyl substituents in place of methyl groups have been prepared in syntheses that feature use of a Suzuki-Miyaura reaction as a key step. These analogues were found not to act as substrates of the sesquiterpene cyclase aristolochene synthase from Penicillium roqueforti (AS). However, they were potent competitive inhibitors of AS with K(I)-values ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 microM. These results indicate that the diphosphate group contributes the largest part to the binding of the substrate to AS and that the active sites of terpene synthases are sufficiently flexible to accommodate even substrate analogues with large substituents suggesting a potential way for the generation of non-natural terpenoids. Molecular mechanics simulations of the enzyme bound inhibitors suggested that small changes in orientations of active site residues and subtle alterations of the conformation of the backbones of the inhibitors are sufficient to accommodate the phenyl-farnesyl-diphosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Miller
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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24
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Roberts MJ, Troutman JM, Chehade KAH, Cha HC, Kao JPY, Huang X, Zhan CG, Peterson YK, Subramanian T, Kamalakkannan S, Andres DA, Spielmann HP. Hydrophilic Anilinogeranyl Diphosphate Prenyl Analogues Are Ras Function Inhibitors†. Biochemistry 2006; 45:15862-72. [PMID: 17176109 DOI: 10.1021/bi061704+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sequential processing of H-Ras by protein farnesyl transferase (FTase), Ras converting enzyme (Rce1), and protein-S-isoprenylcysteine O-methyltransferase (Icmt) to give H-Ras C-terminal farnesyl-S-cysteine methyl ester is required for appropriate H-Ras membrane localization and function, including activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. We employed a Xenopus laevis oocyte whole-cell model system to examine whether anilinogeranyl diphosphate analogues of similar shape and size, but with a hydrophobicity different from that of the FTase substrate farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), could ablate biological function of H-Ras. Analysis of oocyte maturation kinetics following microinjection of in vitro analogue-modified H-Ras into isoprenoid-depleted oocytes revealed that analogues with a hydrophobicity near that of FPP supported H-Ras biological function, while the analogues p-nitroanilinogeranyl diphosphate (p-NO2-AGPP), p-cyanoanilinogeranyl diphosphate (p-CN-AGPP), and isoxazolaminogeranyl diphosphate (Isox-GPP) with hydrophobicities 2-5 orders of magnitude lower than that of FPP did not. We found that although H-Ras modified with FPP analogues p-NO2-AGPP, p-CN-AGPP, and Isox-GPP was an efficient substrate for C-terminal postprenylation processing by Rce1 and Icmt, co-injection of H-Ras with analogues p-NO2-AGPP, p-CN-AGPP, or Isox-GPP could not activate MAPK. We propose that H-Ras biological function requires a minimum lipophilicity of the prenyl group to allow important interactions downstream of the C-terminal processed H-Ras protein. The hydrophilic FPP analogues p-NO2-AGPP, p-CN-AGPP, and Isox-GPP are H-Ras function inhibitors (RFIs) and serve as lead compounds for a unique class of potential anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Roberts
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084, USA
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25
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Minutolo F, Bertini S, Betti L, Danesi R, Gervasi G, Giannaccini G, Martinelli A, Papini AM, Peroni E, Placanica G, Rapposelli S, Tuccinardi T, Macchia M. Synthesis of stable analogues of geranylgeranyl diphosphate possessing a (Z,E,E)-geranylgeranyl side chain, docking analysis, and biological assays for prenyl protein transferase inhibition. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:218-24. [PMID: 16892354 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of novel stable analogues of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), in which the "natural" all-trans geranylgeranyl portion has been replaced by a (Z,E,E)-geranylgeranyl chain. The change in configuration and consequent change in the relative position of the polar portion with the lipophilic side chain did not improve the properties of the E,E,E analogues in their inhibition of geranylgeranyl protein transferase I (GGTase I). However, a significant level of GGTase I inhibition and selectivity for GGTase I over farnesyl transferase (FTase) was maintained the unsubstituted phosphonoacetamidoxy derivative 4 a. This has shed light on the relative importance of the configuration at the C2=C3 double bond among GGPP derivatives. Moreover, the biological activities of all the compounds reported herein, in particular the preferential FTase inhibitory activity shown by compound 6, were in good agreement with the results of docking analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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26
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Henriksen BS, Zahn TJ, Evanseck JD, Firestine SM, Gibbs RA. Computational and conformational evaluation of FTase alternative substrates: insight into a novel enzyme binding pocket. J Chem Inf Model 2006; 45:1047-52. [PMID: 16045300 DOI: 10.1021/ci0496550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) is an important anticancer drug target. In an effort to develop isoprenoid diphosphate-based FTase inhibitors, striking variations have been observed in the ability of conservatively modified analogues to bind to the enzyme. For example, 2Z-GGPP is an alternative substrate with high binding affinity, while GGPP is not an alternative substrate. Using the availability of high-resolution FTase crystal structures, we have used pharmacophore and docking studies to elucidate a new binding pocket for isoprenoid analogues. The unique conformations between the first two isoprene units of 2Z-GGPP, but not GGPP, allows 2Z-GGPP to exploit this new binding pocket. The discovered conformation allows the molecule to adopt a reactive conformation while placing hydrophobic groups within the predominately hydrophobic binding pocket. This computational finding is supported by NMR studies on (13)C-labeled 2Z-farnesol, which confirm that the computationally predicted conformation is also favored in solution. These discoveries suggest that ligand conformational flexibility may be an important design consideration for the development of both inhibitors and alternative substrates of FTase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Henriksen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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27
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Minutolo F, Antonello M, Barontini S, Bertini S, Betti L, Danesi R, Gervasi G, Giannaccini G, Papi C, Placanica G, Rapposelli S, Macchia M. Phosphonomethylphosphorylmethyl(oxy)-analogues of geranylgeranyl diphosphate as stable and selective geranylgeranyl protein transferase inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 59:887-92. [PMID: 15544793 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The diphosphate moiety of geranylgeranyldiphosphate (GGdP) was replaced with metabolically and hydrolytically stable analogous polar portions, in an attempt to obtain new geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase) inhibitors, which could also be selective over congener enzyme farnesyltransferase (FTase). In particular, the phosphonomethylphosphorylmethoxy derivative showed the highest inhibition potency, accompanied by a satisfactory GGTase/FTase selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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28
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Troutman JM, Roberts MJ, Andres DA, Spielmann HP. Tools to analyze protein farnesylation in cells. Bioconjug Chem 2005; 16:1209-17. [PMID: 16173800 DOI: 10.1021/bc050068+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Farnesylation of proteins is catalyzed by protein farnesyl transferase (FTase) and is obligatory for the function of the oncoprotein Ras and a variety of other physiologically important proteins. The rapid and selective detection of cellular protein farnesylation status is crucial to understanding both the function of farnesylated proteins and FTase inhibitors. The unnatural FPP analogue 8-anilinogeranyl diphosphate (AGPP, 3b) is an effective alternative substrate for mammalian FTase. Using antibodies specific for the anilinogeranyl moiety, we show that the alcohol precursor (AGOH, 5b) of AGPP is incorporated into cellular proteins in an FTase dependent manner competitive with endogenous pools of FPP. Continuous treatment of HEK-293 cells with 100 microM AGOH for up to 3 days is neither cytotoxic or cytostatic. Antibodies to detect the unnatural anilinogeranyl group were raised against bovine serum albumin (BSA) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) bioconjugates of the activated hapten N-hydroxyphthalimido-succinyl-(S-anilinogeranyl)-L-cysteine methyl ester 9a. Polyclonal antisera containing anti-anilinogeranyl antibodies were generated by immunization of rabbits and a monoclonal anti-anilinogeranyl antibody was raised in mice. ELISA and western blotting of anilinogeranyl modified proteins were used to show the selectivity and measure the titer of the antibodies. The unnatural FPP analogue and corresponding antibodies provide a simple and rapid method for monitoring FTase activity in cells and detection of cellular proteins modified by AGOH 5a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Troutman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084, USA
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29
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Reigard SA, Zahn TJ, Haworth KB, Hicks KA, Fierke CA, Gibbs RA. Interplay of isoprenoid and peptide substrate specificity in protein farnesyltransferase. Biochemistry 2005; 44:11214-23. [PMID: 16101305 DOI: 10.1021/bi050725l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) catalyzes the post-translational modification of many important cellular proteins, and is a potential anticancer drug target. Crystal structures of the FTase ternary complex illustrate an unusual feature of this enzyme, the fact that the isoprenoid substrate farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) forms part of the binding site for the peptide substrate. This implies that changing the structure of FPP could alter the specificity of the FPP-FTase complex for peptide substrates. We have found that this is the case; a newly synthesized FPP analogue, 3-MeBFPP, is a substrate with three peptide cosubstrates, but is not an effective substrate with a fourth peptide (dansyl-GCKVL). Addition of this analogue also inhibits farnesylation of dansyl-GCKVL by FPP. Surprisingly, the differential substrate abilities of these four peptides with FPP-FTase and 3-MeBFPP-FTase complexes do not correlate with their binding affinities for these isoprenoid-enzyme complexes. The possible mechanistic rationales for this observation, along with its potential utility for the study of protein prenylation, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Reigard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Purdue Cancer Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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30
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Anderson JL, Henriksen BS, Gibbs RA, Hrycyna CA. The isoprenoid substrate specificity of isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase: development of novel inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:29454-61. [PMID: 15946942 PMCID: PMC3401627 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504982200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase (Icmt) is an integral membrane protein localized to the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic cells that catalyzes the post-translational alpha-carboxylmethylesterification of CAAX motif proteins, including the oncoprotein Ras. Prior to methylation, these protein substrates all contain an isoprenylcysteine residue at the C terminus. In this study, we developed a variety of substrates and inhibitors of Icmt that vary in the isoprene moiety in order to gain information about the nature of the lipophilic substrate binding site. These isoprenoid-modified analogs of the minimal Icmt substrate N-acetyl-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine (AFC) were synthesized from newly and previously prepared farnesol analogs. Using both yeast and human Icmt enzymes, these compounds were found to vary widely in their ability to act as substrates, supporting the isoprenoid moiety as a key substrate recognition element for Icmt. Compound 3 is a competitive inhibitor of overexpressed yeast Icmt (K(I) = 17.1 +/- 1.7 microm). Compound 4 shows a mix of competitive and uncompetitive inhibition for both the yeast and the human Icmt proteins (yeast K(IC) = 35.4 +/- 3.4 microm, K(IU) = 614.4 +/- 148 microm; human K(IC) = 119.3 +/- 18.1 microm, K(IU) = 377.2 +/- 42.5 microm). These data further suggest that differences in substrate specificity exist between the human and yeast enzymes. Biological studies suggest that inhibition of Icmt results in Ras mislocalization and loss of cellular transformation ability, making Icmt an attractive and novel anticancer target. Further elaboration of the lead compounds synthesized and assayed here may lead to clinically useful higher potency inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Brian S. Henriksen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Address correspondence to: Christine A. Hrycyna, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, Tel: 765-494-7322, Fax: 765-494-0239, ; Richard A. Gibbs, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, Tel: 765-494-1456, Fax: 765-494-1414,
| | - Christine A. Hrycyna
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Address correspondence to: Christine A. Hrycyna, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, Tel: 765-494-7322, Fax: 765-494-0239, ; Richard A. Gibbs, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, Tel: 765-494-1456, Fax: 765-494-1414,
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31
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Subramanian T, Wang Z, Troutman JM, Andres DA, Spielmann HP. Directed Library of Anilinogeranyl Analogues of Farnesyl Diphosphate via Mixed Solid- and Solution-Phase Synthesis. Org Lett 2005; 7:2109-12. [PMID: 15901146 DOI: 10.1021/ol050386o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text]. A directed library of anilinogeranyl diphosphate analogues of the isoprenoid farnesyl diphosphate has been prepared by solid-phase organic synthesis using a traceless linker strategy in moderate yield in three steps: reductive amination, bromination, and treatment with ((n-Bu)4N)3HP2O7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaiah Subramanian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084, USA
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Troutman JM, Chehade KAH, Kiegiel K, Andres DA, Spielmann HP. Synthesis of acyloxymethyl ester prodrugs of the transferable protein farnesyl transferase substrate farnesyl methylenediphosphonate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:4979-82. [PMID: 15341963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Revised: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Three isoprenoid diphosphate analogues of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) where the diphosphate has been replaced by methylene diphosphonate and the negative charges masked by frangible pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) esters were prepared. Farnesyl methylenediphosphonate is a sub-micromolar substrate for protein farnesyl transferase. The tripivaloyloxymethyl esters of isoprenoid methylenediphosphonate have significantly increased lipophilicity and may act as important farnesyl diphosphate prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Troutman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0084, USA
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33
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34
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Kim M, Kleckley TS, Wiemer AJ, Holstein SA, Hohl RJ, Wiemer DF. Synthesis and activity of fluorescent isoprenoid pyrophosphate analogues. J Org Chem 2005; 69:8186-93. [PMID: 15549786 DOI: 10.1021/jo049101w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New fluorescent analogues of farnesol and geranylgeraniol have been prepared and then converted to the corresponding pyrophosphates. These analogues incorporate anthranylate or dansyl-like groups anchored to the terpenoid skeleton through amine bonds that would be expected to be relatively stable to metabolism. After addition of the alcohols or the pyrophosphates to the culture medium, their fluorescence is readily observed inside a human-derived leukemia cell line. Enzyme assays have revealed that the farnesyl pyrophosphate analogue is an inhibitor of FTase, while the corresponding alcohol is not. These results, together with Western blot analyses of cell lysates, indicate that the farnesyl pyrophosphate analogue penetrates the cells as an intact pyrophosphate and that it does so at a biologically relevant concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- MeeKyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, USA
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35
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Minutolo F, Asso V, Bertini S, Betti L, Gervasi G, Ghilardi E, Giannaccini G, Placanica G, Prota G, Rapposelli S, Macchia M. Stable propylphosphonic acid analogues of geranylgeranyl diphosphate possessing inhibitory activity on geranylgeranyl protein transferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:857-61. [PMID: 15544789 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/26/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Stable analogues of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, possessing 3-(phosphono)propionamido moieties in the place of the metabolically unstable diphosphate portion, were prepared and submitted to prenyltransferase (GGTase and FTase) inhibition assays. In one case, an excellent GGTase inhibitory activity was obtained (IC(50) = 39 nM), accompanied by a certain degree of GGTase vs. FTase selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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36
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Polley MJ, Winkler DA, Burden FR. Broad-Based Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationship Modeling of Potency and Selectivity of Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors Using a Bayesian Regularized Neural Network. J Med Chem 2004; 47:6230-8. [PMID: 15566293 DOI: 10.1021/jm049621j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the enzyme farnesyltransferase show potential as novel anticancer agents. There are many known inhibitors, but efforts to build predictive SAR models have been hampered by the structural diversity and flexibility of inhibitors. We have undertaken for the first time a QSAR study of the potency and selectivity of a large, diverse data set of farnesyltransferase inhibitors. We used novel molecular descriptors based on binned atomic properties and invariants of molecular matrices and a robust, nonlinear QSAR mapping paradigm, the Bayesian regularized neural network. We have built robust QSAR models of farnesyltransferase inhibition, geranylgeranyltransferase inhibition, and in vivo data. We have derived a novel selectivity index that allows us to model potency and selectivity simultaneously and have built robust QSAR models using this index that have the potential to discover new potent and selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Polley
- Centre for Complexity in Drug Design, CSIRO Molecular Science, Private Bag 10, Clayton South MDC, Clayton 3169, Australia
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37
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Minutolo F, Bertini S, Betti L, Danesi R, Gervasi G, Giannaccini G, Papi C, Placanica G, Barontini S, Rapposelli S, Macchia M. Stable analogues of geranylgeranyl diphosphate possessing improved geranylgeranyl versus farnesyl protein transferase inhibitory selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 13:4405-8. [PMID: 14643335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphonoacetamido(oxy) groups have proven to be good mimics of the diphosphate portion in geranylgeranyl protein transferase I (GGTase I) inhibitors. The introduction of small alkyl groups (Me, Et) into the diphosphate mimic moiety caused a further decrease in collateral farnesyl protein transferase (FTase) inhibitory activity, thereby improving GGTase I over FTase selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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38
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Holstein SA, Wohlford-Lenane CL, Wiemer DF, Hohl RJ. Isoprenoid pyrophosphate analogues regulate expression of Ras-related proteins. Biochemistry 2003; 42:4384-91. [PMID: 12693933 DOI: 10.1021/bi027227m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The isoprenoids farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) are synthetic precursors for numerous molecules essential for cellular function as well as substrates in isoprenylation reactions. We have previously demonstrated that depletion of mevalonate results in the upregulation of Ras-related proteins which can be prevented by FPP or GGPP, independent of restoration of protein isoprenylation. To better define the regulatory properties of isoprenoid pyrophosphates, we have investigated the abilities of isoprenoid analogues to regulate the expression of the Ras-related proteins. Farnesyl phosphonic acids potentiate the upregulation of these proteins induced by mevalonate depletion independent of inhibitory activity against farnesyl protein transferase, geranylgeranyl protein transferase I, FPP synthase, or GGPP synthase. The potentiation of RhoB upregulation is at both the mRNA and protein level. The ability of these analogues to serve as functional antagonists of the isoprenoid pyrophosphates is dependent on the nature of the functional group at the head of the molecule, the charge of the molecule, and the length of the isoprenoid chain. Metabolites and additional analogues of isoprenoid pyrophosphates were found to possess agonist properties relative to FPP and GGPP. Interestingly, the structurally related retinoids all-trans-retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid also display slight agonist properties. These studies provide evidence for direct roles of FPP and GGPP in regulating transcriptional and post-transcriptional events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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39
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Mattingly RR, Gibbs RA, Menard RE, Reiners JJ. Potent suppression of proliferation of a10 vascular smooth muscle cells by combined treatment with lovastatin and 3-allylfarnesol, an inhibitor of protein farnesyltransferase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 303:74-81. [PMID: 12235235 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.036061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins, which inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and thus the synthesis of cholesterol, are remarkably effective in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. In addition to their favorable effect on lipid profile, these drugs may also prevent the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle that is characteristic of atherosclerosis. We hypothesize that statins prevent the post-translational prenylation, and thus inhibit the function, of critical small GTPases in vascular smooth muscle cells. We have therefore assayed the effect of lovastatin on both the growth of A10 vascular smooth muscle cells and the status of their Ras and RhoB proteins. We find that < or =1 microM lovastatin potently inhibits the proliferation of A10 cultures, and higher concentrations (> or =3 microM) induce apoptosis. We have also tested the effect of 3-allylfarnesol (3-alFOH), an inhibitor of farnesyl transferase (FTI). The data show that although > or =10 microM 3-alFOH is required for a cytostatic effect, the action of 3 microM 3-alFOH can be greatly potentiated by even nanomolar levels of lovastatin. We also find that lovastatin and 3-alFOH exhibit synergism to cause the up-regulation and relocalization of RhoB from the membrane to cytosolic compartments. This relocalization of RhoB, which is presumed to reflect an inhibition of its prenylation, correlates with the proapoptotic activities of combined 3-alFOH and lovastatin treatment. These data suggest that RhoB may be a valuable pharmacological target in cardiovascular disease, and that combinations of statins and certain FTIs may be of value in treatment of disorders that are characterized by excess cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond R Mattingly
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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40
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Amin R, Chen HQ, Tannous M, Gibbs R, Kowluru A. Inhibition of glucose- and calcium-induced insulin secretion from betaTC3 cells by novel inhibitors of protein isoprenylation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 303:82-8. [PMID: 12235236 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.036160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of low molecular weight G proteins undergoes a series of post-translational modification steps, e.g., isoprenylation, at their C-terminal cysteine, which seem to be critical for the transport of the modified proteins to the membrane sites for interaction with their respective effector proteins. Using lovastatin, an inhibitor of mevalonic acid, and hence, isoprenoid biosynthesis, we demonstrated previously that protein isoprenylation is critical for physiological insulin secretion from normal rat islets. Herein, we used more selective synthetic inhibitors of protein prenylation to examine their effects on glucose- and calcium-mediated insulin secretion from betaTC3 cells. Both 3-allyl- and vinylfarnesols, which inhibit and/or modulate protein farnesyl transferases, significantly (80-95%) inhibited glucose- and KCl-stimulated insulin secretion from these cells. In a similar manner, the allyl and vinyl forms of geranylgeraniol, reagents targeted toward protein geranylation, attenuated insulin secretion elicited by glucose and KCl. Furthermore, manumycin A, a natural inhibitor of protein farnesylation, and geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor-2147 (GGTI-2147), a peptidomimetic inhibitor of protein geranylgeranylation, also inhibited glucose- and KCl-induced insulin secretion to comparable degrees. Treatment of betaTC3 cells with either 3-vinylfarnesol or 3-vinyl geranylgeraniol resulted in accumulation of unprenylated proteins in the cytosolic fraction. These data further support our original formulation that inhibition of isoprenylation of small molecular weight G proteins might impede their interaction with their putative effectors, which may be required for physiological insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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41
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Abstract
[structure: see text] Six farnesyl diphosphate analogues modified in the central isoprene unit have been prepared via our stereoselective vinyl triflate-mediated route to isoprenoids. The 7-allyl compound 6 is a modest inhibitor of mammalian protein-farnesyl transferase, but surprisingly the other five analogues are effective alternative substrates for this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwan S Rawat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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42
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Du Y, Wiemer DF. Alpha-phosphono lactone analogues of farnesyl pyrophosphate: an asymmetric synthesis via ring-closing metathesis. J Org Chem 2002; 67:5701-8. [PMID: 12153272 DOI: 10.1021/jo0202233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An alpha-phosphono lactone derivative of farnesol has been prepared, in both racemic and nonracemic forms, to provide a new type of farnesyl pyrophosphate analogue. Attempted preparation of the racemic alpha-phosphono lactone through rearrangement of a vinyl phosphate derived from the parent lactone resulted in both rearrangement and lactone ring opening, revealing that the farnesyl lactone was not stable to the excess of strong base required for the rearrangement. A procedure for C-P bond formation based on generation of the lactone enolate, reaction with a P(III) reagent, and oxidation was successful in providing the racemic alpha-phosphono lactone, in part, because only 1 equiv of strong base was required. The same strategy for phosphonate synthesis then was applied to the nonracemic farnesyl lactone, prepared through a sequence including allylation of farnesal with a nonracemic borane reagent, reaction of the product alcohol with acryloyl chloride, and formation of an unsaturated lactone through ring-closing metathesis. A similar strategy gave the corresponding racemic alpha-phosphono lactam through a six-step sequence from farnesal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, USA
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43
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Chehade KAH, Kiegiel K, Isaacs RJ, Pickett JS, Bowers KE, Fierke CA, Andres DA, Spielmann HP. Photoaffinity analogues of farnesyl pyrophosphate transferable by protein farnesyl transferase. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:8206-19. [PMID: 12105898 DOI: 10.1021/ja0124717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Farnesylation is a posttranslational lipid modification in which a 15-carbon farnesyl isoprenoid is linked via a thioether bond to specific cysteine residues of proteins in a reaction catalyzed by protein farnesyltransferase (FTase). We synthesized analogues (3-6) of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to probe the range of modifications possible to the FPP skeleton which allow for efficient transfer by FTase. Photoaffinity analogues of FPP (5, 6) were prepared by substituting perfluorophenyl azide functional groups for the omega-terminal isoprene of FPP. Substituted anilines replace the omega-terminal isoprene in analogues 3 and 4. Compounds 3-5 were prepared by reductive amination of the appropriate anilines with 8-oxo-geranyl acetate, followed by ester hydrolysis, chlorination, and pyrophosphorylation. Additional substitution of three methylenes for the beta-isoprene of FPP gave photoprobe 6 in nine steps. Preparation of the analogues required TiCl(4)-mediated imine formation prior to NaBH(OAc)(3) reduction for anilines with a pK(a) < 1. The azide moiety was not affected by Ph(3)PCl(2) conversion of allylic alcohols 13-16 into corresponding chlorides 17-20. Analogues 3-6 are efficiently transferred to target N-dansyl-GCVLS peptide substrate by mammalian FTase. Comparison of analogue structures and kinetics of transfer to those of FPP reveals that ring fluorination and para substituents have little effect on the affinity of the analogue pyrophosphate for FTase and its transfer efficiency. These results are also supported with models of the analogue binding modes in the active site of FTase. The transferable azide photoprobe 5 photoinactivates FTase. Transferable analogues 5 and 6 allow the formation of appropriately posttranslationally modified photoreactive peptide probes of isoprene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem A H Chehade
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084, USA
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44
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Zhou C, Shao Y, Gibbs RA. Aromatic farnesyl diphosphate analogues: vinyl triflate-mediated synthesis and preliminary enzymatic evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1417-20. [PMID: 11992789 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A stereocontrolled vinyl triflate-based synthetic route has been used to prepare four analogues of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) where the terminal isoprene units have been replaced with aromatic moieties. Two of these analogues exhibit no productive interaction with protein farnesyltransferase, but the 2-naphthyl derivative 2 is a modest inhibitor of the enzyme, and the para-biphenyl derivative 4 is a surprisingly effective alternative substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and AHP, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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45
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Mu Y, Eubanks LM, Poulter CD, Gibbs RA. Coupling of isoprenoid triflates with organoboron nucleophiles: synthesis and biological evaluation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:1207-19. [PMID: 11886785 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Suzuki coupling reaction has been used to introduce a methyl group derived from commercially available methylboronic acid into a vinyl triflate. This has led to a concise synthesis of all-trans-geranylgeraniol, with the key step being the palladium-catalyzed, silver-mediated methylation of triflate to give ethyl geranylgeranoate. This coupling protocol has also been used to produce the novel geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) analogue 3-phenyl-3-desmethylgeranylgeranyl diphosphate (3-PhGGPP, ). Our previously developed organocuprate coupling protocol has been used to introduce the cyclopropyl and tert-butyl moieties into the 3-position of vinyl triflate. The four GGPP analogues 3-vinyl-3-desmethylgeranylgeranyl diphosphate (3-vGGPP, ), 3-cyclopropyl-3-desmethylgeranylgeranyl diphosphate (3-cpGGPP, ), 3-tert-butyl-3-desmethyl-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (3-tbGGPP, ), and were then evaluated as potential inhibitors of recombinant yeast protein-geranylgeranyl transferase I (PGGTase I). The potential mechanism-based inhibitors 3-vGGPP and 3-cpGGPP did not exhibit time-dependent inactivation of PGGTase I. Instead, both analogues were alternative substrates, in accord with the interaction of the corresponding farnesyl analogues 3-vFPP and 3-cpFPP with PFTase. The tert-butyl and phenyl analogues were not substrates, but were instead competitive inhibitors of PGGTase I. Note that all four of the GGPP analogues were bound less tightly by the enzyme than the natural substrate, in contrast to the behavior of the 3-substituted FPP analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongQi Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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46
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Micali E, Chehade KA, Isaacs RJ, Andres DA, Spielmann HP. Protein farnesyltransferase isoprenoid substrate discrimination is dependent on isoprene double bonds and branched methyl groups. Biochemistry 2001; 40:12254-65. [PMID: 11591144 DOI: 10.1021/bi011133f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Farnesylation is a posttranslational lipid modification in which a 15-carbon farnesyl isoprenoid is linked via a thioether bond to specific cysteine residues of proteins in a reaction catalyzed by protein farnesyltransferase (FTase). We synthesized the benzyloxyisoprenyl pyrophosphate (BnPP) series of transferable farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) analogues (1a-e) to test the length dependence of the isoprenoid substrate on the FTase-catalyzed transfer of lipid to protein substrate. Kinetic analyses show that pyrophosphates 1a-e and geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) transfer with a lower efficiency than FPP whereas geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) does not transfer at all. While a correlation was found between K(m) and analogue hydrophobicity and length, there was no correlation between k(cat) and these properties. Potential binding geometries of FPP, GPP, GGPP, and analogues 1a-e were examined by modeling the molecules into the active site of the FTase crystal structure. We found that analogue 1d displaces approximately the same volume of the active site as does FPP, whereas GPP and analogues 1a-c occupy lesser volumes and 1e occupies a slightly larger volume. Modeling also indicated that GGPP adopts a different conformation than the farnesyl chain of FPP, partially occluding the space occupied by the Ca(1)a(2)X peptide in the ternary X-ray crystal structure. Within the confines of the FTase pocket, the double bonds and branched methyl groups of the geranylgeranyl chain significantly restrict the number of possible conformations relative to the more flexible lipid chain of analogues 1a-e. The modeling results also provide a molecular explanation for the observation that an aromatic ring is a good isostere for the terminal isoprene of FPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Micali
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40536-0084, USA
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47
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Zahn TJ, Whitney J, Weinbaum C, Gibbs RA. Synthesis and evaluation of GGPP geometric isomers: divergent substrate specificities of FTase and GGTase I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1605-8. [PMID: 11412990 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A stereocontrolled synthetic route has been used to prepare two of the geometric isomers of all-trans-GGPP. Neither of these isomers is effective substrates for mammalian GGTase I, but 3 is a potent inhibitor of this enzyme (IC(50)=100 nM). Surprisingly, both compounds are effective substrates for mammalian FTase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Zahn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and AHP, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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48
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Trotter BW, Quigley AG, Lumma WC, Sisko JT, Walsh ES, Hamann CS, Robinson RG, Bhimnathwala H, Kolodin DG, Zheng W, Buser CA, Huber HE, Lobell RB, Kohl NE, Williams TM, Graham SL, Dinsmore CJ. 2-Arylindole-3-acetamides: FPP-competitive inhibitors of farnesyl protein transferase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:865-9. [PMID: 11294379 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-arylindole-3-acetamide farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors has been identified. The compounds inhibit the enzyme in a farnesyl pyrophosphate-competitive manner and are selective for farnesyl protein transferase over the related enzyme geranylgeranyltransferase-I. A representative member of this series of inhibitors demonstrates equal effectiveness against HDJ-2 and K-Ras farnesylation in a cell-based assay when geranylgeranylation is suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Trotter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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49
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Xie H, Shao Y, Becker JM, Naider F, Gibbs RA. Synthesis and biological evaluation of the geometric farnesylated analogues of the a-factor mating peptide of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Org Chem 2000; 65:8552-63. [PMID: 11112575 DOI: 10.1021/jo000942m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The a-factor of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a dodecapeptide pheromone (YIIKGVFWDPAC(Farnesyl)-OCH(3), 1), in which post-translational modification with a farnesyl isoprenoid and carboxymethyl group is required for full biological activity. This peptide has been used as a model system to explore the biological function of the farnesylcysteine moiety, which is found on and required for the biological activity of many key mammalian proteins. The objective of this particular study was the determination of the biological effect of double bond isomerization of the natural E, E-farnesyl moiety on the biological activity of the a-factor. A unified, stereoselective synthetic route to the three geometric isomers of E,E-farnesol (12, 13, and 14) has been developed. The key feature of this synthesis is the ability to control the stereochemistry of triflation of the beta-ketoester 22 to give either 23 or 25. The three farnesol isomers were converted to the corresponding isomeric a-factors (9, 10 and 11) via a modified version of a previously utilized synthetic route. Biological evaluation of these peptides indicates that, surprisingly, all three possess nearly equivalent activity to the natural a-factor bearing the E,E-farnesyl moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Xie
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, and the Doctoral Program in Chemistry of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
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50
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Zahn TJ, Weinbaum C, Gibbs RA. Grignard-mediated synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of novel 3-substituted farnesyl diphosphate analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1763-6. [PMID: 10937743 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituents was installed at the 3 position of farnesyl diphosphate through a copper-cyanide mediated coupling of a vinyl triflate with various Grignard reagents. These novel FPP mimetics were then evaluated as inhibitors of or substrates for mammalian protein farnesyl transferase. The IC50 values for these compounds range from 18 to 10,100 nm, with the 3-isopropenyl analogue being one of the most potent FPP-mimetic mFTase inhibitors yet synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Zahn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and AHP, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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