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Horváth Á, Benkő Z. Phthalazine as a Diene in Diels-Alder Reactions With P- and As-Containing Anionic Dienophiles: Comparison of Possible Reaction Channels. Chempluschem 2024:e202400140. [PMID: 38819996 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Phthalazine can behave as a diene in Diels-Alder (DA) cycloadditions, typically at the pyridazine ring, however, its application is somewhat limited because these reactions usually require harsh conditions or sophisticated catalysts. As an unconventional example, phthalazine was reported to undergo cycloaddition with the [PCO]- anion without any catalyst. In this computational study, we scrutinise the mechanism of the DA reactions between phthalazine and the so far known [ECX]- (E: P, As; X: O, S, Se) anions as dienophiles. In principle, the attack of an [ECX]- anion may occur at two different sites of phthalazine, either at the benzene or the pyridazine ring, and both of these possible reaction channels were juxtaposed on the basis of energetic aspects. In all of the investigated cases, the analysis of the energy profiles reveals a clear regioselectivity that favours the attack at the pyridazine ring. As a result, so far unprecedented 2-pnictanaphth-3-olate analogues seem achievable as final products. Comparing the characteristics of these pathways allowed us to clarify the source of this regioselectivity: The pyridazine ring of phthalazine exhibits lower aromaticity than the benzene subring; therefore, in the DA step, the former ring shows a higher affinity toward a dienophile than the latter, leading to lower activation barriers. To further map the electronic and structural features of the cycloaddition steps, the local interactions evolving in the transition states were analysed and compared using global and local descriptors. In most aspects, the characteristics of both pathways were found to be rather similar, in contrast to the markedly differing activation barriers on the two routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Horváth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp 3., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benkő
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp 3., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp 3., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
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Gamper M, Gstach H, Schantl JG. First Diels–Alder reaction of a N-nitrogen-substituted iminium ion as dienophile furnishing N-amino-substituted 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-023-03054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe exploratory and preliminary work on the reaction of 1-(methoxydiphenylmethyl)-2-methyldiazene with 1,3-dienes reveals a remarkable dichotomy furnishing different heterocyclic Diels–Alder products depending on the presence or absence of water. In contrast to the acid-induced hydrolysis of the N,O-ketal starting material with 1,3-dienes furnishing 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridazines (preceding communication), the same acid-promoted reaction albeit under exclusion of water affords N-(methyleneamino)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines. The serendipitous discovery of the novel 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines was corroborated by an alternative and independent synthesis providing the in situ generated formaldehyde benzophenone azine and its conjugate acid, 2-(diphenylmethylene)-1-methylenehydrazin-1-ium ion. The protonated azine serving as the putative dienophile resembles the first example of an N-nitrogen-substituted iminium ion employed as a dienophile in a bona fide normal electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction.
Graphical abstract
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3
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Horváth Á, Benkő Z. Understanding the Mechanism of Diels-Alder Reactions with Anionic Dienophiles: A Systematic Comparison of [ECX] - (E = P, As; X = O, S, Se) Anions. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7922-7934. [PMID: 35533395 PMCID: PMC9131451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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While Diels–Alder
(DA) reactions involving neutral or cationic
dienophiles are well-known, the characteristics of the analogous reactions
with anionic dienophiles are practically unexplored. Herein we present
the first comparative computational investigations on the characteristics
of DA cycloadditions with anionic dienophiles on the basis of the
reactions of [ECX]− anions (E = P, As; X = O, S,
Se) with 2H-pyran-2-one. All of these reactions were
found to be both kinetically and thermodynamically feasible, enabling
synthetic access toward 2-phosphaphenolate and arsaphenolate derivatives
in the future. This study also reveals that the [ECO]− anions show clear regioselectivity, while for [ECS]− and [ECSe]− anions, the two possible reaction
channels have very similar energetics. Additionally, the activation
barriers for the [ECO]− anions are lower than those
of the heavier analogues. The observed differences can be traced back
to the starkly differing nucleophilic character of the pnictogen center
in the anions, leading to a barrier-lowering effect in the case of
the [ECO]− anions. Furthermore, analysis of the
geometries and electron distributions of the corresponding transition
states revealed structure–property relationships, and thus
a direct comparison of the cycloaddition reactivity of these anions
was achieved. Along one of the two pathways, a good correlation was
found between the activation barriers and suitable nucleophilicity
descriptors (nucleophilic Parr function and global nucleophilicity).
Additionally, the tendency of the reaction energies can be explained
by the changing aromaticity of the products. In contrast to the phosphaethynolate [PCO]− anion, the cycloaddition reactivity of the heavier congeners ([ECX]−, where E = P, As and X = O, S, Se) is unexplored.
In this computational study, the Diels−Alder reaction between
the known [ECX]− anions and 2-pyrone was employed
to compare the reactivity patterns. The first activation barrier of
these reactions correlates with the nucleophilicity of the anions,
indicating a barrier-lowering effect. The feasibility of the studied
reactions, leading to P and As heterocycles, was also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Horváth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benkő
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
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New Insights into the (A)Synchronicity of Diels–Alder Reactions: A Theoretical Study Based on the Reaction Force Analysis and Atomic Resolution of Energy Derivatives. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051546. [PMID: 35268648 PMCID: PMC8911883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present manuscript, we report new insights into the concept of (a)synchronicity in Diels–Alder (DA) reactions in the framework of the reaction force analysis in conjunction with natural population calculations and the atomic resolution of energy derivatives along the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) path. Our findings suggest that the DA reaction transitions from a preferentially concerted mechanism to a stepwise one in a 0.10 Å window of synchronicity indices ranging from 0.90 to 1.00 Å. We have also shown that the relative position of the global minimum of the reaction force constant with respect to the TS is an alternative and quantifiable indicator of the (a)synchronicity in DA reactions. Moreover, the atomic resolution of energy derivatives reveals that the mechanism of the DA reaction involves two inner elementary processes associated with the formation of each of the two C-C bonds. This resolution goes on to indicate that, in asynchronous reactions, the driving and retarding components of the reaction force are mostly due to the fast and slow-forming C-C bonds (elementary processes) respectively, while in synchronous reactions, both elementary processes retard and drive the process concomitantly and equivalently.
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Aurell MJ. Unveiling the Ionic Diels-Alder Reactions within the Molecular Electron Density Theory. Molecules 2021; 26:3638. [PMID: 34198640 PMCID: PMC8232178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ionic Diels-Alder (I-DA) reactions of a series of six iminium cations with cyclopentadiene have been studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT). The superelectrophilic character of iminium cations, ω > 8.20 eV, accounts for the high reactivity of these species participating in I-DA reactions. The activation energies are found to be between 13 and 20 kcal·mol-1 lower in energy than those associated with the corresponding Diels-Alder (DA) reactions of neutral imines. These reactions are low endo selective as a consequence of the cationic character of the TSs, but highly regioselective. Solvents have poor effects on the relative energies, and an unappreciable effect on the geometries. In acetonitrile, the activation energies increase slightly as a consequence of the better solvation of the iminium cations than the cationic TSs. Electron localization function (ELF) topological analysis of the bonding changes along the I-DA reactions shows that they are very similar to those in polar DA reactions. The present MEDT study establishes that the global electron density transfer (GEDT) taking place at the TSs of I-DA reactions, and not steric (Pauli) repulsions such as have been recently proposed, are responsible for the features of these types of DA reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (M.J.A.)
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Khorief Nacereddine A, Merzoud L, Morell C, Chermette H. A computational investigation of the selectivity and mechanism of the Lewis acid catalyzed oxa-Diels-Alder cycloaddition of substituted diene with benzaldehyde. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:1296-1311. [PMID: 33931864 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The selectivity and the mechanism of the uncatalyzed and AlCl3 catalyzed hetero-Diels-Alder reaction (HDR) between ([E]-4-methylpenta-2,4-dienyloxy)(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane 1 and benzaldehyde 2 have been studied using density functional theory at the MPWB1K/6-31G(d) level of theory. The uncatalyzed HDR between diene 1 and alkene 2 is characterized by a polar character and proceeds via an asynchronous one-step mechanism for the meta paths and synchronous for the ortho ones. In the presence of AlCl3 catalyst, the mechanism changes to be stepwise, while the first step is the rate-determining step. The activation energies widely decrease, and the polar character increases dramatically. A large analysis of the mechanism is performed using the activation strain model/energy decomposition analysis (ASM/EDA) model, the natural bond orbital (NBO) and state specific dual descriptors (SSDDs). The obtained results indicate that the combined interaction energy associated with the distortion of the reactants in these HDR are at the origin of the observed kinetics. NBO analyses were applied to estimate the Lewis-acid catalyst donor-acceptor interaction with the molecular system. The SSDD analysis shed light into the orientation effects on the reaction kinetics by providing important information about charge transfer interactions during the chemical reaction. It indicates that the more favorable HDR pathway have the lowest excitation energies, facilitating the interaction between diene 1 and benzaldehyde 2 moieties. Non-covalent interaction (NCI) and QTAIM analyses of the meta-endo structure indicate that the presence of several weak NCIs formed at this approach is at the origin of the meta-endo selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmalek Khorief Nacereddine
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Biology of Materials, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Higher Normal School of Technological Education-Skikda, City of Boucetta Brothers, Azzaba, Skikda, Algeria
| | - Lynda Merzoud
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Morell
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Henry Chermette
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Werr M, Kaifer E, Himmel H. Hetero Diels-Alder Reactions with a Dicationic Urea Azine Derived Azo Dienophile and Their Use for the Synthesis of an Electron-Rich Pentacene. Chemistry 2020; 26:12328-12332. [PMID: 32201982 PMCID: PMC7589293 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the first hetero Diels-Alder (DA) reactions with a stable, dicationic urea azine derived azo dienophile, synthesized by two-electron oxidation of a neutral urea azine are reported. Several charged DA products were synthesized in good yield and fully characterized. The DA adduct of anthracene is in thermal equilibrium with the reactants at room temperature, and the reaction enthalpy and entropy were determined from the temperature-dependent equilibrium constant. Furthermore, base addition to solutions of the pentacene DA product led to deprotonation, cleavage of the N-N bond, and formation of an electron-rich 6,13-bisguanidinyl-substituted pentacene. The redox and optical properties of this new pentacene derivative were studied. Furthermore, the dication resulting from its two-electron oxidation was synthesized and fully characterized. The results disclose a new elegant route to electron-rich pentacene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Werr
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Elisabeth Kaifer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hans‐Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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8
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Galván A, Calleja J, González-Pérez AB, Álvarez R, de Lera AR, Fañanás FJ, Rodríguez F. Stereoselective [3+2] Carbocyclization of Indole-Derived Imines and Electron-Rich Alkenes: A Divergent Synthesis of Cyclopenta[b]indole or Tetrahydroquinoline Derivatives. Chemistry 2015; 21:16769-74. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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Domingo LR, Pérez P. A quantum chemical topological analysis of the C-C bond formation in organic reactions involving cationic species. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:14108-15. [PMID: 24901220 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01615g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ELF topological analysis of the ionic Diels-Alder (I-DA) reaction between the N,N-dimethyliminium cation and cyclopentadiene (Cp) has been performed in order to characterise the C-C single bond formation. The C-C bond formation begins in the short range of 2.00-1.96 Åvia a C-to-C pseudoradical coupling between the most electrophilic center of the iminium cation and one of the two most nucleophilic centers of Cp. The electron density of the pseudoradical center generated at the most electrophilic carbon of the iminium cation comes mainly from the global charge transfer which takes place along the reaction. Analysis of the global reactivity indices indicates that the very high electrophilic character of the iminium cation is responsible for the negative activation energy found in the gas phase. On the other hand, the analysis of the radical P(k)(o) Parr functions of the iminium cation, and the nucleophilic P(k)(-) Parr functions of Cp makes the characterisation of the most favourable two-center interaction along the formation of the C-C single bond possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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10
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Domingo LR, Aurell MJ, Pérez P. The mechanism of ionic Diels–Alder reactions. A DFT study of the oxa-Povarov reaction. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47805j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Topological ELF analysis along these I-DA reactions indicates that both mechanisms present a similar C–C bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Universidad de Valencia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria J. Aurell
- Universidad de Valencia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andrés Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica
- 8370146 Santiago, Chile
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11
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Domingo LR. A new C–C bond formation model based on the quantum chemical topology of electron density. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04280h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudodiradical structures and GEDT involved in the C–C single bond formation in non-polar, polar and ionic organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Universidad de Valencia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
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12
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Aasheim JH, Fliegl H, Uggerud E, Bonge-Hansen T, Eisenstein O. Stereoselectivity through a network of non-classical CH weak interactions: a prospective study of a bicyclic organocatalytic scaffold. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01460j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The preferred stereoisomeric product of this catalytic Diels–Alder reaction is in part determined by noncovalent CH⋯π interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heike Fliegl
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oslo
- Blindern, Norway
| | - Einar Uggerud
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oslo
- Blindern, Norway
| | | | - Odile Eisenstein
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oslo
- Blindern, Norway
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
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13
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Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Zheng L, Zhuo LG, Yang F, Dang Q, Yu ZX, Bai X. On-Demand Selection of the Reaction Path from Imino Diels-Alder to Ene-Type Cyclization: Synthesis of Epiminopyrimido[4,5-b]azepines. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Teixeira F, Melo A, Cordeiro MND. Aza-Diels–Alder addition of cyclopentadiene to propynyliminoglyoxylates. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Praveena R, Sadasivam K, Kumaresan R, Deepha V, Sivakumar R. Experimental and DFT studies on the antioxidant activity of a C-glycoside from Rhynchosia capitata. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 103:442-452. [PMID: 23246319 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rhynchosia capitata (=Glycine capitata) Heyne ex roth, was found to possess polyphenolics including flavonoids, which acts as potential antioxidant. The study of ethanolic extract of roots and leaves reveals that the leaves possess high polyphenolics including flavonoids than roots. This was also confirmed by DPPH radical scavenging activity. Leaf powder of the plant was extracted with different solvents by soxhlet apparatus in the order of increasing polarity. The DPPH scavenging activity of methanol fraction was found to be high compared to the crude extract and other fractions. Nitric oxide scavenging activity was dominant in chloroform fraction compared to methanol fraction. Presence of flavonoids especially vitexin, a C-glycoside in methanol and chloroform fractions were confirmed by high pressure thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis. The structural and molecular characteristics of naturally occurring flavonoid, vitexin was investigated in gas phase using density functional theory (DFT) approach with B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. Analysis of bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) reveals that the OH site that requires minimum energy for dissociation is 4'-OH from B-ring. To explore the radical scavenging activity of vitexin, the adiabatic ionization potential, electron affinity, hardness, softness, electronegativity and electrophilic index properties were computed and interpreted. The nonvalidity of Koopman's theorem has been verified by the computation of Eo and Ev energy magnitudes. Interestingly, from BDE calculations it was observed that BDE for 4'-OH, 5-OH and 7-OH are comparatively low for vitexin than its aglycone apigenin and this may be due to the presence of C-8 glucoside in vitexin. To substantiate this, plot of frontier molecular orbital and spin density distribution analysis for neutral and the corresponding radical species for the compound vitexin have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Praveena
- Department of Chemistry, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology (Autonomous), Sathyamangalam, Erode 638 401, Tamil Nadu, India
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Memeo MG, Quadrelli P. Iminium Ions as Dienophiles in Aza-Diels-Alder Reactions: A Closer Look. Chemistry 2012; 18:12554-82. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Diels–Alder reactions for the rational design of benzo[b]thiophenes: DFT-based guidelines for synthetic chemists. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Shihab MS. Theoretical Study of the Mechanism of an Inverse-Demand Diels–Alder Reaction. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-011-0167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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19
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Brasca R, Kneeteman MN, Mancini PME, Fabian WMF. Comprehensive DFT Study on Site-, Regio-, and Stereoselectivity of Diels-Alder Reactions Leading to 5-Hydroxybenzofurans. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Kilyanek SM, Stoebenau EJ, Vinayavekhin N, Jordan RF. Mechanism of the Reaction of Vinyl Chloride with (α-diimine)PdMe+ Species. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om1000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M. Kilyanek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Edward J. Stoebenau
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Nawaporn Vinayavekhin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Richard F. Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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Zhang C, Zhu Y, Wei D, Sun D, Zhang W, Tang M. Theoretical Study on the Reaction Mechanism between 6-Benzyl-6-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene and Benzoyl Isocyanate to Urea and Isourea. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2913-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp910173d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- Center of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhu
- Center of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- Center of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Dongzhen Sun
- Center of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Center of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Mingsheng Tang
- Center of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, P. R. China
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22
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Liang Y, Jiang X, Yu ZX. Mechanisms of Cascade Reactions in the Syntheses of Camptothecin-Family Alkaloids: Intramolecular [4+ + 2] Reactions of N-Arylimidates and Alkynes. Org Lett 2009; 11:5302-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xing Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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23
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Domingo LR, Sáez JA. Understanding the mechanism of polar Diels-Alder reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3576-83. [PMID: 19675915 DOI: 10.1039/b909611f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A good correlation between the activation energy and the polar character of Diels-Alder reactions measured as the charge transfer at the transition state structure has been found. This electronic parameter controls the reaction rate to an even greater extent than other recognized structural features. The proposed polar mechanism, which is characterized by the electrophilic/nucleophilic interactions at the transition state structure, can be easily predicted by analyzing the electrophilicity/nucleophilicity indices defined within the conceptual density functional theory. Due to the significance of the polarity of the reaction, Diels-Alder reactions should be classified as non-polar (N), polar (P), and ionic (I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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24
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Stereoselectivity of the aza-Diels–Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and protonated phenylethylimine derived from glyoxylates. A density functional theory study. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Understanding the stereo- and regioselectivities of the polar Diels-Alder reactions between 2-acetyl-1,4-benzoquinone and methyl substituted 1,3-butadienes: a DFT study. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Soto-Delgado J, Domingo LR, Contreras R. Understanding the influence of Lewis acids in the regioselectivity of the Diels–Alder reactions of 2-methoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone: A DFT study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Domingo LR, Pérez-Ruiz R, Argüello JE, Miranda MA. DFT Study on the Molecular Mechanism of the [4 + 2] Cycloaddition between Thiobenzophenone and Arylalkenes via Radical Cations. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:5718-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp900486e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain, and INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain, and INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan E. Argüello
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain, and INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Miguel A. Miranda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain, and INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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28
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Domingo LR, Picher MT, Sáez JA. Toward an Understanding of the Unexpected Regioselective Hetero-Diels−Alder Reactions of Asymmetric Tetrazines with Electron-Rich Ethylenes: A DFT Study. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2726-35. [PMID: 19260699 DOI: 10.1021/jo802822u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Picher
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - José A. Sáez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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29
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Domingo LR, Saéz JA, Zaragozá RJ, Arnó M. Understanding the participation of quadricyclane as nucleophile in polar [2sigma + 2sigma + 2pi] cycloadditions toward electrophilic pi molecules. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8791-9. [PMID: 18942791 DOI: 10.1021/jo801575g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The formal [2sigma + 2sigma + 2pi] cycloaddition of quadricyclane, 1, with dimethyl azodicarboxylate, 2, in water has been studied using DFT methods at the B3LYP/6-31G** and MPWB1K/6-31G** levels. In the gas phase, the reaction of 1 with 2 has a two-stage mechanism with a large polar character and an activation barrier of 23.2 kcal/mol. Inclusion of water through a combined discrete-continuum model changes the mechanism to a two-step model where the first nucleophilic attack of 1 to 2 is the rate-limiting step with an activation barrier of 14.7 kcal/mol. Analysis of the electronic structure of the transition state structures points out the large zwitterionic character of these species. A DFT analysis of the global electrophilicity and nucleophilicity of the reagents provides a sound explanation about the participation of 1 as a nucleophile in these cycloadditions. This behavior is reinforced by a further study of the reaction of 1 with 1,1-dicyanoethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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30
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Domingo LR, Chamorro E, Pérez P. Understanding the reactivity of captodative ethylenes in polar cycloaddition reactions. A theoretical study. J Org Chem 2008; 73:4615-24. [PMID: 18484771 DOI: 10.1021/jo800572a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 695] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The electrophilic/nucleophilic character of a series of captodative (CD) ethylenes involved in polar cycloaddition reactions has been studied using DFT methods at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. The transition state structures for the electrophilic/nucleophilic interactions of two CD ethylenes toward a nucleophilically activated ethylene, 2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane, and an electrophilically activated ethylene, 1,1-dicyanoethyelene, have been studied, and their electronic structures have been characterized using both NBO and ELF methods. Analysis of the reactivity indexes of the CD ethylenes explains the reactivity of these species. While the electrophilicity of the molecules accounts for the reactivity toward nucleophiles, it is shown that a simple index chosen for the nucleophilicity, Nu, based on the HOMO energy is useful explaining the reactivity of these CD ethylenes toward electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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31
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Iafe RG, Houk KN. Intramolecular Hetero-Diels−Alder Reactions of Imine and Iminium Dienophiles: Quantum Mechanical Exploration of Mechanisms and Stereoselectivities. J Org Chem 2008; 73:2679-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702576r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Iafe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
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32
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Domingo LR, José Aurell M, Kneeteman MN, Mancini PM. Mechanistic details of the domino reaction of nitronaphthalenes with the electron-rich dienes. A DFT study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Domingo LR, Picher MT, Arroyo P. Towards an Understanding of the Polar Diels–Alder Reactions of Nitrosoalkenes with Enamines: A Theoretical Study. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Gordillo R, Houk KN. Origins of stereoselectivity in Diels-Alder cycloadditions catalyzed by chiral imidazolidinones. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:3543-53. [PMID: 16536527 PMCID: PMC3164120 DOI: 10.1021/ja0525859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
B3LYP/6-31G(d) density functional theory has been used to study Diels-Alder reactions of cyclopentadiene with alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones organocatalyzed by MacMillan's chiral imidazolidinones. Preferred conformations of transition structures and reaction intermediates have been located. The dramatically different reactivities and enantioselectivities exhibited by two similar chiral imidazolidinones are rationalized.
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35
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Domingo LR, Pérez P, Contreras R. π-Strain-Induced Electrophilicity in Small Cycloalkynes: A DFT Analysis of the Polar Cycloaddition of Cyclopentyne towards Enol Ethers. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Herberich GE, Englert U, Wirth T. Enantiopure Ruthenocenes Cp*Ru(1,2-C5H3R1R2) with a Planar Chiral Cyclopentadienyl Ligand and a Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Spectator Ligand. Eur J Inorg Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200500686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Tamilmani V, Daul C, Venuvanalingam P. Electrostatic control on endo/exo selectivity in ionic cycloaddition. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Experimental and DFT study of the aza-Diels–Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and protonated benzylimine derivated from glyoxylates. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Hydrogen bond stabilization in Diels–Alder transition states: The cycloaddition of hydroxy-ortho-quinodimethane with fumaric acid and dimethylfumarate. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Hermitage S, Howard JAK, Jay D, Pritchard RG, Probert MR, Whiting A. Mechanistic studies on the formal aza-Diels-Alder reactions of N-aryl imines: evidence for the non-concertedness under Lewis-acid catalysed conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:2451-60. [PMID: 15326525 DOI: 10.1039/b407293f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of a para-methoxyaniline, ethyl glyoxalate-derived imine with a series of dienes has resulted in products, which initially suggest the operation of different modes of aza-Diels-Alder reaction. However, a more likely explanation is that a common reaction mechanism is operating, involving a step-wise Lewis-acid catalysed process, which only appears to behave similarly to alternative concerted cycloaddition reactions.
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41
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A theoretical study of the cycloaddition between cyclopentadiene and allylideneammonium cation: an AM1 study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(02)00566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Domingo LR. A density functional theory study for the Diels–Alder reaction between N-acyl-1-aza-1,3-butadienes and vinylamines. Lewis acid catalyst and solvent effects. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Quantitative characterization of the global electrophilicity power of common diene/dienophile pairs in Diels–Alder reactions. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 679] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Domingo LR, Aurell MJ. Density functional theory study of the cycloaddition reaction of furan derivatives with masked o-benzoquinones. Does the furan act as a dienophile in the cycloaddition reaction? J Org Chem 2002; 67:959-65. [PMID: 11856044 DOI: 10.1021/jo011003c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism for the cycloaddition reaction between 2-methylfuran and a masked o-benzoquinone has been characterized using quantum mechanical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G theory level. An analysis of the results on the reaction pathway shows that the reaction takes place along a polar stepwise mechanism. The first and rate-determining step corresponds to the nucleophilic attack of the furan ring on the doubly conjugated position of the 2,4-dienone system present at the masked o-benzoquinone to give a zwitterionic intermediate. Closure of this intermediate affords the formally [2 + 4] cycloadduct. For the second step two reactive channels have been characterized corresponding to the formation of the formally [2 + 4] and [4 + 2] cycloadducts. Analysis of the energetic results indicates that while the first is the meta regiocontrolling and endo stereocontrolling step, the second one is responsible for the formation of the unexpected formally [2 + 4] cycloadduct. The global and local electrophilicity/nucleophilicity power of the reactants and intermediate have been evaluated to rationalize these results. Density functional theory analysis for these cycloadditions is in complete agreement with the experimental outcome, explaining the reactivity and selectivity of the formation of the formally [2 + 4] cycloadducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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45
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Domingo LR, Arnó M, Contreras R, Pérez P. Density Functional Theory Study for the Cycloaddition of 1,3-Butadienes with Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate. Polar Stepwise vs Concerted Mechanisms. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp012603i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653-Santiago, Chile, and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Arnó
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653-Santiago, Chile, and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renato Contreras
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653-Santiago, Chile, and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653-Santiago, Chile, and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile
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46
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Domingo LR, Asensio A, Arroyo P. Density functional theory study of the Lewis acid-catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction of nitroalkenes with vinyl ethers using aluminum derivatives. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Domingo LR, Oliva M, Andrés J. A theoretical study of the reaction between cyclopentadiene and protonated imine derivatives: a shift from a concerted to a stepwise molecular mechanism. J Org Chem 2001; 66:6151-7. [PMID: 11529744 DOI: 10.1021/jo0015422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between cyclopentadiene and protonated pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde imine derivatives has been studied by using Hartree-Fock (HF) and B3LYP methods together with the 6-31G basis set. The molecular mechanism is stepwise along an inverted energy profile. This results from the protonation on both nitrogen atoms of the imine group and the pyridine framework. The first step corresponds to the nucleophilic attack of cyclopentadiene on the electron-poor carbon atom of the iminium cation group to give an acyclic cation intermediate, and the second step is associated with the ring closure of this intermediate via the formation of a C-N single bond yielding the final cycloadduct. Two reactive channels have been characterized corresponding to the endo and exo approach modes of the cyclopentadiene to the iminium cation. The role of the pyridium cation substituent and the nitrogen position (ortho, meta, and para) along the reaction pathway has been also considered. Solvent effects (dichloromethane) by means of a continuum model have been taken into account to model the experimental environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Domingo
- Intituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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48
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Diastereoselectivity in the hetero [4+2] cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene to N-benzyliminoacetyl derivatives of (2R)-bornane-10,2-sultam and other chiral secondary alcohols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(01)00356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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