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Movahedpour A, Ahmadi N, Ghalamfarsa F, Ghesmati Z, Khalifeh M, Maleksabet A, Shabaninejad Z, Taheri-Anganeh M, Savardashtaki A. β-Galactosidase: From its source and applications to its recombinant form. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:612-628. [PMID: 33656174 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes are a group of important enzymes playing a critical role in the degradation and synthesis of carbohydrates. Glycosidases can hydrolyze glycosides into oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates via a cost-effective approach. Lactase is an important member of β-glycosidases found in higher plants, animals, and microorganisms. β-Galactosidases can be used to degrade the milk lactose for making lactose-free milk, which is sweeter than regular milk and is suitable for lactose-intolerant people. β-Galactosidase is employed by many food industries to degrade lactose and improve the digestibility, sweetness, solubility, and flavor of dairy products. β-Galactosidase enzymes have various families and are applied in the food-processing industries such as hydrolyzed-milk products, whey, and galactooligosaccharides. Thus, this enzyme is a valuable protein which is now produced by recombinant technology. In this review, origins, structure, recombinant production, and critical modifications of β-galactosidase for improving the production process are discussed. Since β-galactosidase is a valuable enzyme in industry and health care, a study of its various aspects is important in industrial biotechnology and applied biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nahid Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farideh Ghalamfarsa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ghesmati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Khalifeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Maleksabet
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Zahra Shabaninejad
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh
- Shahid Arefian Hospital, Urmia, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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2
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Liquid-Phase and Ultrahigh-Frequency-Acoustofluidics-Based Solid-Phase Synthesis of Biotin-Tagged 6′/3′-Sialyl-N-Acetylglucosamine by Sequential One-Pot Multienzyme System. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10111347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
6′/3′-Sialylated N-acetyllactosamine (6′/3′-SLN) is important for discrimination of the source (human or avian) of influenza virus strains. Biotinylated oligosaccharides have been widely used for analysis and quick detection. The development of efficient strategies to synthesize biotin-tagged 6′/3′-SLN have become necessary. Effective mixing is essential for enzymatic solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis (SPOS). In the current study, newly developed technology ultrahigh-frequency-acoustofluidics (UHFA), which can provide a powerful source for efficient microfluidic mixing, solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis and one-pot multienzyme (OPME) system, were used to develop a new strategy for oligosaccharide synthesis. Firstly, biotinylated N-acetylglucosamine was designed and chemically synthesized through traditional approaches. Secondly, biotinylated 6′- and 3′-sialyl-N-acetylglucosamines were prepared in solution through two sequential OPME modules in with a yield of ~95%. Thirdly, 6′-SLN was also prepared through UHFA-based enzymatic solid-phase synthesis on magnetic beads with a yield of 64.4%. The current strategy would be potentially used for synthesis of functional oligosaccharides.
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3
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β-Galactosidases: A great tool for synthesizing galactose-containing carbohydrates. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 39:107465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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4
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Mestrom L, Przypis M, Kowalczykiewicz D, Pollender A, Kumpf A, Marsden SR, Bento I, Jarzębski AB, Szymańska K, Chruściel A, Tischler D, Schoevaart R, Hanefeld U, Hagedoorn PL. Leloir Glycosyltransferases in Applied Biocatalysis: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215263. [PMID: 31652818 PMCID: PMC6861944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are nature’s catalyst of choice for the highly selective and efficient coupling of carbohydrates. Enzymatic sugar coupling is a competitive technology for industrial glycosylation reactions, since chemical synthetic routes require extensive use of laborious protection group manipulations and often lack regio- and stereoselectivity. The application of Leloir glycosyltransferases has received considerable attention in recent years and offers excellent control over the reactivity and selectivity of glycosylation reactions with unprotected carbohydrates, paving the way for previously inaccessible synthetic routes. The development of nucleotide recycling cascades has allowed for the efficient production and reuse of nucleotide sugar donors in robust one-pot multi-enzyme glycosylation cascades. In this way, large glycans and glycoconjugates with complex stereochemistry can be constructed. With recent advances, LeLoir glycosyltransferases are close to being applied industrially in multi-enzyme, programmable cascade glycosylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Mestrom
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Section Biocatalysis, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Marta Przypis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Daria Kowalczykiewicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - André Pollender
- Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Antje Kumpf
- Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Stefan R Marsden
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Section Biocatalysis, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Isabel Bento
- EMBL Hamburg, Notkestraβe 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Andrzej B Jarzębski
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Szymańska
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Ks. M. Strzody 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | | | - Dirk Tischler
- Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Rob Schoevaart
- ChiralVision, J.H. Oortweg 21, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Section Biocatalysis, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Section Biocatalysis, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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5
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β-N-Acetylhexosaminidases-the wizards of glycosylation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7869-7881. [PMID: 31401752 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
β-N-Acetylhexosaminidases (EC 3.2.1.52) are a unique family of glycoside hydrolases with dual substrate specificity and a particular reaction mechanism. Though hydrolytic enzymes per se, their good stability, easy recombinant production, absolute stereoselectivity, and a broad substrate specificity predestine these enzymes for challenging applications in carbohydrate synthesis. This mini-review aims to demonstrate the catalytic potential of β-N-acetylhexosaminidases in a range of unusual reactions, processing of unnatural substrates, formation of unexpected products, and demanding reaction designs. The use of unconventional media can considerably alter the progress of transglycosylation reactions. By means of site-directed mutagenesis, novel catalytic machineries can be constructed. Glycosylation of difficult substrates such as sugar nucleotides was accomplished, and the range of afforded glycosidic bonds comprises unique non-reducing sugars. Specific functional groups may be tolerated in the substrate molecule, which makes β-N-acetylhexosaminidases invaluable allies in difficult synthetic problems.
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Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most prevalent posttranslational modifications that profoundly affects the structure and functions of proteins in a wide variety of biological recognition events. However, the structural complexity and heterogeneity of glycoproteins, usually resulting from the variations of glycan components and/or the sites of glycosylation, often complicates detailed structure-function relationship studies and hampers the therapeutic applications of glycoproteins. To address these challenges, various chemical and biological strategies have been developed for producing glycan-defined homogeneous glycoproteins. This review highlights recent advances in the development of chemoenzymatic methods for synthesizing homogeneous glycoproteins, including the generation of various glycosynthases for synthetic purposes, endoglycosidase-catalyzed glycoprotein synthesis and glycan remodeling, and direct enzymatic glycosylation of polypeptides and proteins. The scope, limitation, and future directions of each method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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7
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Wen L, Edmunds G, Gibbons C, Zhang J, Gadi MR, Zhu H, Fang J, Liu X, Kong Y, Wang PG. Toward Automated Enzymatic Synthesis of Oligosaccharides. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8151-8187. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Garrett Edmunds
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Christopher Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Madhusudhan Reddy Gadi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hailiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Junqiang Fang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xianwei Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yun Kong
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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8
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Vurgun N, Nitz M. Highly Functionalized β-Cyclodextrins by Solid-Supported Synthesis. Chemistry 2018; 24:4459-4467. [PMID: 29389050 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Using covalent capture, a high yielding selective mono-functionalization of heptakis-[6-deoxy-6-(2-aminoethylsulfanyl)]-β-CD with a 5-mercaptopentyl functional group has been achieved. Here, we demonstrate the immobilization of the mono-thiol functionalized β-CD on PEGA resin via a disulfide bond, enabling solid-phase elaboration of the remaining six primary amines. To showcase the potential of this method, the amines were elaborated to tripeptides through standard Fmoc-peptide chemistry. A small library of CD-tripeptide conjugates was generated which, when reduced from the solid support, could be tagged at the released thiol with an environmentally sensitive fluorophore. The resulting library of sensors showed potential for the differential sensing of various bile salts. The described methodology provides a rapid and versatile route to synthesize highly functionalized libraries of CD derivatives that may be tailored towards applications in sensing, catalysis, and multivalent displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin Vurgun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark Nitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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9
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Naqvi S, Moerschbacher BM. The cell factory approach toward biotechnological production of high-value chitosan oligomers and their derivatives: an update. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 37:11-25. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1104289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Douat C, Berni E, Jacquet R, Pouységu L, Deffieux D, Quideau S. Protecting-Group-Free Solid-Phase Anchoring of PolyphenolicC-Glucosidic Ellagitannins and Synthesis of 1-Alkylamino-Vescalagin Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Gray CJ, Weissenborn MJ, Eyers CE, Flitsch SL. Enzymatic reactions on immobilised substrates. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 42:6378-405. [PMID: 23579870 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of enzymatic reactions that have been conducted on substrates attached to solid surfaces. Such biochemical reactions have become more important with the drive to miniaturisation and automation in chemistry, biology and medicine. Technical aspects such as choice of solid surface and analytical methods are discussed and examples of enzyme reactions that have been successful on these surfaces are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Gray
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Road, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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12
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Tarkowski P, Vereecke D. Threats and opportunities of plant pathogenic bacteria. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:215-29. [PMID: 24216222 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria can have devastating effects on plant productivity and yield. Nevertheless, because these often soil-dwelling bacteria have evolved to interact with eukaryotes, they generally exhibit a strong adaptivity, a versatile metabolism, and ingenious mechanisms tailored to modify the development of their hosts. Consequently, besides being a threat for agricultural practices, phytopathogens may also represent opportunities for plant production or be useful for specific biotechnological applications. Here, we illustrate this idea by reviewing the pathogenic strategies and the (potential) uses of five very different (hemi)biotrophic plant pathogenic bacteria: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, A. rhizogenes, Rhodococcus fascians, scab-inducing Streptomyces spp., and Pseudomonas syringae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Tarkowski
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Danny Vereecke
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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13
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Shim JH, Withers SG. Improvement of the expression level of β-glucosidase from Agrobacterium sp. in Escherichia coli by rare codon optimization. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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14
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Etxebarria J, Serna S, Beloqui A, Martin-Lomas M, Reichardt NC. Three-Dimensional Arrays Using GlycoPEG Tags: Glycan Synthesis, Purification and Immobilisation. Chemistry 2013; 19:4776-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Teze D, Dion M, Daligault F, Tran V, André-Miral C, Tellier C. Alkoxyamino glycoside acceptors for the regioselective synthesis of oligosaccharides using glycosynthases and transglycosidases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:448-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Yang S, Zhang H. Solid-phase glycan isolation for glycomics analysis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2012; 6:596-608. [PMID: 23090885 PMCID: PMC3674833 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201200045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most significant protein PTMs. The biological activities of proteins are dramatically changed by the glycans associated with them. Thus, structural analysis of the glycans of glycoproteins in complex biological or clinical samples is critical in correlation with the functions of glycans with diseases. Profiling of glycans by HPLC-MS is a commonly used technique in analyzing glycan structures and quantifying their relative abundance in different biological systems. Methods relied on MS require isolation of glycans from negligible salts and other contaminant ions since salts and ions may interfere with the glycans, resulting in poor glycan ionization. To accomplish those objectives, glycan isolation and clean-up methods including SPE, liquid-phase extraction, chromatography, and electrophoresis have been developed. Traditionally, glycans are isolated from proteins or peptides using a combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic columns: proteins and peptides remain on hydrophobic absorbent while glycans, salts, and other hydrophilic reagents are collected as flowthrough. The glycans in the flowthrough are then purified through graphite-activated carbon column by hydrophilic interaction LC. Yet, the drawback in these affinity-based approaches is nonspecific binding. As a result, chemical methods by hydrazide or oxime have been developed for solid-phase isolation of glycans with high specificity and yield. Combined with high-resolution MS, specific glycan isolation techniques provide tremendous potentials as useful tools for glycomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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17
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Desmet T, Soetaert W, Bojarová P, Křen V, Dijkhuizen L, Eastwick-Field V, Schiller A. Enzymatic glycosylation of small molecules: challenging substrates require tailored catalysts. Chemistry 2012; 18:10786-801. [PMID: 22887462 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation can significantly improve the physicochemical and biological properties of small molecules like vitamins, antibiotics, flavors, and fragrances. The chemical synthesis of glycosides is, however, far from trivial and involves multistep routes that generate lots of waste. In this review, biocatalytic alternatives are presented that offer both stricter specificities and higher yields. The advantages and disadvantages of different enzyme classes are discussed and illustrated with a number of recent examples. Progress in the field of enzyme engineering and screening are expected to result in new applications of biocatalytic glycosylation reactions in various industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Desmet
- University of Ghent, Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Gent, Belgium
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18
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Cobucci-Ponzano B, Moracci M. Glycosynthases as tools for the production of glycan analogs of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:697-709. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20032e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Schmaltz
- The Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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21
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Ma Q, Sun S, Meng XB, Li Q, Li SC, Li ZJ. Assembly of Homolinear α(1→2)-Linked Nonamannoside on Ionic Liquid Support. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5652-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2006126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Bao Meng
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Chun Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Jun Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
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23
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Zhuo C, Xian D, Hui X, Mei L. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 3,5-Disubstituted Thiohydantoins Using Functional Ionic Liquid as Soluble Support. HETEROCYCLES 2011. [DOI: 10.3987/com-10-12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Kracun SK, Cló E, Clausen H, Levery SB, Jensen KJ, Blixt O. Random glycopeptide bead libraries for seromic biomarker discovery. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:6705-14. [PMID: 20886906 DOI: 10.1021/pr1008477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Identification of disease-specific biomarkers is important to address early diagnosis and management of disease. Aberrant post-translational modifications (PTM) of proteins such as O-glycosylations (O-PTMs) are emerging as triggers of autoantibodies that can serve as sensitive biomarkers. Here we have developed a random glycopeptide bead library screening platform for detection of autoantibodies and other binding proteins. Libraries were build on biocompatible PEGA beads including a safety-catch C-terminal amide linker (SCAL) that allowed mild cleavage conditions (I(2)/NaBH(4) and TFA) for release of glycopeptides and sequence determination by ESI-Orbitrap-MS(n). As proof-of-principle, tumor -specific glycopeptide reporter epitopes were built-in into the libraries and were detected by tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies and autoantibodies from cancer patients. Sequenced and identified glycopeptides were resynthesized at the preparative scale by automated parallel peptide synthesis and printed on microarrays for validation and broader analysis with larger sets of sera. We further showed that chemical synthesis of the monosaccharide O-glycopeptide library (Tn-glycoform) could be diversified to other tumor glycoforms by on-bead enzymatic glycosylation reactions with recombinant glycosyltransferases. Hence, we have developed a high-throughput flexible platform for rapid discovery of O-glycopeptide biomarkers and the method has applicability in other types of assays such as lectin/antibody/enzyme specificity studies as well as investigation of other PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stjepan K Kracun
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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25
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Jahn M, Withers SG. New Approaches to Enzymatic Oligosaccharide Synthesis: Glycosynthases and Thioglycoligases. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420310001614351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Two-Step Enzymatic Modification of Solid-Supported Bergenin in Aqueous and Organic Media. Tetrahedron Lett 2010; 51:1220. [PMID: 20174610 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The natural flavonoid bergenin was directly immobilized onto carboxylic acid functionalized controlled pore glass (carboxy-CPG) at 95% yield. Immobilized bergenin was brominated via chloroperoxidase in aqueous solution and then transesterified with vinyl butyrate in diisopropyl ether by subtilisin carslberg (SC) extracted into the organic solvent via ion pairing. Enzymatic cleavage of 7-bromo-4-butyrylbergenin from carboxy-CPG (9.6% final yield) was accomplished using lipase B (LipB) in an aqueous/organic mixture (90/10 v/v of water/acetonitrile), demonstrating the feasibility of solid phase biocatalysis of a natural product in aqueous and non-aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Boas
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bulowsvej 27, DK-1790 Copenhagen, Denmark
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D’Almeida A, Ionata M, Tran V, Tellier C, Dion M, Rabiller C. An expeditious and efficient synthesis of β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-d-N-acetylglucosamine (lacto-N-biose) using a glycosynthase from Thermus thermophilus as a catalyst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Foose LL, Blanch HW, Radke C. Effect of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate on subtilisin Carlsberg proteolysis of an immobilized ovalbumin film. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:1273-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Kitaoka M, Honda Y, Fushinobu S, Hidaka M, Katayama T, Yamamoto K. Conversion of inverting glycoside hydrolases into catalysts for synthesizing glycosides employing a glycosynthase strategy. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2009. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.21.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Engineering of glucoside acceptors for the regioselective synthesis of β-(1→3)-disaccharides with glycosynthases. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2939-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 07/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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Deere J, De Oliveira RF, Tomaszewski B, Millar S, Lalaouni A, Solares LF, Flitsch SL, Halling PJ. Kinetics of enzyme attack on substrates covalently attached to solid surfaces: influence of spacer chain length, immobilized substrate surface concentration and surface charge. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:11762-11769. [PMID: 18817422 DOI: 10.1021/la801932f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of alpha-chymotrypsin to cleave covalently bound N-acetyl- l-tryptophan (Ac-Trp-OH) from the surfaces of aminopropylated controlled pore glass (CPG) and the polymer PEGA 1,900 was investigated. Oligoglycine spacer chains were used to present the covalently attached Ac-Trp-OH substrate to the aqueous enzyme. In the absence of the oligoglycine spacer chain, the rate of release was relatively slow, especially from the PEGA 1,900. These slow rates reflect the position of the amino group to which Ac-Trp-OH is covalently attached. On the glass there was a clear optimum with a chain of four glycine residues. For PEGA 1,900 there is no real apparent change beyond two glycine residues. The decline in rate beyond these optima are a possible result of changes in oligoglycine structure. Comparing different surface loadings of bound substrate the rate of release of Ac-Trp-OH from CPG with a pore diameter of 1,200 A was optimal when using 83% of the maximum that can be coupled, then fell again at higher loading. The rate of Ac-Trp-OH release from CPG was the same for surface coverages of 0.4 and 1.0. The introduction of permanent surface charges on CPG 1,200 exhibits a distinct influence on enzymatic cleavage with an increase in the rate of biocatalysis at the surface. Optimal presentation of covalently immobilized substrate on different supports by use of appropriate linkers leads to favorable biocatalysis from the support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Deere
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K.
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Foose LL, Blanch HW, Radke CJ. Kinetics of adsorption and proteolytic cleavage of a multilayer ovalbumin film by subtilisin Carlsberg. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:7388-7393. [PMID: 18564867 DOI: 10.1021/la8007014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption and proteolytic activity of the enzyme subtilisin Carlsberg have been studied on an immobilized, multilayer ovalbumin film. The cross-linked multilayer substrate permits protease adsorption to be examined unencumbered by the surface inhomogeneity typically observed in monolayer studies of protease surface kinetics. Decline of the protein film was measured over time using ellipsometry. Resulting kinetic data as a function of aqueous enzyme concentration and temperature were well fit by a Langmuir-Michaelis-Menten model for surface proteolysis. We observed that both the protein degradation kinetics and the in situ adsorption data were well described by the proposed model. The temperature dependence of the kinetic rate parameter yielded an activation energy of 12 kcal/mol. Further, the apparent Langmuir adsorption equilibrium constant of the enzyme at the protein/aqueous interface was 0.11 L/mg at 22 degrees C, 0.034 L/mg at 36 degrees C, and 0.011 L/mg at 50 degrees C. Although enzyme adsorption at a given aqueous enzyme concentration decreased at higher temperature, the enzyme cleaved the substrate more rapidly, leading to a net increase in the ovalbumin film degradation rate. We observed that the maximum enzyme coverage on the immobilized protein surface was approximately 40% of a close-packed monolayer at ambient temperature (22 degrees C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan L Foose
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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34
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Enzyme catalysis on solid surfaces. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:328-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Thornton PD, Mart RJ, Webb SJ, Ulijn RV. Enzyme-responsive hydrogel particles for the controlled release of proteins: designing peptide actuators to match payload. SOFT MATTER 2008; 4:821-827. [PMID: 32907188 DOI: 10.1039/b714750c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on enzyme-responsive hydrogel particles for the controlled release of proteins. Amino-functionalised poly(ethylene glycol acrylamide) (PEGA) hydrogel particles were functionalised with peptide actuators that cause charge-induced swelling and payload release when triggered enzymatically. Peptide-based actuators were designed to match the specificity of the target enzyme, while also matching the charge properties of the to-be released protein payload, thereby uniquely allowing for tuneable release profiles. Fluorescently labelled albumin and avidin, proteins of similar size but opposite charge, were released at a rate that was governed by the peptide actuator linked to the polymer carrier, offering a highly controlled release mechanism. Release profiles were analysed using a combination of fluorescence spectroscopy of the solution and two-photon fluorescence microscopy to analyse enzymatically triggered molecular events within hydrogel particles during the initial stages of release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Thornton
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre (MIB) and School of Materials, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Robert J Mart
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre (MIB) and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Simon J Webb
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre (MIB) and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Rein V Ulijn
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre (MIB) and School of Materials, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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Chemo-enzymatic supported synthesis of the 3-sulfated Lewis a pentasaccharide on a multimeric polyethylene glycol. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:970-6. [PMID: 18280461 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The 3-sulfated Lewis(a) pentasaccharide was synthesized on multimeric-based polyethylene glycol support. Coupling of O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-4,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-beta-D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate with (2,6-di-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-->4)-(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside) bound onto the polymer afforded lacto-N-tetraose, which was then regioselectively sulfated at the 3-OH position of the terminal galactose using the stannylene procedure. Fucosylation of the sulfated tetrasaccharide was performed using an immobilized fucosyltransferase FucTIII to give the title compound after cleavage.
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37
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Hu BH, Jones MR, Messersmith PB. Method for screening and MALDI-TOF MS sequencing of encoded combinatorial libraries. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7275-85. [PMID: 17713965 PMCID: PMC2586901 DOI: 10.1021/ac070418g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new method for encoded synthesis, efficient on-resin screening, and rapid unambiguous sequencing of combinatorial peptide libraries. An improved binary tag system for encoding peptide libraries during synthesis was designed to facilitate unequivocal assignment of isobaric residues by MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The improved method for encoded library synthesis was combined with a new versatile on-resin screening strategy that permitted multiple stages and types of screening to be employed successively on one library under mild conditions. The new method facilitated a combinatorial study of transglutaminase (TGase) enzyme substrate peptides, revealing new details of the effect of amino acid composition on TGase substrates. The approach was first demonstrated for an encoded library (130,321 compounds) of lysine pentapeptide substrates of TGase, synthesized using the "split-mix" method. The library was reacted on-resin with TGase enzyme and a soluble desthiobiotin labeled glutamine substrate. Initial screening was performed by adsorbing streptavidin-coated magnetic microparticles onto library beads, followed by magnetic separation. The differential binding affinities of desthiobiotin and biotin for streptavidin were exploited to release the magnetic microparticles and regenerate the desthiobiotin-labeled resin beads for further screening by flow-cytometry-based automated bead sorting, resulting in 345 beads that were sequenced by MALDI-TOF MS analysis. A second library consisted of encoded glutamine hexapeptide substrates, which was reacted on-resin with TGase enzyme and a soluble desthiobiotin-labeled cadaverine. Two-stage screening identified 267 glutamine peptides as TGase-reactive, of which 21 were further analyzed by solution-phase enzyme kinetics. Kinetic results indicated that the peptide PQQQYV from the library has a 68-fold greater substrate specificity than the best known glutamine substrate QQIV. The new encoding and screening strategies described here are expected to be broadly applicable to synthesis and screening of combinatorial peptide libraries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phillip B. Messersmith
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: (847)467-5273., Fax: (847)491-4928. E-mail:
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Nayak S, Yeo WS, Mrksich M. Determination of kinetic parameters for interfacial enzymatic reactions on self-assembled monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:5578-83. [PMID: 17402753 PMCID: PMC2518328 DOI: 10.1021/la062860k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a method to characterize the kinetic constants for the action of enzymes on immobilized substrates. This example uses cutinase, a serine esterase that hydrolyzes 4-hydroxyphenyl valerate moieties that are immobilized on a self-assembled monolayer of alkanethiolates on gold. The product of the enzyme reaction is a hydroquinone, which is redox active and therefore permits the use of cyclic voltammetry to monitor the extent of reaction in situ. A kinetic model based on the Michaelis-Menten formalism is used to analyze the dependence of initial rates of reaction on both the substrate density and the enzyme concentration. The resulting value of k(cat)/K(M) for the interfacial reaction is comparable to that for a homogeneous phase reaction with a substrate of similar structure. This strategy of using monolayers presenting substrates for the enzyme and cyclic voltammetry to measure reaction rates provides quantitative and real-time information on reaction rates and permits a level of analysis of interfacial enzyme reactions that to date has been difficult to realize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL-60637
| | | | - Milan Mrksich
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL-60637
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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39
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Larsen K, Thygesen MB, Guillaumie F, Willats WGT, Jensen KJ. Solid-phase chemical tools for glycobiology. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1209-34. [PMID: 16716275 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Techniques involving solid supports have played crucial roles in the development of genomics, proteomics, and in molecular biology in general. Similarly, methods for immobilization or attachment to surfaces and resins have become ubiquitous in sequencing, synthesis, analysis, and screening of oligonucleotides, peptides, and proteins. However, solid-phase tools have been employed to a much lesser extent in glycobiology and glycomics. This review provides a comprehensive overview of solid-phase chemical tools for glycobiology including methodologies and applications. We provide a broad perspective of different approaches, including some well-established ones, such as immobilization in microtiter plates and to cross-linked polymers. Emerging areas such as glycan microarrays and glycan sequencing, quantum dots, and gold nanoparticles for nanobioscience applications are also discussed. The applications reviewed here include enzymology, immunology, elucidation of biosynthesis, and systems biology, as well as first steps toward solid-supported sequencing. From these methods and applications emerge a general vision for the use of solid-phase chemical tools in glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Larsen
- Department of Natural Sciences, Section for Bioorganic Chemistry, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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40
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41
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Guillaumie F, Justesen SFL, Mutenda KE, Roepstorff P, Jensen KJ, Thomas ORT. Fractionation, solid-phase immobilization and chemical degradation of long pectin oligogalacturonides. Initial steps towards sequencing of oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:118-29. [PMID: 16297890 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the optimized separation of pectin oligomers, their analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), their subsequent immobilization to supports, and our initial steps towards solid-support assisted sequencing. The ambient pressure strong anion-exchange resin Source 15Q combined with ammonium formate buffer (AF) was used for the separation of unsaturated and saturated pectic oligogalacturonides (OGAs) derived from enzymatic digestion of pectin. Routinely, multi-milligram quantities of defined sizes OGAs with DPs from 5 to 19 were produced in excellent purity (>95%). Elution of OGAs followed by direct analysis of the peak fractions by MALDI-TOF MS. Purified OGAs (DP 5-7) were chemoselectively immobilized onto aminooxy-terminated polyethylene glycol polyacrylamide (PEGA) supports. Solid-phase anchoring took place at the reducing end of the oligosaccharide and resulted in the formation of an oxime linkage. The very high coupling yields confirmed the general suitability of aminooxy-PEGA resins for the immobilization of OGAs of different lengths. The OGA-functionalized PEGA supports were subsequently treated with aq TFA at 40 or 60 degrees C, and the chemical degradation products released from the support were analyzed by ESIMS. In all cases, the original OGA was degraded into smaller oligomers of various sizes down to the monomer. This work illustrates some of the basic principles underlying a strategy ultimately aimed at solid-support assisted sequencing of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Guillaumie
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Building 223, Søltofts Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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43
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Abstract
We report on a new class of enzyme responsive polymer hydrogels, the molecular accessibility of which can be changed selectively by enzymes present in a sample fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Thornton
- School of Materials, Materials Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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44
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Daniellou R, Le Narvor C. Synthesis of GDP-Fucose on a Soluble Support: A Donor Substrate for the Fucosyltransferases. Adv Synth Catal 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200505170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Halling PJ, Ulijn RV, Flitsch SL. Understanding enzyme action on immobilised substrates. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2005; 16:385-92. [PMID: 16005203 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Revised: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With increasing interest in automated synthesis and screening protocols, solid supported chemistry and biochemistry are attractive technologies. Studies with surface-immobilised substrates have been carried out to analyse enzyme accessibility, kinetics and thermodynamics. Several interesting new methods have been developed to monitor enzyme action on substrates attached to a solid phase such as polymer beads glass or gold surfaces. These include fluorescence measurements, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and the use of quartz crystal microbalances to measure weight changes of immobilised molecules directly on the surface. Approaches that allow spatial resolution in single beads have also been reported. The ability of enzymes to reach the inside of beads is becoming better characterised and new supports have been developed that allow improved accessibility. The equilibrium position of reactions on the solid surface can be substantially shifted compared with reactions in solution, and this can be usefully exploited using hydrolases in reverse. Research is also starting to tackle the way in which kinetics are modified when the substrates are surface immobilised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Halling
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK.
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46
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Perugino G, Cobucci-Ponzano B, Rossi M, Moracci M. Recent Advances in the Oligosaccharide Synthesis Promoted by Catalytically Engineered Glycosidases. Adv Synth Catal 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200505070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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47
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Drone J, Feng HY, Tellier C, Hoffmann L, Tran V, Rabiller C, Dion M. Thermus thermophilus Glycosynthases for the Efficient Synthesis of Galactosyl and Glucosyl β-(1→3)-Glycosides. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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48
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49
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Paris G, Ratier L, Amaya MF, Nguyen T, Alzari PM, Frasch ACC. A sialidase mutant displaying trans-sialidase activity. J Mol Biol 2005; 345:923-34. [PMID: 15588836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Revised: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, expresses a modified sialidase, the trans-sialidase, which transfers sialic acid from host glycoconjugates to beta-galactose present in parasite mucins. Another American trypanosome, Trypanosoma rangeli, expresses a homologous protein that has sialidase activity but is devoid of transglycosidase activity. Based on the recently determined structures of T.rangeli sialidase (TrSA) and T.cruzi trans-sialidase (TcTS), we have now constructed mutants of TrSA with the aim of studying the relevant residues in transfer activity. Five mutations, Met96-Val, Ala98-Pro, Ser120-Tyr, Gly249-Tyr and Gln284-Pro, were enough to obtain a sialidase mutant (TrSA(5mut)) with trans-sialidase activity; and a sixth mutation increased the activity to about 10% that of wild-type TcTS. The crystal structure of TrSA(5mut) revealed the formation of a trans-sialidase-like binding site for the acceptor galactose, primarily defined by the phenol group of Tyr120 and the indole ring of Trp313, which adopts a new conformation, similar to that in TcTS, induced by the Gln284-Pro mutation. The transition state analogue 2,3-didehydro-2-deoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA), which inhibits sialidases but is a poor inhibitor of trans-sialidase, was used to probe the active site conformation of mutant enzymes. The results show that the presence of a sugar acceptor binding-site, the fine-tuning of protein-substrate interactions and the flexibility of crucial active site residues are all important to achieve transglycosidase activity from the TrSA sialidase scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Paris
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, CONICET-UNSAM, CC30, 1650, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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50
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Daines AM, Maltman BA, Flitsch SL. Synthesis and modifications of carbohydrates, using biotransformations. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2004; 8:106-13. [PMID: 15062769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2004.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes continue to be used as important catalysts, for the generation of rare and 'unnatural' monosaccharides and for the selective formation of glycosidic linkages. Multi-enzyme systems have been employed in one-pot strategies for multistep reaction sequences and for co-factor regeneration. The efficiency of glycosidases for glycosylation reactions has been dramatically increased by active-site mutagenesis to generate glycosynthases. First reports have detailed the expansion and optimization of glycosynthase substrate specificity by directed evolution. Novel glycosyltransferases are being identified from genomic databases and have been shown to glycosylate complex metabolites, such as glycopeptide antibiotics, with exquisite selectivity and in good yields. An emerging field is the application of glycosynthases and glycosyltransferases to reactions on solid support, generating potential applications in microarrays.
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