1
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Artola M, Aerts JMFG, van der Marel GA, Rovira C, Codée JDC, Davies GJ, Overkleeft HS. From Mechanism-Based Retaining Glycosidase Inhibitors to Activity-Based Glycosidase Profiling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:24729-24741. [PMID: 39213505 PMCID: PMC11403624 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is an effective technology for the identification and functional annotation of enzymes in complex biological samples. ABP designs are normally directed to an enzyme active site nucleophile, and within the field of Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZymes), ABPP has been most successful for those enzymes that feature such a residue: retaining glycosidases (GHs). Several mechanism-based covalent and irreversible retaining GH inhibitors have emerged over the past sixty years. ABP designs based on these inhibitor chemistries appeared since the turn of the millennium, and we contributed to the field by designing a suite of retaining GH ABPs modeled on the structure and mode of action of the natural product, cyclophellitol. These ABPs enable the study of both exo- and endo-acting retaining GHs in human health and disease, for instance in genetic metabolic disorders in which retaining GHs are deficient. They are also finding increasing use in the study of GHs in gut microbiota and environmental microorganisms, both in the context of drug (de)toxification in the gut and that of biomass polysaccharide processing for future sustainable energy and chemistries. This account comprises the authors' view on the history of mechanism-based retaining GH inhibitor design and discovery, on how these inhibitors served as blueprints for retaining GH ABP design, and on some current and future developments on how cyclophellitol-based ABPs may drive the discovery of retaining GHs and their inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Artola
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica I Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08020, Spain
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon J Davies
- Department of Chemistry, The University York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Tseng PS, Ande C, Moremen KW, Crich D. Influence of Side Chain Conformation on the Activity of Glycosidase Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217809. [PMID: 36573850 PMCID: PMC9908843 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Substrate side chain conformation impacts reactivity during glycosylation and glycoside hydrolysis and is restricted by many glycosidases and glycosyltransferases during catalysis. We show that the side chains of gluco and manno iminosugars can be restricted to predominant conformations by strategic installation of a methyl group. Glycosidase inhibition studies reveal that iminosugars with the gauche,gauche side chain conformations are 6- to 10-fold more potent than isosteric compounds with the gauche,trans conformation; a manno-configured iminosugar with the gauche,gauche conformation is a 27-fold better inhibitor than 1-deoxymannojirimycin. The results are discussed in terms of the energetic benefits of preorganization, particularly when in synergy with favorable hydrophobic interactions. The demonstration that inhibitor side chain preorganization can favorably impact glycosidase inhibition paves the way for improved inhibitor design through conformational preorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Sen Tseng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA),Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA),Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Chennaiah Ande
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA),Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA),Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA),Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
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3
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De Pasquale V, Esposito A, Scerra G, Scarcella M, Ciampa M, Luongo A, D’Alonzo D, Guaragna A, D’Agostino M, Pavone LM. N-Substituted l-Iminosugars for the Treatment of Sanfilippo Type B Syndrome. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1790-1808. [PMID: 36696678 PMCID: PMC9923752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sanfilippo syndrome comprises a group of four genetic diseases due to the lack or decreased activity of enzymes involved in heparan sulfate (HS) catabolism. HS accumulation in lysosomes and other cellular compartments results in tissue and organ dysfunctions, leading to a wide range of clinical symptoms including severe neurodegeneration. To date, no approved treatments for Sanfilippo disease exist. Here, we report the ability of N-substituted l-iminosugars to significantly reduce substrate storage and lysosomal dysfunctions in Sanfilippo fibroblasts and in a neuronal cellular model of Sanfilippo B subtype. Particularly, we found that they increase the levels of defective α-N-acetylglucosaminidase and correct its proper sorting toward the lysosomal compartment. Furthermore, l-iminosugars reduce HS accumulation by downregulating protein levels of exostosin glycosyltransferases. These results highlight an interesting pharmacological potential of these glycomimetics in Sanfilippo syndrome, paving the way for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of such incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Pasquale
- Department
of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Esposito
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluca Scerra
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Melania Scarcella
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Ciampa
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Luongo
- AORN
Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano, Via F. Palasciano, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Daniele D’Alonzo
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guaragna
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy,
| | - Massimo D’Agostino
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy,
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy,
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4
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Evangelista TCS, López Ó, Puerta A, Fernandes MX, Ferreira SB, Padrón JM, Fernández-Bolaños JG, Sydnes MO, Lindbäck E. A hybrid of 1-deoxynojirimycin and benzotriazole induces preferential inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) over acetylcholinesterase (AChE). J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2395-2402. [PMID: 36065944 PMCID: PMC9467581 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2117912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of four heterodimers in which the copper(I)-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition was employed to connect a 1-deoxynojirimycin moiety with a benzotriazole scaffold is reported. The heterodimers were investigated as inhibitors against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). The heterodimers displayed preferential inhibition (> 9) of BuChE over AChE in the micromolar concentration range (IC50 = 7-50 µM). For the most potent inhibitor of BuChE, Cornish-Bowden plots were used, which demonstrated that it behaves as a mixed inhibitor. Modelling studies of the same inhibitor demonstrated that the benzotriazole and 1-deoxynojirimycin moiety is accommodated in the peripheral anionic site and catalytic anionic site, respectively, of AChE. The binding mode to BuChE was different as the benzotriazole moiety is accommodated in the catalytic anionic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Cristina Santos Evangelista
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Óscar López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Adrián Puerta
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Miguel X Fernandes
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Sabrina Baptista Ferreira
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Magne O Sydnes
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Emil Lindbäck
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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5
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Qu Z, Zhou L. Drug Development in the Field of Sphinogolipid Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1372:169-188. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-0394-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Lu TT, Shimadate Y, Cheng B, Kanekiyo U, Kato A, Wang JZ, Li YX, Jia YM, Fleet GWJ, Yu CY. Synthesis and glycosidase inhibition of 5-C-alkyl-DNJ and 5-C-alkyl-l-ido-DNJ derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113716. [PMID: 34340042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
5-C-Alkyl-DNJ and 5-C-alkyl-l-ido-DNJ derivatives have been designed and synthesized efficiently from an l-sorbose-derived cyclic nitrone. The DNJ and l-ido-DNJ derivatives with C-5 alkyl chains ranging from methyl to dodecyl were assayed against various glycosidases to study the effect of chain length on enzyme inhibition. Glycosidase inhibition study of DNJ derivatives showed potent and selective inhibitions of α-glucosidase; DNJ derivatives with methyl, pentyl to octyl, undecyl and dodecyl as C-5 branched chains showed significantly improved rat intestinal maltase inhibition. In contrast, most 5-C-alkyl-l-ido-DNJ derivatives were weak or moderate inhibitors of the enzymes tested, with only three compounds found to be potent α-glucosidase inhibitors. Docking studies showed different interaction modes of 5-C-ethyl-DNJ and 5-C-octyl-DNJ with ntMGAM and also different binding modes of 5-C-alkyl-DNJ and 5-C-alkyl-l-ido-DNJ derivatives; the importance of the degree of accommodation of the C-5 substituent in the hydrophobic groove and pocket may account for the variation of glycosidase inhibition in the two series of derivatives. The results reported herein are helpful in the design and development of α-glucosidase inhibitors; this may lead to novel agents for the treatment of viral infection and type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuna Shimadate
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Bin Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Uta Kanekiyo
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Jun-Zhe Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi-Xian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yue-Mei Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - George W J Fleet
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX13TA, UK; National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Chu-Yi Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
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7
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Abstract
Iminosugars are naturally occurring carbohydrate analogues known since 1967. These natural compounds and hundreds of their synthetic derivatives prepared over five decades have been mainly exploited to inhibit the glycosidases, the enzymes catalysing the glycosidic bond cleavage, in order to find new drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and other diseases. However, iminosugars are also inhibitors of glycosyltransferases, the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. The selective inhibition of specific glycosyltransferases involved in cancer or bacterial infections could lead to innovative therapeutic agents. The synthesis and biological properties of all the iminosugars assayed to date as glycosyltransferase inhibitors are reviewed in the present article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Conforti
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Alberto Marra
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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8
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Ahuja-Casarín AI, Merino-Montiel P, Vega-Baez JL, Montiel-Smith S, Fernandes MX, Lagunes I, Maya I, Padrón JM, López Ó, Fernández-Bolaños JG. Tuning the activity of iminosugars: novel N-alkylated deoxynojirimycin derivatives as strong BuChE inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:138-146. [PMID: 33228403 PMCID: PMC7717699 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1847101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have designed unprecedented cholinesterase inhibitors based on 1-deoxynojirimycin as potential anti-Alzheimer’s agents. Compounds are comprised of three key structural motifs: the iminosugar, for interaction with cholinesterase catalytic anionic site (CAS); a hydrocarbon tether with variable lengths, and a fragment derived from 2-phenylethanol for promoting interactions with peripheral anionic site (PAS). Title compounds exhibited good selectivity towards BuChE, strongly depending on the substitution pattern and the length of the tether. The lead compounds were found to be strong mixed inhibitors of BuChE (IC50 = 1.8 and 1.9 µM). The presumptive binding mode of the lead compound was analysed using molecular docking simulations, revealing H-bond interactions with the catalytic subsite (His438) and CAS (Trp82 and Glu197) and van der Waals interactions with PAS (Thr284, Pro285, Asn289). They also lacked significant antiproliferative activity against tumour and non-tumour cells at 100 µM, making them promising new agents for tackling Alzheimer’s disease through the cholinergic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Ahuja-Casarín
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Penélope Merino-Montiel
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - José Luis Vega-Baez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Sara Montiel-Smith
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Miguel X Fernandes
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Irene Lagunes
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Inés Maya
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Óscar López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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9
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Iftikhar M, Lu Y, Zhou M. An overview of therapeutic potential of N-alkylated 1-deoxynojirimycin congeners. Carbohydr Res 2021; 504:108317. [PMID: 33932806 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxylated alkaloids display a wide range of biological activities, suggesting their use in the treatment of various diseases. Their most famous representative, 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), is a natural product that shows α- and β-glucosidase inhibition. This molecule has been since converted into two clinically approved drugs i.e., Zavesca® and Glyset®, targeting type I Gaucher's disease and type II diabetes mellitus, respectively. This review examines the therapeutic potential of important DNJ congeners reported in last decade and presents concise mechanism of glycosidase inhibition. A brief overview of substituents conjugation's impact on DNJ scaffold (including N-alkylated DNJ derivatives, mono-valent, di-valent and multivalent DNJ congeners, N-[5-(adamantan-1-yl-methoxy)-pentyl]-1-deoxynojirimycin (AMP-DNM) look alike DNJ based lipophilic derivatives, AMP-DNM based neoglycoconjugates, DNJ click derivatives with varying carboxylic acids and aromatic moieties, conjugates of DNJ and glucose, and N-bridged DNJ analogues) towards various enzymes such as α/β glucosidase, porcine trehalase, as F508del-CFTR correctors, α-mannosidase, human placental β-glucocerebrosidase, N370S β-GCase, α-amylase and insect trehalase as potent and selective inhibitors have been discussed with potential bioactivities, which can provide inspiration for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Iftikhar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, PR China
| | - Yinghong Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, PR China
| | - Min Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, PR China.
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10
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N-Alkylated Iminosugar Based Ligands: Synthesis and Inhibition of Human Lysosomal β-Glucocerebrosidase. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204618. [PMID: 33050585 PMCID: PMC7594070 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The scope of a series of N-alkylated iminosugar based inhibitors in the d-gluco as well as d-xylo configuration towards their interaction with human lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase has been evaluated. A versatile synthetic toolbox has been developed for the synthesis of N-alkylated iminosugar scaffolds conjugated to a variety of terminal groups via a benzoic acid ester linker. The terminal groups such as nitrile, azide, alkyne, nonafluoro-tert-butyl and amino substituents enable follow-up chemistry as well as visualisation experiments. All compounds showed promising inhibitory properties as well as selectivities for β-glucosidases, some exhibiting activities in the low nanomolar range for β-glucocerebrosidase.
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11
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Anomeric configuration-dependence of the Lattrell-Dax epimerization from D-glucose to synthetically useful D-allose derivatives. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:723-728. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Weber P, Thonhofer M, Averill S, Davies GJ, Santana AG, Müller P, Nasseri SA, Offen WA, Pabst BM, Paschke E, Schalli M, Torvisco A, Tschernutter M, Tysoe C, Windischhofer W, Withers SG, Wolfsgruber A, Wrodnigg TM, Stütz AE. Mechanistic Insights into the Chaperoning of Human Lysosomal-Galactosidase Activity: Highly Functionalized Aminocyclopentanes and C-5a-Substituted Derivatives of 4- epi-Isofagomine. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25174025. [PMID: 32899288 PMCID: PMC7504770 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosidase inhibitors have shown great potential as pharmacological chaperones for lysosomal storage diseases. In light of this, a series of new cyclopentanoid β-galactosidase inhibitors were prepared and their inhibitory and pharmacological chaperoning activities determined and compared with those of lipophilic analogs of the potent β-d-galactosidase inhibitor 4-epi-isofagomine. Structure-activity relationships were investigated by X-ray crystallography as well as by alterations in the cyclopentane moiety such as deoxygenation and replacement by fluorine of a “strategic” hydroxyl group. New compounds have revealed highly promising activities with a range of β-galactosidase-compromised human cell lines and may serve as leads towards new pharmacological chaperones for GM1-gangliosidosis and Morquio B disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Weber
- Glycogroup, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (P.W.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (T.M.W.)
| | - Martin Thonhofer
- Glycogroup, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (P.W.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (T.M.W.)
| | - Summer Averill
- Glycogroup, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (P.W.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (T.M.W.)
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, North Yorkshire, UK; (G.J.D.); (W.A.O.)
| | - Andres Gonzalez Santana
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; (A.G.S.); (S.A.N.); (C.T.); (S.G.W.)
| | - Philipp Müller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (P.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Seyed A. Nasseri
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; (A.G.S.); (S.A.N.); (C.T.); (S.G.W.)
| | - Wendy A. Offen
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, North Yorkshire, UK; (G.J.D.); (W.A.O.)
| | - Bettina M. Pabst
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, MedUni Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 30, A-8036 Graz, Austria; (B.M.P.); (E.P.); (M.T.); (W.W.)
| | - Eduard Paschke
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, MedUni Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 30, A-8036 Graz, Austria; (B.M.P.); (E.P.); (M.T.); (W.W.)
| | - Michael Schalli
- Glycogroup, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (P.W.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (T.M.W.)
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (P.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Marion Tschernutter
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, MedUni Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 30, A-8036 Graz, Austria; (B.M.P.); (E.P.); (M.T.); (W.W.)
| | - Christina Tysoe
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; (A.G.S.); (S.A.N.); (C.T.); (S.G.W.)
| | - Werner Windischhofer
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, MedUni Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 30, A-8036 Graz, Austria; (B.M.P.); (E.P.); (M.T.); (W.W.)
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; (A.G.S.); (S.A.N.); (C.T.); (S.G.W.)
| | - Andreas Wolfsgruber
- Glycogroup, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (P.W.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (T.M.W.)
| | - Tanja M. Wrodnigg
- Glycogroup, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (P.W.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (T.M.W.)
| | - Arnold E. Stütz
- Glycogroup, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (P.W.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (T.M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-873-32079
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13
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Ishibashi Y, Ito M, Hirabayashi Y. The sirtuin inhibitor cambinol reduces intracellular glucosylceramide with ceramide accumulation by inhibiting glucosylceramide synthase. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:2264-2272. [PMID: 32705968 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1794785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of glucosylceramide (GlcCer), which is synthesized by UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG), is associated with several diseases, including Gaucher disease and Parkinson's disease. Since the inhibition of UGCG can be used to treat diseases caused by GlcCer accumulation, several UGCG inhibitors have been developed. In this study, we report on the inhibition of UGCG activity by cambinol, a sirtuin inhibitor. Unlike conventional UGCG inhibitors, cambinol has no structural similarity to GlcCer. LC-ESI MS/MS analysis revealed that the cellular GlcCer levels were reduced by cambinol with an increase in ceramide, the GlcCer precursor. Histidine 193 plays an important role in the inhibition of UGCG via a known UGCG inhibitor, D-PDMP. However, cambinol was found to inhibit UGCG activity in a histidine 193-independent manner. This study provides insights into the mechanism of inhibition of UGCG activity by cambinol, and provides a basis for the development of a cambinol-based novel UGCG inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
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14
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Synthesis and Therapeutic Applications of Iminosugars in Cystic Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093353. [PMID: 32397443 PMCID: PMC7247015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iminosugars are sugar analogues endowed with a high pharmacological potential. The wide range of biological activities exhibited by these glycomimetics associated with their excellent drug profile make them attractive therapeutic candidates for several medical interventions. The ability of iminosugars to act as inhibitors or enhancers of carbohydrate-processing enzymes suggests their potential use as therapeutics for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF). Herein we review the most relevant advances in the field, paying attention to both the chemical synthesis of the iminosugars and their biological evaluations, resulting from in vitro and in vivo assays. Starting from the example of the marketed drug NBDNJ (N-butyl deoxynojirimycin), a variety of iminosugars have exhibited the capacity to rescue the trafficking of F508del-CFTR (deletion of F508 residue in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator), either alone or in combination with other correctors. Interesting results have also been obtained when iminosugars were considered as anti-inflammatory agents in CF lung disease. The data herein reported demonstrate that iminosugars hold considerable potential to be applied for both therapeutic purposes.
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15
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Clemente F, Matassini C, Cardona F. Reductive Amination Routes in the Synthesis of Piperidine IminoSugars. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Clemente
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”; Università di Firenze; Via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Camilla Matassini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”; Università di Firenze; Via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Francesca Cardona
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”; Università di Firenze; Via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- Associated with Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale di ricerca in Metodologie e Processi Innovativi di Sintesi (CINMPIS); Università di Bari; 70125 Bari Italy
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16
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Design, Synthesis, and Activity Evaluation of Novel N-benzyl Deoxynojirimycin Derivatives for Use as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183309. [PMID: 31514404 PMCID: PMC6766931 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain α-glucosidase inhibitors with high activity, 19 NB-DNJDs (N-benzyl-deoxynojirimycin derivatives) were designed and synthesized. The results indicated that the 19 NB-DNJDs displayed different inhibitory activities towards α-glucosidase in vitro. Compound 18a (1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl) piperidine-3,4,5-triol) showed the highest activity, with an IC50 value of 0.207 ± 0.11 mM, followed by 18b (1-(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl) piperidine-3,4,5-triol, IC50: 0.276 ± 0.13 mM). Both IC50 values of 18a and 18b were significantly lower than that of acarbose (IC50: 0.353 ± 0.09 mM). According to the structure-activity analysis, substitution of the benzyl and bromine groups on the benzene ring decreased the inhibition activity, while methoxy and hydroxyl group substitution increased the activity, especially with the hydroxyl group substitution. Molecular docking results showed that three hydrogen bonds were formed between compound 18a and amino acids in the active site of α-glucosidase. Additionally, an arene–arene interaction was also modelled between the phenyl ring of compound 18a and Arg 315. The three hydrogen bonds and the arene–arene interaction resulted in a low binding energy (−5.8 kcal/mol) and gave 18a a higher inhibition activity. Consequently, compound 18a is a promising candidate as a new α-glucosidase inhibitor for the treatment of type Ⅱ diabetes.
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17
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Stockmann P, Gozzi M, Kuhnert R, Sárosi MB, Hey-Hawkins E. New keys for old locks: carborane-containing drugs as platforms for mechanism-based therapies. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:3497-3512. [PMID: 31214680 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00197b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Icosahedral carboranes in medicine are still an emerging class of compounds with potential beneficial applications in drug design. These highly hydrophobic clusters are potential "new keys for old locks" which open up an exciting field of research for well-known, but challenging important therapeutic substrates, as demonstrated by the numerous examples discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Stockmann
- Universität Leipzig, Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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18
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Schalli M, Weber P, Nasseri SA, Gomez AT, Müller P, Stütz AE, Withers SG, Wolfsgruber A, Wrodnigg TM. Biologically active branched-chain aminocyclopentane tetraols from d-galactose. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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De Fenza M, D'Alonzo D, Esposito A, Munari S, Loberto N, Santangelo A, Lampronti I, Tamanini A, Rossi A, Ranucci S, De Fino I, Bragonzi A, Aureli M, Bassi R, Tironi M, Lippi G, Gambari R, Cabrini G, Palumbo G, Dechecchi MC, Guaragna A. Exploring the effect of chirality on the therapeutic potential of N-alkyl-deoxyiminosugars: anti-inflammatory response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections for application in CF lung disease. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 175:63-71. [PMID: 31075609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the frame of a research program aimed to explore the relationship between chirality of iminosugars and their therapeutic potential, herein we report the synthesis of N-akyl l-deoxyiminosugars and the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of selected candidates for the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Target glycomimetics were prepared by the shortest and most convenient approach reported to date, relying on the use of the well-known PS-TPP/I2 reagent system to prepare reactive alkoxyalkyl iodides, acting as key intermediates. Iminosugars ent-1-3 demonstrated to efficiently reduce the inflammatory response induced by P. aeruginosa in CuFi cells, either alone or in synergistic combination with their d-enantiomers, by selectively inhibiting NLGase. Surprisingly, the evaluation in murine models of lung disease showed that the amount of ent-1 required to reduce the recruitment of neutrophils was 40-fold lower than that of the corresponding d-enantiomer. The remarkably low dosage of the l-iminosugar, combined with its inability to act as inhibitor for most glycosidases, is expected to limit the onset of undesired effects, which are typically associated with the administration of its d-counterpart. Biological results herein obtained place ent-1 and congeners among the earliest examples of l-iminosugars acting as anti-inflammatory agents for therapeutic applications in Cystic Fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Fenza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniele D'Alonzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Anna Esposito
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Silvia Munari
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology-Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Loberto
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Santangelo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology-Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lampronti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Tamanini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology-Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alice Rossi
- CFaCore, Infection and CF Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Ranucci
- CFaCore, Infection and CF Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Ida De Fino
- CFaCore, Infection and CF Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bragonzi
- CFaCore, Infection and CF Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Aureli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosaria Bassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Tironi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology-Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulio Cabrini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology-Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palumbo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Dechecchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology-Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Guaragna
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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20
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Ágoston K. Nojirimycin Based 2,5-Diketopiperazines. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1557688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Károly Ágoston
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RCNS-HAS Magyar, Tudósok Körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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21
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Liu B, van Mechelen J, van den Berg RJBHN, van den Nieuwendijk AMCH, Aerts JMFG, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC, Overkleeft HS. Synthesis of Glycosylated 1-Deoxynojirimycins Starting from Natural and Synthetic Disaccharides. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Bioorganic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine van Mechelen
- Bioorganic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Medical Biochemistry; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A. van der Marel
- Bioorganic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Bioorganic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Bioorganic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
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22
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N-Alkyl-1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-l-fucitols as fucosidase inhibitors: Synthesis, molecular modelling and activity against cancer cell lines. Bioorg Chem 2018; 84:418-433. [PMID: 30554081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
1,5-Dideoxy-1,5-imino-l-fucitol (1-deoxyfuconojirimycin, DFJ) is an iminosugar that inhibits fucosidases. Herein, N-alkyl DFJs have been synthesised and tested against the α-fucosidases of T. maritima (bacterial origin) and B. taurus (bovine origin). The N-alkyl derivatives were inactive against the bacterial fucosidase, while inhibiting the bovine enzyme. Docking of inhibitors to homology models, generated for the bovine and human fucosidases, was carried out. N-Decyl-DFJ was toxic to cancer cell lines and was more potent than the other N-alkyl DFJs studied.
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23
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Rugen MD, Vernet MMJL, Hantouti L, Soenens A, Andriotis VME, Rejzek M, Brett P, van den Berg RJBHN, Aerts JMFG, Overkleeft HS, Field RA. A chemical genetic screen reveals that iminosugar inhibitors of plant glucosylceramide synthase inhibit root growth in Arabidopsis and cereals. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16421. [PMID: 30401902 PMCID: PMC6219604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Iminosugars are carbohydrate mimics that are useful as molecular probes to dissect metabolism in plants. To analyse the effects of iminosugar derivatives on germination and seedling growth, we screened a library of 390 N-substituted iminosugar analogues against Arabidopsis and the small cereal Eragrostis tef (Tef). The most potent compound identified in both systems, N-5-(adamantane-1-yl-ethoxy)pentyl- L-ido-deoxynojirimycin (L-ido-AEP-DNJ), inhibited root growth in agar plate assays by 92% and 96% in Arabidopsis and Tef respectively, at 10 µM concentration. Phenocopying the effect of L-ido-AEP-DNJ with the commercial inhibitor (PDMP) implicated glucosylceramide synthase as the target responsible for root growth inhibition. L-ido-AEP-DNJ was twenty-fold more potent than PDMP. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of ceramide:glucosylceramide ratios in inhibitor-treated Arabidopsis seedlings showed a decrease in the relative quantity of the latter, confirming that glucosylceramide synthesis is perturbed in inhibitor-treated plants. Bioinformatic analysis of glucosylceramide synthase indicates gene conservation across higher plants. Previous T-DNA insertional inactivation of glucosylceramide synthase in Arabidopsis caused seedling lethality, indicating a role in growth and development. The compounds identified herein represent chemical alternatives that can overcome issues caused by genetic intervention. These inhibitors offer the potential to dissect the roles of glucosylceramides in polyploid crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Rugen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mathieu M J L Vernet
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Laila Hantouti
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Amalia Soenens
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vasilios M E Andriotis
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Martin Rejzek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Brett
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard J B H N van den Berg
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hermen S Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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24
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Kiappes JL, Hill ML, Alonzi DS, Miller JL, Iwaki R, Sayce AC, Caputo AT, Kato A, Zitzmann N. ToP-DNJ, a Selective Inhibitor of Endoplasmic Reticulum α-Glucosidase II Exhibiting Antiflaviviral Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:60-65. [PMID: 29161006 PMCID: PMC5824344 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Iminosugars have therapeutic potential against a range of diseases, due to their efficacy as glycosidase inhibitors. A major challenge in the development of iminosugar drugs lies in making a compound that is selective for the glycosidase associated with a given disease. We report the synthesis of ToP-DNJ, an antiviral iminosugar-tocopherol conjugate. Tocopherol was incorporated into the design of the iminosugar in order to direct the drug to the liver and immune cells, specific tissues of interest for antiviral therapy. ToP-DNJ inhibits ER α-glucosidase II at low micromolar concentrations and selectively accumulates in the liver in vivo. In cellular assays, the drug showed efficacy exclusively in immune cells of the myeloid lineage. Taken together, these data demonstrate that inclusion of a native metabolite into an iminosugar provides selectivity with respect to target enzyme, target cell, and target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Kiappes
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Michelle L. Hill
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Dominic S. Alonzi
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Joanna L. Miller
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Ren Iwaki
- Department
of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Andrew C. Sayce
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Alessandro T. Caputo
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department
of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
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25
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Wang H, Pan Y, Tang Q, Zou W, Shao H. Synthesis of N -alkyl substituted iminosugars from d -ribose. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Iftikhar M, Fang Z. Modifications at the 6-O-position of 1-deoxynojirimycin: facile and efficient synthesis of 6-O-alkylated-N-octyl-1-deoxynojirimycin derivatives. J Carbohydr Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2017.1397683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Iftikhar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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27
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Gu X, Gupta V, Yang Y, Zhu JY, Carlson EJ, Kingsley C, Tash JS, Schönbrunn E, Hawkinson J, Georg GI. Structure-Activity Studies of N-Butyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ) Analogues: Discovery of Potent and Selective Aminocyclopentitol Inhibitors of GBA1 and GBA2. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1977-1984. [PMID: 28975712 PMCID: PMC5725710 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of N‐butyl‐1‐deoxynojirimycin (NB‐DNJ) were prepared and assayed for inhibition of ceramide‐specific glucosyltransferase (CGT), non‐lysosomal β‐glucosidase 2 (GBA2) and the lysosomal β‐glucosidase 1 (GBA1). Compounds 5 a–6 f, which carry sterically demanding nitrogen substituents, and compound 13, devoid of the C3 and C5 hydroxy groups present in DNJ/NB‐DGJ (N‐butyldeoxygalactojirimycin) showed no inhibitory activity for CGT or GBA2. Inversion of stereochemistry at C4 of N‐(n‐butyl)‐ and N‐(n‐nonyl)‐DGJ (compounds 24) also led to a loss of activity in these assays. The aminocyclopentitols N‐(n‐butyl)‐ (35 a), N‐(n‐nonyl)‐4‐amino‐5‐(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentane‐ (35 b), and N‐(1‐(pentyloxy)methyl)adamantan‐1‐yl)‐1,2,3‐triol (35 f), were found to be selective inhibitors of GBA1 and GBA2 that did not inhibit CGT (>1 mm), with the exception of 35 f, which inhibited CGT with an IC50 value of 1 mm. The N‐butyl analogue 35 a was 100‐fold selective for inhibiting GBA1 over GBA2 (Ki values of 32 nm and 3.3 μm for GBA1 and GBA2, respectively). The N‐nonyl analogue 35 b displayed a Ki value of ≪14 nm for GBA1 inhibition and a Ki of 43 nm for GBA2. The N‐(1‐(pentyloxy)methyl)adamantan‐1‐yl) derivative 35 f had Ki values of ≈16 and 14 nm for GBA1 and GBA2, respectively. The related N‐bis‐substituted aminocyclopentitols were found to be significantly less potent inhibitors than their mono‐substituted analogues. The aminocyclopentitol scaffold should hold promise for further inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxian Gu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | | | - Yan Yang
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Jin-Yi Zhu
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Erick J Carlson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Carolyn Kingsley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Joseph S Tash
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Ernst Schönbrunn
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Jon Hawkinson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Gunda I Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
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28
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Lindbäck E, Lopéz Ó, Tobiesen Å, Fernández-Bolaños JG, Sydnes MO. Sugar hydrazide imides: a new family of glycosidase inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:8709-8712. [PMID: 29039854 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01673e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of a novel type of iminosugar including a hydrazide imide moiety is described. The sugar hydrazide imides (3S,4S,5R,6R)-1-amino-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-iminopiperidine acetate and (3S,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-imino-1-(methylamino)piperidine acetate presented here behave as inhibitors of α/β-glucosidases in the low micromolar concentration range. The former inhibitor displays a pH-dependent inhibition of β-glucosidase. The N-methylated counterpart behaves as an anomer-selective competitive micromolar inhibitor of α-glucosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Lindbäck
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Stavanger, NO-4036 Stavanger, Norway.
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29
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Wang N, Zhu F, Chen K. 1-Deoxynojirimycin: Sources, Extraction, Analysis and Biological Functions. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a natural polyhydroxylated piperidine alkaloid, is attracting growing attention due to its important biological functions. This paper introduces the discovery and origins of DNJ, its extraction, purification, and physiological functions in the treatment of diabetes. The mechanisms of DNJ in the inhibition of fat accumulation and tumor cell metastasis are also discussed. In addition, the prospects and challenges of DNJ for practical production are proposed. This work aims to provide technical advice on obtaining DNJ and a fuller understanding of its biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niannian Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Feifei Zhu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Keping Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
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30
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Schalli M, Weber P, Tysoe C, Pabst BM, Thonhofer M, Paschke E, Stütz AE, Tschernutter M, Windischhofer W, Withers SG. A new type of pharmacological chaperone for G M1 -gangliosidosis related human lysosomal β-galactosidase: N -Substituted 5-amino-1-hydroxymethyl-cyclopentanetriols. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3431-3435. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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31
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Iftikhar M, Wang L, Fang Z. Synthesis of 1-Deoxynojirimycin: Exploration of Optimised Conditions for Reductive Amidation and Separation of Epimers. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/174751917x15000341607489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), which has importance with respect to sugar processing enzymes, is a synthetic target for chemists. A key step in the synthesis of DNJ is the preparation of 2,3,4,6-tetra- O-benzyl-D-glucono-δ-lactam. By varying reaction parameters such as temperature, solvent and reducing reagent, improvements on previous methods are described. A novel approach for the synthesis of 2,3,4,6-tetra- O-benzyl-5-dehydro-5-deoxo-D-gluconamide has been developed by using PCC as an oxidising agent. Separation of epimers permitted DNJ to be obtained in 85% yield after reduction and hydrogenolysis steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Iftikhar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, P.R. China
| | - Zhijie Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, P.R. China
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32
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33
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Beenakker TM, Wander DPA, Offen WA, Artola M, Raich L, Ferraz MJ, Li KY, Houben JHPM, van Rijssel ER, Hansen T, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC, Aerts JMF, Rovira C, Davies GJ, Overkleeft HS. Carba-cyclophellitols Are Neutral Retaining-Glucosidase Inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6534-6537. [PMID: 28463498 PMCID: PMC5437670 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The conformational analysis of glycosidases affords a route to their specific inhibition through transition-state mimicry. Inspired by the rapid reaction rates of cyclophellitol and cyclophellitol aziridine-both covalent retaining β-glucosidase inhibitors-we postulated that the corresponding carba "cyclopropyl" analogue would be a potent retaining β-glucosidase inhibitor for those enzymes reacting through the 4H3 transition-state conformation. Ab initio metadynamics simulations of the conformational free energy landscape for the cyclopropyl inhibitors show a strong bias for the 4H3 conformation, and carba-cyclophellitol, with an N-(4-azidobutyl)carboxamide moiety, proved to be a potent inhibitor (Ki = 8.2 nM) of the Thermotoga maritima TmGH1 β-glucosidase. 3-D structural analysis and comparison with unreacted epoxides show that this compound indeed binds in the 4H3 conformation, suggesting that conformational strain induced through a cyclopropyl unit may add to the armory of tight-binding inhibitor designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
J. M. Beenakker
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis and Department of Medical Biochemistry,
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis P. A. Wander
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis and Department of Medical Biochemistry,
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy A. Offen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Marta Artola
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis and Department of Medical Biochemistry,
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lluís Raich
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció
de Química Orgànica) & Institut de Quimica Teòrica
i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de
Barcelona, Martí
i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J. Ferraz
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis and Department of Medical Biochemistry,
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kah-Yee Li
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis and Department of Medical Biochemistry,
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judith H. P. M. Houben
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis and Department of Medical Biochemistry,
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin R. van Rijssel
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis and Department of Medical Biochemistry,
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis and Department of Medical Biochemistry,
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A. van der Marel
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis and Department of Medical Biochemistry,
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis and Department of Medical Biochemistry,
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. F.
G. Aerts
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis and Department of Medical Biochemistry,
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció
de Química Orgànica) & Institut de Quimica Teòrica
i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de
Barcelona, Martí
i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08020 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis and Department of Medical Biochemistry,
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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34
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Lebl R, Thonhofer M, Tysoe C, Pabst BM, Schalli M, Weber P, Paschke E, Stütz AE, Tschernutter M, Windischhofer W, Withers SG. A Morita-Baylis-Hillman based route to C -5a-chain-extended 4- epi -isofagomine type glycosidase inhibitors. Carbohydr Res 2017; 442:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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35
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Schalli M, Tysoe C, Fischer R, Pabst BM, Thonhofer M, Paschke E, Rappitsch T, Stütz AE, Tschernutter M, Windischhofer W, Withers SG. N-Substituted 5-amino-1-hydroxymethyl-cyclopentanetriols: A new family of activity promotors for a G M1-gangliosidosis related human lysosomal β-galactosidase mutant. Carbohydr Res 2017; 443-444:15-22. [PMID: 28319682 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
From 1,2;3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-galactopyranose, a series of highly functionalized (hydroxymethyl)cyclopentanes was easily available. In line with reports by Reymond and Jäger on similar structures, these amine containing basic carbasugars are potent inhibitors of β-D-galactosidases and, for the first time, could be shown to act as pharmacological chaperones for GM1-gangliosidosis-associated lysosomal acid β-galactosidase mutant R201C, thus representing a new structural type of pharmacological chaperones for this lysosomal storage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schalli
- Glycogroup, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Tysoe
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Roland Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bettina M Pabst
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, MedUni Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 30, A-8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Thonhofer
- Glycogroup, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Eduard Paschke
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, MedUni Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 30, A-8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Tanja Rappitsch
- Glycogroup, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Arnold E Stütz
- Glycogroup, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Marion Tschernutter
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, MedUni Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 30, A-8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Werner Windischhofer
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, MedUni Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 30, A-8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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36
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Hatano A, Kanno Y, Kondo Y, Sunaga Y, Umezawa H, Okada M, Yamada H, Iwaki R, Kato A, Fukui K. Synthesis and characterization of novel, conjugated, fluorescent DNJ derivatives for α-glucosidase recognition. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:773-778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Olsen JI, Plata GB, Padrón JM, López Ó, Bols M, Fernández-Bolaños JG. Selenoureido-iminosugars: A new family of multitarget drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:155-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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38
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Sevšek A, Čelan M, Erjavec B, Quarles van Ufford L, Sastre Toraño J, Moret EE, Pieters RJ, Martin NI. Bicyclic isoureas derived from 1-deoxynojirimycin are potent inhibitors of β-glucocerebrosidase. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:8670-3. [PMID: 27604065 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01735e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of bicyclic isourea derivatives were prepared from 1-deoxynojirimycin using a concise synthetic protocol proceeding via a guanidino intermediate. Inhibition assays with a panel of glycosidases revealed that these deoxynojirimycin-derived bicyclic isoureas display very potent inhibition against human recombinant β-glucocerebrosidase with IC50 values in the low nanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Sevšek
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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39
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Hoogenboom J, Lutz M, Zuilhof H, Wennekes T. Exploring the Chemistry of Bicyclic Isoxazolidines for the Multicomponent Synthesis of Glycomimetic Building Blocks. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8826-8836. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorin Hoogenboom
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Zelli R, Tommasone S, Dumy P, Marra A, Dondoni A. A Click Ligation Based on SuFEx for the Metal-Free Synthesis of Sugar and Iminosugar Clusters. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Zelli
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247; CNRS; Université de Montpellier; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier; 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Stefano Tommasone
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247; CNRS; Université de Montpellier; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier; 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Pascal Dumy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247; CNRS; Université de Montpellier; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier; 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Alberto Marra
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247; CNRS; Université de Montpellier; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier; 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Alessandro Dondoni
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation; Università di Ferrara; Via Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
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41
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D'Orazio G, Martorana AM, Filippi G, Polissi A, Gioia LD, Ferla BL. N-Spirofused Bicyclic Derivatives of 1-Deoxynojirimycin: Synthesis and Preliminary Biological Evaluation. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D'Orazio
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience; University of Milano Bicocca; Piazza Della Scienza 2 I 20126 Milan Italywww.unimib.it
| | - Alessandra M. Martorana
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience; University of Milano Bicocca; Piazza Della Scienza 2 I 20126 Milan Italywww.unimib.it
| | - Giulia Filippi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience; University of Milano Bicocca; Piazza Della Scienza 2 I 20126 Milan Italywww.unimib.it
| | - Alessandra Polissi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience; University of Milano Bicocca; Piazza Della Scienza 2 I 20126 Milan Italywww.unimib.it
| | - Luca De Gioia
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience; University of Milano Bicocca; Piazza Della Scienza 2 I 20126 Milan Italywww.unimib.it
| | - Barbara La Ferla
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience; University of Milano Bicocca; Piazza Della Scienza 2 I 20126 Milan Italywww.unimib.it
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42
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Thonhofer M, Weber P, Gonzalez Santana A, Tysoe C, Fischer R, Pabst BM, Paschke E, Schalli M, Stütz AE, Tschernutter M, Windischhofer W, Withers SG. Synthesis of C-5a-substituted derivatives of 4-epi-isofagomine: notable β-galactosidase inhibitors and activity promotors of GM1-gangliosidosis related human lysosomal β-galactosidase mutant R201C. Carbohydr Res 2016; 429:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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43
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The Staudinger/aza-Wittig/Grignard reaction as key step for the concise synthesis of 1-C-Alkyl-iminoalditol glycomimetics. Carbohydr Res 2016; 429:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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44
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Zamoner LOB, Aragão-Leoneti V, Mantoani SP, Rugen MD, Nepogodiev SA, Field RA, Carvalho I. CuAAC click chemistry with N-propargyl 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-gulitol and N-propargyl 1,6-dideoxy-1,6-imino-D-mannitol provides access to triazole-linked piperidine and azepane pseudo-disaccharide iminosugars displaying glycosidase inhibitory properties. Carbohydr Res 2016; 429:29-37. [PMID: 27160849 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protecting group-free synthesis of 1,2:5,6-di-anhydro-D-mannitol, followed by ring opening with propargylamine and subsequent ring closure produced a separable mix of piperidine N-propargyl 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-gulitol and azepane N-propargyl 1,6-dideoxy-1,6-imino-D-mannitol. In O-acetylated form, these two building blocks were subjected to CuAAC click chemistry with a panel of three differently azide-substituted glucose building blocks, producing iminosugar pseudo-disaccharides in good yield. The overall panel of eight compounds, plus 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) as a benchmark, was evaluated as prospective inhibitors of almond β-glucosidase, yeast α-glucosidase and barley β-amylase. The iminosugar pseudo-disaccharides showed no inhibitory activity against almond β-glucosidase, while the parent N-propargyl 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-gulitol and N-propargyl 1,6-dideoxy-1,6-imino-D-mannitol likewise proved to be inactive against yeast α-glucosidase. Inhibitory activity could be reinstated in the former series by appropriate substitution on nitrogen. The greater activity of the piperidine could be rationalized based on docking studies. Further, potent inhibition of β-amylase was observed with compounds from both the piperidine and azepane series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Otávio B Zamoner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto 14040-930, Brazil
| | - Valquíria Aragão-Leoneti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto 14040-930, Brazil
| | - Susimaire P Mantoani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto 14040-930, Brazil
| | - Michael D Rugen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sergey A Nepogodiev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ivone Carvalho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto 14040-930, Brazil.
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45
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Marques ARA, Gabriel TL, Aten J, van Roomen CPAA, Ottenhoff R, Claessen N, Alfonso P, Irún P, Giraldo P, Aerts JMFG, van Eijk M. Gpnmb Is a Potential Marker for the Visceral Pathology in Niemann-Pick Type C Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147208. [PMID: 26771826 PMCID: PMC4714856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired function of NPC1 or NPC2 lysosomal proteins leads to the intracellular accumulation of unesterified cholesterol, the primary defect underlying Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease. In addition, glycosphingolipids (GSLs) accumulate in lysosomes as well. Intralysosomal lipid accumulation triggers the activation of a set of genes, including potential biomarkers. Transcript levels of Gpnmb have been shown to be elevated in various tissues of an NPC mouse model. We speculated that Gpnmb could serve as a marker for visceral lipid accumulation in NPC disease. We report that Gpnmb expression is increased at protein level in macrophages in the viscera of Npc1nih/nih mice. Interestingly, soluble Gpnmb was also found to be increased in murine and NPC patient plasma. Exposure of RAW264.7 macrophages to the NPC-phenotype-inducing drug U18666A also upregulated Gpnmb expression. Inhibition of GSL synthesis with the glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) inhibitor N-butyl-1-deoxynojirimycin prevented U18666A-induced Gpnmb induction and secretion. In summary, we show that Gpnmb is upregulated in NPC mice and patients, most likely due to GSL accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R. A. Marques
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanit L. Gabriel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Aten
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nike Claessen
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pilar Alfonso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Irún
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Giraldo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco van Eijk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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46
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Zelli R, Bartolami E, Longevial JF, Bessin Y, Dumy P, Marra A, Ulrich S. A metal-free synthetic approach to peptide-based iminosugar clusters as novel multivalent glycosidase inhibitors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20420h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxime ligation allowed the preparation of a set of iminosugar clusters from which new Jack bean α-mannosidase inhibitors were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Zelli
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247
- CNRS
- Université de Montpellier
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Eline Bartolami
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247
- CNRS
- Université de Montpellier
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Jean-François Longevial
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247
- CNRS
- Université de Montpellier
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Yannick Bessin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247
- CNRS
- Université de Montpellier
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Pascal Dumy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247
- CNRS
- Université de Montpellier
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Alberto Marra
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247
- CNRS
- Université de Montpellier
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Sébastien Ulrich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247
- CNRS
- Université de Montpellier
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
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47
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Zhao K, Zhou G, Nie H, Chen W. Three-step synthesis of l-ido-1-deoxynojirimycin derivatives by reductive amination in water, “borrowing hydrogen” under neat conditions and deprotection. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:9466-9471. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01864e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A three-step synthesis of l-ido-1-deoxynojirimycin derivatives, starting from readily available 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-d-glucopyranose via Ir-catalyzed reductive amination in water, “borrowing hydrogen” under neat conditions, and Pd-catalyzed debenzylation, is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- School of Pharmacy
- Fourth Military Medical University
- Xian
- P. R. China
| | - Gang Zhou
- School of Pharmacy
- Fourth Military Medical University
- Xian
- P. R. China
| | - Huifang Nie
- School of Pharmacy
- Fourth Military Medical University
- Xian
- P. R. China
| | - Weiping Chen
- School of Pharmacy
- Fourth Military Medical University
- Xian
- P. R. China
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48
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5-Fluoro derivatives of 4-epi-isofagomine as D-galactosidase inhibitors and potential pharmacological chaperones for GM1-gangliosidosis as well as Fabry's disease. Carbohydr Res 2015; 420:6-12. [PMID: 26717544 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic fluorination of an exocyclic methoxymethylene enol ether derived from N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-3,4-O-isopropylidene-D-erythro-pent-2-ulose (11) provided the 5-fluoro derivative of the powerful β-galactosidase inhibitor 4-epi-isofagomine (8). This structural alteration, in combination with N-alkylation, led to considerably improved α-galactosidase selectivity. New compounds may serve as leads en route to new pharmacological chaperones for Fabry's disease.
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49
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Tanaka-Yanuma A, Watanabe S, Ogawa K, Watanabe S, Aoki N, Ogura T, Usuki T. Synthesis of the polyketide moiety of the jamaicamides. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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van den Berg RJBHN, van Rijssel ER, Ferraz MJ, Houben J, Strijland A, Donker-Koopman WE, Wennekes T, Bonger KM, Ghisaidoobe ABT, Hoogendoorn S, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG. Synthesis and Evaluation of Hybrid Structures Composed of Two Glucosylceramide Synthase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:2042-62. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erwin R. van Rijssel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Maria Joao Ferraz
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Judith Houben
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Strijland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wilma E. Donker-Koopman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Wageningen University; Dreijenplein 8 6703 HB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Kimberly M. Bonger
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Amar B. T. Ghisaidoobe
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Sascha Hoogendoorn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A. van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
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