1
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Das R, Dutta R, Yi J, Qiu J, Krishna J, Tzafriri G, Lin Z, Thayumanavan S. Intramolecular Electrostatic Interactions Regulate Reactivity of Zwitterionic Functionalities in Amphiphilic Assemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405868. [PMID: 38977413 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The consequences of intramolecular ionic interactions in determining the reactivity of functional groups are of interest because they provide insights into how nature deploys seemingly reactive functionalities to be rather ubiquitous. Of specific interest are the quaternary ammonium ions in lipids. In this work, we investigate the effect of intramolecular electrostatic interactions in zwitterionic functionalities by judiciously incorporating them as leaving groups at the α-position of α,β-unsaturated ester-based lipid head groups. We find that electrostatic stabilization indeed plays a critical role in both the reaction kinetics with nucleophiles and the thermodynamics of lipid formation. We further leverage these findings to fabricate both triggerable assembly and disassembly of liposomal supramolecular assemblies in the presence of nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritam Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Ranit Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Jun Yi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Jingyi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Centre for Bioactive Delivery-Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Jithu Krishna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Gideon Tzafriri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Zhou Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - S Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Centre for Bioactive Delivery-Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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2
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Cao S, Wang Y, Li D, Peng X. H 2 O 2 -Inducible DNA Cross-linking Agents Capable of Releasing Multiple DNA Alkylators as Anticancer Prodrugs. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300273. [PMID: 37440359 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Three compounds with arylboronate esters conjugated with two equivalent nitrogen mustards [bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine, HN2] have been synthesized and characterized. These inactive small molecules selectively react with H2 O2 to produce multiple DNA cross-linkers, such as two HN2 molecules alongside a bisquinone methide (bisQM), leading to efficient DNA ICL formation. In comparison to other amine functional groups, using HN2 as a leaving group greatly improves the DNA cross-linking efficiency of these arylboronate esters as well as cellular activity. The introduction of HN2 in these arylboronate ester analogues favored the generation of bisQM that can directly cross-link DNA. Two equivalents of HN2 are also generated from these compounds upon treatment with H2 O2 , which directly produces DNA ICL products. The cumulative effects of HN2 and bisQM on DNA cross-linking makes these molecules highly effective H2 O2 -inducible DNA ICL agents. The three compounds with HN2 as a leaving group showed greatly enhanced cytotoxicity towards cancer cells in comparison to those containing trimethyl amine as a leaving group. This provides an effective strategy for further design of novel potential ROS-activated anticancer prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, 53211, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yibin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, 53211, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Daniel Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, 53211, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, 53211, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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3
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Jia Y, Sun J, Yu D, Wang L, Campbell A, Fan H, Sun H. Light and Hydrogen Peroxide Dual-responsive DNA Interstrand Crosslink Precursors with Potent Cytotoxicity. Bioorg Chem 2022; 130:106270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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4
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Ahmadi M, Potlitz F, Link A, von Woedtke T, Nasri Z, Wende K. Flucytosine-based prodrug activation by cold physical plasma. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200061. [PMID: 35621706 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to trigger drug release from arylboronate-containing ROS-responsive prodrugs. In cancer cells, elevated levels of ROS can be exploited for the selective activation of prodrugs via Baeyer-Villiger type oxidation rearrangement sequences. Here, we report a proof of concept to demonstrate that these cascades can as well be initiated by cold physical plasma (CPP). An analog of a recently reported fluorouracil prodrug based on the less toxic drug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) was synthesized with a view to laboratory safety reasons and used as a model compound to prove our hypothesis that CPP is suitable as a trigger for the prodrug activation. Although the envisioned oxidation and rearrangement with successive loss of boronic acid species could be achieved by plasma treatment, the anticipated spontaneous liberation of 5-FC was inefficient in the model case. However, the obtained results suggest that custom-tailored CPP-responsive prodrugs might become an evolving research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Ahmadi
- Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Felix Potlitz
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Link
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas von Woedtke
- Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Greifswald, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Greifswald, Germany.,Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Zahra Nasri
- Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristian Wende
- Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Greifswald, Germany
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5
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Yu D, Fan H, Sun J, Xue L, Wang L, Jia Y, Tian J, Sun H. Phenyl Selenide-Based Precursors as Hydrogen Peroxide Inducible DNA Interstrand Cross-Linkers. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200086. [PMID: 35224848 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are highly toxic DNA lesions, and induce cell death by blocking DNA strands separation. Most developed ICL agents, aiming to kill cancer cells, also generate adverse side effects to normal cells. H2O2-inducible DNA ICL agents are highly selective to target cancer cells, as the concentration of H2O2 is higher in cancer cells than normal cells. Previous studies focus on arylboronate-based precursors, reacting with H2O2 to generate reactive quinone methides (QMs) crosslinking DNA. Here we explore phenyl selenide-based precursors 1-3 as H2O2-inducible DNA ICL agents. The precursors 1-3 can be activated by H2O2 to generate the good benzylic leaving group and promote production of reactive QMs to crosslink DNA. Moreover, the DNA cross-linking ability is enhanced by the introduction of substituents in the para position of the phenolic hydroxyl group. From the substituents explored (H, OMe, F), the introduction of electron donating group (OMe) shows a pronounced elevating effect. Further mechanistic studies at the molecular and DNA levels confirm alkylation sites located mainly at dAs, dCs and dGs in DNA. Additionally, cellular experiments reveal that agents 1-3 exhibit higher cytotoxicity toward H1299 human lung cancer cells compared to clinically used drugs, by inducing cellular DNA damage, apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. This study provides a strategy to develop H2O2-inducible DNA interstrand cross-linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehao Yu
- Tianjin Medical University, Pharmacy, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Heli Fan
- Tianjin Medical University, Pharmacy, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Jing Sun
- Tianjin Medical University, Pharmacy, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Li Xue
- Tianjin Medical University, Pharmacy, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Luo Wang
- Tianjin Medical University, Pharmacy, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Yuanyuan Jia
- Tianjin Medical University, Pharmacy, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Junyu Tian
- Tianjin Medical University, Pharmacy, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Huabing Sun
- Tianjin Medical University, Pharmacy, 22 Qixiangtai Road, 300070, Tianjin, CHINA
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6
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Ueda H, Suzuki M, Sakurai Y, Tanaka T, Aoki S. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Boron‐Containing Macrocyclic Polyamine Dimers and Their Zinc(II) Complexes for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ueda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki, Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science Kyoto University 2-Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori Osaka 590-0494 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sakurai
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science Kyoto University 2-Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori Osaka 590-0494 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki, Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Shin Aoki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki, Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki, Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki, Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
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7
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Kuwano R, Lee E, Won S. Economical and Readily Accessible Preparation of o, o-Disubstituted Arylboronates through Palladium-Catalyzed Borylation of Haloarenes. Org Lett 2021; 23:9649-9653. [PMID: 34878280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Miyaura borylation, that is, palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling between bromoarenes and diboron, offers a versatile method for preparing arylboronates; however, a costly and inaccessible catalyst has been required for synthesizing highly congested arylboronates with the method. Here the Pd(OAc)2-tri(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine catalyst was found to work as an efficient catalyst for the sterically demanding borylation. A broad range of o,o-disubstituted bromoarenes were converted into the corresponding arylboronates in high yields by using the palladium catalyst with Cs2CO3 in EtOAc at 80 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Kuwano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Eunhyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Sungyong Won
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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8
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Saxon E, Peng X. Recent Advances in Hydrogen Peroxide Responsive Organoborons for Biological and Biomedical Applications. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100366. [PMID: 34636113 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is the most stable reactive oxygen species generated endogenously, participating in numerous physiological processes and abnormal pathological conditions. Mounting evidence suggests that a higher level of H2 O2 exists in various disease conditions. Thus, H2 O2 functions as an ideal target for site-specific bioimaging and therapeutic targeting. The unique reactivity of organoborons with H2 O2 provides a method for developing chemoselective molecules for biological and biomedical applications. This review highlights the design and application of boron-derived molecules for H2 O2 detection, and the utility of boron moieties toward masking reactive compounds leading to the development of metal prochelators and prodrugs for selectively delivering an active species at the target sites with elevated H2 O2 levels. Additionally, the emergence of H2 O2 -responsive theranostic agents consisting of both therapeutic and diagnostic moieties in one integrated system are discussed. The purpose of this review is to provide a better understanding of the role of boron-derived molecules toward biological and pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eron Saxon
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
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9
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Fan H, Zaman MAU, Chen W, Ali T, Campbell A, Zhang Q, Setu NI, Saxon E, Zahn NM, Benko AM, Arnold LA, Peng X. Assessment of Phenylboronic Acid Nitrogen Mustards as Potent and Selective Drug Candidates for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:687-702. [PMID: 33860194 PMCID: PMC8033613 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has limited treatment options and the worst prognosis among all types of breast cancer. We describe two prodrugs, namely, CWB-20145 (1) and its methyl analogue FAN-NM-CH3 (2) that reduced the size of TNBC-derived tumors. The DNA cross-linking of nitrogen mustard prodrugs 1 and 2 was superior to that of chlorambucil and melphalan once activated in the presence of H2O2. The cellular toxicity of 1 and 2 was demonstrated in seven human cancer cell lines. The TNBC cell line MDA-MB-468 was particularly sensitive toward 1 and 2. Compound 2 was 10 times more cytotoxic than chlorambucil and 16 times more active than melphalan. An evaluation of the gene expression demonstrated an upregulation of the tumor suppressor genes p53 and p21 supporting a transcriptional mechanism of a reduced tumor growth. Pharmacokinetic studies with 1 showed a rapid conversion of the prodrug. The introduction of a methyl group generated 2 with an increased half-life. An in vivo toxicity study in mice demonstrated that both prodrugs were less toxic than chlorambucil. Compounds 1 and 2 reduced tumor growth with an inhibition rate of more than 90% in athymic nude mice xenografted with MDA-MB-468 cells. Together, the in vivo investigations demonstrated that treatment with 1 and 2 suppressed tumor growth without affecting normal tissues in mice. These phenylboronic acid nitrogen mustard prodrugs represent promising drug candidates for the treatment of TNBC. However, the mechanisms underlying their superior in vivo activity and selectivity as well as the correlation between H2O2 level and in vivo efficacy are not yet fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Taufeeque Ali
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Anahit Campbell
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Nurul Islam Setu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Eron Saxon
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Nicolas M. Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Anna M. Benko
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Leggy A. Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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10
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Fan H, Peng X. Photoinduced DNA Interstrand Cross-Linking by Benzene Derivatives: Leaving Groups Determine the Efficiency of the Cross-Linker. J Org Chem 2021; 86:493-506. [PMID: 33253574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized and characterized two small libraries of 2-OMe or 2-NO2-benzene analogues 2a-i and 3a-i containing a wide variety of leaving groups. Irradiation of these compounds at 350 nm generated benzyl radicals that were spontaneously oxidized to benzyl cations directly producing DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs). Compounds with a 2-methoxy substituent showed a faster cross-linking reaction rate and higher ICL efficiency than the corresponding 2-nitro analogues. Apart from the aromatic substituent, the benzylic leaving groups greatly affected DNA cross-linking efficiency. Higher ICL yields were observed for compounds with OCH3 (3b), OCH2Ph (3d), or Ph3P+ (3i) as leaving groups than those containing OAc (3a), NMe2 (3e), morpholine (3f), OCH2CH═CH2 (3c), SPh (3g), or SePh (3h). The heat stability study of the isolated ICL products indicated that dGs were the preferred alkylation sites in DNA for the benzyl cations produced from 2a-i, 3c, and 3e-i while 3a (L = OAc), 3b (L = OMe), and 3d (L = OCH2Ph) showed a similar photoreactivity toward dGs and dAs. Although the photogenerated benzyl cations alkylated dG, dC, and dA, ICL assay with variation of DNA sequences showed that the ICL reaction occurred with opposing dG/dC but not with staggered dA/dA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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11
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Maslah H, Skarbek C, Pethe S, Labruère R. Anticancer boron-containing prodrugs responsive to oxidative stress from the tumor microenvironment. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Mirhadi E, Mashreghi M, Faal Maleki M, Alavizadeh SH, Arabi L, Badiee A, Jaafari MR. Redox-sensitive nanoscale drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Peiró Cadahía J, Previtali V, Troelsen NS, Clausen MH. Prodrug strategies for targeted therapy triggered by reactive oxygen species. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1531-1549. [PMID: 31673314 PMCID: PMC6786010 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00169g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been associated with numerous pathophysiological conditions including cancer and inflammation and the ROS stimulus constitutes a potential trigger for drug delivery strategies. Over the past decade, a number of ROS-sensitive functionalities have been identified with the purpose of introducing disease-targeting properties into small molecule drugs - a prodrug strategy that offers a promising approach for increasing the selectivity and efficacy of treatments. This review will provide an overview of the ROS-responsive prodrugs developed to date. A discussion on the current progress and limitations is provided along with a reflection on the unanswered questions that need to be addressed in order to advance this novel approach to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viola Previtali
- Center for Nanomedicine & Theranostics , Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet 207 , DK 2800 , Kongens Lyngby , Denmark .
| | - Nikolaj S Troelsen
- Center for Nanomedicine & Theranostics , Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet 207 , DK 2800 , Kongens Lyngby , Denmark .
| | - Mads H Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine & Theranostics , Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet 207 , DK 2800 , Kongens Lyngby , Denmark .
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14
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Bedini A, Fraternale A, Crinelli R, Mari M, Bartolucci S, Chiarantini L, Spadoni G. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Hydrogen Peroxide Responsive Arylboronate Melatonin Hybrids. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 32:100-112. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annalida Bedini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fraternale
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Rita Crinelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Michele Mari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Silvia Bartolucci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Laura Chiarantini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
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15
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Chen W, Fan H, Balakrishnan K, Wang Y, Sun H, Fan Y, Gandhi V, Arnold LA, Peng X. Discovery and Optimization of Novel Hydrogen Peroxide Activated Aromatic Nitrogen Mustard Derivatives as Highly Potent Anticancer Agents. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9132-9145. [PMID: 30247905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe several new aromatic nitrogen mustards with various aromatic substituents and boronic esters that can be activated with H2O2 to efficiently cross-link DNA. In vitro studies demonstrated the anticancer potential of these compounds at lower concentrations than those of other clinically used chemotherapeutics, such as melphalan and chlorambucil. In particular, compound 10, bearing an amino acid ester chain, is selectively cytotoxic toward breast cancer and leukemia cells that have inherently high levels of reactive oxygen species. Importantly, 10 was 10-14-fold more efficacious than melphalan and chlorambucil for triple-negative breast-cancer (TNBC) cells. Similarly, 10 is more toxic toward primary chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia cells than either chlorambucil or the lead compound, 9. The introduction of an amino acid side chain improved the solubility and permeability of 10. Furthermore, 10 inhibited the growth of TNBC tumors in xenografted mice without obvious signs of general toxicity, making this compound an ideal drug candidate for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee , 3210 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Heli Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee , 3210 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Kumudha Balakrishnan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics , MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics , MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee , 3210 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee , 3210 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
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16
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Fan H, Sun H, Peng X. Substituents Have a Large Effect on Photochemical Generation of Benzyl Cations and DNA Cross-Linking. Chemistry 2018; 24:7671-7682. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heli Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer Street Milwaukee Wisconsin 53211 USA
| | - Huabing Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer Street Milwaukee Wisconsin 53211 USA
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer Street Milwaukee Wisconsin 53211 USA
- Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer Street Milwaukee Wisconsin 53211 USA
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17
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Hydrogen peroxide activated quinone methide precursors with enhanced DNA cross-linking capability and cytotoxicity towards cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 133:197-207. [PMID: 28388522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quinone methide (QM) formation induced by endogenously generated H2O2 is attractive for biological and biomedical applications. To overcome current limitations due to low biological activity of H2O2-activated QM precursors, we are introducing herein several new arylboronates with electron donating substituents at different positions of benzene ring and/or different neutral leaving groups. The reaction rate of the arylboronate esters with H2O2 and subsequent bisquinone methides formation and DNA cross-linking was accelerated with the application of Br as a leaving group instead of acetoxy groups. Additionally, a donating group placed meta to the nascent exo-methylene group of the quinone methide greatly improves H2O2-induced DNA interstrand cross-link formation as well as enhances the cellular activity. Multiple donating groups decrease the stability and DNA cross-linking capability, which lead to low cellular activity. A cell-based screen demonstrated that compounds 2a and 5a with a OMe or OH group dramatically inhibited the growth of various tissue-derived cancer cells while normal cells were less affected. Induction of H2AX phosphorylation by these compounds in CLL lymphocytes provide evidence for a correlation between cell death and DNA damage. The compounds presented herein showed potent anticancer activities and selectivity, which represent a novel scaffold for anticancer drug development.
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Wang Y, Lin Z, Fan H, Peng X. Photoinduced DNA Interstrand Cross-Link Formation by Naphthalene Boronates via a Carbocation. Chemistry 2016; 22:10382-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer St. Milwaukee WI 53211 USA
| | - Zechao Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer St. Milwaukee WI 53211 USA
| | - Heli Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer St. Milwaukee WI 53211 USA
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer St. Milwaukee WI 53211 USA
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19
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Wang Y, Liu S, Lin Z, Fan Y, Wang Y, Peng X. Photochemical Generation of Benzyl Cations That Selectively Cross-Link Guanine and Cytosine in DNA. Org Lett 2016; 18:2544-7. [PMID: 27191599 PMCID: PMC5609456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UV irradiation of several aryl boronates efficiently produced bifunctional benzyl cations that selectively form guanine-cytosine cross-links in DNA. Photoinduced homolysis of the C-Br bond took place with the aryl boronate bromides 3a and 4a, generating free radicals that were oxidized to benzyl cations via electron transfer. However, photoirradiation of the quaternary ammonium salts 3b and 4b led to heterolysis of C-N bond, directly producing benzyl cations. The electron-donating group in the aromatic ring greatly enhanced cross-linking efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Zechao Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Yukai Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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20
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Novel delivery approaches for cancer therapeutics. J Control Release 2015; 219:248-268. [PMID: 26456750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, a majority of cancer treatment strategies are based on the removal of tumor mass mainly by surgery. Chemical and physical treatments such as chemo- and radiotherapies have also made a major contribution in inhibiting rapid growth of malignant cells. Furthermore, these approaches are often combined to enhance therapeutic indices. It is widely known that surgery, chemo- and radiotherapy also inhibit normal cells growth. In addition, these treatment modalities are associated with severe side effects and high toxicity which in turn lead to low quality of life. This review encompasses novel strategies for more effective chemotherapeutic delivery aiming to generate better prognosis. Currently, cancer treatment is a highly dynamic field and significant advances are being made in the development of novel cancer treatment strategies. In contrast to conventional cancer therapeutics, novel approaches such as ligand or receptor based targeting, triggered release, intracellular drug targeting, gene delivery, cancer stem cell therapy, magnetic drug targeting and ultrasound-mediated drug delivery, have added new modalities for cancer treatment. These approaches have led to selective detection of malignant cells leading to their eradication with minimal side effects. Lowering multi-drug resistance and involving influx transportation in targeted drug delivery to cancer cells can also contribute significantly in the therapeutic interventions in cancer.
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21
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Alouane A, Labruère R, Le Saux T, Schmidt F, Jullien L. Self-immolative spacers: kinetic aspects, structure-property relationships, and applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7492-509. [PMID: 26053475 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Self-immolative spacers are covalent assemblies tailored to correlate the cleavage of two chemical bonds after activation of a protective part in a precursor: Upon stimulation, the protective moiety is removed, which generates a cascade of disassembling reactions leading to the temporally sequential release of smaller molecules. Originally introduced to overcome limitations for drug delivery, self-immolative spacers have gained wide interest in medicinal chemistry, analytical chemistry, and material science. For most applications, the kinetics of the disassembly of the activated self-immolative spacer governs functional properties. This Review addresses kinetic aspects of self-immolation. It provides information for selecting a particular self-immolative motif for a specific demand. Moreover, it should help researchers design kinetic experiments and fully exploit the rich perspectives of self-immolative spacers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alouane
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Department of Chemistry, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris (France).,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, PASTEUR, 75005 Paris (France).,CNRS, UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 75005 Paris (France).,Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris (France).,CNRS, UMR 3666, 75248 Paris (France).,INSERM, U 1143, 75248 Paris (France)
| | - Raphaël Labruère
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, UMR CNRS 8182, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex (France)
| | - Thomas Le Saux
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Department of Chemistry, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris (France).,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, PASTEUR, 75005 Paris (France).,CNRS, UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 75005 Paris (France)
| | - Frédéric Schmidt
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris (France). .,CNRS, UMR 3666, 75248 Paris (France). .,INSERM, U 1143, 75248 Paris (France).
| | - Ludovic Jullien
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Department of Chemistry, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris (France). .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, PASTEUR, 75005 Paris (France). .,CNRS, UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 75005 Paris (France).
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Alouane A, Labruère R, Le Saux T, Schmidt F, Jullien L. Selbstzerlegende Spacer: kinetische Aspekte, Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen und Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Han Y, Chen W, Kuang Y, Sun H, Wang Z, Peng X. UV-Induced DNA Interstrand Cross-Linking and Direct Strand Breaks from a New Type of Binitroimidazole Analogue. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:919-26. [PMID: 25844639 DOI: 10.1021/tx500522r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Four novel photoactivated binitroimidazole prodrugs were synthesized. These agents produced DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) and direct strand breaks (DSB) upon UV irradiation, whereas no or very few DNA ICLs and DSBs were observed without UV treatment. Although these four molecules (1-4) contain the same binitroimidazole moiety, they bear four different leaving groups, which resulted in their producing different yields of DNA damage. Compound 4, with nitrogen mustard as a leaving group, showed the highest ICL yield. Surprisingly, compounds 1-3, without any alkylating functional group, also induced DNA ICL formation, although they did so with lower yields, which suggested that the binitroimidazole moiety released from UV irradiation of 1-3 is capable of cross-linking DNA. The DNA cross-linked products induced by these compounds were completely destroyed upon 1.0 M piperidine treatment at 90 °C (leading to cleavage at dG sites), which revealed that DNA cross-linking mainly occurred via alkylation of dGs. We proposed a possible mechanism by which alkylating agents were released from these compounds. HRMS and NMR analysis confirmed that free nitrogen mustards were generated by UV irradiation of 4. Suppression of DNA ICL and DSB formation by a radical trap, TEMPO, indicated the involvement of free radicals in the photo reactions of 3 and 4 with DNA. On the basis of these data, we propose that UV irradiation of compounds 1-4 generated a binitroimidazole intermediate that cross-links DNA. The higher ICL yield observed with 4 resulted from the amine effector nitrogen mustard released from UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Wenbing Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Yunyan Kuang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Huabing Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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24
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Fakhari F, Rokita SE. A walk along DNA using bipedal migration of a dynamic and covalent crosslinker. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5591. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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25
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Chen W, Han Y, Peng X. Aromatic nitrogen mustard-based prodrugs: activity, selectivity, and the mechanism of DNA cross-linking. Chemistry 2014; 20:7410-8. [PMID: 24806710 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Three novel H2O2-activated aromatic nitrogen mustard prodrugs (6-8) are reported. These compounds contain a DNA alkylating agent connected to a H2O2-responsive trigger by different electron-withdrawing linkers so that they are inactive towards DNA but can be triggered by H2O2 to release active species. The activity and selectivity of these compounds towards DNA were investigated by measuring DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) formation in the presence or absence of H2O2. An electron-withdrawing linker unit, such as a quaternary ammonia salt (6), a carboxyamide (7), and a carbonate group (8), is sufficient to deactivate the aromatic nitrogen mustard resulting in less than 1.5 % cross-linking formation. However, H2O2 can restore the activity of the effectors by converting a withdrawing group to a donating group, therefore increasing the cross-linking efficiency (>20 %). The stability and reaction sites of the ICL products were determined, which revealed that alkylation induced by 7 and 8 not only occurred at the purine sites but also at the pyrimidine site. For the first time, we isolated and characterized the monomer adducts formed between the canonical nucleosides and the aromatic nitrogen mustard (15) which supported that nitrogen mustards reacted with dG, dA, and dC. The activation mechanism was studied by NMR spectroscopic analysis. An in vitro cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that compound 7 with a carboxyamide linker dramatically inhibited the growth of various cancer cells with a GI50 of less than 1 μM, whereas compound 6 with a charged linker did not show any obvious toxicity in all cell lines tested. These data indicated that a neutral carboxyamide linker is preferable for developing nitrogen mustard prodrugs. Our results showed that 7 is a potent anticancer prodrug that can serve as a model compound for further development. We believe these novel aromatic nitrogen mustards will inspire further and effective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211 (USA)
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