1
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Suga T, Takada R, Sakamoto M, Ukaji Y. Directing-Group-Assisted Non-Strained Ether C-O Bond Homolysis Mediated by Low-Valent Titanium. Org Lett 2024; 26:2315-2320. [PMID: 38456776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Ether C-O bonds are typical constituents of organic molecules that are seldom regarded as reactive functional groups except when highly strained. With the assistance of appropriate directing groups, low-valent titanium was found to homolytically cleave non-strained C-O bonds. In particular, a newly designed catechol monoether directing group rendered a route toward the activation of non-benzylic C(sp3)-O bonds. This method has been applied to conventional radical addition reactions to alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Suga
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University,, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ryusei Takada
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University,, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masaya Sakamoto
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University,, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ukaji
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University,, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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2
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Mathison R, Ramos Figueroa AL, Bloomquist C, Modestino MA. Electrochemical Manufacturing Routes for Organic Chemical Commodities. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2023; 14:85-108. [PMID: 36930876 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101121-090840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis of organic chemical commodities provides an alternative to conventional thermochemical manufacturing and enables the direct use of renewable electricity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the chemical industry. We discuss electrochemical synthesis approaches that use abundant carbon feedstocks for the production of the largest petrochemical precursors and basic organic chemical products: light olefins, olefin oxidation derivatives, aromatics, and methanol. First, we identify feasible routes for the electrochemical production of each commodity while considering the reaction thermodynamics, available feedstocks, and competing thermochemical processes. Next, we summarize successful catalysis and reaction engineering approaches to overcome technological challenges that prevent electrochemical routes from operating at high production rates, selectivity, stability, and energy conversion efficiency. Finally, we provide an outlook on the strategies that must be implemented to achieve large-scale electrochemical manufacturing of major organic chemical commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Mathison
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York, USA; , , ,
| | - Alexandra L Ramos Figueroa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York, USA; , , ,
| | - Casey Bloomquist
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York, USA; , , ,
| | - Miguel A Modestino
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York, USA; , , ,
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3
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Villo P, Shatskiy A, Kärkäs MD, Lundberg H. Electrosynthetic C-O Bond Activation in Alcohols and Alcohol Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211952. [PMID: 36278406 PMCID: PMC10107720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Alcohols and their derivatives are ubiquitous and versatile motifs in organic synthesis. Deoxygenative transformations of these compounds are often challenging due to the thermodynamic penalty associated with the cleavage of the C-O bond. However, electrochemically driven redox events have been shown to facilitate the C-O bond cleavage in alcohols and their derivatives either through direct electron transfer or through the use of electron transfer mediators and electroactive catalysts. Herein, a comprehensive overview of preparative electrochemically mediated protocols for C-O bond activation and functionalization is detailed, including direct and indirect electrosynthetic methods, as well as photoelectrochemical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piret Villo
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of TechnologySE-100 44StockholmSweden
| | - Andrey Shatskiy
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of TechnologySE-100 44StockholmSweden
| | - Markus D. Kärkäs
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of TechnologySE-100 44StockholmSweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of TechnologySE-100 44StockholmSweden
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4
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Lee K, Jing Y, Wang Y, Yan N. A unified view on catalytic conversion of biomass and waste plastics. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:635-652. [PMID: 37117711 PMCID: PMC9366821 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Originating from the desire to improve sustainability, producing fuels and chemicals from the conversion of biomass and waste plastic has become an important research topic in the twenty-first century. Although biomass is natural and plastic synthetic, the chemical nature of the two are not as distinct as they first appear. They share substantial structural similarities in terms of their polymeric nature and the types of bonds linking their monomeric units, resulting in close relationships between the two materials and their conversions. Previously, their transformations were mostly studied and reviewed separately in the literature. Here, we summarize the catalytic conversion of biomass and waste plastics, with a focus on bond activation chemistry and catalyst design. By tracking the historical and more recent developments, it becomes clear that biomass and plastic have not only evolved their unique conversion pathways but have also started to cross paths with each other, with each influencing the landscape of the other. As a result, this Review on the catalytic conversion of biomass and waste plastic in a unified angle offers improved insights into existing technologies, and more importantly, may enable new opportunities for future advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungho Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yaxuan Jing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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5
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Ayub R, Raheel A. High-Value Chemicals from Electrocatalytic Depolymerization of Lignin: Challenges and Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3767. [PMID: 35409138 PMCID: PMC8999055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is renewable and one of the most abundant sources for the production of high-value chemicals, materials, and fuels. It is of immense importance to develop new efficient technologies for the industrial production of chemicals by utilizing renewable resources. Lignocellulosic biomass can potentially replace fossil-based chemistries. The production of fuel and chemicals from lignin powered by renewable electricity under ambient temperatures and pressures enables a more sustainable way to obtain high-value chemicals. More specifically, in a sustainable biorefinery, it is essential to valorize lignin to enhance biomass transformation technology and increase the overall economy of the process. Strategies regarding electrocatalytic approaches as a way to valorize or depolymerize lignin have attracted significant interest from growing scientific communities over the recent decades. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the electrocatalytic methods for depolymerization of lignocellulosic biomass with an emphasis on untargeted depolymerization as well as the selective and targeted mild synthesis of high-value chemicals. Electrocatalytic cleavage of model compounds and further electrochemical upgrading of bio-oils are discussed. Finally, some insights into current challenges and limitations associated with this approach are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ayub
- RISE Processum AB, Bioeconomy and Health Division, SE-891 22 Örnsköldsvik, Sweden
| | - Ahmad Raheel
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
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6
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Yang C, Magallanes G, Maldonado S, Stephenson CRJ. Electro-reductive Fragmentation of Oxidized Lignin Models. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15927-15934. [PMID: 34110161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lignin provides a potential sustainable source for production of electron-rich aromatic compounds. Recently, electrochemical lignin degradation via an oxidation/reduction sequence under mild conditions has garnered much attention within the lignin community, as electrochemistry simplifies redox reactions and offers an electron source/sink for synthesis without using stoichiometric oxidants or reductants. This paper describes a fundamental approach for the electrochemical fragmentation of the primary connection in native lignin, β-O-4. Potential-controlled electrolysis enables selective reduction and provides fragmentation products and/or coupling products in isolated yields of 59-92%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gabriel Magallanes
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen Maldonado
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Program in Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R J Stephenson
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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7
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Yang C, Chen H, Peng T, Liang B, Zhang Y, Zhao W. Lignin valorization toward value-added chemicals and fuels via electrocatalysis: A perspective. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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Ji M, Chang C, Wu X, Zhu C. Photocatalytic intermolecular carboarylation of alkenes by selective C-O bond cleavage of diarylethers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9240-9243. [PMID: 34519298 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04038c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Disclosed herein is a novel radical-mediated intermolecular carboarylation of alkenes by cleaving inert C-O bonds. The strategically designed arylbenzothiazolylether diazonium salts are harnessed as dual-function reagents. A vast array of alkenes are proven to be suitable substrates. The benzothiazolyl moiety in the products serves as the formyl precursor, and the OH residue provides the cross-coupling site for further product elaboration, indicating the robust transformability of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meishan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Chenyang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Lyu H, Kevlishvili I, Yu X, Liu P, Dong G. Boron insertion into alkyl ether bonds via zinc/nickel tandem catalysis. Science 2021; 372:175-182. [PMID: 33833121 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg5526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mild methods to cleave the carbon-oxygen (C-O) bond in alkyl ethers could simplify chemical syntheses through the elaboration of these robust, readily available precursors. Here we report that dibromoboranes react with alkyl ethers in the presence of a nickel catalyst and zinc reductant to insert boron into the C-O bond. Subsequent reactivity can effect oxygen-to-nitrogen substitution or one-carbon homologation of cyclic ethers and more broadly streamline preparation of bioactive compounds. Mechanistic studies reveal a cleavage-then-rebound pathway via zinc/nickel tandem catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Xuan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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10
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Yan B, Zhou Y, Wu J, Ran M, Li H, Yao Q. Catalyst-free reductive hydrogenation or deuteration of aryl–heteroatom bonds induced by light. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00978h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The photoinduced hydrogenation or deuteration of quaternary arylammonium salts, aryl triflates, and aryl halides under catalyst-free conditions was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Yutong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Jieliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Maogang Ran
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Qiuli Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Salt Lakes, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
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11
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Visible-light photoredox-catalyzed C-O bond cleavage of diaryl ethers by acridinium photocatalysts at room temperature. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6126. [PMID: 33257656 PMCID: PMC7705023 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of C-O bonds in lignin can afford the renewable aryl sources for fine chemicals. However, the high bond energies of these C-O bonds, especially the 4-O-5-type diaryl ether C-O bonds (~314 kJ/mol) make the cleavage very challenging. Here, we report visible-light photoredox-catalyzed C-O bond cleavage of diaryl ethers by an acidolysis with an aryl carboxylic acid and a following one-pot hydrolysis. Two molecules of phenols are obtained from one molecule of diaryl ether at room temperature. The aryl carboxylic acid used for the acidolysis can be recovered. The key to success of the acidolysis is merging visible-light photoredox catalysis using an acridinium photocatalyst and Lewis acid catalysis using Cu(TMHD)2. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that the catalytic cycle occurs via a rare selective electrophilic attack of the generated aryl carboxylic radical on the electron-rich aryl ring of the diphenyl ether. This transformation is applied to a gram-scale reaction and the model of 4-O-5 lignin linkages.
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12
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Du X, Zhang H, Sullivan KP, Gogoi P, Deng Y. Electrochemical Lignin Conversion. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4318-4343. [PMID: 33448690 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the largest source of renewable aromatic compounds, making the recovery of aromatic compounds from this material a significant scientific goal. Recently, many studies have reported on lignin depolymerization and upgrading strategies. Electrochemical approaches are considered to be low cost, reagent free, and environmentally friendly, and can be carried out under mild reaction conditions. In this Review, different electrochemical lignin conversion strategies, including electrooxidation, electroreduction, hybrid electro-oxidation and reduction, and combinations of electrochemical and other processes (e. g., biological, solar) for lignin depolymerization and upgrading are discussed in detail. In addition to lignin conversion, electrochemical lignin fractionation from biomass and black liquor is also briefly discussed. Finally, the outlook and challenges for electrochemical lignin conversion are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Du
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Haichuan Zhang
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street N.W., Atlanta, GA 303320620, USA
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Kevin P Sullivan
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Parikshit Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Nowgong College, Nagaon, 782001, Assam, India
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street N.W., Atlanta, GA 303320620, USA
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13
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Dou Q, Li CJ, Zeng H. Photoinduced transition-metal- and external-photosensitizer-free intramolecular aryl rearrangement via C(Ar)-O bond cleavage. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5740-5744. [PMID: 32864086 PMCID: PMC7425081 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01585g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of photochemical reactions that do not require expensive photocatalysts or transition metals is an environmentally friendly strategy for accomplishing a variety of structural transformations. Herein, we report a protocol for photoinduced transition-metal- and external-photocatalyst-free intramolecular heteroaryl/aryl rearrangement reactions of 2-heteroaryl/aryloxybenzaldehydes. The protocol was compatible with a variety of functionalities, including methyl, methoxy, cyano, ester, trifluoromethyl, halogen, and heteroaromatic rings. Control experiments suggested that the reaction proceeded via a photoinduced intramolecular heteroaryl/aryl rearrangement process involving photoexcitation of the aldehyde carbonyl group, radical addition, C-C bond formation and C(Ar)-O bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Dou
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 Tianshui Road , Lanzhou , 730000 , P. R. China .
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke St. West , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Huiying Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 Tianshui Road , Lanzhou , 730000 , P. R. China .
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14
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Wang M, Wang F. Catalytic Scissoring of Lignin into Aryl Monomers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901866. [PMID: 31821648 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an aromatic polymer, which is the biggest and most sustainable reservoir for aromatics. The selective conversion of lignin polymers into aryl monomers is a promising route to provide aromatics, but it is also a challenging task. Compared to cellulose, lignin remains the most poorly utilized biopolymer due to its complex structure. Although harsh conditions can degrade lignin, the aromatic rings are usually destroyed. This article comprehensively analyzes the challenges facing the scissoring of lignin into aryl monomers and summarizes the recent progress, focusing on the strategies and the catalysts to address the problems. Finally, emphasis is given to the outlook and future directions of this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
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15
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Qi L, Chamas A, Jones ZR, Walter ED, Hoyt DW, Washton NM, Scott SL. Unraveling the Dynamic Network in the Reactions of an Alkyl Aryl Ether Catalyzed by Ni/γ-Al2O3 in 2-Propanol. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17370-17381. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Qi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Ali Chamas
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zachary R. Jones
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Eric D. Walter
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - David W. Hoyt
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Nancy M. Washton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Susannah L. Scott
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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16
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Marko JA, Durgham A, Bretz SL, Liu W. Electrochemical benzylic oxidation of C–H bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:937-940. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08768g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical benzylic C–H oxidation reaction that is mediated by tert-butyl peroxyl radical is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Marko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Miami University
- Oxford
- Ohio
- USA
| | - Anthony Durgham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Miami University
- Oxford
- Ohio
- USA
| | | | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Miami University
- Oxford
- Ohio
- USA
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17
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Cao D, Zeng H, Li CJ. Formal Cross-Coupling of Diaryl Ethers with Ammonia by Dual C(Ar)–O Bond Cleavages. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiying Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
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18
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Zeng H, Cao D, Qiu Z, Li CJ. Palladium-Catalyzed Formal Cross-Coupling of Diaryl Ethers with Amines: Slicing the 4-O
-5 Linkage in Lignin Models. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; Lanzhou University; 222 Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Dawei Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; Lanzhou University; 222 Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Zihang Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. West Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; Lanzhou University; 222 Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. West Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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19
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Zeng H, Cao D, Qiu Z, Li CJ. Palladium-Catalyzed Formal Cross-Coupling of Diaryl Ethers with Amines: Slicing the 4-O
-5 Linkage in Lignin Models. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3752-3757. [PMID: 29384588 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; Lanzhou University; 222 Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Dawei Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; Lanzhou University; 222 Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Zihang Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. West Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; Lanzhou University; 222 Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. West Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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20
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KC S, Basnet P, Thapa S, Shrestha B, Giri R. Ni-Catalyzed Regioselective Dicarbofunctionalization of Unactivated Olefins by Tandem Cyclization/Cross-Coupling and Application to the Concise Synthesis of Lignan Natural Products. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2920-2936. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shekhar KC
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Prakash Basnet
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Surendra Thapa
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Bijay Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Ramesh Giri
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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21
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Du L, Shao Y, Sun J, Yin G, Du C, Wang Y. Electrocatalytic valorisation of biomass derived chemicals. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00533h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in electro-valorization of biomass-derived intermediates is reviewed, while a perspective on future R&D in this field is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Du
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
| | - Yuyan Shao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Junming Sun
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| | - Geping Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Chunyu Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Yong Wang
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
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22
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1924] [Impact Index Per Article: 274.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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23
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24
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Lui MY, Yuen AKL, Masters AF, Maschmeyer T. Masked N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Alkylation of Phenols with Organic Carbonates. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:2312-2316. [PMID: 27528488 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An easily prepared masked N-heterocyclic carbene, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate (DMI-CO2 ), was investigated as a "green" and inexpensive organocatalyst for the alkylation of phenols. The process made use of various low-toxicity and renewable alkylating agents, such as dimethyl- and diethyl carbonate, in a focused microwave reactor. DMI-CO2 was found to be a very active catalyst and excellent yields of a range of aryl alkyl ethers were obtained under relatively benign conditions. The observed difference in the conversion behavior of phenol methylation, in the presence of either the carbene or 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU) catalyst, was rationalized on the basis of mechanistic investigations. The primary mode of action for the N-heterocyclic carbene is nucleophilic catalysis. Activation of the dialkyl carbonate electrophile results in concomitant evolution of an organo-soluble alkoxide, which deprotonates the phenolic starting material. In contrast, DBU is initially protonated by the phenol and thus consumed. Subsequent regeneration and participation in nucleophilic catalysis only becomes significant after some phenolate alkylation occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Y Lui
- Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Alexander K L Yuen
- Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony F Masters
- Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Thomas Maschmeyer
- Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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25
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Gong M, Huang JM. Electrochemical Oxidative C−H/N−H Coupling between γ-Lactams and Anilines. Chemistry 2016; 22:14293-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 P. R. China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 P. R. China
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26
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Wang HB, Huang JM. Decarboxylative Coupling ofα-Keto Acids withortho-Phenylenediamines Promoted by an Electrochemical Method in Aqueous Media. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201501167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Lai YL, Ye JS, Huang JM. Electrochemical Synthesis of Benzazoles from Alcohols and o
-Substituted Anilines with a Catalytic Amount of CoII
Salt. Chemistry 2016; 22:5425-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201505074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Long Lai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 P. R. China
| | - Jian-Shan Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 P. R. China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 P. R. China
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29
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Gao F, Webb JD, Hartwig JF. Chemo‐ and Regioselective Hydrogenolysis of Diaryl Ether C−O Bonds by a Robust Heterogeneous Ni/C Catalyst: Applications to the Cleavage of Complex Lignin‐Related Fragments. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1474-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gao
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Jonathan D. Webb
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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30
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Gao F, Webb JD, Hartwig JF. Chemo‐ and Regioselective Hydrogenolysis of Diaryl Ether C−O Bonds by a Robust Heterogeneous Ni/C Catalyst: Applications to the Cleavage of Complex Lignin‐Related Fragments. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gao
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Jonathan D. Webb
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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31
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32
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Zaheer M, Kempe R. Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Aryl Ethers: A Key Step in Lignin Valorization to Valuable Chemicals. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501498f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zaheer
- Department
of Chemistry, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering (SBASSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Rhett Kempe
- Lehrstuhl
Anorganische Chemie II - Catalyst Design, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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