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Palos Pacheco R, Kegel LL, Pemberton JE. Interfacial and Solution Aggregation Behavior of a Series of Bioinspired Rhamnolipid Congeners Rha-C14-C x ( x = 6, 8, 10, 12, 14). J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13585-13596. [PMID: 34860023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnolipids are glycolipids produced by microorganisms with outstanding surfactant properties. They are a class of biosurfactants that are potential candidates for biodegradable and nontoxic replacements of current specialty synthetic surfactants. Building on our previous efforts in developing an efficient and practical chemical methodology to synthesize rhamnolipids allows us to now explore the tunability of rhamnolipid properties. Here, we explore the impact on solution self-assembly and adsorption at the air/water interface of symmetry of the two lipid tails for diastereomeric mixtures of a series of monorhamnolipids of the generic structure Rha-C14-Cx. Surface activity of the anionic forms of these molecules at pH 8 is described by surface tensiometry. Characteristics of their aggregation behavior in aqueous solutions including hydrodynamic radius, aggregation number, and aggregate morphology are determined using dynamic light scattering and time-resolved fluorescence quenching spectroscopy. The solution aggregation behavior of this series is found to unexpectedly vary in a nonmonotonic fashion. This is explained by molecular structural attributes of each series member that result in differences in the respective intermolecular interactions of various parts of these surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Palos Pacheco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Laurel L Kegel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeanne E Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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2
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Abstract
Carbohydrate recognition is crucial for biological processes ranging from development to immune system function to host-pathogen interactions. The proteins that bind glycans are faced with a daunting task: to coax these hydrophilic species out of water and into a binding site. Here, we examine the forces underlying glycan recognition by proteins. Our previous bioinformatic study of glycan-binding sites indicated that the most overrepresented side chains are electron-rich aromatic residues, including tyrosine and tryptophan. These findings point to the importance of CH-π interactions for glycan binding. Studies of CH-π interactions show a strong dependence on the presence of an electron-rich π system, and the data indicate binding is enhanced by complementary electronic interactions between the electron-rich aromatic ring and the partial positive charge of the carbohydrate C-H protons. This electronic dependence means that carbohydrate residues with multiple aligned highly polarized C-H bonds, such as β-galactose, form strong CH-π interactions, whereas less polarized residues such as α-mannose do not. This information can guide the design of proteins to recognize sugars and the generation of ligands for proteins, small molecules, or catalysts that bind sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Roger C. Diehl
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Takemura H. Synthesis of Azacalixarenes and Development of Their Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:4885. [PMID: 34443473 PMCID: PMC8398485 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the synthesis, structure, and interactions of metal ions, the detection of some weak interactions using the structure, and the construction of supramolecules of azacalixarenes that have been reported to date. Azacalixarenes are characterized by the presence of shallow or deep cavities, the simultaneous presence of a basic nitrogen atom and an acidic phenolic hydroxyl group, and the ability to introduce various side chains into the cyclic skeleton. These molecules can be given many functions by substituting groups on the benzene ring, modifying phenolic hydroxyl groups, and converting side chains. The author discusses the evidence of azacalixarene utilizing these characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takemura
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Mejirodai 2-8-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
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4
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Cuétara-Guadarrama F, Hernández-Huerta E, Rojo-Portillo T, Reyes-López E, Jiménez-Barbero J, Cuevas G. Experimental and theoretical study of the role of CH/π interactions in the aminolysis reaction of acetyl galactoside. Carbohydr Res 2019; 486:107821. [PMID: 31580966 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition of saccharides is a growing field, which has many implications in cancer therapy, drug discovery, and cellular communication among others. The participation of CH/π interactions in this event is well known. Nevertheless, the intrinsic role of CH/π for modulating chemical reactions is still far from being applicable. In this experimental and computational work we have evaluated the participation of CH/π interactions in the aminolysis reaction of acetyl galactoside promoted with different 6-substituted 2(1H)-pyridones. Two features have been incorporated to the promoter molecular structure, on one end the promoting pyridone group and on the other end the recognition moiety, joined together by an alkyne spacer. The small increment in the observed pseudo-first-order rate constant values (kobs) was related to the stability of the transition state provided by noncovalent interactions, including CH/π interactions. A longer alkyne spacer was necessary to improve the molecular recognition of the galactoside substrate. The trend of the calculated activation energy values (ΔERTS) was in good accordance with the experimental rate constant values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Cuétara-Guadarrama
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Hernández-Huerta
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tania Rojo-Portillo
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Reyes-López
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain; Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC-bioGUNE), 48160, Derio-Bizkaia, Spain; Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gabriel Cuevas
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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5
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Jütten L, Ramírez-Gualito K, Weilhard A, Albrecht B, Cuevas G, Fernández-Alonso MD, Jiménez-Barbero J, Schlörer NE, Diaz D. Exploring the Role of Solvent on Carbohydrate-Aryl Interactions by Diffusion NMR-Based Studies. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:536-543. [PMID: 31457911 PMCID: PMC6641296 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-protein interactions play an important role in many molecular recognition processes. An exquisite combination of multiple factors favors the interaction of the receptor with one specific type of sugar, whereas others are excluded. Stacking CH-aromatic interactions within the binding site provide a relevant contribution to the stabilization of the resulting sugar-protein complex. Being experimentally difficult to detect and analyze, the key CH-π interaction features have been very often dissected using a variety of techniques and simple model systems. In the present work, diffusion NMR spectroscopy has been employed to separate the components of sugar mixtures in different solvents on the basis of their differential ability to interact through CH-π interactions with one particular aromatic cosolute in solution. The experimental data show that the properties of the solvent did also influence the diffusion behavior of the sugars present in the mixture, inhibiting or improving their separation. Overall, the results showed that, for the considered monosaccharide derivatives, their diffusion coefficient values and, consequently, their apparent molecular sizes and/or shapes depend on the balance between solute/cosolute as well as solute/solvent interactions. Thus, in certain media and in the presence of the aromatic cosolute, the studied saccharides that are more suited to display CH-π interactions exhibited a lower diffusion coefficient than the noncomplexing sugars in the mixture. However, when dissolved in another medium, the interaction with the solvent strongly competes with that of the aromatic cosolute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Jütten
- Department
für Chemie, NMR-Abteilung, Universität
zu Köln, Greinstr.
4, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Karla Ramírez-Gualito
- Centro
de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Luis Enrique Erro S/N, Unidad Profesional
Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, C.P. 07738 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Andreas Weilhard
- Department
für Chemie, NMR-Abteilung, Universität
zu Köln, Greinstr.
4, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Benjamin Albrecht
- Department
für Chemie, NMR-Abteilung, Universität
zu Köln, Greinstr.
4, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Gabriel Cuevas
- Instituto
de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- CIC
bioGUNE, Science and
Technology Park bld 801 A, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Basque Foundation
for Science, Ikerbasque, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Nils E. Schlörer
- Department
für Chemie, NMR-Abteilung, Universität
zu Köln, Greinstr.
4, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Dolores Diaz
- Department
für Chemie, NMR-Abteilung, Universität
zu Köln, Greinstr.
4, 50939 Köln, Germany
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Arti S, Banipal TS, Banipal PK. Understanding the interactions of polyhydroxy solutes with ammonium salts in aqueous solutions via calorimetric and spectroscopic studies at different temperatures. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Cruz-Vásquez O, Bernal-Sánchez LJ, Cervantes R, Tiburcio J, Rojas A. Energetics and the molecular structure of an ion-paired supramolecular system in water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:19334-19340. [PMID: 28703831 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The forces that bind the components of a host-guest complex to generate a stable supramolecular system are noncovalent interactions. The enthalpy of this association, ΔasH°, usually measured using calorimetry, quantifies the magnitude of such interactions and is directly related to the stability of the supramolecular complex formed. Using Calvet calorimetry to determine the enthalpies of solution and reaction in water, the enthalpy of association was derived for a supramolecular system formed by the anionic macrocycle anti-disulfodibenzo[24]crown-8 ([DSDB24C8]2-) and the dicationic guest paraquat [PQT]2+. The calorimetric results show an exothermic association process, which indicates the generation of strong interactions between the components of the ion pair. This is consistent with the formation of a stable supramolecular complex [PQT][DSDB24C8], whose spatial arrangement in aqueous solution is proposed based on spectroscopic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Cruz-Vásquez
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Lan Jade Bernal-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ruy Cervantes
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Tiburcio
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Aarón Rojas
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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8
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Cazelli DSP, Barroso MES, Pizi RB, Orlandi M, de Souza TB, Carvalho DT, da Silva Gonçalves A, Endringer DC. The relationship between the antimicrobial activity of eugenol and the LPETG peptide structure and associated analysis for docking purposes. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Nishio M, Umezawa Y, Fantini J, Weiss MS, Chakrabarti P. CH-π hydrogen bonds in biological macromolecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:12648-83. [PMID: 24836323 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00099d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This is a sequel to the previous Perspective "The CH-π hydrogen bond in chemistry. Conformation, supramolecules, optical resolution and interactions involving carbohydrates", which featured in a PCCP themed issue on "Weak Hydrogen Bonds - Strong Effects?": Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 13, 13873-13900. Evidence that weak hydrogen bonds play an enormously important role in chemistry and biochemistry has now accumulated to an extent that the rigid classical concept of hydrogen bonds formulated by Pauling needs to be seriously revised and extended. The concept of a more generalized hydrogen bond definition is indispensable for understanding the folding mechanisms of proteins. The CH-π hydrogen bond, a weak molecular force occurring between a soft acid CH and a soft base π-electron system, among all is one of the most important and plays a functional role in defining the conformation and stability of 3D structures as well as in many molecular recognition events. This concept is also valuable in structure-based drug design efforts. Despite their frequent occurrence in organic molecules and bio-molecules, the importance of CH-π hydrogen bonds is still largely unknown to many chemists and biochemists. Here we present a review that deals with the evidence, nature, characteristics and consequences of the CH-π hydrogen bond in biological macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and polysaccharides). It is hoped that the present Perspective will show the importance of CH-π hydrogen bonds and stimulate interest in the interactions of biological macromolecules, one of the most fascinating fields in bioorganic chemistry. Implication of this concept is enormous and valuable in the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Nishio
- The CHPI Institute, 705-6-338, Minamioya, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-0031, Japan.
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10
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Wilson KA, Kellie JL, Wetmore SD. DNA-protein π-interactions in nature: abundance, structure, composition and strength of contacts between aromatic amino acids and DNA nucleobases or deoxyribose sugar. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:6726-41. [PMID: 24744240 PMCID: PMC4041443 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Four hundred twenty-eight high-resolution DNA-protein complexes were chosen for a bioinformatics study. Although 164 crystal structures (38% of those searched) contained no interactions, 574 discrete π-contacts between the aromatic amino acids and the DNA nucleobases or deoxyribose were identified using strict criteria, including visual inspection. The abundance and structure of the interactions were determined by unequivocally classifying the contacts as either π-π stacking, π-π T-shaped or sugar-π contacts. Three hundred forty-four nucleobase-amino acid π-π contacts (60% of all interactions identified) were identified in 175 of the crystal structures searched. Unprecedented in the literature, 230 DNA-protein sugar-π contacts (40% of all interactions identified) were identified in 137 crystal structures, which involve C-H···π and/or lone-pair···π interactions, contain any amino acid and can be classified according to sugar atoms involved. Both π-π and sugar-π interactions display a range of relative monomer orientations and therefore interaction energies (up to -50 (-70) kJ mol(-1) for neutral (charged) interactions as determined using quantum chemical calculations). In general, DNA-protein π-interactions are more prevalent than perhaps currently accepted and the role of such interactions in many biological processes may yet to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Kellie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Stacey D Wetmore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
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11
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Titz A, Marra A, Cutting B, Smieško M, Papandreou G, Dondoni A, Ernst B. Conformational Constraints: Nature Does It Best with Sialyl Lewisx. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Tsuzuki S, Uchimaru T, Mikami M. Magnitude of CH/O interactions between carbohydrate and water. Theor Chem Acc 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-012-1192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Kumari M, Sunoj RB, Balaji PV. Conformational mapping and energetics of saccharide–aromatic residue interactions: implications for the discrimination of anomers and epimers and in protein engineering. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:4186-200. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25182e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Tsuzuki S, Uchimaru T, Mikami M. Magnitude and nature of carbohydrate-aromatic interactions in fucose-phenol and fucose-indole complexes: CCSD(T) level interaction energy calculations. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11256-62. [PMID: 21812469 DOI: 10.1021/jp2045756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The CH/π contact structures of the fucose-phenol and fucose-indole complexes and the stabilization energies by formation of the complexes (E(form)) were studied by ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The three types of interactions (CH/π and OH/π interactions and OH/O hydrogen bonds) were compared and evaluated in a single molecular system and at the same level of theory. The E(form) calculated for the most stable CH/π contact structure of the fucose-phenol complex at the CCSD(T) level (-4.9 kcal/mol) is close to that for the most stable CH/π contact structure of the fucose-benzene complex (-4.5 kcal/mol). On the other hand the most stable CH/π contact structure of the fucose-indole complex has substantially larger E(form) (-6.5 kcal/mol). The dispersion interaction is the major source of the attraction in the CH/π contact structures of the fucose-phenol and fucose-indole complexes as in the case of the fucose-benzene complex. The electrostatic interactions in the CH/π contact structures are small (less than 1.5 kcal/mol). The nature of the interactions between the nonpolar surface of the carbohydrate and aromatic rings is completely different from that of the conventional hydrogen bonds where the electrostatic interaction is the major source of the attraction. The distributed multipole analysis and DFT-SATP analysis show that the dispersion interactions in the CH/π contact structure of fucose-indole complex are substantially larger than those in the CH/π contact structures of fucose-benzene and fucose-phenol complexes. The large dispersion interactions are responsible for the large E(form) for the fucose-indole complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Tsuzuki
- CREST, JST, and Research Initiative of Computational Sciences (RICS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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15
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Barwell NP, Davis AP. Substituent Effects in Synthetic Lectins - Exploring the Role of CH−π Interactions in Carbohydrate Recognition. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6548-57. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200755z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Barwell
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, U.K. BS8 1TS
| | - Anthony P. Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, U.K. BS8 1TS
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16
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Kozmon S, Matuška R, Spiwok V, Koča J. Dispersion interactions of carbohydrates with condensate aromatic moieties: theoretical study on the CH-π interaction additive properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:14215-22. [PMID: 21755090 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21071h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this article we present the first systematic study of the additive properties (i.e. degree of additivity) of the carbohydrate-aromatic moiety CH-π dispersion interaction. The additive properties were studied on the β-D-glucopyranose, β-D-mannopyranose and α-L-fucopyranose complexes with the naphthalene molecule by comparing the monodentate (single CH-π) and bidentate (two CH-π) complexes. All model complexes were optimized using the DFT-D approach, at the BP/def2-TZVPP level of theory. The interaction energies were refined using single point calculations at highly correlated ab initio methods at the CCSD(T)/CBS level, calculated as E + (E(CCSD(T))-E(MP2))(Small Basis). Bidentate complexes show very strong interactions in the range from -10.79 up to -7.15 and -8.20 up to -6.14 kcal mol(-1) for the DFT-D and CCSD(T)/CBS level, respectively. These values were compared with the sum of interaction energies of the appropriate monodentate carbohydrate-naphthalene complexes. The comparison reveals that the bidentate complex interaction energy is higher (interaction is weaker) than the sum of monodentate complex interaction energies. Bidentate complex interaction energy corresponds to 2/3 of the sum of the appropriate monodentate complex interaction energies (averaging over all modeled carbohydrate complexes). The observed interaction energies were also compared with the sum of interaction energies of the corresponding previously published carbohydrate-benzene complexes. Also in this case the interaction energy of the bidentate complex was higher (i.e. weaker interaction) than the sum of interaction energies of the corresponding benzene complexes. However, the obtained difference is lower than before, while the bidentate complex interaction energy corresponds to 4/5 of the sum of interaction energy of the benzene complexes, averaged over all structures. The mentioned comparison might aid protein engineering efforts where amino acid residues phenylalanine or tyrosine are to be replaced by a tryptophan and can help to predict the changes in the interactions. The observed results also show that DFT-D correctly describes the CH-π interaction energy and their additive properties in comparison to CCSD(T)/CBS calculated interaction energies. Thus, the DFT-D approach might be used for calculation of larger complexes of biological interest, where dispersion interaction plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kozmon
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
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17
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Nishio M. The CH/π hydrogen bond in chemistry. Conformation, supramolecules, optical resolution and interactions involving carbohydrates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:13873-900. [PMID: 21611676 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20404a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 633] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The CH/π hydrogen bond is an attractive molecular force occurring between a soft acid and a soft base. Contribution from the dispersion energy is important in typical cases where aliphatic or aromatic CH groups are involved. Coulombic energy is of minor importance as compared to the other weak hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bond nature of this force, however, has been confirmed by AIM analyses. The dual characteristic of the CH/π hydrogen bond is the basis for ubiquitous existence of this force in various fields of chemistry. A salient feature is that the CH/π hydrogen bond works cooperatively. Another significant point is that it works in nonpolar as well as polar, protic solvents such as water. The interaction energy depends on the nature of the molecular fragments, CH as well as π-groups: the stronger the proton donating ability of the CH group, the larger the stabilizing effect. This Perspective focuses on the consequence of this molecular force in the conformation of organic compounds and supramolecular chemistry. Implication of the CH/π hydrogen bond extends to the specificity of molecular recognition or selectivity in organic reactions, polymer science, surface phenomena and interactions involving proteins. Many problems, unsettled to date, will become clearer in the light of the CH/π paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Nishio
- The CHPI Institute, 705-6-338 Minamioya, Machida-shi, Tokyo, 194-0031, Japan.
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18
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Kozmon S, Matuška R, Spiwok V, Koča J. Three-dimensional potential energy surface of selected carbohydrates' CH/π dispersion interactions calculated by high-level quantum mechanical methods. Chemistry 2011; 17:5680-90. [PMID: 21480404 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study we present the first systematic computational three-dimensional scan of carbohydrate hydrophobic patches for the ability to interact through CH/π dispersion interactions. The carbohydrates β-d-glucopyranose, β-d-mannopyranose and α-l-fucopyranose were studied in a complex with a benzene molecule, which served as a model of the CH/π interaction in carbohydrate/protein complexes. The 3D relaxed scans were performed at the SCC-DFTB-D level with 3 757 grid points for both carbohydrate hydrophobic sides. The interaction energy of all grid points was recalculated at the DFT-D BP/def2-TZVPP level. The results obtained clearly show highly delimited and separated areas around each CH group, with an interaction energy up to -5.40 kcal mol(-1) . The results also show that with increasing H⋅⋅⋅π distance these delimited areas merge and form one larger region, which covers all hydrogen atoms on that specific carbohydrate side. Simultaneously, the interaction becomes weaker with an energy of -2.5 kcal mol(-1) . All local energy minima were optimized at the DFT-D BP/def2-TZVPP level and the interaction energies of these complexes were refined by use of the high-level ab initio computation at the CCSD(T)/CBS level. Results obtained from the optimization suggest that the CH group hydrogen atoms are not equivalent and the interaction energy at the CCSD(T)/CBS level range from -3.54 to -5.40 kcal mol(-1) . These results also reveal that the optimal H⋅⋅⋅π distance for the CH/π dispersion interaction is approximately (2.310±0.030) Å, and the angle defined as carbon-hydrogen-benzene geometrical centre is (180±30)°. These results reveal that whereas the dispersion interactions with the lowest interaction energies are quite strictly located in space, the slightly higher interaction energy regions adopt a much larger space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kozmon
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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Kumari M, Balaji PV, Sunoj RB. Quantification of binding affinities of essential sugars with a tryptophan analogue and the ubiquitous role of C-H···π interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:6517-30. [PMID: 21369604 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02559c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of noncovalent interactions in carbohydrate recognition by aromatic amino acids has long been reported. To develop a molecular understanding of noncovalent interactions in the recognition process, we have examined a series of binary complexes between 3-methylindole (3-MeIn) and sugars. In particular, the geometries and binding affinities of 3-MeIn with α/β-D-glucose, β-D-galactose, α-D-mannose and α/β-L-fucose are obtained using the MP2(full)/6-31G(d,p) and the M06/TZV2D//MP2/6-31G(d,p) level of theories. The conventional hydrogen bonding such as N-H···O and C-H···O as well as nonconventional O-H···π and C-H···π type of interactions is, in general, identified as responsible for the moderately strong interaction energies. Large variations in the position-orientations of 3-MeIn with respect to saccharide are noticed, within the same sugar family, as well as across different sugar series. Furthermore, complexes with large differences in their geometries are recognized as capable of exhibiting very similar interaction energies, underscoring the significance of exhaustive conformation sampling, as carried out in the present study. These observations are readily attributed to the differences in the efficiency of the type of interactions enlisted above. The highest and lowest interaction energies, upon inclusion of 50% BSSE correction, are found to be -16.02 and -6.22 kcal mol(-1), respectively, for α-D-glucose (1a) and α-L-fucose (5j). While more number of prominent conventional hydrogen bonding contacts remains as a characteristic feature of the strongly bound complexes, the lower end of the interaction energy spectrum is dominated by multiple C-H···π interactions. The complexes exhibiting as many as four C-H···π contacts are identified in the case of α/β-D-glucose, β-D-galactose, and α/β-L-fucose with an interaction energy hovering around -8 kcal mol(-1). The presence of effective C-H···π interactions is found to be dependent on the saccharide configuration as well as the area of the apolar patch constituted by the C-H groups. The study offers a comprehensive set of binary complexes, across different saccharides, which serves as an illustration of the significance and ubiquitous nature of C-H···π interactions in carbohydrate binding in saccharide-protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Kumari
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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Takemura H, Yonebayashi Y, Nakagaki T, Shinmyozu T. N-(4-Phenylbutyl)azacalix[3.1.1.1]arene: Self-Inclusion of the Side Chain through CH···π Interactions. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Takahashi O, Kohno Y, Nishio M. Relevance of weak hydrogen bonds in the conformation of organic compounds and bioconjugates: evidence from recent experimental data and high-level ab initio MO calculations. Chem Rev 2011; 110:6049-76. [PMID: 20550180 DOI: 10.1021/cr100072x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
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Shibata T, Ito S, Doe M, Tanaka R, Hashimoto H, Kinoshita I, Yano S, Nishioka T. Dynamic behaviour attributed to chiral carbohydrate substituents of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands in square planar nickel complexes. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6778-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01833c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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An evaluation of the GLYCAM06 and MM3 force fields, and the PM3-D* molecular orbital method for modelling prototype carbohydrate–aromatic interactions. J Mol Graph Model 2010; 29:321-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Larionova M, Spengler I, Nogueiras C, Quijano L, Ramírez-Gualito K, Cortés-Guzmán F, Cuevas G, Calderón JS. A C-Glycosylflavone from Piper ossanum, a Compound Conformationally Controlled by CH/π and Other Weak Intramolecular Interactions. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:1623-1627. [PMID: 20879757 DOI: 10.1021/np100004v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the known 2''-O-α-rhamnosyl-4''-O-methylvitexin (apigenin-8-C-α-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-β-4-O-methylglucopyranoside), isolated from the leaves of Piper ossanum, was revised to acacetin-8-C-neohesperidoside (acacetin-8-C-α-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-β-glucopyranoside or 2''-O-α-rhamnosyl-4'-O-methylvitexin) (1). The NMR data and theoretical calculations established the preferred conformation of 1, which is controlled by CH/π interactions. This phenomenon explains the unusual chemical shifts of some protons in the molecule, besides other weak intramolecular interactions such as the anomeric effect, the Δ2 effect, and several hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Larionova
- Instituto Superior de Medicina Militar Dr. Luis Díaz Soto, Laboratorio de Medicina Herbaria, Avenida Monumental y Carretera del Asilo, Habana del Este, 11700, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
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25
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Ramírez-Gualito K, Alonso-Ríos R, Quiroz-García B, Rojas-Aguilar A, Díaz D, Jiménez-Barbero J, Cuevas G. Enthalpic nature of the CH/pi interaction involved in the recognition of carbohydrates by aromatic compounds, confirmed by a novel interplay of NMR, calorimetry, and theoretical calculations. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:18129-38. [PMID: 19928848 DOI: 10.1021/ja903950t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Specific interactions between molecules, including those produced by a given solute, and the surrounding solvent are essential to drive molecular recognition processes. A simple molecule such as benzene is capable of recognizing and differentiating among very similar entities, such as methyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside (alpha-Me(5)Gal), methyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (beta-Me(5)Gal), 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranose (beta-Ac(5)Gal), and methyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (alpha-Me(5)Man). In order to determine if these complexes are formed, the interaction energy between benzene and the different carbohydrates was determined, using Calvet microcalorimetry, as the enthalpy of solvation. These enthalpy values were -89.0 +/- 2.0, -88.7 +/- 5.5, -132.5 +/- 6.2, and -78.8 +/- 3.9 kJ mol(-1) for the four complexes, respectively. Characterization of the different complexes was completed by establishing the molecular region where the interaction takes place using NMR. It was determined that beta-Me(5)Gal is stabilized by the CH/pi interaction produced by the nonpolar region of the carbohydrate on the alpha face. In contrast, alpha-Me(5)Man is not specifically solvated by benzene and does not present any stacking interaction. Although alpha-Me(5)Gal has a geometry similar to that of its epimer, the obtained NMR data seem to indicate that the axial methoxy group at the anomeric position increases the distance of the benzene molecules from the pyranose ring. Substitution of the methoxy groups by acetate moieties, as in beta-Ac(5)Gal, precludes the approach of benzene to produce the CH/pi interaction. In fact, the elevated stabilization energy of beta-Ac(5)Gal is probably due to the interaction between benzene and the methyl groups of the acetyls. Therefore, methoxy and acetyl substituents have different effects on the protons of the pyranose ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Ramírez-Gualito
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70213, 04510 Coyoacán, Circuito Exterior, México D.F., México.
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Raju RK, Hillier IH, Burton NA, Vincent MA, Doudou S, Bryce RA. The effects of perfluorination on carbohydrate–π interactions: computational studies of the interaction of benzene and hexafluorobenzene with fucose and cyclodextrin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:7959-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c002058c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Hashidzume A, Tanaka A, Sato T. Interaction of poly(N-acryloyl-amino acids) with saccharides in aqueous media. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Tsuzuki S, Uchimaru T, Mikami M. Magnitude and nature of carbohydrate-aromatic interactions: ab initio calculations of fucose-benzene complex. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:5617-21. [PMID: 19331351 DOI: 10.1021/jp8093726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The stable geometries of fucose-benzene complex and the stabilization energies by formation of the complex (E(form)) were studied by ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The benzene ring has close contact with an O-H or C-H bond of fucose in the optimized geometries (OH/pi hydrogen-bonded structures and CH/pi contact structures). The E(form) calculated for the most stable OH/pi hydrogen-bonded structure was -5.1 kcal/mol. The E(form) calculated for the most stable CH/pi contact structure was -4.5 kcal/mol, which shows that significant attraction exists between the nonpolar surface of fucose and a benzene. The E(form) is close to the interaction energies in typical hydrogen-bonded complexes. A few nearly isoenergetic CH/pi contact structures were found by the calculations, which suggests that the directionality of the carbohydrate-aromatic interaction is weak. The dispersion interaction is the major source of the attraction in the complex. The electrostatic contributions to the attraction are relatively small. Although the size of the interaction energy is not largely different from that of typical hydrogen bonds, the nature of the carbohydrate-aromatic interaction, which is sometimes denoted as a CH/pi hydrogen bond, is completely different from that of typical hydrogen bonds, which have strong directionality due to the strong electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Tsuzuki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan.
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Esquivelzeta-Rabell M, Peon J, Cuevas G. Rotational Diffusion of Dihydroxy Coumarins: Effect of OH Groups and Their Relative Position on Solute−Solvent Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:8599-606. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Esquivelzeta-Rabell
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - Jorge Peon
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - Gabriel Cuevas
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F., México
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30
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Caravano A, Field RA, Percy JM, Rinaudo G, Roig R, Singh K. Developing an asymmetric, stereodivergent route to selected 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-hexoses. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:996-1008. [PMID: 19225683 DOI: 10.1039/b815342f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Free radical bromination and nucleophilic fluorination allows the conversion of methyl sorbate into the 6-fluoro analogue which undergoes sequential asymmetric dihydroxylation reactions. A range of 6-deoxy-6-fluorosugars were prepared by using different combinations of ligands. While the enantiomeric excesses obtained were comparable to those from other 6-substituted sorbates, the regioselectivity of dihydroxylation was moderate, with both 2,3- and 4,5-diols being obtained. A successful temporary persilylation strategy was evolved to convert the products of dihydroxylation rapidly to the fluorosugars 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-L-idose, 6-fluoro-L-fucose and 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-D-galactose, which were obtained in overall yields of 4%, 6% and 8% from methyl 6-fluoro-hexa-2E,4E-dienoate .
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Caravano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE17RH, UK
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31
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Izquierdo M, Osuna S, Filippone S, Martín-Domenech A, Solà M, Martín N. H-Bond-Assisted Regioselective (cis-1) Intramolecular Nucleophilic Addition of the Hydroxyl Group to [60]Fullerene. J Org Chem 2009; 74:1480-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802152x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Izquierdo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universidad de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sílvia Osuna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universidad de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Salvatore Filippone
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universidad de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Angel Martín-Domenech
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universidad de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universidad de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universidad de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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Laughrey ZR, Kiehna SE, Riemen AJ, Waters ML. Carbohydrate-pi interactions: what are they worth? J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:14625-33. [PMID: 18844354 DOI: 10.1021/ja803960x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protein-carbohydrate interactions play an important role in many biologically important processes. The recognition is mediated by a number of noncovalent interactions, including an interaction between the alpha-face of the carbohydrate and the aromatic side chain of the protein. To elucidate this interaction, it has been studied in the context of a beta-hairpin in aqueous solution, in which the interaction can be investigated in the absence of other cooperative noncovalent interactions. In this beta-hairpin system, both the aromatic side chain and the carbohydrate were varied in an effort to gain greater insight into the driving force and magnitude of the carbohydrate-pi interaction. The magnitude of the interaction was found to vary from -0.5 to -0.8 kcal/mol, depending on the nature of the aromatic ring and the carbohydrate. Replacement of the aromatic ring with an aliphatic group resulted in a decrease in interaction energy to -0.1 kcal/mol, providing evidence for the contribution of CH-pi interactions to the driving force. These findings demonstrate the significance of carbohydrate-pi interactions within biological systems and also their utility as a molecular recognition element in designed systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Laughrey
- Department of Chemistry, CB 3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Raju RK, Ramraj A, Vincent MA, Hillier IH, Burton NA. Carbohydrate-protein recognition probed by density functional theory and ab initio calculations including dispersive interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:6500-8. [PMID: 18979035 DOI: 10.1039/b809164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-protein recognition has been studied by electronic structure calculations of complexes of fucose and glucose with toluene, p-hydroxytoluene and 3-methylindole, the latter aromatic molecules being analogues of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, respectively. We use mainly a density functional theory model with empirical corrections for the dispersion interactions (DFT-D), this method being validated by comparison with a limited number of high level ab initio calculations. We have calculated both binding energies of the complexes as well as their harmonic vibrational frequencies and proton NMR chemical shifts. We find a range of minimum energy structures in which the aromatic group can bind to either of the two faces of the carbohydrate, the binding being dominated by a combination of OH-pi and CH-pi dispersive interactions. For the fucose-toluene and alpha-methyl glucose-toluene complexes, the most stable structures involve OH-pi interactions, which are reflected in a red shift of the corresponding O-H stretching frequency, in good quantitative agreement with experimental data. For those structures where CH-pi interactions are found we predict a corresponding blue shift in the C-H frequency, which parallels the predicted proton NMR shift. We find that the interactions involving 3-methylindole are somewhat greater than those for toluene and p-hydroxytoluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Raju
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UKM13 9PL
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