1
|
Seki S, Yoshida K, Sugisaki M, Yamano N, Fujii R. Characterization of the Ultraviolet-B Absorption Band of Carotenoids Using Solvent-dependent Shifts in Steady-State and Transient Absorption Spectra. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5623-5629. [PMID: 38833602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c02212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The versatile functions of carotenoids in biological systems are associated with the extended π-electron conjugation system. Strong visible absorption resulting from the optically allowed S2 (1Bu+) state and the low-lying optically forbidden S1 (2Ag-) state examined. Carotenoids also exhibit an absorption band in the ultraviolet-B region; however, the origin of this band (hereafter referred to as Suv state) is not well characterized. The Suv state is a candidate for the destination level of the well-known S1 → Sn transient absorption; however, an obvious energy mismatch has been observed. In this study, we examined the steady-state and picosecond transient absorption spectra of lycopene in various solvents. The Suv absorption of carotenoids with diverse conjugation lengths was also examined. The dependence of the energies on solvent polarizability and conjugation length revealed that both Suv and Sn are the "second" Bu+ state. The absorption spectrum for lycopene at 200 K revealed an additional vibrational band, which may be the vibrational origin of the S0 → Suv band. Considering the slow vibrational relaxation of the 2Ag- state, the S1 → Sn transition may represent the 2Ag- (v = 1) → 2Bu+ (v = 0) transition, and the energetic contradiction can be resolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Seki
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sugisaki
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Nami Yamano
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Ritsuko Fujii
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang J, Ojambati OS, Climent C, Cuartero-Gonzalez A, Elliott E, Feist J, Fernández-Domínguez AI, Baumberg JJ. Influence of Quadrupolar Molecular Transitions within Plasmonic Cavities. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14487-14495. [PMID: 38787356 PMCID: PMC11155255 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Optical nanocavities have revolutionized the manipulation of radiative properties of molecular and semiconductor emitters. Here, we investigate the amplified photoluminescence arising from exciting a dark transition of β-carotene molecules embedded within plasmonic nanocavities. Integrating a molecular monolayer into nanoparticle-on-mirror nanostructures unveils enhancements surpassing 4 orders of magnitude in the initially light-forbidden excitation. Such pronounced enhancements transcend conventional dipolar mechanisms, underscoring the presence of alternative enhancement pathways. Notably, Fourier-plane scattering spectroscopy shows that the photoluminescence excitation resonance aligns with a higher-order plasmonic cavity mode, which supports strong field gradients. Combining quantum chemistry calculations with electromagnetic simulations reveals an important interplay between the Franck-Condon quadrupole and Herzberg-Teller dipole contributions in governing the absorption characteristics of this dark transition. In contrast to free space, the quadrupole moment plays a significant role in photoluminescence enhancement within nanoparticle-on-mirror cavities. These findings provide an approach to access optically inactive transitions, promising advancements in spectroscopy and sensing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Huang
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thompson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Oluwafemi S. Ojambati
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thompson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Clàudia Climent
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E-28049, Spain
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alvaro Cuartero-Gonzalez
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E-28049, Spain
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, ICAI, Universidad
Pontificia Comillas, Madrid 28015, Spain
| | - Eoin Elliott
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thompson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Antonio I. Fernández-Domínguez
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thompson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lynch P, Das A, Alam S, Rich CC, Frontiera RR. Mastering Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy: A Practical Guide. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2024; 4:1-18. [PMID: 38283786 PMCID: PMC10811773 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) is a powerful nonlinear spectroscopic technique that probes changes in molecular and material structure with high temporal and spectral resolution. With proper spectral interpretation, this is equivalent to mapping out reactive pathways on highly anharmonic excited-state potential energy surfaces with femtosecond to picosecond time resolution. FSRS has been used to examine structural dynamics in a wide range of samples, including photoactive proteins, photovoltaic materials, plasmonic nanostructures, polymers, and a range of others, with experiments performed in multiple groups around the world. As the FSRS technique grows in popularity and is increasingly implemented in user facilities, there is a need for a widespread understanding of the methodology and best practices. In this review, we present a practical guide to FSRS, including discussions of instrumentation, as well as data acquisition and analysis. First, we describe common methods of generating the three pulses required for FSRS: the probe, Raman pump, and actinic pump, including a discussion of the parameters to consider when selecting a beam generation method. We then outline approaches for effective and efficient FSRS data acquisition. We discuss common data analysis techniques for FSRS, as well as more advanced analyses aimed at extracting small signals on a large background. We conclude with a discussion of some of the new directions for FSRS research, including spectromicroscopy. Overall, this review provides researchers with a practical handbook for FSRS as a technique with the aim of encouraging many scientists and engineers to use it in their research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline
G. Lynch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Aritra Das
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shahzad Alam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher C. Rich
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Renee R. Frontiera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Z, Mizuno M, Ejiri T, Hayashi S, Kandori H, Mizutani Y. Unique Vibrational Characteristics and Structures of the Photoexcited Retinal Chromophore in Ion-Pumping Rhodopsins. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9873-9886. [PMID: 37940604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Photoisomerization of an all-trans-retinal chromophore triggers ion transport in microbial ion-pumping rhodopsins. Understanding chromophore structures in the electronically excited (S1) state provides insights into the structural evolution on the potential energy surface of the photoexcited state. In this study, we examined the structure of the S1-state chromophore in Natronomonas pharaonis halorhodopsin (NpHR), a chloride ion-pumping rhodopsin, using time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy. The spectral patterns of the S1-state chromophore were completely different from those of the ground-state chromophore, resulting from unique vibrational characteristics and the structure of the S1 state. Mode assignments were based on a combination of deuteration shifts of the Raman bands and hybrid quantum mechanics-molecular mechanics calculations. The present observations suggest a weakened bond alternation in the π conjugation system. A strong hydrogen-out-of-plane bending band was observed in the Raman spectra of the S1-state chromophore in NpHR, indicating a twisted polyene structure. Similar frequency shifts for the C═N/C═C and C-C stretching modes of the S1-state chromophore in NpHR were observed in the Raman spectra of sodium ion-pumping and proton-pumping rhodopsins, suggesting that these unique features are common to the S1 states of ion-pumping rhodopsins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Osaka, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Misao Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Osaka, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tomo Ejiri
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Mizutani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Osaka, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Llansola-Portoles MJ, Pascal AA, Robert B. Resonance Raman: A powerful tool to interrogate carotenoids in biological matrices. Methods Enzymol 2022; 674:113-135. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
6
|
van Stokkum IHM, Kloz M, Polli D, Viola D, Weißenborn J, Peerbooms E, Cerullo G, Kennis JTM. Vibronic dynamics resolved by global and target analysis of ultrafast transient absorption spectra. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:114113. [PMID: 34551543 DOI: 10.1063/5.0060672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a methodology that provides a complete parametric description of the time evolution of the electronically and vibrationally excited states as detected by ultrafast transient absorption (TA). Differently from previous approaches, which started fitting the data after ≈100 fs, no data are left out in our methodology, and the "coherent artifact" and the instrument response function are fully taken into account. In case studies, the method is applied to solvents, the dye Nile blue, and all-trans β-carotene in cyclohexane solution. The estimated Damped Oscillation Associated Spectra (DOAS) and phases express the most important vibrational frequencies present in the molecular system. By global fit alone of the experimental data, it is difficult to interpret in detail the underlying dynamics. Since it is unfeasible to directly fit the data by a theoretical simulation, our enhanced DOAS methodology thus provides a useful "middle ground" where the theoretical description and the fit of the experimental data can meet. β-carotene in cyclohexane was complementarily studied with femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS). The fs-ps dynamics of β-carotene in cyclohexane in TA and FSRS experiments can be described by a sequential scheme S2 → hot S1 → S1' → S1 → S0 with lifetimes of 167 fs (fixed), 0.35, 1.1, and 9.6 ps. The correspondence of DOAS decaying concomitantly with hot S1 and the Species Associated Difference Spectra of hot S1 in TA and FSRS suggest that we observe here features of the vibrational relaxation and nuclear reorganization responsible for the hot S1 to S1 transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo H M van Stokkum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miroslav Kloz
- Institute of Physics, ELI Beamlines, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dario Polli
- IFN-CNR, Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Viola
- IFN-CNR, Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Jörn Weißenborn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ebo Peerbooms
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR, Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - John T M Kennis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Taffet EJ, Lee BG, Toa ZSD, Pace N, Rumbles G, Southall J, Cogdell RJ, Scholes GD. Carotenoid Nuclear Reorganization and Interplay of Bright and Dark Excited States. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:8628-8643. [PMID: 31553605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b04027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report quantum chemical calculations using multireference perturbation theory (MRPT) with the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) plus photothermal deflection spectroscopy measurements to investigate the manifold of carotenoid excited states and establish their energies relative to the bright state (S2) as a function of nuclear reorganization. We conclude that the primary photophysics and function of carotenoids are determined by interplay of only the bright (S2) and lowest-energy dark (S1) states. The lowest-lying dark state, far from being energetically distinguishable from the lowest-lying bright state along the entire excited-state nuclear reorganization pathway, is instead computed to be either the second or first excited state depending on what equilibrium geometry is considered. This result suggests that, rather than there being a dark intermediate excited state bridging a non-negligible energy gap from the lowest-lying dark state to the lowest-lying bright state, there is in fact no appreciable energy gap to bridge following photoexcitation. Instead, excited-state nuclear reorganization constitutes the bridge from S2 to S1, in the sense that these two states attain energetic degeneracy along this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliot J Taffet
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Benjamin G Lee
- Chemical and Materials Science Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Zi S D Toa
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Natalie Pace
- Chemical and Materials Science Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Garry Rumbles
- Chemical and Materials Science Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - June Southall
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences , University of Glasgow , University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
| | - Richard J Cogdell
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences , University of Glasgow , University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hashimoto H, Uragami C, Yukihira N, Gardiner AT, Cogdell RJ. Understanding/unravelling carotenoid excited singlet states. J R Soc Interface 2018; 15:20180026. [PMID: 29643225 PMCID: PMC5938589 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential light-harvesting pigments in natural photosynthesis. They absorb in the blue-green region of the solar spectrum and transfer the absorbed energy to (bacterio-)chlorophylls, and thus expand the wavelength range of light that is able to drive photosynthesis. This process is an example of singlet-singlet excitation energy transfer, and carotenoids serve to enhance the overall efficiency of photosynthetic light reactions. The photochemistry and photophysics of carotenoids have often been interpreted by referring to those of simple polyene molecules that do not possess any functional groups. However, this may not always be wise because carotenoids usually have a number of functional groups that induce the variety of photochemical behaviours in them. These differences can also make the interpretation of the singlet excited states of carotenoids very complicated. In this article, we review the properties of the singlet excited states of carotenoids with the aim of producing as coherent a picture as possible of what is currently known and what needs to be learned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Chiasa Uragami
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Nao Yukihira
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Alastair T Gardiner
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Richard J Cogdell
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Greco JA, Wagner NL, Frank HA, Birge RR. The Forbidden 1 1B u– Excited Singlet State in Peridinin and Peridinin Analogues. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:130-139. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A. Greco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Nicole L. Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Harry A. Frank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Robert R. Birge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Takaya T, Anan M, Iwata K. Vibrational relaxation dynamics of β-carotene and its derivatives with substituents on terminal rings in electronically excited states as studied by femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman spectroscopy in the near-IR region. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:3320-3327. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved near-IR stimulated Raman spectroscopy indicates acceleration of vibrational relaxation in carotenoids by carbonyl substitution on their peripheral rings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Takaya
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Gakushuin University
- Tokyo 171-8588
- Japan
| | - Masato Anan
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Gakushuin University
- Tokyo 171-8588
- Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Gakushuin University
- Tokyo 171-8588
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Redeckas K, Voiciuk V, Vengris M. Investigation of the S1/ICT equilibrium in fucoxanthin by ultrafast pump-dump-probe and femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 128:169-181. [PMID: 26742754 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved multi-pulse spectroscopic methods-pump-dump-probe (PDP) and femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy-were used to investigate the excited state photodynamics of the carbonyl group containing carotenoid fucoxanthin (FX). PDP experiments show that S1 and ICT states in FX are strongly coupled and that the interstate equilibrium is rapidly (<5 ps) reestablished after one of the interacting states is deliberately depopulated. Femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering experiments indicate that S1 and ICT are vibrationally distinct species. Identification of the FSRS modes on the S1 and ICT potential energy surfaces allows us to predict a possible coupling channel for the state interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kipras Redeckas
- Department of Quantum Electronics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio AV. 10, 10223, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Vladislava Voiciuk
- Department of Quantum Electronics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio AV. 10, 10223, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mikas Vengris
- Department of Quantum Electronics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio AV. 10, 10223, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Miki T, Buckup T, Krause MS, Southall J, Cogdell RJ, Motzkus M. Vibronic coupling in the excited-states of carotenoids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:11443-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07542d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ultrafast femtochemistry of carotenoids is governed by the interaction between electronic excited states, which has been explained by the relaxation dynamics within a few hundred femtoseconds from the lowest optically allowed excited state S2to the optically dark state S1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Miki
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- D-69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Tiago Buckup
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- D-69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Marie S. Krause
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- D-69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - June Southall
- College of Medical
- Veterinary, and Life Science
- University of Glasgow
- G12 8QQ Glasgow
- UK
| | - Richard J. Cogdell
- College of Medical
- Veterinary, and Life Science
- University of Glasgow
- G12 8QQ Glasgow
- UK
| | - Marcus Motzkus
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- D-69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Carotenoids are ubiquitous and essential pigments in photosynthesis. They absorb in the blue-green region of the solar spectrum and transfer the absorbed energy to (bacterio-)chlorophylls, and so expand the wavelength range of light that is able to drive photosynthesis. This is an example of singlet-singlet energy transfer, and so carotenoids serve to enhance the overall efficiency of photosynthetic light reactions. Carotenoids also act to protect photosynthetic organisms from the harmful effects of excess exposure to light. Triplet-triplet energy transfer from chlorophylls to carotenoids plays a key role in this photoprotective reaction. In the light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes from purple photosynthetic bacteria and chlorophytes, carotenoids have an additional role of structural stabilization of those complexes. In this article we review what is currently known about how carotenoids discharge these functions. The molecular architecture of photosynthetic systems will be outlined first to provide a basis from which to describe carotenoid photochemistry, which underlies most of their important functions in photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hashimoto
- The Osaka City University Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Chiasa Uragami
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Richard J Cogdell
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Natural and artificial light-harvesting systems utilizing the functions of carotenoids. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
15
|
Quick M, Kasper MA, Richter C, Mahrwald R, Dobryakov AL, Kovalenko SA, Ernsting NP. β-Carotene Revisited by Transient Absorption and Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:3824-35. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Quick
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Marc-André Kasper
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Celin Richter
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Rainer Mahrwald
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Alexander L. Dobryakov
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Sergey A. Kovalenko
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Nikolaus P. Ernsting
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liebel M, Schnedermann C, Wende T, Kukura P. Principles and Applications of Broadband Impulsive Vibrational Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:9506-17. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b05948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Liebel
- Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QZ Oxford, U.K
| | - C. Schnedermann
- Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QZ Oxford, U.K
| | - T. Wende
- Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QZ Oxford, U.K
| | - P. Kukura
- Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QZ Oxford, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Di Donato M, Ragnoni E, Lapini A, Foggi P, Hiller RG, Righini R. Femtosecond transient infrared and stimulated Raman spectroscopy shed light on the relaxation mechanisms of photo-excited peridinin. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:212409. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4915072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
18
|
Kardaś TM, Ratajska-Gadomska B, Lapini A, Ragnoni E, Righini R, Di Donato M, Foggi P, Gadomski W. Dynamics of the time-resolved stimulated Raman scattering spectrum in presence of transient vibronic inversion of population on the example of optically excited trans-β-apo-8'-carotenal. J Chem Phys 2015; 140:204312. [PMID: 24880285 DOI: 10.1063/1.4879060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the effect of transient vibrational inversion of population in trans-β-apo-8(')-carotenal on the time-resolved femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (TR-FSRS) signal. The experimental data are interpreted by applying a quantum mechanical approach, using the formalism of projection operators for constructing the theoretical model of TR-FSRS. Within this theoretical frame we explain the presence of transient Raman losses on the Stokes side of the TR-FSRS spectrum as the effect of vibrational inversion of population. In view of the obtained experimental and theoretical results, we conclude that the excited S2 electronic level of trans-β-apo-8(')-carotenal relaxes towards the S0 ground state through a set of four vibrational sublevels of S1 state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M Kardaś
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - B Ratajska-Gadomska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Lapini
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Universit`a di Firenze, Via Nello Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - E Ragnoni
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Universit`a di Firenze, Via Nello Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - R Righini
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Universit`a di Firenze, Via Nello Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - M Di Donato
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Universit`a di Firenze, Via Nello Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - P Foggi
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Universit`a di Firenze, Via Nello Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - W Gadomski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ragnoni E, Di Donato M, Iagatti A, Lapini A, Righini R. Mechanism of the Intramolecular Charge Transfer State Formation in all-trans-β-Apo-8′-carotenal: Influence of Solvent Polarity and Polarizability. J Phys Chem B 2014; 119:420-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5093288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ragnoni
- LENS (European
Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) Italy
- INO (Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica), Largo Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European
Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) Italy
- INO (Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica), Largo Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università di Firenze, via della
Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Alessandro Iagatti
- LENS (European
Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) Italy
- INO (Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica), Largo Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Lapini
- LENS (European
Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) Italy
- INO (Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica), Largo Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università di Firenze, via della
Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Roberto Righini
- LENS (European
Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) Italy
- INO (Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica), Largo Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università di Firenze, via della
Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hashimoto H, Sugisaki M, Yoshizawa M. Ultrafast time-resolved vibrational spectroscopies of carotenoids in photosynthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1847:69-78. [PMID: 25223589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the application of time-resolved vibrational spectroscopies to the studies of carotenoids in photosynthesis. The focus is on the ultrafast time regime and the study of photophysics and photochemistry of carotenoids by femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman and four-wave mixing spectroscopies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vibrational spectroscopies and bioenergetic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hashimoto
- The Osaka City University Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Sugisaki
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshizawa
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki-aza-aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Takaya T, Iwata K. Relaxation mechanism of β-carotene from S2 (1Bu(+)) state to S1 (2Ag(-)) state: femtosecond time-resolved near-IR absorption and stimulated resonance Raman studies in 900-1550 nm region. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4071-8. [PMID: 24844607 DOI: 10.1021/jp504272h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids have two major low-lying excited states, the second lowest (S2 (1Bu(+))) and the lowest (S1 (2Ag(-))) excited singlet states, both of which are suggested to be involved in the energy transfer processes in light-harvesting complexes. Studying vibrational dynamics of S2 carotenoids requires ultrafast time-resolved near-IR Raman spectroscopy, although it has much less sensitivity than visible Raman spectroscopy. In this study, the relaxation mechanism of β-carotene from the S2 state to the S1 state is investigated by femtosecond time-resolved multiplex near-IR absorption and stimulated Raman spectroscopy. The energy gap between the S2 and S1 states is estimated to be 6780 cm(-1) from near-IR transient absorption spectra. The near-IR stimulated Raman spectrum of S2 β-carotene show three bands at 1580, 1240, and 1050 cm(-1). When excess energy of 4000 cm(-1) is added, the S1 C═C stretch band shows a large upshift with a time constant of 0.2 ps. The fast upshift is explained by a model that excess energy generated by internal conversion from the S2 state to the S1 state is selectively accepted by one of the vibronic levels of the S1 state and is redistributed among all the vibrational modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Takaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University , 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liebel M, Kukura P. Broad-Band Impulsive Vibrational Spectroscopy of Excited Electronic States in the Time Domain. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:1358-64. [PMID: 26282153 DOI: 10.1021/jz4004203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that transient absorption spectroscopy performed with an ultrashort pump pulse and a chirped, broad-band probe pulse is capable of recording full vibrational spectra of excited electronic states in the time domain. The resulting spectra do not suffer from the nontrivial baselines and line shapes often encountered in frequency domain techniques and enable optimal and automated subtraction of background signatures. Probing the molecular dynamics continuously over a broad energy bandwidth makes it possible to confidently assign the vibrational coherences to specific electronic states and suggests the existence of mode-specific absorption spectra reminiscent of resonance Raman intensity analysis. The first observation of the nominally forbidden one-photon ground to first excited electronic state transition in β-carotene demonstrates the high sensitivity of our approach. Our results provide a first glimpse of the immense potential of broad-band impulsive vibrational spectroscopy (BB-IVS) to study ultrafast chemical reaction dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matz Liebel
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Kukura
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kraack JP, Wand A, Buckup T, Motzkus M, Ruhman S. Mapping multidimensional excited state dynamics using pump-impulsive-vibrational-spectroscopy and pump-degenerate-four-wave-mixing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:14487-501. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50871d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
24
|
Kukura P, McCamant DW, Mathies RA. Femtosecond Time-Resolved Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy of the S(2) (1B(u)) Excited State of beta-Carotene. J Phys Chem A 2012; 108:5921-5. [PMID: 16633549 PMCID: PMC1444889 DOI: 10.1021/jp0482971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The electronic and vibrational structure of beta-carotene's early excited states are examined using femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman spectroscopy. The vibrational spectrum of the short-lived ( approximately 160 fs) second excited singlet state (S(2),1B(u) (+))of beta-carotene is obtained. Broad, resonantly enhanced vibrational features are observed at approximately 1100, 1300, and 1650 cm(-1) that decay with a time constant corresponding to the electronic lifetime of S(2). The temporal evolution of the vibrational spectra are consistent with significant population of only two low-lying excited electronic states (1B(u) (+) and 2A(g) (-)) in the ultrafast relaxation pathway of beta-carotene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kukura
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
McCamant DW, Kukura P, Mathies RA. Femtosecond Time-Resolved Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy: Application to the Ultrafast Internal Conversion in beta-Carotene. J Phys Chem A 2012; 107:8208-14. [PMID: 16710440 PMCID: PMC1463250 DOI: 10.1021/jp030147n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed the technique of femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS), which allows the rapid collection of high-resolution vibrational spectra on the femtosecond time scale. FSRS combines a sub-50 fs actinic pump pulse with a two-pulse stimulated Raman probe to obtain vibrational spectra whose frequency resolution limits are uncoupled from the time resolution. This allows the acquisition of spectra with <100 fs time resolution and <30 cm(-1) frequency resolution. Additionally, FSRS is unaffected by background fluorescence, provides rapid (100 ms) acquisition times, and exhibits traditional spontaneous Raman line shapes. FSRS is used here to study the relaxation dynamics of beta-carotene. Following optical excitation to S(2) (1B(u) (+)) the molecule relaxes in 160 fs to S(1) (2A(g) (-)) and then undergoes two distinct stages of intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) with 200 and 450 fs time constants. These processes are attributed to rapid (200 fs) distribution of the internal conversion energy from the S(1) C=C modes into a restricted bath of anharmonically coupled modes followed by complete IVR in 450 fs. FSRS is a valuable new technique for studying the vibrational structure of chemical reaction intermediates and transition states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David W McCamant
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen P, Chen Y, Su L, Shen A, Hu J, Wang X, Hu J. β-Carotene doped silicananoparticles as a novel resonance Raman scattering tag for in vivo cellular imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm12695d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
27
|
Hagiwara H, Nagatomo M, Ida S, Ishihara T. Photocatalytic Splitting of Water into Hydrogen and Oxygen on Organic Dye Modified KTa(Zr)O3 Catalyst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2012.05.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
28
|
Wang C, Schlamadinger DE, Desai V, Tauber MJ. Triplet excitons of carotenoids formed by singlet fission in a membrane. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:2891-4. [PMID: 21910205 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0314, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Golibrzuch K, Ehlers F, Scholz M, Oswald R, Lenzer T, Oum K, Kim H, Koo S. Ultrafast excited state dynamics and spectroscopy of 13,13'-diphenyl-β-carotene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:6340-51. [PMID: 21365078 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast transient broadband absorption spectroscopy based on the Pump-Supercontinuum Probe (PSCP) technique has been applied to characterize the excited state dynamics of the newly-synthesized artificial β-carotene derivative 13,13'-diphenyl-β-carotene in the wavelength range 340-770 nm with ca. 60 fs cross-correlation time after excitation to the S(2) state. The influence of phenyl substitution at the polyene backbone has been investigated in different solvents by comparing the dynamics of the internal conversion (IC) processes S(2)→ S(1) and S(1)→ S(0)* with results for β-carotene. Global analysis provides IC time constants and also time-dependent S(1) spectra demonstrating vibrational relaxation processes. Intramolecular vibrational redistribution processes are accelerated by phenyl substitution and are also solvent-dependent. DFT and TDDFT-TDA calculations suggest that both phenyl rings prefer an orientation where their ring planes are almost perpendicular to the plane of the carotene backbone, largely decoupling them electronically from the polyene system. This is consistent with several experimental observations: the up-field chemical shift of adjacent hydrogen atoms by a ring-current effect of the phenyl groups in the (1)H NMR spectrum, a small red-shift of the S(0)→ S(2)(0-0) transition energy in the steady-state absorption spectrum relative to β-carotene, and almost the same S(1)→ S(0)* IC time constant as in β-carotene, suggesting a similar S(1)-S(0) energy gap. The oscillator strength of the S(0)→ S(2) transition of the diphenyl derivative is reduced by ca. 20%. In addition, we observe a highly structured ground state bleach combined with excited state absorption at longer wavelengths, which is typical for an "S* state". Both features can be clearly assigned to absorption of vibrationally hot molecules in the ground electronic state S(0)* superimposed on the bleach of room temperature molecules S(0). The S(0)* population is formed by IC from S(1). These findings are discussed in detail with respect to alternative interpretations previously reported in the literature. Understanding the dynamics of this type of artificial phenyl-substituted carotene systems appears useful regarding their future structural optimization with respect to enhanced thermal stability while keeping the desired photophysical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Golibrzuch
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
NAGATOMO M, HAGIWARA H, IDA S, ISHIHARA T. Modification Effect of Organic Dyes on Photocatalytic Water Splitting Activity of KTa(Zr)O3. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.79.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
31
|
Namboodiri V, Namboodiri M, Flachenecker G, Materny A. Two-photon resonances in femtosecond time-resolved four-wave mixing spectroscopy: β-carotene. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:054503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3466750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
32
|
Sakamoto A, Matsuno S, Tasumi M. Picosecond near-infrared excited transient Raman spectra of β-carotene in the excited S2 state: Solvent effects on the in-phase CC stretching band and vibronic coupling. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
33
|
Rhinehart JM, Mehlenbacher RD, McCamant D. Probing the Charge Transfer Reaction Coordinate of 4-(Dimethylamino)benzonitrile with Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:14646-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1023982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Rhinehart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216
| | | | - David McCamant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jailaubekov AE, Song SH, Vengris M, Cogdell RJ, Larsen DS. Using narrowband excitation to confirm that the S∗ state in carotenoids is not a vibrationally-excited ground state species. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
35
|
Lenzer T, Ehlers F, Scholz M, Oswald R, Oum K. Assignment of carotene S* state features to the vibrationally hot ground electronic state. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:8832-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b925071a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
36
|
Pang Y, Prantil MA, Van Tassle AJ, Jones GA, Fleming GR. Excited-State Dynamics of 8′-Apo-β-caroten-8′-al and 7′,7′-Dicyano-7′-apo-β-carotene Studied by Femtosecond Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:13086-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jp905758e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsoo Pang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Matthew A. Prantil
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Aaron J. Van Tassle
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Garth A. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Shim S, Mathies RA. Development of a Tunable Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Apparatus and Its Application to β-Carotene. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:4826-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jp710518y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangdeok Shim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Richard A. Mathies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sugisaki M, Fujiwara M, Yanagi K, Cogdell RJ, Hashimoto H. Four-wave mixing signals from beta-carotene and its n = 15 homologue. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 95:299-308. [PMID: 17929192 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The third-order nonlinear optical responses of beta-carotene and its homologue having a conjugation-double bond n = 15 have been investigated using sub-20 fs ultra-short optical pulses in order to clarify the dissipation processes of excess energy. Using the four-wave mixing spectroscopy, we observed a clear coherent oscillation with a period of a few tens of femtoseconds. The spectral density of these molecules was estimated that allowed the theoretical linear and nonlinear optical signals to be directly compared with the experimental data. Calculations based on the Brownian oscillator model were performed under the impulsive excitation limit. We show that the memory of the vibronic coherence generated upon the excitation into the S(2) state is lost via the relaxation process including the S(1) state. The vibronic decoherence lifetime of the system was estimated to be 1 ps, which is about 5 times larger than the life time of the S(2) state ( approximately 150 fs) determined in previous studies. The role of coherence and the efficient energy transfer in the light-harvesting antenna complexes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Sugisaki
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hauer J, Buckup T, Motzkus M. Pump-Degenerate Four Wave Mixing as a Technique for Analyzing Structural and Electronic Evolution: Multidimensional Time-Resolved Dynamics near a Conical Intersection. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:10517-29. [PMID: 17914765 DOI: 10.1021/jp073727j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pump-degenerate four wave mixing (pump-DFWM) is used to simultaneously study the early events in structural and electronic population dynamics of the non-adiabatic passage between two excited electronic states. After the precursor state S2 is populated by an initial pump beam, a DFWM sequence is set resonant with the S1 --> Sn transition on the successor state S1. The information obtained by pump-DFWM is two-fold: by scanning the delay between the initial pump and the DFWM sequence, the evolution of the individual excited-state modes is observed with a temporal resolution of 20 fs and a spectral resolution of 10 cm-1. Additionally, pump-DFWM yields information on electronic population dynamics, resulting in a comprehensive description of the S2 --> S1 internal conversion. As a system in which the interplay between structural and electronic evolution is of great interest, all-trans-beta-carotene in solution was chosen. The pump-DFWM signal is analyzed for different detection wavelengths, yielding results on the ultrafast dynamics between 1Bu+ (S2) and 2Ag- (S1). The process of vibrational cooling on S1 is discussed in detail. Furthermore, a low-lying vibrationally hot state is excited and characterized in its spectroscopic properties. The combination of highly resolved vibrational dynamics and simultaneously detected ultrafast electronic state spectroscopy gives a complete picture of the dynamics near a conical intersection. Because pump-DFWM is a pure time domain technique, it offers the prospect of coherent control of excited-state dynamics on an ultrafast time scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Hauer
- Physikalische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tsen KT, Tsen SWD, Kiang JG. Lycopene is more potent than beta carotene in the neutralization of singlet oxygen: role of energy transfer probed by ultrafast Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2006; 11:064025. [PMID: 17212548 DOI: 10.1117/1.2398884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Energy transfer processes between beta carotene, lycopene, and singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) have been studied by ultrafast Raman spectroscopy. Our experimental results demonstrate that during the neutralization of singlet oxygen by beta carotene the excitation energy of singlet oxygen is transferred directly to the first excited electronic state S(1) of beta carotene. In contrast, the excitation energy of singlet oxygen is transferred directly to the ground excited vibronic state S(0) of lycopene. Our data not only provide the first direct experimental elucidation of energy transfer processes in such important biological systems but also help explain why lycopene is a more potent antioxidant than beta carotene in the neutralization of singlet oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kong-Thon Tsen
- Arizona State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Papagiannakis E, Vengris M, Larsen DS, van Stokkum IHM, Hiller RG, van Grondelle R. Use of ultrafast dispersed pump-dump-probe and pump-repump-probe spectroscopies to explore the light-induced dynamics of peridinin in solution. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:512-21. [PMID: 16471563 DOI: 10.1021/jp053094d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Optical pump-induced dynamics of the highly asymmetric carotenoid peridinin in methanol was studied by dispersed pump-probe, pump-dump-probe, and pump-repump-probe transient absorption spectroscopy in the visible region. Dispersed pump-probe measurements show that the decay of the initially excited S2 state populates two excited states, the S1 and the intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) state, at a ratio determined by the excitation wavelength. The ensuing spectral evolution occurs on the time scale of a few picoseconds and suggests the equilibration of these states. Dumping the stimulated emission of the ICT state with an additional 800-nm pulse after 400- and 530-nm excitation preferentially removes the ICT state contribution from the broad excited-state absorption, allowing for its spectral characterization. At the same time, an unrelaxed ground-state species, which has a subpicosecond lifetime, is populated. The application of the 800-nm pulse at early times, when the S2 state is still populated, led to direct generation of the peridinin cation, observed for the first time in a transient absorption experiment. The excited and ground electronic states manifold of peridinin has been reconstructed using target analysis; this approach combined with the measured multipulse spectroscopic data allows us to estimate the spectra and time scales of the corresponding transient states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Papagiannakis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Observation of all-trans-β-carotene wavepacket motion on the electronic ground and excited dark state using degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) and pump–DFWM. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.11.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
44
|
Papagiannakis E, Larsen DS, van Stokkum IHM, Vengris M, Hiller RG, van Grondelle R. Resolving the excited state equilibrium of peridinin in solution. Biochemistry 2005; 43:15303-9. [PMID: 15581342 DOI: 10.1021/bi047977r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The carotenoid peridinin is abundant in the biosphere, as it is the main pigment bound by the light-harvesting complexes of dinoflagellates, where it collects blue and green sunlight and transfers energy to chlorophyll a with high efficiency. Its molecular structure is particularly complex, giving rise to an intricate excited state manifold, which includes a state with charge-transfer character. To disentangle the excited states of peridinin and understand their function in vivo, we applied dispersed pump-probe and pump-dump-probe spectroscopy. The preferential depletion of population from the intramolecular charge transfer state by the dump pulse demonstrates that the S(1) and this charge transfer state are distinct entities. The ensuing dump-induced dynamics illustrates the equilibration of the two states which occurs on the time scale of a few picoseconds. Additionally, the dump pulse populates a short-lived ground state intermediate, which is suggestive of a complex relaxation pathway, probably including structural reorientation or solvation of the ground state. These findings indicate that the unique intramolecular charge transfer state of peridinin is an efficient energy donor to chlorophyll a in the peridinin-chlorophyll-protein complex and thus plays a significant role in global light harvesting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Papagiannakis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Vibrational excitation after ultrafast intramolecular proton transfer of TINUVIN: a time-resolved resonance Raman study. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
46
|
McCamant DW, Kukura P, Yoon S, Mathies RA. Femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman spectroscopy: Apparatus and methods. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2004; 75:4971-80. [PMID: 17183413 PMCID: PMC1712672 DOI: 10.1063/1.1807566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The laser, detection system, and methods that enable femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) are presented in detail. FSRS is a unique tool for obtaining high time resolution (<100 fs) vibrational spectra with an instrument response limited frequency resolution of <10 cm(-1). A titanium:Sapphire-based laser system produces the three different pulses needed for FSRS: (1) A femtosecond visible actinic pump that initiates the photochemistry, (2) a narrow bandwidth picosecond Raman pump that provides the energy reservoir for amplification of the probe, and (3) a femtosecond continuum probe that is amplified at Raman resonances shifted from the Raman pump. The dependence of the stimulated Raman signal on experimental parameters is explored, demonstrating the expected exponential increase in Raman intensity with concentration, pathlength, and Raman pump power. Raman spectra collected under different electronic resonance conditions using highly fluorescent samples highlight the fluorescence rejection capabilities of FSRS. Data are also presented illustrating our ability: (i) To obtain spectra when there is a large transient absorption change by using a shifted excitation difference technique and (ii) to obtain high time resolution vibrational spectra of transient electronic states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David W McCamant
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hashimoto H, Yanagi K, Yoshizawa M, Polli D, Cerullo G, Lanzani G, De Silvestri S, Gardiner AT, Cogdell RJ. The very early events following photoexcitation of carotenoids. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 430:61-9. [PMID: 15325912 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The recent availability of laser pulses with 10-20 fs duration, tunable throughout the visible and near infrared wavelengths, has facilitated the investigation, with unprecedented temporal resolution, into the very early events of energy relaxation in carotenoids [Science 298 (2002) 2395; Synth. Metals 139 (2003) 893]. This has enabled us to clearly demonstrate the existence of an additional intermediate state, Sx, lying between the S2 (1(1)Bu+) and S1 (2(1)Ag-) states. In addition, by applying time-resolved stimulated Raman spectroscopy with femtosecond time resolution, it has also been shown that vibrational relaxation in electronic excited states plays an important role in these interconversions. In this mini-review, we describe briefly the current understanding of Sx and the other intermediate excited states that can be formed by relaxation from S2, mainly focusing attention on the above two topics. Emphasis is also placed on some of the major remaining unsolved issues in carotenoid photochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hashimoto
- Light and Control, PRESTO/JST and Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Polívka T, Sundström V. Ultrafast dynamics of carotenoid excited States-from solution to natural and artificial systems. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2021-71. [PMID: 15080720 DOI: 10.1021/cr020674n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Polívka
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kodis G, Herrero C, Palacios R, Mariño-Ochoa E, Gould S, de la Garza L, van Grondelle R, Gust D, Moore TA, Moore AL, Kennis JTM. Light Harvesting and Photoprotective Functions of Carotenoids in Compact Artificial Photosynthetic Antenna Designs. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036139o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerdenis Kodis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Department of Biophysics, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institute of Physics, Savanoriu 231, LT-2053 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Christian Herrero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Department of Biophysics, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institute of Physics, Savanoriu 231, LT-2053 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rodrigo Palacios
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Department of Biophysics, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institute of Physics, Savanoriu 231, LT-2053 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ernesto Mariño-Ochoa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Department of Biophysics, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institute of Physics, Savanoriu 231, LT-2053 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Stephanie Gould
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Department of Biophysics, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institute of Physics, Savanoriu 231, LT-2053 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Linda de la Garza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Department of Biophysics, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institute of Physics, Savanoriu 231, LT-2053 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rienk van Grondelle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Department of Biophysics, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institute of Physics, Savanoriu 231, LT-2053 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Devens Gust
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Department of Biophysics, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institute of Physics, Savanoriu 231, LT-2053 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Thomas A. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Department of Biophysics, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institute of Physics, Savanoriu 231, LT-2053 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ana L. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Department of Biophysics, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institute of Physics, Savanoriu 231, LT-2053 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - John T. M. Kennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Department of Biophysics, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institute of Physics, Savanoriu 231, LT-2053 Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kukura P, McCamant DW, Davis PH, Mathies RA. Vibrational structure of the S2 (1Bu) excited state of diphenyloctatetraene observed by femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2003.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|