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Dominguez-Alfaro A, Chau NDQ, Yan S, Mancino D, Pamulapati S, Williams S, Taylor LW, Dewey OS, Pasquali M, Prato M, Bianco A, Criado A. Electrochemical modification of carbon nanotube fibres. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9313-9322. [PMID: 35579037 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07495d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Covalent modification of the surface of carbon nanotube fibres (CNTFs) through electrochemical reduction of para-substituted phenyldiazonium salts and electrochemical oxidation of an aliphatic diamine is described. Following these strategies, diverse surface functionalities have been introduced while preserving the fibre bulk properties. The corresponding modified CNTFs were fully characterised by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-Ray, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, exhibiting different surface properties from those of the unmodified CNTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dominguez-Alfaro
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ngoc Do Quyen Chau
- CNRS, UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, ISIS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Stephen Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Donato Mancino
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sushma Pamulapati
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Steven Williams
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Lauren W Taylor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Oliver S Dewey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, unit of Trieste, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, ISIS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Rúa As Carballeiras, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
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2
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Adesina A, Adeniyi O, Mashazi P. Impedimetric detection of CRP using oriented antibodies: monoclonal as capture and magnetic nanobioprobes with polyclonal for sensing. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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3
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Ferrier DC, Honeychurch KC. Carbon Nanotube (CNT)-Based Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11120486. [PMID: 34940243 PMCID: PMC8699144 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent advances in the application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the development of sensors and biosensors. The paper discusses various configurations of these devices, including their integration in analytical devices. Carbon nanotube-based sensors have been developed for a broad range of applications including electrochemical sensors for food safety, optical sensors for heavy metal detection, and field-effect devices for virus detection. However, as yet there are only a few examples of carbon nanotube-based sensors that have reached the marketplace. Challenges still hamper the real-world application of carbon nanotube-based sensors, primarily, the integration of carbon nanotube sensing elements into analytical devices and fabrication on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Ferrier
- Institute of Bio-Sensing Technology, Frenchay Campus, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK;
| | - Kevin C. Honeychurch
- Institute of Bio-Sensing Technology, Frenchay Campus, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK;
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Frenchay Campus, Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
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4
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Shkirskiy V, Levillain E, Gautier C. Capacitive Impedance for Following In-Situ Grafting Kinetics of Diazonium Salts. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1074-1078. [PMID: 33780116 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new method to follow in-situ grafting kinetics of diazonium compounds based on imposing small amplitude high frequency AC oscillations at grafting potential, is outlined. This enables the time-resolved measurements of capacitive impedance concomitantly with the growth of the organic layer at the working electrode. The impedance values were quantitatively correlated with the ex-situ (from voltammograms) and in-situ (from quartz crystal microbalance) measured surface coverages, providing a validation of the new methodology. The versatility of the developed approach was demonstrated on the grafting via reduction of 4-nitrobenzenediazonium on Au and glassy carbon (GC) substrates and via deposition of in-situ generated diazonium salts from 1-aminoanthraquinone and 4-ferrocenylaniline on GC. The capacitive impedance measurements are simple, fast, and non-destructive, making it an appealing methodology for an exploration of grafting kinetics of a wide range of diazonium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Shkirskiy
- MOLTECH-Anjou, Université D'Angers, UMR CNRS 6200, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Eric Levillain
- MOLTECH-Anjou, Université D'Angers, UMR CNRS 6200, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Christelle Gautier
- MOLTECH-Anjou, Université D'Angers, UMR CNRS 6200, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers, France
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Harris TGAA, Heidary N, Frielingsdorf S, Rauwerdink S, Tahraoui A, Lenz O, Zebger I, Fischer A. Electrografted Interfaces on Metal Oxide Electrodes for Enzyme Immobilization and Bioelectrocatalysis. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomos G. A. A. Harris
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin Institut für Chemie, PC 14 Str. des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Nina Heidary
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin Institut für Chemie, PC 14 Str. des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
- Department of Chemistry Université de Montréal Roger-Gaudry Building Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Stefan Frielingsdorf
- Technische Universität Berlin Institut für Chemie, PC 14 Str. des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Sander Rauwerdink
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik Hausvogteiplatz 5–7 10117 Berlin Germany
| | - Abbes Tahraoui
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik Hausvogteiplatz 5–7 10117 Berlin Germany
| | - Oliver Lenz
- Technische Universität Berlin Institut für Chemie, PC 14 Str. des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Ingo Zebger
- Technische Universität Berlin Institut für Chemie, PC 14 Str. des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Anna Fischer
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin Institut für Chemie, PC 14 Str. des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Straße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- FIT Freiburger Zentrum für interaktive Werkstoffe und bioinspirierte Technologien Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
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6
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Abstract
The challenges of diazonium salts stabilization have been overcome by their isolation as metal salts such as tetrachloroaurate(III). The cleavage of molecular nitrogen from diazonium salts even at very low potential or on reducing surfaces by fine tuning the substituents on the phenyl ring expanded their applications as surface modifiers in forensic science, nanomedicine engineering, catalysis and energy. The robustness of the metal–carbon bonding produced from diazonium salts reduction has already opened an era for further applications. The integration of experimental and calculations in this field catalyzed its speedy progress. This review provides a narrative of the progress in this chemistry with stress on our recent contribution, identifies potential applications, and highlights the needs in this emerging field. For these reasons, we hope that this review paper serves as motivation for others to enter this developing field of surface modification originating from diazonium salts.
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Lawrence MA, Lorraine SC, Wilson KA, Wilson K. Review: Voltammetric properties and applications of hydrazones and azo moieties. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.114111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Koefoed L, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Covalent Modification of Glassy Carbon Surfaces by Electrochemical Grafting of Aryl Iodides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:3217-3222. [PMID: 28333466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of an aryl iodide is generally believed to involve a clean-cut two-electron reduction to produce an aryl anion and iodide. This is in contradiction to what is observed if a highly efficient grafting agent, such as an aryldiazonium salt, is employed. The difference in behavior is explained by the much more extreme potentials required for reducing an aryl iodide, which facilitates the further reduction of the aryl radical formed as an intermediate. However, in this study we disclose that electrografting of aryl iodides is indeed possible upon extended voltammetric cycling. This implies that even if the number of aryl radicals left unreduced at the electrode surface is exceedingly small, a functionalization of the surface may still be promoted. In fact, the grafting efficiency is found to increase during the grafting process, which may be explained by the inhibiting effect the growing film exerts on the competing reduction of the aryl radical. The slow buildup of the organic film results in a well-ordered structure as shown by the well-defined electrochemical response from a grafted film containing ferrocenylmethyl groups. Hence, the reduction of aryl iodides allows a precisely controlled, albeit slow, growth of thin organic films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Koefoed
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and ‡Carbon Dioxide Activation Center, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steen U Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and ‡Carbon Dioxide Activation Center, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and ‡Carbon Dioxide Activation Center, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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9
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Aryldiazonium salt derived mixed organic layers: From surface chemistry to their applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Brooksby PA, Shields JD, Farquhar AK, Downard AJ. Reduction of Nitrophenyl Films in Aqueous Solutions: How Many Electrons? ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula A. Brooksby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - James D. Shields
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Anna K. Farquhar
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Alison J. Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
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11
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12
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Lee L, Brooksby PA, Hapiot P, Downard AJ. Electrografting of 4-Nitrobenzenediazonium Ion at Carbon Electrodes: Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Reduction Processes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:468-76. [PMID: 26694857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammograms for the reduction of aryldiazonium ions at glassy carbon electrodes are often, but not always, reported to show two peaks. The origin of this intriguing behavior remains controversial. Using 4-nitrobenzenediazonium ion (NBD), the most widely studied aryldiazonium salt, we make a detailed examination of the electroreduction processes in acetonitrile solution. We confirm that deposition of film can occur during both reduction processes. Film thickness measurements using atomic force microscopy reveal that multilayer films of very similar thickness are formed when reduction is carried out at either peak, even though the film formed at the more negative potential is significantly more blocking to solution redox probes. These and other aspects of the electrochemistry are consistent with the operation of a surface-catalyzed reduction step (proceeding at a clean surface only) followed by an uncatalyzed reduction at a more negative potential. The catalyzed reduction proceeds at both edge-plane and basal-plane graphite materials, suggesting that particular carbon surface sites are not required. The unusual aspect of aryldiazonium ion electrochemistry is that unlike other surface-catalyzed reactions, both processes are seen in a single voltammetric scan at an initially clean electrode because the conditions for observing the uncatalyzed reaction are produced by film deposition during the first catalyzed reduction step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lita Lee
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 8140
| | - Paula A Brooksby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 8140
| | - Philippe Hapiot
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1 , Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes, Cedex, France
| | - Alison J Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 8140
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13
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Berisha A, Chehimi M, Pinson J, Podvorica F. Electrode Surface Modification Using Diazonium Salts. ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: A SERIES OF ADVANCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b19196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Zheng M, Griveau S, Dupont-Gillain C, Genet MJ, Jolivalt C. Oxidation of laccase for improved cathode biofuel cell performances. Bioelectrochemistry 2015; 106:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Kuo TM, Shen MY, Huang SY, Li YK, Chuang MC. Facile Fabrication of a Sensor with a Bifunctional Interface for Logic Analysis of the New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase (NDM)-Coding Gene. ACS Sens 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsui-Ming Kuo
- Department
of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Mo-Yuan Shen
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ying Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Kuen Li
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chieh Chuang
- Department
of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
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16
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Gold-organic thin films from the reductive grafting of diazonium gold(III) salts. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Zou Q, Kegel LL, Booksh KS. Electrografted Diazonium Salt Layers for Antifouling on the Surface of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2488-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiongjing Zou
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Laurel L. Kegel
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Karl S. Booksh
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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18
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Menanteau T, Levillain E, Downard AJ, Breton T. Evidence of monolayer formation via diazonium grafting with a radical scavenger: electrochemical, AFM and XPS monitoring. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:13137-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01401h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AFM monitoring of controlled surface modification with a radical scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Menanteau
- MOLTECH-Anjou
- Université d'Angers
- UMR CNRS 6200
- 49045 Angers
- France
| | - E. Levillain
- MOLTECH-Anjou
- Université d'Angers
- UMR CNRS 6200
- 49045 Angers
- France
| | - A. J. Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
| | - T. Breton
- MOLTECH-Anjou
- Université d'Angers
- UMR CNRS 6200
- 49045 Angers
- France
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19
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Ullien D, Thüne PC, Jager WF, Sudhölter EJR, de Smet LCPM. Controlled amino-functionalization by electrochemical reduction of bromo and nitro azobenzene layers bound to Si(111) surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:19258-65. [PMID: 25100049 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02464h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
4-Nitrobenzenediazonium (4-NBD) and 4-bromobenzenediazonium (4-BBD) salts were grafted electrochemically onto H-terminated, p-doped silicon (Si) surfaces. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ellipsometry experiments clearly showed layer thicknesses of 2-7 nm, which indicate multilayer formation. Decreasing the diazonium salt concentration and the reaction time resulted in a smaller layer thickness, but did not prevent the formation of multilayers. It was demonstrated, mainly by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), that the diazonium salts not only react with the H-terminated Si surface, but also with electrografted phenyl groups via azo-bond formation. These azo bonds can be electrochemically reduced at Ered = -1.5 V, leading to the corresponding amino groups. This reduction resulted in a modest decrease in layer thickness, and did not yield monolayers. This indicates that other coupling reactions, notably a biphenyl coupling, induced by electrochemically produced phenyl radicals, take place as well. In addition to the azo functionalities, the nitro functionalities in electrografted layers of 4-NBD were independently reduced to amino functionalities at a lower potential (Ered = -2.1 V). The presence of amino functionalities on fully reduced layers, both from 4-NBD- and 4-BBD-modified Si, was shown by the presence of fluorine after reaction with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). This study shows that the electrochemical reduction of azo bonds generates amino functionalities on layers produced by electrografting of aryldiazonium derivatives. In this way multifunctional layers can be formed by employing functional aryldiazonium salts, which is believed to be very practical in the fabrication of sensor platforms, including those made of multi-array silicon nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ullien
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands.
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20
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General approach for electrochemical functionalization of glassy carbon surface by in situ generation of diazonium ion under acidic and non-acidic condition with a cascade protocol. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Lillethorup M, Shimizu K, Plumeré N, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Surface-Attached Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) as a Versatile Platform for Creating Dual-Functional Polymer Brushes. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500872b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mie Lillethorup
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kyoko Shimizu
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Plumeré
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr.
150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Steen U. Pedersen
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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22
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Menanteau T, Levillain E, Breton T. Spontaneous grafting of nitrophenyl groups on carbon: effect of radical scavenger on organic layer formation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:7913-7918. [PMID: 24932574 DOI: 10.1021/la501437g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a radical scavenger (DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) on the spontaneous covalent grafting of nitrophenyl functionalities on a vitreous carbon substrate using the 4-nitrobenzene diazonium cation has been studied by electrochemical measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The addition of micromolar concentrations of DPPH to the diazonium solution efficiently limits the multilayer formation and leads to monolayer surface coverage. Control of polyaryl layer formation via the capture of the reactive nitrophenyl radical was also found to increase the proportion of nitrophenyl groups grafted to the surface via azo bridges. This work validates the recently reported strategy using a radical scavenger to prevent the formation of a polyaryl layer without interfering with direct surface grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Menanteau
- MOLTECH-Anjou, Université d'Angers - UMR CNRS 6200 , 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France
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23
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Lillethorup M, Kongsfelt M, Ceccato M, Jensen BBE, Jørgensen B, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. High- versus low-quality graphene: a mechanistic investigation of electrografted diazonium-based films for growth of polymer brushes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:922-34. [PMID: 24745057 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201301915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrografting using aryldiazonium salts provides a fast and efficient technique to functionalize commercially available 3-5 layered graphene (vapour-deposited) on nickel. In this study, Raman spectroscopy is used to quantify the grafting efficiency of cyclic voltammetry which is one of the most versatile, yet simple, electrochemical techniques available. To a large extent the number of defects/substituents introduced to the basal plane of high-quality graphene by this procedure can be controlled through the sweeping conditions employed. After extended electrografting the defect density reaches a saturation level ( ∼ 10(13) cm(-2)) which is independent of the quality of the graphene expressed through its initial content of defects. However, it is reached within fewer voltammetric cycles for low-quality graphene. Based on these results it is suggested that the grafting occurs (a) directly at defect sites for, in particular, low-quality graphene, (b) directly at the basal plane for, in particular, high-quality graphene, and/or (c) at already grafted molecules to give a mushroom-like film growth for all films. Moreover, it is shown that a tertiary alkyl bromide can be introduced at a given surface density to serve as radical initiator for surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). Brushes of poly(methyl methacrylate) are grown from these substrates, and the relationship between polymer thickness and sweeping conditions is studied.
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An Immunosensor for Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus Based on Antibody Modified Aminophenyl-Au Electrode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/367872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to elaborate an immunosensing system which will detect and quantify Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. A gold electrode was modified by electrografting of 4-nitrophenyl diazonium, in situ synthesized in acidic aqueous solution. The immunosensor was fabricated by immobilizing affinity-purified polyclonal anti S. aureus antibodies on the modified gold electrode. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Faradaic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to characterize the stepwise assembly of the immunosensor. The performance of the developed immunosensor was evaluated by monitoring the electron-transfer resistance detected using Faradaic EIS. The experimental results indicated a linear relationship between the relative variation of the electron transfer resistance and the logarithmic value of S. aureus concentration, with a slope of 0.40 ± 0.08 per decade of concentration. A low quantification limit of 10±2 CFU per ml and a linear range up to 107±2×106 CFU per mL were obtained. The developed immunosensors showed high selectivity to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
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Buriez O, Podvorica FI, Galtayries A, Labbé E, Top S, Vessières A, Jaouen G, Combellas C, Amatore C. Surface grafting of a π-conjugated amino-ferrocifen drug. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Brumbach MT, Jaye C, Ohlhausen JT, Fischer D. Imaging, work function, and compositional changes of thiols on gold via shadow mask ozonolysis. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cherno Jaye
- National Institute for Standards and Technology; Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA
| | | | - Daniel Fischer
- National Institute for Standards and Technology; Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA
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Lee L, Brooksby PA, Leroux YR, Hapiot P, Downard AJ. Mixed monolayer organic films via sequential electrografting from aryldiazonium ion and arylhydrazine solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:3133-9. [PMID: 23398449 DOI: 10.1021/la400303x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sequential electrografting at glassy carbon from aryldiazonium salt solutions, or an aryldiazonium salt followed by an arylhydrazine, leads to the formation of covalently attached monolayer films incorporating two modifiers. In the first step, a 4-((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)phenyl film is electrografted to the surface, followed by removal of the triisopropylsilyl group to give a submonolayer of phenylethynylene groups. Two general strategies can then be applied to "fill in" the sparse monolayer with a second modifier. In the first route, nitrophenyl groups are grafted to the phenylethynylene-modified surface by the oxidation of 4-nitrophenylhydrazine. Ferrocene can be coupled to the terminal alkyne groups on the surface via a click reaction with azidomethylferrocene; an electrochemical measurement of the amount of immobilized ferrocene demonstrates that the phenylethynylene layer retains close to full reactivity after the second grafting step. In the alternative strategy, ferrocene is coupled to the phenylethynylene layer prior to grafting nitrophenyl groups by the reduction of the 4-nitrobenzenediazonium ion or by the oxidation of 4-nitrophenylhydrazine. For all approaches, the optimization of the grafting conditions gives surface concentrations of ferrocene and nitrophenyl groups that are consistent with those of a mixed monolayer. The stepwise generation of mixed monolayers is also monitored by film thickness measurements by depth profiling using the atomic force microscope. Thickness values are consistent with the proposed film structure in each preparation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lita Lee
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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COMTE AL, POGNON G, BROUSSE T, B^|^Eacute;LANGER D. Determination of the Quinone-loading of a Modified Carbon Powder-based Electrode for Electrochemical Capacitor. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.81.863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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29
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Mixtures of functionalized aromatic groups generated from diazonium chemistry as templates towards bimetallic species supported on carbon electrode surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Kibena E, Mäeorg U, Matisen L, Sulamägi P, Tammeveski K. A study of glassy carbon electrodes modified with azobenzene derivatives. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Fierke MA, Olson EJ, Bühlmann P, Stein A. Receptor-based detection of 2,4-dinitrotoluene using modified three-dimensionally ordered macroporous carbon electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:4731-4739. [PMID: 22905948 DOI: 10.1021/am301108a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Detection of explosives, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), is becoming increasingly important. Here, 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT, a common analogue of TNT) is detected electrochemically. A receptor based electrode for the detection of DNT was prepared by modifying the surface of the walls of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) carbon. Nitrophenyl groups were first attached by the electrochemical reduction of 4-nitrobenzenediazonium ions, followed by potentiostatic reduction to aminophenyl groups. Chemical functionalization reactions were then performed to synthesize the receptor, which contains two urea groups, and a terminal primary amine. Detection of DNT using cyclic voltammetry was impeded by a large background current that resulted from the capacitance of 3DOM carbon. Detection by square wave voltammetry eliminated the background current and improved the detection limit. Unfunctionalized 3DOM carbon electrodes showed no response to DNT, whereas the receptor-modified electrodes responded to DNT with a detection limit of 10 μM. Detection of DNT was possible even in the presence of interferents such as nitrobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Fierke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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32
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Chernyy S, Iruthayaraj J, Ceccato M, Hinge M, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Elucidation of the mechanism of surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization from a diazonium-based initiator layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Continuous flow catalysis with a biomimetic copper(II) complex covalently immobilized on graphite felt. J Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Menegazzo N, Zou Q, Booksh KS. Characterization of electrografted 4-aminophenylalanine layers for low non-specific binding of proteins. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj20930f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Mccreery RL. The merger of electrochemistry and molecular electronics. CHEM REC 2011; 12:149-63. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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37
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Jayasundara DR, Cullen RJ, Soldi L, Colavita PE. In situ studies of the adsorption kinetics of 4-nitrobenzenediazonium salt on gold. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:13029-13036. [PMID: 21919493 DOI: 10.1021/la202862p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled organic layers are an important tool for modifying surfaces in a range of applications in materials science. Covalent modification of metal surfaces with aryldiazonium cations has attracted much attention primarily because this reaction offers a route for spontaneously grafting a variety of aromatic moieties from solution with high yield. We have investigated the kinetics of this process by performing real-time, in situ nanogravimetric measurements. The spontaneous grafting of 4-nitrobenzene diazonium salts onto gold electrodes was studied via quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) from aqueous solutions of the salt at varying concentrations. The concentration dependence of the grafting rate within the first 10 min is best modeled by assuming a reversible adsorption process with free energy comparable to that reported for arylthiols self-assembled on gold. Multilayer formation was observed after extended grafting times and was found to be favored by increasing bulk concentrations of the diazonium salt. Modified gold surfaces were characterized ex situ with cyclic voltammetry, infrared reflection absorbance spectroscopy, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Based on the experimentally determined free energy of adsorption and on the observed grafting rates, we discuss a proposed mechanism for aryldiazonium chemisorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilushan R Jayasundara
- School of Chemistry, University of Dublin Trinity College, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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38
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Cougnon C, Nguyen NH, Dabos-Seignon S, Mauzeroll J, Bélanger D. Carbon surface derivatization by electrochemical reduction of a diazonium salt in situ produced from the nitro precursor. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Leroux YR, Hui F, Noël JM, Roux C, Downard AJ, Hapiot P. Design of robust binary film onto carbon surface using diazonium electrochemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:11222-11228. [PMID: 21774535 DOI: 10.1021/la202250y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The electroreduction of functionalized aryldiazonium salts combined with a protection-deprotection method was evaluated for the fabrication of organized mixed layers covalently bound onto carbon substrates. The first modification consists of the grafting of a protected 4-((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)benzene layer onto the carbon surface on which the introduction of a second functional group is possible without altering the first grafted functional group. After deprotection, we obtained an ultrathin robust layer presenting high densities of both active ethynylbenzene groups (available for "click" chemistry) and the second functional group. The strategy was successfully demonstrated using azidomethylferrocene to react with ethynyl moieties in the binary film by "click" chemistry, and NO(2)-phenyl as the second functional group. Two possible modification pathways with different orderings of the various steps were considered to show the influence and importance of the protection-deprotection process on the final surface obtained. Using mild conditions for the grafting of the second layer maintains a concentration of active ethynyl groups similar to that obtained for a one-component monolayer while achieving a high surface concentration of the second modifier. Considering the wide range of functional aryldiazonium salts that could be electrodeposited onto carbon surfaces and the versatility and specificity of the "click" chemistry, this approach appears very promising for the preparation of mixed layers in well-controlled conditions without altering the reactivity of either functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann R Leroux
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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40
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Ernst S, Aldous L, Compton RG. The voltammetry of surface bound 2-anthraquinonyl groups in room temperature ionic liquids: Cation size effects. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Grafting of phenylboronic acid on a glassy carbon electrode and its application as a reagentless glucose sensor. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Kongsfelt M, Vinther J, Malmos K, Ceccato M, Torbensen K, Knudsen CS, Gothelf KV, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Combining Aryltriazenes and Electrogenerated Acids To Create Well-Defined Aryl-Tethered Films and Patterns on Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:3788-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ja111731d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Kongsfelt
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Vinther
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for DNA Nanotechnology (CDNA), Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Malmos
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marcel Ceccato
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kristian Torbensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Cindy S. Knudsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for DNA Nanotechnology (CDNA), Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Gothelf
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for DNA Nanotechnology (CDNA), Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steen Uttrup Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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43
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Tanaka M, Sawaguchi T, Sato Y, Yoshioka K, Niwa O. Surface modification of GC and HOPG with diazonium, amine, azide, and olefin derivatives. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:170-178. [PMID: 21117684 DOI: 10.1021/la1035757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of glassy carbon (GC) and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) was carried out with diazonium, amine, azide, and olefin derivatives bearing ferrocene as an electroactive moiety. Features of the modified surfaces were evaluated by surface concentrations of immobilized molecule, blocking effect of the modified surface against redox reaction, and surface observation using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope (EC-STM). The measurement of surface concentrations of immobilized molecule revealed the following three aspects: (i) Diazonium and olefin derivatives could modify substrates with the dense-monolayer concentration. (ii) The surface concentration of immobilized amine derivative did not reach to the dense-monolayer concentration reflecting their low reactivity. (iii) The surface modification with the dense-monolayer concentration was also possible with azide derivative, but the modified surface contained some oligomers produced by the photoreaction of azides. Besides, the blocking effect against redox reaction was observed for GC modified with diazonium derivative and for HOPG modified with diazonium and azide derivatives, suggesting fabrication of a densely modified surface. Finally, the surface observation for HOPG modified with diazonium derivative by EC-STM showed a typical monolayer structure, in which the ferrocene moieties were packed densely at random. On the basis of those results, it was demonstrated that surface modification of carbon substrates with diazonium could afford a dense monolayer similar to the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Tanaka
- Biomedical Research Institute, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 5, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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Packwood DM, Brooksby PA, Abell AD, Downard AJ. pH-Dependent Wettability of Carboxyphenyl Films Grafted to Glassy Carbon. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Surfaces than can switch their properties in response to external stimuli are of fundamental as well as technological interest. A prerequisite for successful switching in thin surface layers is sufficient free volume in the layer to allow molecular motions or reactions. Multilayer films grafted from aryldiazonium salts have a loosely packed structure and are good candidates for preparation of switchable surfaces. In this work, the pH-dependent wettability of carboxyphenyl films on glassy carbon surfaces is examined using water contact angle measurements. The film structure is manipulated by exposing freshly grafted films to solvents of different polarity; this influences the wettability differences observed between low- and high-pH measurements. The order of measurement of contact angles (from low pH to high, or vice versa) also influences the pH-dependent wettability. The results are consistent with film reorganization, including the formation of dimeric hydrogen-bonded structures, in response to the polarity and pH of the surrounding medium.
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Li Q, Batchelor-McAuley C, Lawrence NS, Hartshorne RS, Compton RG. The synthesis and characterisation of controlled thin sub-monolayer films of 2-anthraquinonyl groups on graphite surfaces. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20461k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Bélanger D, Pinson J. Electrografting: a powerful method for surface modification. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3995-4048. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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47
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Gold nanoparticles modified electrode via simple electrografting of in situ generated mercaptophenyl diazonium cations for development of DNA electrochemical biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:1947-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Fontaine O, Ghilane J, Martin P, Lacroix JC, Randriamahazaka H. Ionic liquid viscosity effects on the functionalization of electrode material through the electroreduction of diazonium. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:18542-18549. [PMID: 21062077 DOI: 10.1021/la103000u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of 4-nitrophenyl diazonium, NPD, in different ionic liquids presenting different viscosities has been investigated. The electrochemical studies show that the reduction of diazonium leading to the formation of its corresponding radical occurs whatever the viscosity of the grafting media. Following that, the presence of an organic layer attached to the electrode after electrochemical treatment was evidenced by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in acidic media thanks to the presence of nitro groups. Moreover, infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirm the presence of a nitrophenyl (NP) layer attached to the electrode material. Next, the examination of the electrochemical data through the measurement of the charge, corresponding to the reduction of the attached nitrophenyl (NP) moieties, shows that the surface concentration of NP, Γ(NP), decreases when the viscosity, η, of the grafting media increases. Additionally, in the case of the more viscous ionic liquid, N-tributyl-N-methylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Bu(3)MeN] [NTf(2)], a cosolvent has been added leading to fine decrease of the viscosity. The IR and CV investigations of the modified electrodes demonstrate the decrease of the amount of the attached molecules when the viscosity of the grafting media increases. In addition, a correlation between Γ(NP) as function of 1/η was observed. Finally, XPS and AFM experiments lead to an estimate of the thickness of the attached layer. As a result, both methods are in perfect agreement and thicknesses of 4 and 1 nm are measured after grafting in acetonitrile and in pure ionic liquid [Bu(3)MeN] [NTf(2)], respectively. By comparison with classical solvent, the use of viscous ionic liquid for the grafting leads to a decrease in the amount of the attached molecules and conduce to the formation of thinner or less dense layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Fontaine
- Université Paris Diderot, ITODYS Laboratory, NanoElectroChemistry Group, CNRS, UMR 7086, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 Rue Jean de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
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Nazemi Z, Shams E, Amini MK. Covalent modification of glassy carbon electrode by Nile blue: Preparation, electrochemistry and electrocatalysis. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Khoshroo M, Rostami AA. Characterization of the organic molecules deposited at gold surface by the electrochemical reaction of diazonium salts. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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