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Chwastowski J, Guzik M, Bednarz S, Staroń P. Upcycling Waste Streams from a Biorefinery Process-A Case Study on Cadmium and Lead Biosorption by Two Types of Biopolymer Post-Extraction Biomass. Molecules 2023; 28:6345. [PMID: 37687174 PMCID: PMC10488894 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the possibility of using the spent kind of biomass of Pseudomonas putida CA-3 and Zobelella denitrificans MW1 obtained after the pilot-scale production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as a biosorbent for the bioremediation of aqueous solutions containing toxic cadmium and lead ions. The material was characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and amino acid profiling. To check the sorption capacity of spent biomass against Pb and Cd ions, equilibrium studies were performed. To learn about the nature of the sorption process, kinetic modelling was carried out and the obtained results showed that the adsorption process is best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (PSO), which suggests that the sorption process is connected with the chemical bonding of the ions on the sorbent surface. Information provided by the amino acid profile made it possible to predict the adsorption mechanism and FTIR analysis proved the participation of different chemical groups in the removal process. According to the equilibrium studies, the best-fitted isotherm was the Freundlich model for all used materials and metal ions considering the correlation coefficient. Summarizing the results, the spent biomass after the PHA production is an effective biosorbent and can be reused for heavy metal bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Chwastowski
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Technology, Kraków University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (S.B.); (P.S.)
| | - Maciej Guzik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Szczepan Bednarz
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Technology, Kraków University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (S.B.); (P.S.)
| | - Paweł Staroń
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Technology, Kraków University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (S.B.); (P.S.)
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2
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Lau JKC, Esuon F, Berden G, Oomens J, Hopkinson AC, Ryzhov V, Siu KWM. Generation, Characterization, and Dissociation of Radical Cations Derived from Prolyl-glycyl-glycine. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:6121-6129. [PMID: 34097420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Radical cations of an aliphatic tripeptide prolyl-glycyl-glycine (PGG•+) and its sequence ions [a3 + H]•+ and [b2 - H]•+ have been generated by collision-induced dissociation of the [Cu(Phen)(PGG)]•2+ complex, where Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline. Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy, ion-molecule reaction experiments, and theoretical calculations have been used to investigate the structures of these ions. The unpaired electron in these three radical cations is located at different α-carbons. The PGG•+ radical cation has a captodative structure with the radical at the α-carbon of the proline residue and the proton on the oxygen of the first amide group. This structure is at the global minimum on the potential energy surface (PES). By contrast, the [a3 + H]•+ and [b2 - H]•+ ions are not the lowest-energy structures on their respective PESs, and their radicals are formally located at the C-terminal and second α-carbons, respectively. Density functional theory calculations on the structures of the ternary copper(II) complex ion suggest that the charge-solvated isomer of the metal complex is the precursor ion that dissociates to give the PGG•+ radical cation. The isomer of the complex in which PGG is bound as a zwitterion dissociates to give the [a3 + H]•+ and [b2 - H]•+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Kai-Chi Lau
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Francis Esuon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Giel Berden
- FELIX Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen 6525 ED, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- FELIX Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen 6525 ED, the Netherlands
| | - Alan C Hopkinson
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Victor Ryzhov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - K W Michael Siu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
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3
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Priyanga S, Khamrang T, Velusamy M, Karthi S, Ashokkumar B, Mayilmurugan R. Coordination geometry-induced optical imaging of l-cysteine in cancer cells using imidazopyridine-based copper(ii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:1489-1503. [PMID: 30632585 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04634d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of cysteine cathepsins proteases has been documented in a wide variety of cancers, and enhances the l-cysteine concentration in tumor cells. We report the synthesis and characterization of copper(ii) complexes [Cu(L1)2(H2O)](SO3CF3)2, 1, L1 = 3-phenyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine, [Cu(L2)2(SO3CF3)]SO3CF3, 2, L2 = 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-pyridin-2-yl-imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine, [Cu(L3)2(H2O)](SO3CF3)2, 3, L3 = 3-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-1-pyridin-2-yl-imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine and [Cu(L4)2(H2O)](SO3CF3)2, 4, L4 = dimethyl-[4-(1-pyridin-2-yl-imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phenyl]amine as 'turn-on' optical imaging probes for l-cysteine in cancer cells. The molecular structure of complexes adopted distorted trigonal pyramidal geometry (τ, 0.68-0.87). Cu-Npy bonds (1.964-1.989 Å) were shorter than Cu-Nimi bonds (2.024-2.074 Å) for all complexes. Geometrical distortion was strongly revealed in EPR spectra, showing g‖ (2.26-2.28) and A‖ values (139-163 × 10-4 cm-1) at 70 K. The d-d transitions appeared around 680-741 and 882-932 nm in HEPES, which supported the existence of five-coordinate geometry in solution. The Cu(ii)/Cu(i) redox potential of 1 (0.221 V vs. NHE) was almost identical to that of 2 and 3 but lower than that of 4 (0.525 V vs. NHE) in HEPES buffer. The complexes were almost non-emissive in nature, but became emissive by the interaction of l-cysteine in 100% HEPES at pH 7.34 via reduction of Cu(ii) to Cu(i). Among the probes, probe 2 showed selective and efficient turn-on fluorescence behavior towards l-cysteine over natural amino acids with a limit of detection of 9.9 × 10-8 M and binding constant of 2.3 × 105 M-1. The selectivity of 2 may have originated from a nearly perfect trigonal plane adopted around a copper(ii) center (∼120.70°), which required minimum structural change during the reduction of Cu(ii) to Cu(i) while imaging Cys. The other complexes, with their distorted trigonal planes, required more reorganizational energy, which resulted in poor selectivity. Probe 2 was employed for optical imaging of l-cysteine in HeLa cells and macrophages. It exhibited brighter fluorescent images by visualizing Cys at pH 7.34 and 37 °C. It showed relatively less toxicity for these cell lines as ascertained by the MTT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvarasu Priyanga
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, India.
| | - Themmila Khamrang
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Marappan Velusamy
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Sellamuthu Karthi
- School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625 021, India
| | | | - Ramasamy Mayilmurugan
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, India.
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Yu X, Chau MC, Tang WK, Siu CK, Yao ZP. Self-Assembled Binuclear Cu(II)–Histidine Complex for Absolute Configuration and Enantiomeric Excess Determination of Naproxen by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4089-4097. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen Research Institute of Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Man-Chu Chau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Kit Tang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen Research Institute of Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
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5
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Jarrell TM, Owen BC, Riedeman JS, Prentice BM, Pulliam CJ, Max J, Kenttämaa HI. Laser-Induced Acoustic Desorption/Electron Ionization of Amino Acids and Small Peptides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1091-1098. [PMID: 28500583 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1684-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced acoustic desorption (LIAD) allows for desorption of neutral nonvolatile compounds independent of their volatility or thermal stability. Many different ionization methods have been coupled with LIAD. Hence, this setup provides a better control over the types of ions formed than other mass spectrometry evaporation/ionization methods commonly used to characterize biomolecules, such as ESI or MALDI. In this study, the utility of LIAD coupled with electron ionization (EI) was tested for the analysis of common amino acids with no derivatization. The results compared favorably with previously reported EI mass spectra obtained using thermal desorption/EI. Further, LIAD/EI mass spectra collected for hydrochloride salts of two amino acids were found to be similar to those measured for the neutral amino acids with the exception of the appearance of an HCl+● ion. However, the hydrochloride salt of arginine showed a distinctly different LIAD/EI mass spectrum than the previously published literature EI mass spectrum, likely due to its highly basic side chain that makes a specific zwitterionic form particularly favorable. Finally, EI mass spectra were measured for seven small peptides, including di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides. These mass spectra show a variety of ion types. However, an type ions are prevalent. Also, electron-induced dissociation (EID) of protonated peptides has been reported to form primarily an type ions. In addition, the loss of small neutral molecules and side-chain cleavages were observed that are reminiscent of other high-energy fragmentation methods, such as EID. Finally, the isomeric dipeptides LG and IG were found to produce drastically different EI mass spectra, thus allowing differentiation of the leucine and isoleucine amino acids in these dipeptides. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Jarrell
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Benjamin C Owen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - James S Riedeman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Boone M Prentice
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chris J Pulliam
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Joann Max
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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6
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Maheshwaran D, Nagendraraj T, Manimaran P, Ashokkumar B, Kumar M, Mayilmurugan R. A Highly Selective and Efficient Copper(II) - “Turn-On” Fluorescence Imaging Probe forl-Cysteine. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Duraiyarasu Maheshwaran
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry; School of Chemistry; Madurai Kamaraj University; 625021 Madurai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Thavasilingam Nagendraraj
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry; School of Chemistry; Madurai Kamaraj University; 625021 Madurai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Paramasivam Manimaran
- School of Biotechnology; Madurai Kamaraj University; 625021 Madurai Tamil Nadu India
| | | | - Mukesh Kumar
- Solid State Physics Division; Physics Group; Bhabha Atomic Research Center; Mumbai Maharashtra India
| | - Ramasamy Mayilmurugan
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry; School of Chemistry; Madurai Kamaraj University; 625021 Madurai Tamil Nadu India
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7
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Maheshwaran D, Priyanga S, Mayilmurugan R. Copper(ii)-benzimidazole complexes as efficient fluorescent probes forl-cysteine in water. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:11408-11417. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01895a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Copper(ii)-benzimidazole complexes could detectl-cysteine over other natural amino acids at pH 7.34 by a ‘turn-on’ fluorescence mechanismviathe reduction of Cu(ii) to Cu(i) followed by displacement with excellent selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraiyarasu Maheshwaran
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Madurai Kamaraj University
- Madurai 625 021
- India
| | - Selvarasu Priyanga
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Madurai Kamaraj University
- Madurai 625 021
- India
| | - Ramasamy Mayilmurugan
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Madurai Kamaraj University
- Madurai 625 021
- India
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8
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Bellina B, Merthe DJ, Kresin VV. Proton transfer in histidine-tryptophan heterodimers embedded in helium droplets. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:114306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4914902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bellina
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0484, USA
| | - Daniel J. Merthe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0484, USA
| | - Vitaly V. Kresin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0484, USA
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9
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Mu X, Song T, Xu M, Lai CK, Siu CK, Laskin J, Chu IK. Discovery and mechanistic studies of facile N-terminal Cα-C bond cleavages in the dissociation of tyrosine-containing peptide radical cations. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:4273-81. [PMID: 24678922 DOI: 10.1021/jp410525f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fascinating N-terminal Cα-C bond cleavages in a series of nonbasic tyrosine-containing peptide radical cations have been observed under low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID), leading to the generation of rarely observed x-type radical fragments, with significant abundances. CID experiments of the radical cations of the alanyltyrosylglycine tripeptide and its analogues suggested that the N-terminal Cα-C bond cleavage, yielding its [x2 + H](•+) radical cation, does not involve an N-terminal α-carbon-centered radical. Theoretical examination of a prototypical radical cation of the alanyltyrosine dipeptide, using density functional theory calculations, suggested that direct N-terminal Cα-C bond cleavage could produce an ion-molecule complex formed between the incipient a1(+) and x1(•) fragments. Subsequent proton transfer from the iminium nitrogen atom in a1(+) to the acyl carbon atom in x1(•) results in the observable [x1 + H](•+). The barriers against this novel Cα-C bond cleavage and the competitive N-Cα bond cleavage, forming the complementary [c1 + 2H](+)/[z1 - H](•+) ion pair, are similar (ca. 16 kcal mol(-1)). Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus modeling revealed that [x1 + H](•+) and [c1 + 2H](+) species are formed with comparable rates, in agreement with energy-resolved CID experiments for [AY](•+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Mu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
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10
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Thomas DA, Sohn CH, Gao J, Beauchamp JL. Hydrogen Bonding Constrains Free Radical Reaction Dynamics at Serine and Threonine Residues in Peptides. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8380-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501367w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Thomas
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory
of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chang Ho Sohn
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory
of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jinshan Gao
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory
of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - J. L. Beauchamp
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory
of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Shoeib T, Zhao J, Ei Aribi H, Hopkinson AC, Siu KWM. Dissociations of complexes between monovalent metal ions and aromatic amino acid or histidine. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:38-48. [PMID: 23238948 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentations of [AA + M](+) complexes, where AA = Phe, Tyr, Trp, or His, and M is a monovalent metal (Li, Na, or Ag), have been exhaustively studied through collision-induced dissociation (CID) and through deuterium labeling. Dissociations of the Li- and Ag-containing complexes gave a large number of fragment ions; by contrast, the sodium/amino acid complexes have lower binding energies, and dissociation resulted in much simpler spectra, with loss of the entire ligand dominating. Unambiguous assignments of these fragment ions were made and formation mechanisms are proposed. Of particular interest are fragmentations in which the charge was retained on the organic fragment and the metal was lost, either as a metal hydride (AgH) or hydroxide (LiOH) or as the silver atom (Ag(•)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Shoeib
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
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12
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You Z, Wen Y, Jiang K, Pan Y. Fragmentation mechanism of product ions from protonated proline-containing tripeptides in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Kalli A, Hess S. Fragmentation of singly, doubly, and triply charged hydrogen deficient peptide radical cations in infrared multiphoton dissociation and electron induced dissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:244-263. [PMID: 22101468 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Gas phase fragmentation of hydrogen deficient peptide radical cations continues to be an active area of research. While collision induced dissociation (CID) of singly charged species is widely examined, dissociation channels of singly and multiply charged radical cations in infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) and electron induced dissociation (EID) have not been, so far, investigated. Here, we report on the gas phase dissociation of singly, doubly and triply charged hydrogen deficient peptide radicals, [M + nH]((n+1)+·) (n=0, 1, 2), in MS(3) IRMPD and EID and compare the observed fragmentation pathways to those obtained in MS(3) CID. Backbone fragmentation in MS(3) IRMPD and EID was highly dependent on the charge state of the radical precursor ions, whereas amino acid side chain cleavages were largely independent of the charge state selected for fragmentation. Cleavages at aromatic amino acids, either through side chain loss or backbone fragmentation, were significantly enhanced over other dissociation channels. For singly charged species, the MS(3) IRMPD and EID spectra were mainly governed by radical-driven dissociation. Fragmentation of doubly and triply charged radical cations proceeded through both radical- and charge-driven processes, resulting in the formation of a wide range of backbone product ions including, a-, b-, c-, y-, x-, and z-type. While similarities existed between MS(3) CID, IRMPD, and EID of the same species, several backbone product ions and side chain losses were unique for each activation method. Furthermore, dominant dissociation pathways in each spectrum were dependent on ion activation method, amino acid composition, and charge state selected for fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kalli
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Division of Biology, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Zhao J, Song T, Xu M, Quan Q, Siu KWM, Hopkinson AC, Chu IK. Intramolecular hydrogen atom migration along the backbone of cationic and neutral radical tripeptides and subsequent radical-induced dissociations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:8723-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40708f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Huang Z, Du J, Zhang J, Yu XQ, Pu L. A simple and efficient fluorescent sensor for histidine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:3412-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc17156b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lam AKY, Hutton CA, O'Hair RAJ. Role of 2-oxo and 2-thioxo modifications on the fragmentation reactions of the histidine radical cation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:251-261. [PMID: 21192020 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation reactions of the radical cations, M(·+), of histidine, 2-oxo-histidine and 2-thioxo-histidine were examined using a combination of experiments performed on a linear ion trap and density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the UB3-LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. Low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) on [Cu(II)(terpy)(M)](2+) complexes, formed via electrospray ionisation, produced the radical cations in sufficient yield to examine their unimolecular chemistry via an additional stage of CID. The CID spectrum of the radical cation of histidine is dominated by loss of water with the next most abundant ion arising from the combined loss of H(2)O and CO. In contrast, the CID spectra of the radical cations of 2-oxo-histidine and 2-thioxo-histidine are dominated by the combined loss of CO(2) and NH=CH(2). The observed differences are rationalised via DFT calculations which reveal that the barrier associated with loss of CO(2) from the histidine radical cation is higher than that for loss of H(2)O. In contrast, the introduction of an oxygen or sulfur atom into the side chain of histidine results in a reversal of the order of these barrier heights, thus making CO(2) loss the preferred pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian K Y Lam
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Chu IK, Laskin J. Formation of peptide radical ions through dissociative electron transfer in ternary metal-ligand-peptide complexes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2011; 17:543-556. [PMID: 22274945 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The formation and fragmentation of odd-electron ions of peptides and proteins is of interest to applications in biological mass spectrometry. Gas-phase redox chemistry occurring during collision-induced dissociation of ternary metal-ligand-peptide complexes enables the formation of a variety of peptide radicals, including the canonical radical cations, M(+•), radical dications, [M+H](2+•), radical anions, [M-2H](-•) and phosphorylated radical cations. In addition, odd-electron peptide ions with well-defined initial location of the radical site are produced through side-chain losses from the radical ions. Subsequent fragmentation of these species provides information regarding the role of charge and location of the radical site on the competition between radical-induced and proton-driven fragmentation of odd-electron peptide ions. This account summarizes current understanding of the factors that control the efficiency of the intramolecular electron transfer (ET) in ternary metal-ligand-peptide complexes resulting in formation of odd-electron peptide ions. Specifically, we discuss the effect of the metal center, the ligand and the peptide structure on the competition between the ET, proton transfer (PT) and loss of neutral peptide and neutral peptide fragments from the complex. Fundamental studies of the structures, stabilities and the energetics and dynamics of fragmentation of these complexes are also important for detailed molecular-level understanding of photosynthesis and respiration in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan K Chu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Zhao J, Siu KWM, Hopkinson AC. Glutathione radical cation in the gas phase; generation, structure and fragmentation. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7384-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05968h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ke Y, El Aribi H, Siu CK, Siu KWM, Hopkinson AC. A comparison of the fragmentation pathways of [Cu(II)(Ma)(Mb)]•2+ complexes where Ma and Mb are peptides containing either a tryptophan or a tyrosine residue. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:3485-3492. [PMID: 21072806 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
[Cu(II)(M(a))(M(b))](•2+) complexes, where M(a) and M(b) are dipeptides or tripeptides each containing either a tryptophan (W) or tyrosine (Y) residue, have been examined by means of electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Collision-induced dissociations (CIDs) of complexes containing identical peptides having a tryptophan residue generated abundant radical cations of the peptides; by contrast, for complexes containing peptides having a tyrosine residue, the main fragmentation channel is dissociative proton transfer to give [M(a) + H](+) and [Cu(II)(M(b)-H)](•+). When there are two different peptides in the complex, each containing a tryptophan residue, radical cations are again the major products, with their relative abundances depending on the locations of the tryptophan residue in the peptides. In the CIDs of mixed complexes, where one peptide contains a tryptophan residue and the other a tyrosine residue, the main fragmentation channel is formation of the radical cation of the tryptophan-containing peptide and not proton transfer from the tyrosine-containing peptide to give a protonated peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Ke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
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Laskin J, Yang Z, Ng CMD, Chu IK. Fragmentation of alpha-radical cations of arginine-containing peptides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:511-21. [PMID: 20138543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fragmentation pathways of peptide radical cations, M(+*), with well-defined initial location of the radical site were explored using collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments. Peptide radical cations were produced by gas-phase fragmentation of Co(III)(salen)-peptide complexes [salen = N,N'-ethylenebis (salicylideneiminato)]. Subsequent hydrogen abstraction from the beta-carbon of the side-chain followed by C(alpha)-C(beta) bond cleavage results in the loss of a neutral side chain and formation of an alpha-radical cation with the radical site localized on the alpha-carbon of the backbone. Similar CID spectra dominated by radical-driven dissociation products were obtained for a number of arginine-containing alpha-radicals, suggesting that for these systems radical migration precedes fragmentation. In contrast, proton-driven fragmentation dominates CID spectra of alpha-radicals produced via the loss of the arginine side chain. Radical-driven fragmentation of large M(+*) peptide radical cations is dominated by side-chain losses, formation of even-electron a-ions and odd-electron x-ions resulting from C(alpha)-C bond cleavages, formation of odd-electron z-ions, and loss of the N-terminal residue. In contrast, charge-driven fragmentation produces even-electron y-ions and odd-electron b-ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Laskin
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
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Ng DCM, Song T, Siu SO, Siu CK, Laskin J, Chu IK. Formation, Isomerization, and Dissociation of α-Carbon-Centered and π-Centered Glycylglycyltryptophan Radical Cations. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:2270-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp908599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic C. M. Ng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Fundamental Sciences Division, Richland, Washington, and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Fundamental Sciences Division, Richland, Washington, and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - S. O. Siu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Fundamental Sciences Division, Richland, Washington, and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - C. K. Siu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Fundamental Sciences Division, Richland, Washington, and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Fundamental Sciences Division, Richland, Washington, and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ivan K. Chu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Fundamental Sciences Division, Richland, Washington, and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Sinha RK, Maître P, Piccirillo S, Chiavarino B, Crestoni ME, Fornarini S. Cysteine radical cation: A distonic structure probed by gas phase IR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:9794-800. [DOI: 10.1039/c003576a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Hopkinson AC. Radical cations of amino acids and peptides: structures and stabilities. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:655-671. [PMID: 19391098 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid and peptide radical cations, M*+, are formed by oxidative dissociations of [Cu(auxiliary ligand)(M)]*2+ and [Metal(III)(salen)(M)]+ complexes. The most easily formed radicals contain either an aromatic or basic amino acid residue. Aromatic amino acids have low ionization energies, are easily oxidized and delocalize the charge and spin over the ring systems; basic amino acids facilitate formation of alpha-radicals that have captodative structures in which the charge and spin are formally separated, although feeding back some of the charge onto the amide or carboxyl group adjacent to the radical center through hydrogen bonding enriches the electron-withdrawing properties and is highly stabilizing. DFT calculations located five isomers of His*+ with an alpha-radical with a captodative structure at the global minimum in a deep potential well. An IRMPD spectrum confirmed that this isomer is the experimentally observed "long-lived" isomer. When both charge and spin are on the peptide backbone, as in [GGG]*+, captodative structures have the lowest energies; the barriers to interconversion between the three isomeric alpha-radicals of [GGG]*+ are high as the charge impedes migration of a hydrogen atom. Dissociation of [GGG]*+ is charge-driven. In peptide radical cations containing a basic amino acid residue the charge is sequestered on the side chain and the radical center, either on the backbone or on another side chain, initiates the fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hopkinson
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3.
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Song T, Lam CNW, Ng DCM, Orlova G, Laskin J, Fang DC, Chu IK. Experimental and computational studies of the macrocyclic effect of an auxiliary ligand on electron and proton transfers within ternary copper(II)-histidine complexes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:972-984. [PMID: 19230704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The dissociation of [Cu(II)(L)His](*2+) complexes [L = diethylenetriamine (dien) or 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (9-aneN(3))] bears a strong resemblance to the previously reported behavior of [Cu(II)(L)GGH](*2+) complexes. We have used low-energy collision-induced dissociation experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level to study the macrocyclic effect of the auxiliary ligands on the formation of His(*+) from prototypical [Cu(II)(L)His](*2+) systems. DFT revealed that the relative energy barriers of the same electron-transfer (ET) dissociation pathways of [Cu(II)(9-aneN(3))His](*2+) and [Cu(II)(dien)His](*2+) are very similar, with the ET reactions of [Cu(II)(9-aneN(3))His](*2+) leading to the generation of two distinct His(*+) species; in contrast, the proton transfer (PT) dissociation pathways of [Cu(II)(9-aneN(3))His](*2+) and [Cu(II)(dien)His](*2+) differ considerably. The PT reactions of [Cu(II)(9-aneN(3))His](*2+) are associated with substantially higher barriers (>13 kcal/mol) than those of [Cu(II)(dien)His](*2+). Thus, the sterically encumbered auxiliary 9-aneN(3) ligand facilitates ET reactions while moderating PT reactions, allowing the formation of hitherto nonobservable histidine radical cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Song
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Tureček F, Yao C, Fung YME, Hayakawa S, Hashimoto M, Matsubara H. Histidine-Containing Radicals in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:7347-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jp900719n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- František Tureček
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Bagley Hall, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington, 98195, and Department of Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Chunxiang Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Bagley Hall, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington, 98195, and Department of Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Y. M. Eva Fung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Bagley Hall, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington, 98195, and Department of Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Shigeo Hayakawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Bagley Hall, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington, 98195, and Department of Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Mami Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Bagley Hall, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington, 98195, and Department of Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsubara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Bagley Hall, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington, 98195, and Department of Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Wang P, Ohanessian G, Wesdemiotis C. Cu(II)-catalyzed reactions in ternary [Cu(AA)(AA - H)]+ complexes (AA = Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, t-Leu, Phe). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2009; 15:325-335. [PMID: 19423917 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The unimolecular chemistry of [Cu(II)AA(AA - H)](+) complexes, composed of an intact and a deprotonated amino acid (AA) ligand, have been probed in the gas phase by tandem and multistage mass spectrometry in an electrospray ionization quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The amino acids examined include Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, t-Leu and Phe. Upon collisionally-activated dissociation (CAD), the [Cu(II)AA(AA - H)](+) complexes undergo decarboxylation with simultaneous reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I); during this process, a radical site is created at the alpha-carbon of the decarboxylated ligand (H(2)N(1) - (*)C(alpha)H - C(beta)H(2) - R; R = side chain substituent). The radical site is able to move along the backbone of the decarboxylated amino acid to form two new radicals (HN(1)(*) - C(alpha)H(2) - C(beta)H(2) - R and H(2)N(1) - C(alpha)H(2) - (*)C(beta)H - R). From the complexes of Gly and t-Leu, only C(alpha) and N(1) radicals can be formed. The whole radical ligand can be lost to form [Cu(I)AA](+) from these three isomeric radicals. Alternatively, further radical induced dissociations can take place along the backbone of the decarboxylated amino acid ligand to yield [Cu(II)AA(AA - 2H - CO(2))](+), [Cu(I)AA((*)NH(2))](+), [Cu(I)AA(HN = C(alpha)H(2))](+), or [Cu(I)AA(H(2)N - C(alpha)H = C(beta)H - R'](+) (R' = partial side chain substituent). The sodiated copper complexes, [Cu(II)(AA - H + Na)(AA - H)](+), show the same fragmentation patterns as their non-sodiated counterparts; sodium ion is retained on the intact amino acid ligand and is not involved in the CAD pathways. The amino groups of both AA units, the carbonyl group of the intact amino acid, and the deprotonated hydroxyl oxygen coordinate Cu(II) in square-planar fashion. Ab initio calculations indicate that the metal ion facilitates hydrogen atom shuttling between the N(1), C(alpha) and C(beta) atoms of the decarboxylated amino acid ligand. The dissociations of the decarboxylated radical ions unveil important insight about the so far largely unknown intrinsic chemistry of alpha-amino acid and peptide radicals, which are implicated as intermediates in numerous pathogenic biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd, B-1219 Freeport, TX 77541-3257, USA
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Zhao J, Ng CMD, Chu IK, Siu KWM, Hopkinson AC. Methionine, α-methylmethionine and S-methylcysteine radical cations: generations and dissociations in the gas phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7629-39. [DOI: 10.1039/b905615g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Steill J, Zhao J, Siu CK, Ke Y, Verkerk U, Oomens J, Dunbar R, Hopkinson A, Siu K. Structure of the Observable Histidine Radical Cation in the Gas Phase: A Captodative α-Radical Ion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Steill J, Zhao J, Siu CK, Ke Y, Verkerk U, Oomens J, Dunbar R, Hopkinson A, Siu K. Structure of the Observable Histidine Radical Cation in the Gas Phase: A Captodative α-Radical Ion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:9666-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Barlow CK, O'Hair RAJ. Gas-phase peptide fragmentation: how understanding the fundamentals provides a springboard to developing new chemistry and novel proteomic tools. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1301-1319. [PMID: 18819114 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial provides an overview of the evolution of some of the key concepts in the gas-phase fragmentation of different classes of peptide ions under various conditions [e.g. collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD)], and then demonstrates how these concepts can be used to develop new methods. For example, an understanding of the role of the mobile proton and neighboring group interactions in the fragmentation reactions of protonated peptides has led to the design of the 'SELECT' method. For ETD, a model based on the Landau-Zener theory reveals the role of both thermodynamic and geometric effects in the electron transfer from polyatomic reagent anions to multiply protonated peptides, and this predictive model has facilitated the design of a new strategy to form ETD reagent anions from precursors generated via ESI. Finally, two promising, emerging areas of gas-phase ion chemistry of peptides are also described: (1) the design of new gas-phase radical chemistry to probe peptide structure, and (2) selective cleavage of disulfide bonds of peptides in the gas phase via various physicochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Barlow
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Yang Z, Lam C, Chu IK, Laskin J. The Effect of the Secondary Structure on Dissociation of Peptide Radical Cations: Fragmentation of Angiotensin III and Its Analogues. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:12468-78. [DOI: 10.1021/jp805226x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Yang
- Fundamental Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Corey Lam
- Fundamental Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ivan K. Chu
- Fundamental Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Julia Laskin
- Fundamental Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Siu CK, Ke Y, Guo Y, Hopkinson AC, Siu KWM. Dissociations of copper(II)-containing complexes of aromatic amino acids: radical cations of tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:5908-18. [PMID: 18818845 DOI: 10.1039/b807692h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dissociations of two types of copper(II)-containing complexes of tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr), or phenylalanine (Phe) are described. The first type is the bis-amino acid complex, [Cu(II)(M)(2)].(2+), where M = Trp, Tyr, or Phe; the second [Cu(II)(4Cl-tpy)(M)].(2+), where 4Cl-tpy is the tridendate ligand 4'-chloro-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine. Dissociations of the Cu(ii) bis-amino acid complexes produce abundant radical cation of the amino acid, M.(+), and/or its secondary products. By contrast, dissociations of the 4Cl-tpy-bearing ternary complexes give abundant M.(+) only for Trp. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that for Tyr and Phe, amino-acid displacement reactions by H(2)O and CH(3)OH (giving [Cu(II)(4Cl-tpy)(H(2)O)].(2+) and [Cu(II)(4Cl-tpy)(CH(3)OH)].(2+)) are energetically more favorable than dissociative electron transfer (giving M.(+) and [Cu(I)(4Cl-tpy)](+)). The fragmentation pathway common to all these [Cu(II)(4Cl-tpy)(M)].(2+) ions is the loss of NH(3). DFT calculations show that the loss of NH(3) proceeds via a "phenonium-type" intermediate. Dissociative electron transfer in [Cu(II)(4Cl-tpy)(M-NH(3))].(2+) results in [M-NH(3)].(+). The [Phe-NH(3)] (+) ion dissociates facilely by eliminating CO(2) and giving a metastable phenonium-type ion that rearranges readily into the styrene radical cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Kit Siu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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