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Akter S, Khan MS, Smith EN, Flashman E. Measuring ROS and redox markers in plant cells. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1384-1401. [PMID: 34704044 PMCID: PMC8495998 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00071c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced throughout plant cells as a by-product of electron transfer processes. While highly oxidative and potentially damaging to a range of biomolecules, there exists a suite of ROS-scavenging antioxidant strategies that maintain a redox equilibrium. This balance can be disrupted in the event of cellular stress leading to increased ROS levels, which can act as a useful stress signal but, in excess, can result in cell damage and death. As crop plants become exposed to greater degrees of multiple stresses due to climate change, efforts are ongoing to engineer plants with greater stress tolerance. It is therefore important to understand the pathways underpinning ROS-mediated signalling and damage, both through measuring ROS themselves and other indicators of redox imbalance. The highly reactive and transient nature of ROS makes this challenging to achieve, particularly in a way that is specific to individual ROS species. In this review, we describe the range of chemical and biological tools and techniques currently available for ROS and redox marker measurement in plant cells and tissues. We discuss the limitations inherent in current methodology and opportunities for advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Akter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shahneawz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh
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2
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Huffman JL, Poncelet M, Moore W, Eaton SS, Eaton GR, Driesschaert B. Perchlorinated Triarylmethyl Radical 99% Enriched 13C at the Central Carbon as EPR Spin Probe Highly Sensitive to Molecular Tumbling. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7380-7387. [PMID: 34213354 PMCID: PMC8378891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Soluble stable radicals are used as spin probes and spin labels for in vitro and in vivo electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and imaging applications. We report the synthesis and characterization of a perchlorinated triarylmethyl radical enriched 99% at the central carbon, 13C1-PTMTC. The anisotropy of the hyperfine splitting with the 13C1 (Ax = 26, Ay = 25, Az = 199.5 MHz) and the g (gx = 2.0015, gy = 2.0015, gz = 2.0040) are responsible for a strong effect of the radical tumbling rate on the EPR spectrum. The rotational correlation time can be determined by spectral simulation or via the line width or the apparent Az after calibration, so the spin probe 13C1-PTMTC can be used to measure media microviscosity with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Huffman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.,In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Martin Poncelet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.,In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Whylder Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80210, United States
| | - Sandra S Eaton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80210, United States
| | - Gareth R Eaton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80210, United States
| | - Benoit Driesschaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.,In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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3
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Ma J, Minakata D, O'Shea K, Bai L, Dionysiou DD, Spinney R, Xiao R, Wei Z. Determination and Environmental Implications of Aqueous-Phase Rate Constants in Radical Reactions. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116746. [PMID: 33360617 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Interests in the kinetics of radical-induced reactions in aqueous solution have grown remarkably due to their water engineering significance (e.g., advanced oxidation processes). Although compilations of the rate constants (k) for various radicals have been documented, surprisingly a systematic review has yet to be reported on the development of reliable methods for determining k values. A knowledge gap exists to critically evaluate and screen the various methods to measure them. In this review, we summarize the direct and indirect methods under steady-state and non-steady-state conditions, followed by critical evaluations on their advantages and disadvantages. The radicals of ·OH, [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] , and Cl· were chosen based on their significant aquatic environmental relevance. MS excel spreadsheets that demonstrate the determination processes were provided allowing one to reproduce the data and/or to analyze the unprocessed raw data as a "template". We formulated a standard operation procedure for the k determination, although there is simply no "versatile" method fitting for all radical reactions. Finally, existing challenges and future research focus are discussed. This is the first review covering methodological approaches and considerations, aiming to provide a holistic and fundamental basis to choose an appropriate method for determining the k values for bimolecular reactions between target compounds and radicals in the aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junye Ma
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China; Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Daisuke Minakata
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, 49931, U.S.A
| | - Kevin O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, U.S.A
| | - Lu Bai
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China; Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221, U.S.A
| | - Richard Spinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, U.S.A
| | - Ruiyang Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China; Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Zongsu Wei
- Centre for Water Technology (WATEC) & Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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4
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Abstract
Superoxide radical represents one of the most biologically relevant reactive oxygen species involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes. Superoxide measurement through the decay of an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal of a triarylmethyl (TAM) radical possesses the advantage of a high selectivity and relatively high rate constant of TAM reaction with the superoxide. Hereby we report a straightforward synthesis and characterization of a TAM-TAM biradical showing a high reactivity with superoxide (second-order rate constant, (6.7 ± 0.2) × 103 M-1 s-1) enabling the measurement of superoxide radical by following the increase of a sharp EPR signal associated with the formation of a TAM-quinone-methide monoradical product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Poncelet
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Benoit Driesschaert
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Andrey A. Bobko
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Valery V. Khramtsov
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
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5
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Elewa M, Maltar-Strmečki N, Said MM, El Shihawy HA, El-Sadek M, Frank J, Drescher S, Drescher M, Mäder K, Hinderberger D, Imming P. Synthesis and EPR-spectroscopic characterization of the perchlorotriarylmethyl tricarboxylic acid radical (PTMTC) and its 13C labelled analogue (13C-PTMTC). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:6688-6697. [PMID: 28210718 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07200c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A hydrophilic tris(tetrachlorotriaryl)methyl (tetrachloro-TAM) radical labelled 50% with 13C at the central carbon atom was prepared. The mixture of isotopologue radicals was characterised by continuous wave and pulsed X-band electron paramagnetic spectroscopy (EPS). For the pharmaceutical and medical applications planned, the quantitative influence of oxygen, viscosity, temperature and pH on EPR line widths was studied in aqueous buffer, DMSO, water-methanol and water-glycerol mixtures. Under in vivo conditions, pH can be disregarded. There is a clear oxygen dependence of the width of the 12C isotopologue single EPR line in aqueous solutions while changes in rotational motion (viscosity) are observable only in the doublet lines of the central carbon of the 13C isotopologue. The tetrachloro-TAM proved to be very stable as a solid. Its thermal decay was determined quantitatively by thermal annealing. Towards ascorbic acid as a reducing agent and towards an oocyte cell extract it had a half-life of approx. 60 and 10 min. Thus for in vivo applications, 50% 13C tetrachloro-TAMs are suitable for selective and simultaneous oxygen and macroviscosity measurements in a formulation, e.g. nanocapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Elewa
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany. and Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, P.O. 41522, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Nadica Maltar-Strmečki
- Institut für Chemie, Physikalische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Mohamed M Said
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, P.O. 41522, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | | | - Juliane Frank
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Simon Drescher
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Malte Drescher
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institut für Chemie, Physikalische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Peter Imming
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany.
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6
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Wei Z, Villamena FA, Weavers LK. Kinetics and Mechanism of Ultrasonic Activation of Persulfate: An in Situ EPR Spin Trapping Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3410-3417. [PMID: 28225600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) was shown to activate persulfate (PS) providing an alternative activation method to base or heat as an in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) method. The kinetics and mechanism of ultrasonic activation of PS were examined in aqueous solution using an in situ electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping technique and radical trapping with probe compounds. Using the spin trap, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO), hydroxyl radical (•OH) and sulfate radical anion (SO4•-) were measured from ultrasonic activation of persulfate (US-PS). The yield of •OH was up to 1 order of magnitude greater than that of SO4•-. The comparatively high •OH yield was attributed to the hydrolysis of SO4•- in the warm interfacial region of cavitation bubbles formed from US. Using steady-state approximations, the dissociation rate of PS in cavitating bubble systems was determined to be 3 orders of magnitude greater than control experiments without sonication at ambient temperature. From calculations of the interfacial volume surrounding cavitation bubbles and using the Arrhenius equation, an effective mean temperature of 340 K at the bubble-water interface was estimated. Comparative studies using the probe compounds tert-butyl alcohol and nitrobenzene verified the bubble-water interface as the location for PS activation by high temperature with •OH contributing a minor role in activating PS to SO4•-. The mechanisms unveiled in this study provide a basis for optimizing US-PS as an ISCO technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongsu Wei
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Frederick A Villamena
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Linda K Weavers
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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7
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Dhimitruka I, Alzarie YA, Hemann C, Samouilov A, Zweier JL. Trityl radicals in perfluorocarbon emulsions as stable, sensitive, and biocompatible oximetry probes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5685-5688. [PMID: 27836400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
EPR oximetry with the use of trityl radicals can enable sensitive O2 measurement in biological cells and tissues. However, in vitro cellular and in vivo biological applications are limited by rapid trityl probe degradation or biological clearance and the need to enhance probe O2 sensitivity. We synthesized novel perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions, ∼200nm droplet size, containing esterified perchlorinated triphenyl methyl (PTM) radicals dispersed in physiological aqueous buffers. These formulations exhibit excellent EPR signal stability, over 20-fold greater than free PTM probes, with high oxygen sensitivity ∼17mG/mmHg enabling pO2 measurement in aqueous solutions or cell suspensions with sensitivity >0.5mmHg. Thus, PFC-PTM probes hold great promise to enable combined O2 delivery and sensing as needed to restore or enhance tissue oxygenation in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilirian Dhimitruka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yasmin Alsayed Alzarie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Craig Hemann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alexandre Samouilov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jay L Zweier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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8
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Driesschaert B, Bobko AA, Khramtsov VV, Zweier JL. Nitro-Triarylmethyl Radical as Dual Oxygen and Superoxide Probe. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 75:241-246. [PMID: 27206803 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-016-0732-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide radical is involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes. Tetrathiatriarylmethyl (TAM) radicals are known to react with superoxide allowing measurement of superoxide production in biological media. We report the synthesis of a Nitro conjugated TAM radical showing a rate constant of 7 × 105 M-1 s-1 which is two order of magnitude higher than other TAMs, allowing high sensitivity measurement of superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Driesschaert
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9142, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Andrey A Bobko
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9142, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Valery V Khramtsov
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9142, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Jay L Zweier
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University/Wexner Medical Center, 460 West 12th Avenue, BRT 0390, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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9
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Mattila H, Khorobrykh S, Havurinne V, Tyystjärvi E. Reactive oxygen species: Reactions and detection from photosynthetic tissues. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:176-214. [PMID: 26498710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been recognized as compounds with dual roles. They cause cellular damage by reacting with biomolecules but they also function as agents of cellular signaling. Several different oxygen-containing compounds are classified as ROS because they react, at least with certain partners, more rapidly than ground-state molecular oxygen or because they are known to have biological effects. The present review describes the typical reactions of the most important ROS. The reactions are the basis for both the detection methods and for prediction of reactions between ROS and biomolecules. Chemical and physical methods used for detection, visualization and quantification of ROS from plants, algae and cyanobacteria will be reviewed. The main focus will be on photosynthetic tissues, and limitations of the methods will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heta Mattila
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Sergey Khorobrykh
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Havurinne
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
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10
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Qu LL, Liu YY, He SH, Chen JQ, Liang Y, Li HT. Highly selective and sensitive surface enhanced Raman scattering nanosensors for detection of hydrogen peroxide in living cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 77:292-8. [PMID: 26414026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with high sensitivity and selectivity in living cells is a challenge for evaluating the diverse roles of H2O2 in the physiological and pathological processes. In this work, we present novel surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanosensors, 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (4-CA) modified gold nanoparticles (Au NPs/4-CA), for sensing H2O2 in living cells. The nanosensors are based on that the H2O2-triggered oxidation reaction with the arylboronate on Au NPs would liberate the phenol, thus causing changes of the SERS spectra of the nanosensors. The results show the nanosensors feature higher selectivity for H2O2 over other reactive oxygen species, abundant competing cellular thiols and biologically relevant species, as well as excellent sensitivity with a low detection limit of 80 nM, which fulfills the requirements for detection of H2O2 in a biological system. In addition, the SERS nanosensors exhibit long term stability against time and pH, and high biocompatibility. More importantly, the presented nanosensors can be successfully used for monitoring changes of H2O2 levels within living biological samples upon oxidative stress, which opens up new opportunities to study its cellular biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
| | - Ying-Ya Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Sai-Huan He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Jia-Qing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Hai-Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
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11
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Nash KM, Ahmed S. Nanomedicine in the ROS-mediated pathophysiology: Applications and clinical advances. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:2033-40. [PMID: 26255114 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in regulating normal cell physiological functions, but when produced in excess lead to the augmented pathogenesis of various diseases. Among these, ischemia reperfusion injury, Alzheimer's disease and rheumatoid arthritis are particularly important. Since ROS can be counteracted by a variety of antioxidants, natural and synthetic antioxidants have been developed. However, due to the ubiquitous production of ROS in living systems, poor in vivo efficiency of these agents and lack of target specificity, the current clinical modalities to treat oxidative stress damage are limited. Advances in the developing field of nanomedicine have yielded nanoparticles that can prolong antioxidant activity, and target specificity of these agents. This article reviews recent advances in antioxidant nanoparticles and their applications to manage oxidative stress-mediated diseases. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a purely physiological process in many disease conditions. However, excessive and uncontrolled production will lead to oxidative stress and further tissue damage. Advances in nanomedicine have provided many novel strategies to try to combat and counteract ROS. In this review article, the authors comprehensively highlighted the current status and future developments in using nanotechnology for providing novel therapeutic options in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Nash
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Salahuddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, USA.
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12
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Frank J, Elewa M, Said MM, El Shihawy HA, El-Sadek M, Müller D, Meister A, Hause G, Drescher S, Metz H, Imming P, Mäder K. Synthesis, Characterization, and Nanoencapsulation of Tetrathiatriarylmethyl and Tetrachlorotriarylmethyl (Trityl) Radical Derivatives—A Study To Advance Their Applicability as in Vivo EPR Oxygen Sensors. J Org Chem 2015; 80:6754-66. [PMID: 26020133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue oxygenation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of various diseases and is often a marker of prognosis and therapeutic response. EPR (ESR) is a suitable noninvasive oximetry technique. However, to reliably deploy soluble EPR probes as oxygen sensors in complex biological systems, there is still a need to investigate and improve their specificity, sensitivity, and stability. We reproducibly synthesized various derivatives of tetrathiatriarylmethyl and tetrachlorotriarylmethyl (trityl) radicals. Hydrophilic radicals were investigated in aqueous solution mimicking physiological conditions by, e.g., variation of viscosity and ionic strength. Their specificity was satisfactory, but the oxygen sensitivity was low. To enhance the capability of trityl radicals as oxygen sensors, encapsulation into oily core nanocapsules was performed. Thus, different lipophilic triesters were prepared and characterized in oily solution employing oils typically used in drug formulations, i.e., middle-chain triglycerides and isopropyl myristate. Our screening identified the deuterated ethyl ester of D-TAM (radical 13) to be suitable. It had an extremely narrow single EPR line under anoxic conditions and excellent oxygen sensitivity. After encapsulation, it retained its oxygen responsiveness and was protected against reduction by ascorbic acid. These biocompatible and highly sensitive nanosensors offer great potential for future EPR oximetry applications in preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Frank
- †Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marwa Elewa
- †Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.,‡Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, P.O. 41522, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Said
- ‡Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, P.O. 41522, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Hosam A El Shihawy
- ‡Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, P.O. 41522, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | - Diana Müller
- †Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Annette Meister
- ⊥Center for Structure and Dynamics of Proteins (MZP), Biocenter Martin-Luther-Universität (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gerd Hause
- #Biocenter Martin-Luther-Universität (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Simon Drescher
- †Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hendrik Metz
- †Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Peter Imming
- †Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- †Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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13
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Tesio AY, Blasi D, Olivares-Marín M, Ratera I, Tonti D, Veciana J. Organic radicals for the enhancement of oxygen reduction reaction in Li–O2 batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:17623-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07242e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon free-radicals are used as soluble redox mediators to catalyze ORR and enhance the discharge of Li–O2 batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Y. Tesio
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus de la UAB
- E-08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
- Grupo de electroquímica molecular
| | - D. Blasi
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus de la UAB
- E-08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería
| | - M. Olivares-Marín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus de la UAB
- E-08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - I. Ratera
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus de la UAB
- E-08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería
| | - D. Tonti
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus de la UAB
- E-08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - J. Veciana
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus de la UAB
- E-08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería
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14
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Steeger M, Griesbeck S, Schmiedel A, Holzapfel M, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H, Lambert C. On the relation of energy and electron transfer in multidimensional chromophores based on polychlorinated triphenylmethyl radicals and triarylamines. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:11848-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05929h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromophores with many donors and acceptors show electron transfer which is identical to energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Steeger
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg, and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Stefanie Griesbeck
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg, and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Alexander Schmiedel
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg, and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg, and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | | | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg, and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
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15
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Mesa JA, Chávez S, Fajarí L, Torres JL, Juliá L. A tri(potassium sulfonate) derivative of perchlorotriphenylmethyl radical (PTM) as a stable water soluble radical-scavenger of the hydroxyl radical more powerful than 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41499j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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16
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Potential implication of the chemical properties and bioactivity of nitrone spin traps for therapeutics. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1171-207. [PMID: 22709256 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrone therapeutics has been employed in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases such as neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The nitrone-based compound NXY-059, which is the first drug to reach clinical trials for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, has provided promise for the development of more robust pharmacological agents. However, the specific mechanism of nitrone bioactivity remains unclear. In this review, we present a variety of nitrone chemistry and biological activity that could be implicated for the nitrone's pharmacological activity. The chemistries of spin trapping and spin adduct reveal insights on the possible roles of nitrones for altering cellular redox status through radical scavenging or nitric oxide donation, and their biological effects are presented. An interdisciplinary approach towards the development of novel synthetic antioxidants with improved pharmacological properties encompassing theoretical, synthetic, biochemical and in vitro/in vivo studies is covered.
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17
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Bobko AA, Dhimitruka I, Komarov DA, Khramtsov VV. Dual-function pH and oxygen phosphonated trityl probe. Anal Chem 2012; 84:6054-60. [PMID: 22703565 DOI: 10.1021/ac3008994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Triarylmethyl radicals (TAMs) are used as persistent paramagnetic probes for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic and imaging applications and as hyperpolarizing and contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton-electron double-resonance imaging (PEDRI). Recently we proposed the concept of dual-function pH and oxygen TAM probes based on the incorporation of ionizable groups into the TAM structure ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007 , 129 , 7240 - 7241 ). In this paper we report the synthesis of a deuterated derivative of phosphonated trityl radical, pTAM. The presence of phosphono substitutes in the structure of TAM provides pH sensitivity of its EPR spectrum in the physiological range from 6 to 8, the phosphorus hyperfine splitting acting as a convenient and highly sensitive pH marker (spectral sensitivity, 3Δa(P)/ΔpH ≈ 0.5 G/pH unit; accuracy of pH measurements, ±0.05). In addition, substitution of 36 methyl protons with deuterons significantly decreased the individual line width of pTAM down to 40 mG and, as consequence, provided high sensitivity of the line-width broadening to pO(2) (ΔH/ΔpO(2) ≈ 0.4 mG/mmHg; accuracy of pO(2) measurements, ≈1 mmHg). The independent character of pH and [O(2)] effects on the EPR spectra of pTAM provides dual functionality to this probe, allowing extraction of both parameters from a single EPR spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Bobko
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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18
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19
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Mesa JA, Velázquez-Palenzuela A, Brillas E, Coll J, Torres JL, Juliá L. Preparation and Characterization of Persistent Maltose-Conjugated Triphenylmethyl Radicals. J Org Chem 2012; 77:1081-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo202356u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Mesa
- Departament de Química
Biològica i Modelització Molecular, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Enric Brillas
- Departament de Química
Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Coll
- Departament de Química
Biològica i Modelització Molecular, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Lluís Torres
- Departament de Química
Biològica i Modelització Molecular, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Juliá
- Departament de Química
Biològica i Modelització Molecular, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Datcu A, Roques N, Jubera V, Maspoch D, Fontrodona X, Wurst K, Imaz I, Mouchaham G, Sutter JP, Rovira C, Veciana J. Three-Dimensional Porous Metal-Radical Frameworks Based on Triphenylmethyl Radicals. Chemistry 2011; 18:152-62. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Warwar N, Mor A, Fluhr R, Pandian RP, Kuppusamy P, Blank A. Detection and imaging of superoxide in roots by an electron spin resonance spin-probe method. Biophys J 2011; 101:1529-38. [PMID: 21943435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection, quantification, and imaging of short-lived reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide, in live biological specimens have always been challenging and controversial. Fluorescence-based methods are nonspecific, and electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping methods require high probe concentrations and lack the capability for sufficient image resolution. In this work, a novel (to our knowledge), sensitive, small ESR imaging resonator was used together with a stable spin probe that specifically reacts with superoxide with a high reaction rate constant. This ESR spin-probe-based methodology was used to examine superoxide generated in a plant root as a result of an apical leaf injury. The results show that the spin probe rapidly permeated the plant's extracellular space. Upon injury of the plant tissue, superoxide was produced and the ESR signal decreased rapidly in the injured parts as well as in the distal part of the root. This is attributed to superoxide production and thus provides a means of quantifying the level of superoxide in the plant. The spin probe's narrow single-line ESR spectrum, together with the sensitive imaging resonator, facilitates the quantitative measurement of superoxide in small biological samples, such as the plant's root, as well as one-dimensional imaging along the length of the root. This type of methodology can be used to resolve many questions involving the production of apoplastic superoxide in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Warwar
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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22
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Datcu A, Roques N, Jubera V, Imaz I, Maspoch D, Sutter J, Rovira C, Veciana J. Three‐Dimensional Open‐Frameworks Based on LnIIIIons and Open‐/Closed‐Shell PTM Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, Luminescence, and Magnetic Properties. Chemistry 2011; 17:3644-56. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Datcu
- Departament de Nanociència Molecular i Materials Orgànics, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Spain), Fax: (+34) 935805729
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN) ICMAB‐CSIC, 08193 Bellaterra (Spain)
| | - Nans Roques
- Departament de Nanociència Molecular i Materials Orgànics, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Spain), Fax: (+34) 935805729
- CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse (France), Fax: (+33) 561553003
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT, LCC, 31077 Toulouse (France)
| | - Véronique Jubera
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 87 avenue du Dr. A. Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac (France)
| | - Inhar Imaz
- Centre d'Investigació en Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN‐CSIC) Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Spain)
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Centre d'Investigació en Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN‐CSIC) Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Spain)
| | - Jean‐Pascal Sutter
- CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse (France), Fax: (+33) 561553003
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT, LCC, 31077 Toulouse (France)
| | - Concepció Rovira
- Departament de Nanociència Molecular i Materials Orgànics, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Spain), Fax: (+34) 935805729
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN) ICMAB‐CSIC, 08193 Bellaterra (Spain)
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Departament de Nanociència Molecular i Materials Orgànics, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Spain), Fax: (+34) 935805729
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN) ICMAB‐CSIC, 08193 Bellaterra (Spain)
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23
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Takeshita K, Okazaki S, Kansui H. Effect of Cholesterol on Distribution of Stable, Hydrophobic Perchlorotriphenylmethyl Triethylester Radical Incorporated in Lecithin Liposomal Membranes. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:624-8. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Takeshita
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
| | - Shoko Okazaki
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
| | - Hisao Kansui
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
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24
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Li DW, Qin LX, Li Y, Nia RP, Long YT, Chen HY. CdSe/ZnS quantum dot–Cytochrome c bioconjugates for selective intracellular O2˙− sensing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:8539-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13160e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Dhimitruka I, Grigorieva O, Zweier JL, Khramtsov VV. Synthesis, structure, and EPR characterization of deuterated derivatives of Finland trityl radical. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3946-9. [PMID: 20537895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Substituted trityl radicals are important spin probes for functional electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging including oxygen and pH mapping in vivo. Here we report the synthetic procedure for large scale synthesis of deuterated Finland trityl radical with superior EPR spectral properties and higher sensitivity towards oxygen concentrations in solution. Additionally Finland trityl radicals substituted with linkers suitable for attaching peptide, or other synthetic precursors have been synthesized. The effect of deutero-substitution on EPR spectra of homologous derivatives has been evaluated. The compounds are potential candidates for targeted spin probes in EPR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilirian Dhimitruka
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA
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26
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Wang J, Dang V, Zhao W, Lu D, Rivera BK, Villamena FA, Wang PG, Kuppusamy P. Perchlorotrityl radical-fluorophore conjugates as dual fluorescence and EPR probes for superoxide radical anion. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 18:922-9. [PMID: 19963389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorotrityl radicals, mono-substituted with a fluorophore using an amide linker of varying chain length, were synthesized and characterized. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic study indicated free-electron coupling with the aromatic hydrogen nuclei and long-range coupling with the methylene hydrogens of the linker group. Reactivity of the fluorophore-conjugated trityls with superoxide radical anion showed quenching of EPR signal and enhancement of fluorescence emission spectrum. This work presents the first example of a perchlorotrityl-fluorophore conjugate that can potentially be employed as a dual probe for the detection of superoxide under oxidative stress-mediated conditions in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wang
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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27
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Decroos C, Li Y, Bertho G, Frapart Y, Mansuy D, Boucher JL. Oxidative and Reductive Metabolism of Tris(p-carboxyltetrathiaaryl)methyl Radicals by Liver Microsomes. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1342-50. [DOI: 10.1021/tx9001379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Decroos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Yun Li
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Gildas Bertho
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Yves Frapart
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Daniel Mansuy
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Jean-Luc Boucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
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28
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Liu Y, Villamena FA, Sun J, Wang TY, Zweier JL. Esterified trityl radicals as intracellular oxygen probes. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:876-83. [PMID: 19135524 PMCID: PMC2673998 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Triarylmethyl (trityl) radicals exhibit high stability and narrow linewidth under physiological conditions which provide high sensitivity and resolution for the measurement of O2 concentrations, making them attractive as EPR oximetry probes. However, the application of previously available compounds has been limited by their poor intracellular permeability. We recently reported the synthesis and characterization of esterified trityl radicals as potential intracellular EPR probes and their oxygen sensitivity, redox properties, and enzyme-mediated hydrolysis were investigated. In this paper, we report the cellular permeability and stability of these trityls in the presence of bovine aortic endothelial cells. Results show that the acetoxymethoxycarbonyl-containing trityl AMT-02 exhibits high stability in the presence of cells and can be effectively internalized. The intracellular hydrolysis of AMT-02 to the carboxylate form of the trityl (CT-03) was also observed. In addition, this internalized trityl probe was applied to measure intracellular O2 concentrations and the effects of menadione and KCN on the rates of O2 consumption in endothelial cells. This study demonstrates that these esterified trityl radicals can function as effective EPR oximetry probes measuring intracellular O2 concentration and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangping Liu
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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29
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Decroos C, Li Y, Bertho G, Frapart Y, Mansuy D, Boucher JL. Oxidation of tris-(p-carboxyltetrathiaaryl)methyl radical EPR probes: evidence for their oxidative decarboxylation and molecular origin of their specific ability to react with O2˙−. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:1416-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b819259f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Dhimitruka I, Bobko AA, Hadad CM, Zweier JL, Khramtsov VV. Synthesis and characterization of amino derivatives of persistent trityl radicals as dual function pH and oxygen paramagnetic probes. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:10780-7. [PMID: 18636723 DOI: 10.1021/ja803083z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Triarylmethyl radicals, TAMs, are useful soluble paramagnetic probes for EPR spectroscopic and imaging applications because of their extraordinary stability in living tissues, narrow line width, high analytical resolution at micromolar concentrations and enhanced sensitivity to molecular oxygen. Recently we proposed the concept of dual function pH and oxygen TAM probes based on the incorporation of ionizable groups into the TAM structure (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129 (23), 7240-7241). In this paper we report the synthesis of TAM derivatives containing amino groups. The synthesized TAMs combine stability with oxygen and pH sensitivity, in the range of pH from 6.8 to 9.0. To decrease the number of spectral components and improve probe solubility at physiological pH, asymmetric TAM derivatives containing both carboxyl and amino functions were synthesized. The presence of nitrogen and hydrogen atoms in direct proximity to protonatable amino groups resulted in strong pH-induced changes to the corresponding hyperfine splittings, Delta hfs approximately (300-1000) mG, comparable to the values of hfs themselves. Large pH-dependent line shifts of individual spectral components, with narrow linewidths of (160-280) mG, allow for easy discrimination between the pH effect and the observed oxygen-dependent line broadening of about (6 +/- 0.5) mG per % oxygen. The synthesized TAM derivatives represent the first dual function pH and oxygen paramagnetic probes with reasonably valuable properties for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilirian Dhimitruka
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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