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Zhang Y, Xu W, Zhou W, Li Y, Zhang Z, Du A, Qiao H, Kuang Y, Liu L, Zhang Z, He X, Cheng X, Pan X, Fu Q, Wang Z, Ye P, Worsnop DR, Sun Y. Characterization of organic vapors by a Vocus proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry at a mountain site in southeastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170633. [PMID: 38340865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Biogenic and anthropogenic organic vapors are crucial precursors of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the atmosphere. Here we conducted real-time measurements of gaseous organic compounds using a Vocus proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (Vocus PTR-MS) at the Shanghuang mountain site (1128 m a.s.l.) in southeastern China during November 2022. Our results revealed a substantial impact of mixed biogenic and anthropogenic compounds at the mountain site, with oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) comprising 74 % of the organic vapors. Two distinct periods, characterized by sunny days (P1) and persistent cloud events (P2), were observed. P1 exhibited higher concentrations of biogenic-related emissions compared to P2. For instance, isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes during P1 were 2.4-2.9 times higher than those during P2. OVOCs such as acetaldehyde, MVK + MACR, acetone, and MEK also showed higher concentrations during P1, indicating a dominant source from the photochemical oxidation of biogenic VOCs. Anthropogenic-related VOCs like benzene and toluene had higher concentrations during P2, displaying different diurnal cycles compared to P1. Our analysis identified four biogenic-related factors dominated by isoprene and sesquiterpene oxidation products, and two anthropogenic-related factors. During P1, biogenic sources contributed approximately 80 % to total organic compounds, while during P2, anthropogenic sources, particularly the aromatic-related factor, increased from 16 % to 35 %. Furthermore, a unique factor characterized by C2 amines and C3 amides and periodic plumes indicated the influence of industrial emissions from regional transport. The study highlights the significant variations in sources and compositions of gaseous organic compounds at regional mountain sites due to changes in meteorology and photochemical processing, potentially impacting regional ozone and SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aodong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongqin Qiao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lanzhong Liu
- Shanghuang Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Eco-Environment Observatory, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinhua 321203, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xueling Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, State Ecologic Environmental Scientific Observation and Research Station at Dianshan Lake, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Penglin Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Desservettaz M, Pikridas M, Stavroulas I, Bougiatioti A, Liakakou E, Hatzianastassiou N, Sciare J, Mihalopoulos N, Bourtsoukidis E. Emission of volatile organic compounds from residential biomass burning and their rapid chemical transformations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166592. [PMID: 37640072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Biomass combustion releases a complex array of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) that pose significant challenges to air quality and human health. Although biomass burning has been extensively studied at ecosystem levels, understanding the atmospheric transformation and impact on air quality of emissions in urban environments remains challenging due to complex sources and burning materials. In this study, we investigate the VOC emission rates and atmospheric chemical processing of predominantly wood burning emissions in a small urban centre in Greece. Ioannina is situated in a valley within the Dinaric Alps and experiences intense atmospheric pollution accumulation during winter due to its topography and high wood burning activity. During pollution event days, the ambient mixing ratios of key VOC species were found to be similar to those reported for major urban centres worldwide. Positive matrix factorisation (PMF) analysis revealed that biomass burning was the dominant emission source (>50 %), representing two thirds of OH reactivity, which indicates a highly reactive atmospheric mixture. Calculated OH reactivity ranges from 5 s-1 to an unprecedented 278 s-1, and averages at 93 ± 66 s-1 at 9 PM, indicating the presence of exceptionally reactive VOCs. The highly pronounced photochemical formation of organic acids coincided with the formation of ozone, highlighting the significance of secondary formation of pollutants in poorly ventilated urban areas. Our findings underscore the pressing need to transition from wood burning to environmentally friendly sources of energy in poorly ventilated urban areas, in order to improve air quality and safeguard public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Pikridas
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Iasonas Stavroulas
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus; Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - Eleni Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Hatzianastassiou
- Laboratory of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Jean Sciare
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus; Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
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3
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Witkowski B, al-Sharafi M, Błaziak K, Gierczak T. Aging of α-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol by Hydroxyl Radicals in the Aqueous Phase: Kinetics and Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6040-6051. [PMID: 37014140 PMCID: PMC10116591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of hydroxyl radicals (OH) with a water-soluble fraction of the α-pinene secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was investigated using liquid chromatography coupled with negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The SOA was generated by the dark ozonolysis of α-pinene, extracted into the water, and subjected to chemical aging by the OH. Bimolecular reaction rate coefficients (kOH) for the oxidation of terpenoic acids by the OH were measured using the relative rate method. The unaged SOA was dominated by the cyclobutyl-ring-retaining compounds, primarily cis-pinonic, cis-pinic, and hydroxy-pinonic acids. Aqueous oxidation by the OH resulted in the removal of early-stage products and dimers, including well-known oligomers with MW = 358 and 368 Da. Furthermore, a 2- to 5-fold increase in the concentration of cyclobutyl-ring-opening products was observed, including terpenylic and diaterpenylic acids and diaterpenylic acid acetate as well as some of the newly identified OH aging markers. At the same time, results obtained from the kinetic box model showed a high degree of SOA fragmentation following the reaction with the OH, which indicates that non-radical reactions occurring during the evaporation of water likely contribute to the high yields of terpenoic aqSOAs reported previously. The estimated atmospheric lifetimes showed that in clouds, terpenoic acids react with the OH exclusively in the aqueous phase. Aqueous OH aging of the α-pinene SOA results in a 10% increase of the average O/C ratio and a 3-fold decrease in the average kOH value, which is likely to affect the cloud condensation nuclei activity of the aqSOA formed after the evaporation of water.
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Sunlight can convert atmospheric aerosols into a glassy solid state and modify their environmental impacts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208121119. [PMID: 36269861 PMCID: PMC9618061 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208121119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol is well known to affect Earth's climate, regional weather, visibility, and public health. Once these aerosols are formed, they are transported throughout the atmosphere for days or even weeks. We show that exposure of secondary organic aerosols to UV solar radiation leads to a surprising and remarkable increase in viscosity by as much as five orders of magnitude. We also show that this UV exposure can lead to an increased abundance of aerosols that are in the glassy solid state in the troposphere, with important implications for climate predictions. Overall, our results clearly demonstrate that aging by exposure to solar radiation needs to be considered when predicting the environmental impacts of secondary organic aerosols. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) plays a critical, yet uncertain, role in air quality and climate. Once formed, SOA is transported throughout the atmosphere and is exposed to solar UV light. Information on the viscosity of SOA, and how it may change with solar UV exposure, is needed to accurately predict air quality and climate. However, the effect of solar UV radiation on the viscosity of SOA and the associated implications for air quality and climate predictions is largely unknown. Here, we report the viscosity of SOA after exposure to UV radiation, equivalent to a UV exposure of 6 to 14 d at midlatitudes in summer. Surprisingly, UV-aging led to as much as five orders of magnitude increase in viscosity compared to unirradiated SOA. This increase in viscosity can be rationalized in part by an increase in molecular mass and oxidation of organic molecules constituting the SOA material, as determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that UV-aging can lead to an increased abundance of aerosols in the atmosphere in a glassy solid state. Therefore, UV-aging could represent an unrecognized source of nuclei for ice clouds in the atmosphere, with important implications for Earth’s energy budget. We also show that UV-aging increases the mixing times within SOA particles by up to five orders of magnitude throughout the troposphere with important implications for predicting the growth, evaporation, and size distribution of SOA, and hence, air pollution and climate.
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5
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Peng Z, Jimenez JL. Radical chemistry in oxidation flow reactors for atmospheric chemistry research. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2570-2616. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00766k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We summarize the studies on the chemistry in oxidation flow reactor and discuss its atmospheric relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Peng
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
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6
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Alwe HD, Millet DB, Chen X, Raff JD, Payne ZC, Fledderman K. Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds as the Major Source of Formic Acid in a Mixed Forest Canopy. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 46:2940-2948. [PMID: 31068737 PMCID: PMC6487833 DOI: 10.1029/2018gl081526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Formic acid (HCOOH) is among the most abundant carboxylic acids in the atmosphere, but its budget is poorly understood. We present eddy flux, vertical gradient, and soil chamber measurements from a mixed forest and apply the data to better constrain HCOOH source/sink pathways. While the cumulative above-canopy flux was downward, HCOOH exchange was bidirectional, with extended periods of net upward and downward flux. Net above-canopy fluxes were mostly upward during warmer/drier periods. The implied gross canopy HCOOH source corresponds to 3% and 38% of observed isoprene and monoterpene carbon emissions and is 15× underestimated in a state-of-science atmospheric model (GEOS-Chem). Gradient and soil chamber measurements identify the canopy layer as the controlling source of HCOOH or its precursors to the forest environment; below-canopy sources were minor. A correlation analysis using an ensemble of marker volatile organic compounds suggests that secondary formation, not direct emission, is the major source driving ambient HCOOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariprasad D. Alwe
- Department of Soil, Water, and ClimateUniversity of Minnesota, Twin CitiesSaint PaulMNUSA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and ClimateUniversity of Minnesota, Twin CitiesSaint PaulMNUSA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Soil, Water, and ClimateUniversity of Minnesota, Twin CitiesSaint PaulMNUSA
| | - Jonathan D. Raff
- School of Public and Environmental AffairsIndiana UniversityBloomingtonINUSA
- Department of ChemistryIndiana UniversityBloomingtonINUSA
| | | | - Kathryn Fledderman
- School of Public and Environmental AffairsIndiana UniversityBloomingtonINUSA
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7
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Djikaev YS, Ruckenstein E. Formation and evolution of aqueous organic aerosols via concurrent condensation and chemical aging. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 265:45-67. [PMID: 30711797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We review recent results on the formation and evolution of aqueous organic aerosols via concurrent nucleation/condensation and chemical aging processes obtained mostly using the formalism of classical nucleation theory In this framework, an aqueous organic aerosol was modeled as a spherical particle of liquid solution of water and hydrophilic and hydrophobic condensable organic compounds; besides these compounds, the surrounding air contained some chemically reactive, non-condensable species. Hydrophobic organic molecules on the aerosol surface can be processed by chemical reactions with some atmospheric species; this affects the hygroscopicity of the aerosol and hence its ability to become a cloud droplet. Such processing is most probably triggered by atmospheric hydroxyl radicals that abstract hydrogen atoms from surfactant molecules located on the aerosol surface (first step), resulting radicals being quickly oxidized by ubiquitous atmospheric oxygen molecules to produce surface-bound peroxyl radicals (second step). These two reactions play a crucial role in the enhancement of the Köhler activation of the aerosol. Taking them and a third reaction (next in the multistep chain of relevant heterogeneous reactions) into account, one can derive an explicit expression for the free energy of formation of a four-component aqueous droplet on a ternary aqueous organic aerosol as a function of four independent variables of state of a droplet. This approach was also applied to study a large subset of primary marine aerosols which can be initially treated using an "inverted micelle" model whereof the core consists of aqueous "salt" solution. Numerical evaluations suggest that the formation of cloud droplets on such (both aqueous hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic and marine) aerosols is most likely to occur via Köhler activation rather than via nucleation. The models allow one to determine the threshold parameters necessary for the Köhler activation of such aerosols. Furthermore, heterogeneous chemical reactions involved in the chemical aging of aerosols are most likely exothermic. Due to the release of the enthalpy of these reactions, the temperature of an aerosol particle during its chemical aging may become greater than the ambient (air) temperature. The analysis of the characteristic timescales of four most important processes involved suggests that this effect may play a significant impeding role in the formation of an ensemble of aqueous secondary organic aerosols via nucleation and, hence, must be taken into account in atmospheric aerosol and global climate models.
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8
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Djikaev YS, Ruckenstein E. Effect of Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions on the Köhler Activation of Aqueous Organic Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:4322-4337. [PMID: 29668281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We study some thermodynamic aspects of the activation of aqueous organic aerosols into cloud droplets considering the aerosols to consist of liquid solution of water and hydrophilic and hydrophobic organic compounds, taking into account the presence of reactive species in the air. The hydrophobic (surfactant) organic molecules on the surface of such an aerosol can be processed by chemical reactions with some atmospheric species; this affects the hygroscopicity of the aerosol and hence its ability to become a cloud droplet either via nucleation or via Köhler activation. The most probable pathway of such processing involves atmospheric hydroxyl radicals that abstract hydrogen atoms from hydrophobic organic molecules located on the aerosol surface (first step), the resulting radicals being quickly oxidized by ubiquitous atmospheric oxygen molecules to produce surface-bound peroxyl radicals (second step). These two reactions play a crucial role in the enhancement of the Köhler activation of the aerosol and its evolution into a cloud droplet. Taking them and a third reaction (next in the multistep chain of relevant heterogeneous reactions) into account, one can derive an explicit expression for the free energy of formation of a four-component aqueous droplet on a ternary aqueous organic aerosol as a function of four independent variables of state of a droplet. The results of numerical calculations suggest that the formation of cloud droplets on such (aqueous hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic) aerosols is most likely to occur as a Köhler activation-like process rather than via nucleation. The model allows one to determine the threshold parameters of the system necessary for the Köhler activation of such aerosols, which are predicted to be very sensitive to the equilibrium constant of the chain of three heterogeneous reactions involved in the chemical aging of aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri S Djikaev
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , SUNY at Buffalo , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
| | - Eli Ruckenstein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , SUNY at Buffalo , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
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9
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Uraoka M, Maegawa K, Ishizaka S. Raman Spectroscopy of Single Light-Absorbing Carbonaceous Particles Levitated in Air Using an Annular Laser Beam. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12866-12871. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Uraoka
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Keisuke Maegawa
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Shoji Ishizaka
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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10
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Yuan B, Koss AR, Warneke C, Coggon M, Sekimoto K, de Gouw JA. Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Atmospheric Sciences. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13187-13229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yuan
- Institute
for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Abigail R. Koss
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Matthew Coggon
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kanako Sekimoto
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Graduate
School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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11
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Mungall EL, Abbatt JPD, Wentzell JJB, Lee AKY, Thomas JL, Blais M, Gosselin M, Miller LA, Papakyriakou T, Willis MD, Liggio J. Microlayer source of oxygenated volatile organic compounds in the summertime marine Arctic boundary layer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6203-6208. [PMID: 28559340 PMCID: PMC5474767 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620571114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Summertime Arctic shipboard observations of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) such as organic acids, key precursors of climatically active secondary organic aerosol (SOA), are consistent with a novel source of OVOCs to the marine boundary layer via chemistry at the sea surface microlayer. Although this source has been studied in a laboratory setting, organic acid emissions from the sea surface microlayer have not previously been observed in ambient marine environments. Correlations between measurements of OVOCs, including high levels of formic acid, in the atmosphere (measured by an online high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer) and dissolved organic matter in the ocean point to a marine source for the measured OVOCs. That this source is photomediated is indicated by correlations between the diurnal cycles of the OVOC measurements and solar radiation. In contrast, the OVOCs do not correlate with levels of isoprene, monoterpenes, or dimethyl sulfide. Results from box model calculations are consistent with heterogeneous chemistry as the source of the measured OVOCs. As sea ice retreats and dissolved organic carbon inputs to the Arctic increase, the impact of this source on the summer Arctic atmosphere is likely to increase. Globally, this source should be assessed in other marine environments to quantify its impact on OVOC and SOA burdens in the atmosphere, and ultimately on climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Mungall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada ON M5S 3H6
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada ON M5S 3H6;
| | - Jeremy J B Wentzell
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada M3H 5T4
| | - Alex K Y Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Jennie L Thomas
- Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Université Versailles St-Quentin, CNRS, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Marjolaine Blais
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski (Québec-Océan), Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada G5L 3A1
| | - Michel Gosselin
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski (Québec-Océan), Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada G5L 3A1
| | - Lisa A Miller
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2
| | - Tim Papakyriakou
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Megan D Willis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada ON M5S 3H6
| | - John Liggio
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada M3H 5T4
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12
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Malecha KT, Nizkorodov SA. Photodegradation of Secondary Organic Aerosol Particles as a Source of Small, Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9990-7. [PMID: 27547987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the photodegradation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles by near-UV radiation and photoproduction of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) from various types of SOA. We used a smog chamber to generate SOA from α-pinene, guaiacol, isoprene, tetradecane, and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene under high-NOx, low-NOx, or ozone oxidation conditions. The SOA particles were collected on a substrate, and the resulting material was exposed to several mW of near-UV radiation (λ ∼ 300 nm) from a light-emitting diode. Various OVOCs, including acetic acid, formic acid, acetaldehyde, and acetone were observed during photodegradation, and their SOA-mass-normalized fluxes were estimated with a Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS). All the SOA, with the exception of guaiacol SOA, emitted OVOCs upon irradiation. Based on the measured OVOC emission rates, we estimate that SOA particles would lose at least ∼1% of their mass over a 24 h period during summertime conditions in Los Angeles, California. This condensed-phase photochemical process may produce a few Tg/year of gaseous formic acid, the amount comparable to its primary sources. The condensed-phase SOA photodegradation processes could therefore measurably affect the budgets of both particulate and gaseous atmospheric organic compounds on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis T Malecha
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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13
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The persistence of pesticides in atmospheric particulate phase: An emerging air quality issue. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33456. [PMID: 27628441 PMCID: PMC5024296 DOI: 10.1038/srep33456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistent organic pollutants (POPs) due to their physicochemical properties can be widely spread all over the globe; as such they represent a serious threat to both humans and wildlife. According to Stockholm convention out of 24 officially recognized POPs, 16 are pesticides. The atmospheric life times of pesticides, up to now were estimated based on their gas-phase reactivity. It has been only speculated that sorption to aerosol particles may increase significantly the half-lives of pesticides in the atmosphere. The results presented here challenge the current view of the half-lives of pesticides in the lower boundary layer of the atmosphere and their impact on air quality and human health. We demonstrate that semivolatile pesticides which are mostly adsorbed on atmospheric aerosol particles are very persistent with respect to the highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH) that is the self-cleaning agent of the atmosphere. The half-lives in particulate phase of difenoconazole, tetraconazole, fipronil, oxadiazon, deltamethrin, cyprodinil, permethrin, and pendimethalin are in order of several days and even higher than one month, implying that these pesticides can be transported over long distances, reaching the remote regions all over the world; hence these pesticides shall be further evaluated prior to be confirmed as POPs.
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14
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Enami S, Sakamoto Y. OH-Radical Oxidation of Surface-Active cis-Pinonic Acid at the Air–Water Interface. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:3578-87. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- The
Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
- Research
Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakamoto
- Graduate
School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8316, Japan
- Graduate
School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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15
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Chapleski RC, Zhang Y, Troya D, Morris JR. Heterogeneous chemistry and reaction dynamics of the atmospheric oxidants, O3, NO3, and OH, on organic surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:3731-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00375j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous chemistry of the most important atmospheric oxidants, O3, NO3, and OH, plays a central role in regulating atmospheric gas concentrations, processing aerosols, and aging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yafen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Diego Troya
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
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16
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Kroll JH, Lim CY, Kessler SH, Wilson KR. Heterogeneous Oxidation of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol: Kinetics of Changes to the Amount and Oxidation State of Particle-Phase Organic Carbon. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10767-83. [PMID: 26381466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidation reactions are known to affect the chemical composition of organic aerosol (OA) particles over timescales of several days, but the details of such oxidative aging reactions are poorly understood. In this study we examine the rates and products of a key class of aging reaction, the heterogeneous oxidation of particle-phase organic species by the gas-phase hydroxyl radical (OH). We compile and reanalyze a number of previous studies from our laboratories involving the oxidation of single-component organic particles. All kinetic and product data are described on a common basis, enabling a straightforward comparison among different chemical systems and experimental conditions. Oxidation chemistry is described in terms of changes to key ensemble properties of the OA, rather than to its detailed molecular composition, focusing on two quantities in particular, the amount and the oxidation state of the particle-phase carbon. Heterogeneous oxidation increases the oxidation state of particulate carbon, with the rate of increase determined by the detailed chemical mechanism. At the same time, the amount of particle-phase carbon decreases with oxidation, due to fragmentation (C-C scission) reactions that form small, volatile products that escape to the gas phase. In contrast to the oxidation state increase, the rate of carbon loss is nearly uniform among most systems studied. Extrapolation of these results to atmospheric conditions indicates that heterogeneous oxidation can have a substantial effect on the amount and composition of atmospheric OA over timescales of several days, a prediction that is broadly in line with available measurements of OA evolution over such long timescales. In particular, 3-13% of particle-phase carbon is lost to the gas phase after one week of heterogeneous oxidation. Our results indicate that oxidative aging represents an important sink for particulate organic carbon, and more generally that fragmentation reactions play a major role in the lifecycle of atmospheric OA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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17
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Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M. Multiphase chemistry at the atmosphere-biosphere interface influencing climate and public health in the anthropocene. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4440-75. [PMID: 25856774 DOI: 10.1021/cr500487s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Arangio AM, Slade JH, Berkemeier T, Pöschl U, Knopf DA, Shiraiwa M. Multiphase Chemical Kinetics of OH Radical Uptake by Molecular Organic Markers of Biomass Burning Aerosols: Humidity and Temperature Dependence, Surface Reaction, and Bulk Diffusion. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:4533-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jp510489z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Arangio
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan H. Slade
- Institute
for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric
Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- Institute
for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric
Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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19
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Enami S, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Stepwise Oxidation of Aqueous Dicarboxylic Acids by Gas-Phase OH Radicals. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:527-534. [PMID: 26261974 DOI: 10.1021/jz502432j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A leading source of uncertainty in predicting the climate and health effects of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is how its composition changes over their atmospheric lifetimes. Because dicarboxylic acid (DCA) homologues are widespread in SOA, their distribution provides an ideal probe of both aerosol age and the oxidative power of the atmosphere along its trajectory. Here we report, for the first time, on the oxidation of DCA(aq) by ·OH(g) at the air-water interface. We found that exposure of aqueous HOOC-Rn-COOH (Rn = C2H4, C3H6, C4H8, C5H10, and C6H12) microjets to ∼10 ns ·OH(g) pulses from the 266 nm laser photolysis of O3(g)/O2(g)/H2O(g) mixtures yields the corresponding (n-1) species O═C(H)-Rn-1-COO(-)/HOOC-Rn-1-COO(-), in addition to an array of closed-shell HOOC-Rn(-H)(OOH)-COO(-), HOOC-Rn(-2H)(═O)-COO(-), HOOC-Rn(-H)(OH)-COO(-), and radical HOOC-Rn(-H)(OO·)-COO(-) species. Oxalic and malonic acids, which are shown to be significantly less hydrophobic and reactive than their higher homologues, will predictably accumulate in SOA, in accordance with field observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- †The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
- ‡Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- §PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- ∥Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Agustín J Colussi
- ∥Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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20
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Browne EC, Franklin JP, Canagaratna MR, Massoli P, Kirchstetter TW, Worsnop DR, Wilson KR, Kroll JH. Changes to the chemical composition of soot from heterogeneous oxidation reactions. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:1154-63. [PMID: 25654760 DOI: 10.1021/jp511507d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric aging of soot particles, in which various atmospheric processes alter the particles' chemical and physical properties, is poorly understood and consequently is not well-represented in models. In this work, soot aging via heterogeneous oxidation by OH and ozone is investigated using an aerosol flow reactor coupled to a new high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometric technique that utilizes infrared vaporization and single-photon vacuum ultraviolet ionization. This analytical technique simultaneously measures the elemental and organic carbon components of soot, allowing for the composition of both fractions to be monitored. At oxidant exposures relevant to the particles' atmospheric lifetimes (the equivalent of several days of oxidation), the elemental carbon portion of the soot, which makes up the majority of the particle mass, undergoes no discernible changes in mass or composition. In contrast, the organic carbon (which in the case of methane flame soot is dominated by aliphatic species) is highly reactive, undergoing first the addition of oxygen-containing functional groups and ultimately the loss of organic carbon mass from fragmentation reactions that form volatile products. These changes occur on time scales comparable to those of other nonoxidative aging processes such as condensation, suggesting that further research into the combined effects of heterogeneous and condensational aging is needed to improve our ability to accurately predict the climate and health impacts of soot particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Browne
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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21
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Enami S, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. In situ mass spectrometric detection of interfacial intermediates in the oxidation of RCOOH(aq) by gas-phase OH-radicals. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4130-7. [PMID: 24841316 DOI: 10.1021/jp503387e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Products and intermediates of the oxidation of aqueous alkanoic acids initiated by gas-phase hydroxyl radicals, ·OH(g), at the air-water interface were detected by mass spectrometry in a novel setup under various experimental conditions. Exposure of submillimolar RCOOH (R = methyl, n-pentyl, n-heptyl) aqueous microjets to ∼10 ns ·OH(g) pulses from the 266 nm laser flash photolysis of O3(g)/O2(g)/H2O(g) mixtures yielded an array of interfacial species that were unambiguously and simultaneously identified in situ by online electrospray mass spectrometry. We found that peroxyl radicals R(-H)(COO(-))OO· react within 50 μs to produce alcohols R(-H)(COO(-))OH and carbonyls R(-2H)(COO(-))═O via competitive Russell and Bennett-Summers mechanisms. We confirmed the formation of hydroperoxides R(-H)(COO(-))OOH in experiments performed in D2O. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the prompt and simultaneous detection of products and peroxyl/peroxide intermediates in the heterogeneous oxidation of aqueous organics initiated by ·OH(g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
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22
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Shiraiwa M, Zuend A, Bertram AK, Seinfeld JH. Gas-particle partitioning of atmospheric aerosols: interplay of physical state, non-ideal mixing and morphology. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:11441-53. [PMID: 23748935 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51595h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols, comprising organic compounds and inorganic salts, play a key role in air quality and climate. Mounting evidence exists that these particles frequently exhibit phase separation into predominantly organic and aqueous electrolyte-rich phases. As well, the presence of amorphous semi-solid or glassy particle phases has been established. Using the canonical system of ammonium sulfate mixed with organics from the ozone oxidation of α-pinene, we illustrate theoretically the interplay of physical state, non-ideality, and particle morphology affecting aerosol mass concentration and the characteristic timescale of gas-particle mass transfer. Phase separation can significantly affect overall particle mass and chemical composition. Semi-solid or glassy phases can kinetically inhibit the partitioning of semivolatile components and hygroscopic growth, in contrast to the traditional assumption that organic compounds exist in quasi-instantaneous gas-particle equilibrium. These effects have significant implications for the interpretation of laboratory data and the development of improved atmospheric air quality and climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shiraiwa
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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23
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Ruehl CR, Nah T, Isaacman G, Worton DR, Chan AWH, Kolesar KR, Cappa CD, Goldstein AH, Wilson KR. The Influence of Molecular Structure and Aerosol Phase on the Heterogeneous Oxidation of Normal and Branched Alkanes by OH. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:3990-4000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp401888q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Ruehl
- Chemical Sciences Division,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Theodora Nah
- Chemical Sciences Division,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gabriel Isaacman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David R. Worton
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Aerosol Dynamics Inc., Berkeley,
California 94710, United States
| | - Arthur W. H. Chan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Katheryn R. Kolesar
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Environmental
Energy Technologies
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
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24
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Sareen N, Moussa SG, McNeill VF. Photochemical Aging of Light-Absorbing Secondary Organic Aerosol Material. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:2987-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jp309413j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sareen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
10027, United States
| | - Samar G. Moussa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
10027, United States
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
10027, United States
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25
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Slade JH, Knopf DA. Heterogeneous OH oxidation of biomass burning organic aerosol surrogate compounds: assessment of volatilisation products and the role of OH concentration on the reactive uptake kinetics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:5898-915. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44695f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Kessler SH, Nah T, Daumit KE, Smith JD, Leone SR, Kolb CE, Worsnop DR, Wilson KR, Kroll JH. OH-Initiated Heterogeneous Aging of Highly Oxidized Organic Aerosol. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6358-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jp212131m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean H. Kessler
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Theodora Nah
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California
94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
| | - Kelly E. Daumit
- Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
| | - Jared D. Smith
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California
94720, United States
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
| | - Charles E. Kolb
- Center for
Aerosol and Cloud
Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica,
Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Center for
Aerosol and Cloud
Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica,
Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California
94720, United States
| | - Jesse H. Kroll
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
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27
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Abbatt JPD, Lee AKY, Thornton JA. Quantifying trace gas uptake to tropospheric aerosol: recent advances and remaining challenges. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6555-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Wilson KR, Smith JD, Kessler SH, Kroll JH. The statistical evolution of multiple generations of oxidation products in the photochemical aging of chemically reduced organic aerosol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:1468-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22716e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Lee AKY, Zhao R, Gao SS, Abbatt JPD. Aqueous-Phase OH Oxidation of Glyoxal: Application of a Novel Analytical Approach Employing Aerosol Mass Spectrometry and Complementary Off-Line Techniques. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:10517-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jp204099g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex K. Y. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - R. Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - S. S. Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - J. P. D. Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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30
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Paulot F, Wunch D, Crounse JD, Toon GC, Millet DB, DeCarlo PF, Vigouroux C, Deutscher NM, González Abad G, Notholt J, Warneke T, Hannigan JW, Warneke C, de Gouw JA, Dunlea EJ, De Mazière M, Griffith DWT, Bernath P, Jimenez JL, Wennberg PO. Importance of secondary sources in the atmospheric budgets of formic and acetic acids. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2011; 11:1989-2013. [PMID: 33758586 PMCID: PMC7983864 DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-1989-2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed budget of formic and acetic acids, two of the most abundant trace gases in the atmosphere. Our bottom-up estimate of the global source of formic and acetic acids are ∼1200 and ∼1400Gmolyr-1, dominated by photochemical oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds, in particular isoprene. Their sinks are dominated by wet and dry deposition. We use the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to evaluate this budget against an extensive suite of measurements from ground, ship and satellite-based Fourier transform spectrometers, as well as from several aircraft campaigns over North America. The model captures the seasonality of formic and acetic acids well but generally underestimates their concentration, particularly in the Northern midlatitudes. We infer that the source of both carboxylic acids may be up to 50% greater than our estimate and report evidence for a long-lived missing secondary source of carboxylic acids that may be associated with the aging of organic aerosols. Vertical profiles of formic acid in the upper troposphere support a negative temperature dependence of the reaction between formic acid and the hydroxyl radical as suggested by several theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Paulot
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - D. Wunch
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - J. D. Crounse
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - D. B. Millet
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - P. F. DeCarlo
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - C. Vigouroux
- Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N. M. Deutscher
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | - J. Notholt
- Institute of Environmental Physics, Bremen, Germany
| | - T. Warneke
- Institute of Environmental Physics, Bremen, Germany
| | - J. W. Hannigan
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - C. Warneke
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - J. A. de Gouw
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - E. J. Dunlea
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - M. De Mazière
- Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D. W. T. Griffith
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - P. Bernath
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - J. L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - P. O. Wennberg
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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31
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Iannone R, Xiao S, Bertram AK. Potentially important nighttime heterogeneous chemistry: NO3 with aldehydes and N2O5 with alcohols. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:10214-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20294d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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32
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Mysak ER, Smith JD, Ashby PD, Newberg JT, Wilson KR, Bluhm H. Competitive reaction pathways for functionalization and volatilization in the heterogeneous oxidation of coronene thin films by hydroxyl radicals and ozone. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:7554-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02323j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Raff JD, Szanyi J, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Thermal and photochemical oxidation of self-assembled monolayers on alumina particles exposed to nitrogen dioxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:604-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01041c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Chu SN, Sands S, Tomasik MR, Lee PS, McNeill VF. Ozone Oxidation of Surface-Adsorbed Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Role of PAH−Surface Interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:15968-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1014772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N. Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sophia Sands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michelle R. Tomasik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Paul S. Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol particles play pivotal roles in climate and air quality. Just as chemically reduced gases experience oxidation in the atmosphere, it is now apparent that solid and liquid atmospheric particulates are also subject to similar oxidative processes. The most reactive atmospheric gas-phase radicals, in particular the hydroxyl radical, readily promote such chemistry through surficial interactions. This Review looks at progress made in this field, discussing the radical-initiated heterogeneous oxidation of organic and inorganic constituents of atmospheric aerosols. We focus on the kinetics and reaction mechanisms of such processes as well as how they can affect the physico-chemical properties of particles, such as their composition, size, density and hygroscopicity. Potential impacts on the atmosphere include the release of chemically reactive gases such as halogens, aldehydes and organic acids, reactive loss of particle-borne molecular tracer and toxic species, and enhanced hygroscopic properties of aerosols that may improve their ability to form cloud droplets.
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Moussa SG, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Reaction of gas phase OH with unsaturated self-assembled monolayers and relevance to atmospheric organic oxidations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:9419-28. [PMID: 20532334 DOI: 10.1039/c000447b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics and mechanisms of the reaction of gas phase OH radicals with organics on surfaces are of fundamental chemical interest, as well as relevant to understanding the degradation of organics on tropospheric surfaces or when they are components of airborne particles. We report here studies of the oxidation of a terminal alkene self-assembled monolayer (7-octenyltrichlorosilane, C8= SAM) on a germanium attenuated total reflectance crystal by OH radicals at a concentration of 2.1 x 10(5) cm(-3) at 1 atm total pressure and 298 K in air. Loss of the reactant SAM and the formation of surface products were followed in real time using infrared spectroscopy. From the rate of loss of the C=C bond, a reaction probability within experimental error of unity was derived. The products formed on the surface include organic nitrates and carbonyl compounds, with yields of 10 +/- 4% and < or = 7 +/- 4%, respectively, and there is evidence for the formation of organic products with C-O bonds such as alcohols, ethers and/or alkyl peroxides and possibly peroxynitrates. The yield of organic nitrates relative to carbonyl compounds is higher than expected based on analogous gas phase mechanisms, suggesting that the branching ratio for the RO(2) + NO reaction is shifted to favor the formation of organic nitrates when the reaction occurs on a surface. Water uptake onto the surface was only slightly enhanced upon oxidation, suggesting that oxidation per se cannot be taken as a predictor of increased hydrophilicity of atmospheric organics. These experiments indicate that the mechanisms for the surface reactions are different from gas phase reactions, but the OH oxidation of surface species will still be a significant contributor to determining their lifetimes in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar G Moussa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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Net S, Gligorovski S, Pietri S, Wortham H. Photoenhanced degradation of veratraldehyde upon the heterogeneous ozone reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:7603-11. [DOI: 10.1039/b922957d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Vlasenko A, Slowik JG, Bottenheim JW, Brickell PC, Chang RYW, Macdonald AM, Shantz NC, Sjostedt SJ, Wiebe HA, Leaitch WR, Abbatt JPD. Measurements of VOCs by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry at a rural Ontario site: Sources and correlation to aerosol composition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gross S, Bertram AK. Products and kinetics of the reactions of an alkane monolayer and a terminal alkene monolayer with NO3radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Reactions at surfaces in the atmosphere: integration of experiments and theory as necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) for predicting the physical chemistry of aerosols. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7760-79. [DOI: 10.1039/b906540g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Gross S, Iannone R, Xiao S, Bertram AK. Reactive uptake studies of NO3 and N2O5 on alkenoic acid, alkanoate, and polyalcohol substrates to probe nighttime aerosol chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7792-803. [DOI: 10.1039/b904741g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Renbaum LH, Smith GD. The importance of phase in the radical-initiated oxidation of model organic aerosols: reactions of solid and liquid brassidic acid particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:2441-51. [DOI: 10.1039/b816799k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Che DL, Smith JD, Leone SR, Ahmed M, Wilson KR. Quantifying the reactive uptake of OH by organic aerosols in a continuous flow stirred tank reactor. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7885-95. [DOI: 10.1039/b904418c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kroll JH, Smith JD, Che DL, Kessler SH, Worsnop DR, Wilson KR. Measurement of fragmentation and functionalization pathways in the heterogeneous oxidation of oxidized organic aerosol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:8005-14. [DOI: 10.1039/b905289e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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